Reducing Petroleum Reducing Petroleum Consumption of TrucksConsumption of Trucks

Outline of PresentationOutline of Presentation

Background: oil and transportationBackground: oil and transportation Stats showing trends in the trucking Stats showing trends in the trucking

industry industry Sampling of methods for both Sampling of methods for both

improving fuel efficiency and improving fuel efficiency and reducing consumption of reducing consumption of petroleum in heavy duty truckspetroleum in heavy duty trucks

Methods of Reducing Methods of Reducing Petroleum Consumption by Petroleum Consumption by TrucksTrucks

Conventional methodsConventional methods TechnologiesTechnologies Hybrid technologiesHybrid technologies Alternative fuelsAlternative fuels

Issues Limiting Fuel Issues Limiting Fuel Efficiency ImprovementsEfficiency Improvements for HD Trucksfor HD Trucks

No Fuel Efficiency standards for No Fuel Efficiency standards for heavy duty trucksheavy duty trucks

Government regulation is more Government regulation is more focused on lowering emissions focused on lowering emissions

Relatively low price of diesel fuel Relatively low price of diesel fuel Low fuel tax on Diesel fuel: 24.4 Low fuel tax on Diesel fuel: 24.4 ¢¢ Cheaper to produce than gasolineCheaper to produce than gasoline

Oil and Transportation Oil and Transportation TodayToday

Highway transportation alone uses Highway transportation alone uses over 1/2 of the nation’s oil demandover 1/2 of the nation’s oil demand

Transportation consumes about 2/3 of the Transportation consumes about 2/3 of the nation’s oil demandnation’s oil demand

US transportation sector is 97% US transportation sector is 97% dependent on petroleum fuelsdependent on petroleum fuels

Transportation uses all domestic oil Transportation uses all domestic oil production plus 40% of importsproduction plus 40% of imports

Number of vehicles on our roads and Number of vehicles on our roads and miles driven continue to steadily increasemiles driven continue to steadily increase

History of Motor Vehicle History of Motor Vehicle Fuel UseFuel Use

Projected Fuel Use of Projected Fuel Use of Motor VehiclesMotor Vehicles

Why We Need More Why We Need More Energy Efficient Heavy Energy Efficient Heavy Vehicles Vehicles

Essentially all of the increase in Essentially all of the increase in highway transportation fuel use since highway transportation fuel use since 1973 has been due to trucks 1973 has been due to trucks

1996:1996: highway energy use by trucks highway energy use by trucks exceeded that of automobiles for the exceeded that of automobiles for the first time in US historyfirst time in US history

Our nation's economic health Our nation's economic health depends on HD vehicles, which depends on HD vehicles, which transport the bulk of our country's transport the bulk of our country's goods goods

Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product and Trucksand Trucks

The Nation’s economy is linked to The Nation’s economy is linked to efficient heavy vehicle transportationefficient heavy vehicle transportation

H-D Trucks: Population v. H-D Trucks: Population v. ConsumptionConsumption

Fuel Use by Truck ClassFuel Use by Truck Class

Fuel use of Class Fuel use of Class 8 trucks, at 18 8 trucks, at 18 billion gallons per billion gallons per year, far exceeds year, far exceeds that of that of commercial commercial trucks in any trucks in any other weight classother weight class

Fuel Use by Truck Class Fuel Use by Truck Class and Trip Lengthand Trip Length

Class 8 Long haul Class 8 Long haul trucks use about trucks use about 13 billion gallons 13 billion gallons of fuel/yrof fuel/yr

Class 8 short haul Class 8 short haul trucks less than trucks less than 1/2 that amount 1/2 that amount at 5 billion gallons at 5 billion gallons of fuel/yrof fuel/yr

                                             

Reasons Diesel is the Reasons Diesel is the Preferred Fuel for HD Preferred Fuel for HD TrucksTrucks

Diesel fuel has a Diesel fuel has a higher energy densityhigher energy density than gasoline than gasoline 1 gallon of diesel fuel contains approximately 1 gallon of diesel fuel contains approximately

147,000 BTU of energy 147,000 BTU of energy 1 gallon of gasoline contains 1 gallon of gasoline contains

appproximately125,000 BTU of energyappproximately125,000 BTU of energy Diesel fuel evaporates much more slowly Diesel fuel evaporates much more slowly

than gasoline than gasoline its boiling point is actually higher than the its boiling point is actually higher than the

boiling point of water boiling point of water Diesel requires less refining than gasolineDiesel requires less refining than gasoline

Diesel Engines are More Diesel Engines are More PowerfulPowerful

Higher compression ratio with Higher compression ratio with Diesel enginesDiesel engines

The higher the compression ratio, the The higher the compression ratio, the more power is generated by the enginemore power is generated by the engine Gasoline engine compresses at a ratio of 8:1 Gasoline engine compresses at a ratio of 8:1

to 12:1to 12:1 Diesel engine compresses at a ratio of 14:1 Diesel engine compresses at a ratio of 14:1

to as high as 25:1to as high as 25:1

Diesel Engines Need to Be Diesel Engines Need to Be HotHot

Diesel engine has no spark plug to produce Diesel engine has no spark plug to produce heatheat

Direct Injection Process:Direct Injection Process: It intakes air and compresses it, and then it injects It intakes air and compresses it, and then it injects

the fuel directly into the combustion chamber the fuel directly into the combustion chamber The heat of the compressed air is what actually The heat of the compressed air is what actually

lights the fuel in a diesel enginelights the fuel in a diesel engine When a diesel engine is cold, the When a diesel engine is cold, the

compression process may not raise the air to compression process may not raise the air to a high enough temperature to ignite the fuela high enough temperature to ignite the fuel Big reason for idlingBig reason for idling

Conventional Conventional MethodsMethods

Policy for Conventional Policy for Conventional measuresmeasures

With a 25% shortage of With a 25% shortage of imported oil, prices are imported oil, prices are sure to rise and fleet sure to rise and fleet operators as well as operators as well as independent drivers independent drivers will look to basic will look to basic methods of improving methods of improving efficiency first, efficiency first, because they because they represent the cheapest represent the cheapest and quickest and quickest alternatives alternatives

Proper Vehicle Proper Vehicle MaintenanceMaintenance

Although diesel Although diesel engines don’t engines don’t require tune-ups, it require tune-ups, it is important to is important to replace fuel filters at replace fuel filters at the proper intervalsthe proper intervals

Keeping all axles Keeping all axles both drive and steer, both drive and steer, properly aligned to properly aligned to minimize rolling minimize rolling resistanceresistance

Proper Vehicle Proper Vehicle MaintenanceMaintenance

Monitoring fuel quality at the pump Monitoring fuel quality at the pump dirty fuel causes the fuel injectors to clog or dirty fuel causes the fuel injectors to clog or

disrupt the spray patterndisrupt the spray pattern negatively negatively affecting fuel efficiencyaffecting fuel efficiency

Repairing any body damage Repairing any body damage For example, that front corner of the For example, that front corner of the

dinged-up bumper hanging down hurts the dinged-up bumper hanging down hurts the vehicle's aerodynamics, and thus, fuel vehicle's aerodynamics, and thus, fuel economyeconomy suffers suffers

Switch to Synthetic Switch to Synthetic LubricantsLubricants

Replacing popular Replacing popular conventional engine conventional engine and driveline lubricants and driveline lubricants with synthetic with synthetic lubricants in Class 8 lubricants in Class 8 diesel-fueled vehicles diesel-fueled vehicles has been shown to has been shown to increase fuel mileage increase fuel mileage up to 8.2%up to 8.2%

Saves $, because less Saves $, because less frequent fluid changes frequent fluid changes are requiredare required

Proper Inflation of TiresProper Inflation of Tires

Over/under Over/under inflating tires inflating tires increase fuel increase fuel consumptionconsumption

For every 3 lbs. For every 3 lbs. Below proper Below proper pressure, fuel pressure, fuel efficiency efficiency decreases by 1%decreases by 1%

Reducing Speed of TrucksReducing Speed of Trucks Trucks burn an Trucks burn an

additional 0.1 gallons additional 0.1 gallons of fuel for each mile-of fuel for each mile-an-hour increase in an-hour increase in speedspeed over 55 mph over 55 mph

Slower shifting Slower shifting through the gearsthrough the gears Slower Starts from Slower Starts from

stopstop Cost benefit analysis: Cost benefit analysis:

is the time you save is the time you save worth the cost of the worth the cost of the extra fuel?extra fuel?

TechnologiesTechnologies

Idling Away FuelIdling Away Fuel

AccordingAccording to the Department of to the Department of Energy’s largest research center, Energy’s largest research center, Argonne National Laboratory the Argonne National Laboratory the average truck sits idling for up to average truck sits idling for up to 1,800 hours each year, which is an 1,800 hours each year, which is an equivalent of 75 straight daysequivalent of 75 straight days

Idling Away FuelIdling Away Fuel

Trucks typically consume 0.8 Trucks typically consume 0.8 gallons of fuel/hr during idlinggallons of fuel/hr during idling

American trucking association American trucking association estimates that idling for only one estimates that idling for only one hour/day for a year results in the hour/day for a year results in the equivalent of equivalent of 64,00064,000 miles of miles of engine wear and wastes over engine wear and wastes over 500500 gallons of fuel gallons of fuel

Idling Away FuelIdling Away Fuel

Dept. Of Energy Dept. Of Energy estimates that, as estimates that, as an industry, an industry, trucking wastes trucking wastes 900 million 900 million gallons of diesel gallons of diesel fuel each year, fuel each year, just from idlingjust from idling

Legislation on IdlingLegislation on Idling

Federal government currently has no Federal government currently has no policy limiting vehicle idling policy limiting vehicle idling

Only about a dozen states that have Only about a dozen states that have explicit laws against excessive idling explicit laws against excessive idling State wide: CT, HI, MA, MD, NH, NJ, NV, State wide: CT, HI, MA, MD, NH, NJ, NV,

NY, VANY, VA However, most states have nuisance However, most states have nuisance

laws that prohibit excessive idling laws that prohibit excessive idling

Industry – Idling = $avingsIndustry – Idling = $avings

Many fleets already have rules in Many fleets already have rules in place to limit driver idling timeplace to limit driver idling time

Some fleets have installed Some fleets have installed equipment that automatically turns equipment that automatically turns off the engine when a vehicle has off the engine when a vehicle has been idling for a certain amount of been idling for a certain amount of timetime

UPSUPS has placed an outright ban on has placed an outright ban on idling idling

Federal Government Federal Government

U.S. Department of Energy's Office U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologiesof Heavy Vehicle Technologies consistent with its mission to consistent with its mission to reduce petroleum consumption, reduce petroleum consumption, and dependence on foreign oil, has and dependence on foreign oil, has begun a program to inform truck begun a program to inform truck operators about the significant operators about the significant advantages of reduced idlingadvantages of reduced idling

Why Do Truckers Idle?Why Do Truckers Idle?

To keep the cab/sleeper

heated or cooled To keep the fuel warm

in the winter To keep the engine

warm to avoid cold starting it in the winter

Because all the other drivers do it

Truck Stop ElectrificationTruck Stop Electrification

Alternative DevicesAlternative Devices

Cost of Alternatives and Cost of Alternatives and Fuel Consumption Fuel Consumption

APU to Reduce IdlingAPU to Reduce Idling

Willis Truck APUWillis Truck APU Uses industry-proven Uses industry-proven

Kubota Kubota 3-cylinder engine to 3-cylinder engine to run the APUrun the APU

Uses less than a Uses less than a quart/hour of diesel quart/hour of diesel fuel with a full load, fuel with a full load, as compared to 1.0 as compared to 1.0 to 1.2 gallons/hour to 1.2 gallons/hour when idling the main when idling the main engineengine

FeaturesFeatures

Eliminates engine idling, thereby Eliminates engine idling, thereby reducing fuel usage as well as emissionsreducing fuel usage as well as emissions

Functions as an integrated alternator, Functions as an integrated alternator, heat exchanger and air conditioning heat exchanger and air conditioning compressorcompressor

Maintains a comfortable living Maintains a comfortable living atmosphere by providing heating, air atmosphere by providing heating, air conditioning, and electricity to the cab conditioning, and electricity to the cab and sleeperand sleeper

FeaturesFeatures

Allows for the Allows for the elimination of elimination of electric starter electric starter and three to four and three to four batteries when batteries when used in used in conjunction with conjunction with air start operationair start operation

FeaturesFeatures Provides a dependable source of power to Provides a dependable source of power to

support the running and maintaining of all support the running and maintaining of all electrical systems electrical systems

Including all the running lights for both Including all the running lights for both tractor and trailer, and modern tractor and trailer, and modern communications and location systems, communications and location systems, while truck is parkedwhile truck is parked

Monitors and maintains engine temperatureMonitors and maintains engine temperature Monitors battery voltage and recharges Monitors battery voltage and recharges

when necessary when necessary

Products to Reduce IdlingProducts to Reduce Idling

Superior noise Superior noise attenuation keeps attenuation keeps noise levels downnoise levels down around truck stops around truck stops along highways, and along highways, and at rest stopsat rest stops

Reduces the Reduces the possibility of possibility of violating the idling violating the idling and nuisance laws and nuisance laws

The SuperDrive The SuperDrive TransmissionTransmission

The SuperDrive The SuperDrive TransmissionTransmission

How it worksHow it works:: Technology uses a hydraulic transmission Technology uses a hydraulic transmission

system to uncouple engine rpm from system to uncouple engine rpm from wheel speed and then allows the wheel speed and then allows the electronic control module to seek the electronic control module to seek the lowest rpm at which sufficient torque is lowest rpm at which sufficient torque is available to maintain the desired speedavailable to maintain the desired speed

Operates at 70 miles per hour at near Operates at 70 miles per hour at near engine idle rpmengine idle rpm

Energy $avingsEnergy $avings

Heavy-duty trucks consume about 18 Heavy-duty trucks consume about 18 billion gallons of total fuel annually billion gallons of total fuel annually and SuperDrive is expected to and SuperDrive is expected to improve fuel economy by 20% to 25% improve fuel economy by 20% to 25%

Assuming a 20% improvement in fuel Assuming a 20% improvement in fuel economy and an average gas cost of economy and an average gas cost of $1.50 per gallon, the potential savings $1.50 per gallon, the potential savings could be $7500 per truck annuallycould be $7500 per truck annually

Hybrid TechnologiesHybrid Technologies

Regenerative Drive SystemRegenerative Drive System

Hybrid powertrains appear to be promising for Hybrid powertrains appear to be promising for Class 8 urban use trucks where stop-and-go Class 8 urban use trucks where stop-and-go driving is prevalent, or in hilly or mountainous driving is prevalent, or in hilly or mountainous areasareas

How it worksHow it works

The RDS captures energy generated by The RDS captures energy generated by a vehicle’s braking process, then a vehicle’s braking process, then releases the energy back into the releases the energy back into the driveline as power is neededdriveline as power is needed

Key design features include an Key design features include an innovative inline drive shaft, energy innovative inline drive shaft, energy storage devices that utilize special storage devices that utilize special composite materials, ultra-light-weight composite materials, ultra-light-weight metals, and advanced hydraulic and metals, and advanced hydraulic and electronic engineeringelectronic engineering

Potential Fuel SavingsPotential Fuel Savings

Permo-Drive Permo-Drive Technologies’ hybrid Technologies’ hybrid hydraulic drive hydraulic drive system can reduce system can reduce fuel consumption for fuel consumption for trucks and buses by trucks and buses by up to up to 40 percent in local 40 percent in local

stop and go urban stop and go urban driving conditionsdriving conditions

15 percent in hilly or 15 percent in hilly or mountainous areasmountainous areas

Alternative FuelsAlternative Fuels

Fuels that use existing diesel Fuels that use existing diesel engine technology or slightly engine technology or slightly modifiedmodified

Fuels typesFuels types Natural gas based fuel Natural gas based fuel

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) BiodieselBiodiesel

Liquefied Natural GasLiquefied Natural Gas

Storage of LNGStorage of LNG

Turning natural gas into LNG requires Turning natural gas into LNG requires cooling the gas to -160cooling the gas to -160° C (-260° F)° C (-260° F) fuel becomes denser & more easily fuel becomes denser & more easily

transportabletransportable Storage of LNG:Storage of LNG:

Fueling stations with equipment to Fueling stations with equipment to cool the gascool the gas

Trucks must have tanks capable of Trucks must have tanks capable of keeping the LNG cool until usagekeeping the LNG cool until usage

Onboard Storage & Onboard Storage & Delivery of LNGDelivery of LNG

The fueling system utilizes a double-walled, The fueling system utilizes a double-walled, cryogenic tank with an air seal cryogenic tank with an air seal

The insulated tanks keep the fuel cold without The insulated tanks keep the fuel cold without requiring additional refrigeration while on board requiring additional refrigeration while on board the truckthe truck

When the truck engine is operating, LNG is When the truck engine is operating, LNG is pumped from the tank as a liquid and the pumped from the tank as a liquid and the temperature is then increased through the use of temperature is then increased through the use of a heat exchanger supplied with engine coolant, a heat exchanger supplied with engine coolant, which returns the LNG to a gaseous state which returns the LNG to a gaseous state

The gas is then delivered to the engine under The gas is then delivered to the engine under pressurepressure

Dual-fuel natural gas Dual-fuel natural gas (DFNG) engines(DFNG) engines

These engines can be run on diesel only but cannot be run on natural gas only because the autoignition characteristics of natural gas are poor At idle and low load conditions they burn mostly diesel

fuel At full load, a small pilot injection of diesel fuel is

used to ignite the main charge of natural gas; over the full cycle, the engines burn up to 95% natural gas

Basically the same power and performance of normal diesel engines

How It WorksHow It Works: : LNG in a high LNG in a high

compression diesel enginecompression diesel engine

Use of a high pressure Use of a high pressure direct-injection fuel direct-injection fuel injector capable of injector capable of introducing a small introducing a small amount of diesel fuel amount of diesel fuel into the into the cylindercylinder during during compression to create compression to create ignitionignition, followed by a , followed by a much larger injection much larger injection of natural gas to of natural gas to generate power on the generate power on the down stroke.down stroke.

How It WorksHow It Works: : LNG in a high LNG in a high compression diesel enginecompression diesel engine

The heat of The heat of compression ignites the compression ignites the diesel fuel, which in diesel fuel, which in turn ignites the natural turn ignites the natural gasgas

The injection of both The injection of both LNG and diesel fuel LNG and diesel fuel occurs relatively late in occurs relatively late in the combustion cycle, the combustion cycle, which allows for a much which allows for a much higher compression higher compression ratio than in a typical ratio than in a typical natural gas enginenatural gas engine

ModificationModification

Installation of the high-speed Installation of the high-speed injectors to deliver the natural gas injectors to deliver the natural gas and diesel through separate and diesel through separate outlets within the engine cylinderoutlets within the engine cylinder

Either disable or remove the Either disable or remove the engine's camshaft since the engine's camshaft since the natural gas is under pressurenatural gas is under pressure The result is a quieter running engineThe result is a quieter running engine

Issues in Using LNGIssues in Using LNGINFRASTRUCTURE: For LNG vehicles, technical

barriers pertain more to vehicle fuel storage and refueling stations rather than with the engine

Insufficient fueling infrastructure and unreliable fueling stations Better for local fleets that

have their own supply of LNG– Currently about 30

facilities—Cost is over $10 million

– Small scale facility w/ access to pipeline—less $

Issues in Using LNGIssues in Using LNG

LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY: The weight of the vehicle resulting from the extra

components required on the engine as well as additional fuel tanks can be a barrier

Any increase in weight reduces load-carrying capacity If extra fuel tanks are required, the space availability

on the vehicle for the extra tanks can also be a barrier for long haul trucks

However, the Westport-Cummins fuel delivery However, the Westport-Cummins fuel delivery system seems to have solved the load capacity system seems to have solved the load capacity issue for at least local trucksissue for at least local trucks

UPS Purchased 10 LNG UPS Purchased 10 LNG TRUCKS for a 545 Mile TRUCKS for a 545 Mile RouteRoute

BiodieselBiodiesel

What is Biodiesel?What is Biodiesel? Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning mono-

alkyl ester-based oxygenated fuel made from soybean oil or other vegetable oils or animal fats

A renewable fuel domestically produced from agricultural resources, biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatic compounds

The concept of using vegetable oil-based fuel dates back to 1895 when Dr. Rudolf Diesel developed the first compression-ignition engine specifically to run on vegetable oil

What is Biodiesel?What is Biodiesel? Because it has similar properties, biodiesel can be

blended in any ratio with petroleum diesel and can be used in diesel engines with no major modifications

Biodiesel is registered as a fuel and fuel additive with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and meets clean diesel standards established by the California Air Resources Board (CARB)

Neat (100%) biodiesel has been designated as an alternative fuel by the Department of Energy (DOE) and the US Department of Transportation (DOT). Biodiesel contains no sulfur or aromatics and already meets the 2007 sulfur standards

Biodiesel Operates in Biodiesel Operates in Conventional EnginesConventional Engines

Biodiesel maintains similar payload capacity and range of Biodiesel maintains similar payload capacity and range of dieseldiesel

Engine performance can be less than that of diesel by 8% to 15%, Engine performance can be less than that of diesel by 8% to 15%, because of the lower energy content of the biodiesel (121,000 Btu because of the lower energy content of the biodiesel (121,000 Btu compared to 135,000 Btu for No. 2 diesel fuelcompared to 135,000 Btu for No. 2 diesel fuel

Pure biodiesel is not compatible with natural rubber, Pure biodiesel is not compatible with natural rubber, sometimes found in pre-1994 vehiclessometimes found in pre-1994 vehicles

Because it is a solvent, it can degrade natural rubber hoses Because it is a solvent, it can degrade natural rubber hoses and gaskets, so those would need to be changed to more and gaskets, so those would need to be changed to more modern material if B100 is used modern material if B100 is used

Not a problem with B20 blends--20% biodiesel/80% diesel and Not a problem with B20 blends--20% biodiesel/80% diesel and belowbelow

Since biodiesel is oxygenated, diesel engines have more Since biodiesel is oxygenated, diesel engines have more complete combustion with biodiesel than with petroleumcomplete combustion with biodiesel than with petroleum

Safety of BiodieselSafety of Biodiesel

Biodiesel is safer to use than Biodiesel is safer to use than petroleum diesel or E dieselpetroleum diesel or E diesel

The flash point for biodiesel in its pure The flash point for biodiesel in its pure form is more than 260 ° F versus about form is more than 260 ° F versus about 125° F for regular No. 2 diesel.125° F for regular No. 2 diesel.

This makes biodiesel the safest fuel to use, This makes biodiesel the safest fuel to use, handle and store. handle and store.

Biodiesel ExhaustBiodiesel Exhaust

Biodiesel exhaust is less offensive than Biodiesel exhaust is less offensive than diesel exhaust diesel exhaust

The use of biodiesel and biodiesel The use of biodiesel and biodiesel blends results in a noticeable, less blends results in a noticeable, less offensive change in exhaust odor offensive change in exhaust odor Equipment operators have compared it to Equipment operators have compared it to

the smell of french fries. the smell of french fries. Users also report having no eye Users also report having no eye

irritationirritation..

About 75 Biodiesel Retail About 75 Biodiesel Retail Outlets for B 100 & B 20 Outlets for B 100 & B 20 FuelFuel

Bosselman Travel Center -- Bosselman Travel Center -- 1944 1944 North 9th; Interstate 70, Exit 252; North 9th; Interstate 70, Exit 252; Salina, KS 67401; (785) 825-6787; Salina, KS 67401; (785) 825-6787; public B2 pump public B2 pump

Hydrogen Fuel Cells?Hydrogen Fuel Cells?

Currently Currently development of development of hydrogen fuel cells is hydrogen fuel cells is only at the prototype only at the prototype stagestage More development for More development for

busses in Europe and busses in Europe and USUS

Some truck makers Some truck makers are working on fuel are working on fuel cells for APUscells for APUs