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Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries? Global economic growth (global economy) Political stability Globalisation trends Aid and foreign investment Government investment in infrastructure (ICT, social services etc.) Food security Trade strategies Investment in healthcare e.g. AIDS Addressing inequalities e.g. ethnic, women, rural/urban Tourism development Debt cancellation/ reduction Legal empowerment of poor International cooperation 2) Copy any you haven’t got down and colour code into those which are internal Vs external approaches

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Page 1: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Reducing the development gapHow might it be reduced and by whom?

Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty

1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Global economic growth (global economy)

Political stability

Globalisation trends

Aid and foreign investment

Government investment in infrastructure (ICT, social services etc.)

Food security

Trade strategies

Investment in healthcare e.g. AIDS

Addressing inequalities e.g. ethnic, women, rural/urban

Tourism development

Debt cancellation/ reduction

Legal empowerment of poor

International cooperation

2) Copy any you haven’t got down and colour code into those which are internal Vs external approaches

Page 2: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty

Reducing

Poverty

Public / Government

Private

Voluntary Organisations

Bottom-up

Top-down

Page 3: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty

Theory Essential Info Likely impact on gap

Neo-Liberalism

A set of economic policies popular towards the end of 20th C esp. Thatcher/ Reagan. Based upon market forces, privatisation and little state intervention. Govts abandoned key principles in 2008/9 with huge investment to prop up economies during recession.Most developed and developing countries e.g. USA, UK, Germany, Russia, WTO, IMF

No ChangeRich grow richer and poor grow poorer

Marxism Capitalism is based upon the exploitation of workers by ‘owners of the means of production’. History recounts conflict between these ‘classes’ Marxism seeks to replace existing class structure with on which manages society for the good of everyone.Cuba, China (reducing)

Reduction in the gap

Populism A philosophy which supports ‘the people’ against the ‘elite’ in society. It urges economic, social and political reform but does not have a strong ideological identity.France’s / Spain’s social state (to an extent)

Change unlikely

Page 4: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty

Theory Essential Info Likely impact on gap

Neo-Liberalism

A set of economic policies popular towards the end of 20th C esp. Thatcher/ Reagan. Based upon market forces, privatisation and little state intervention. Govts abandoned key principles in 2008/9 with huge investment to prop up economies during recession.Most developed and developing countries e.g. USA, UK, Germany, Russia, WTO, IMF

No ChangeRich grow richer and poor grow poorer

Marxism Capitalism is based upon the exploitation of workers by ‘owners of the means of production’. History recounts conflict between these ‘classes’ Marxism seeks to replace existing class structure with on which manages society for the good of everyone.Cuba, China (reducing)

Reduction in the gap

Populism A philosophy which supports ‘the people’ against the ‘elite’ in society. It urges economic, social and political reform but does not have a strong ideological identity.France’s / Spain’s social state (to an extent)

Change unlikely

Page 5: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Therefore there are lots of different

approaches towards the goal of

development based on different philosophies.These are all mostly ‘modernist’ – That is they are founded on the belief that all countries should develop into ‘western’ states.

Page 6: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

What might a NGOs philosophy be?What might a government’s philosophy be?What might a TNCs philosophy be?

Page 7: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty

Critique – an anti-development school of thought is emerging!!!

• ‘Development’ – what is it? We see it in a Eurocentric ideal based upon material prosperity.

• It is a process which creates ‘dependency’ (both poor to rich and vice versa)

• It undermines local cultures and ways of life

• It is environmentally unsustainable

•It infringes human rights and undermines democracy.

Page 8: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Aid and Investment Strategies

Ways to Reduce the gap

Page 9: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Aid and Investment Strategies

Ways to Reduce the gap

Fair prices forprimary products

Political stability

Debt relief /cancellation

Education

Help to lessen theimpact of HIV/Aids

Aid to develop education,health services, safewater supplies, modernmeans of communication

Trade

Technology

Investment

Page 10: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Reducing the gap: Aid and Investment

Page 11: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Aid and Investment Strategies

1) Define these types of aid:

Humanitarian

Development

Project

Voluntary

Bilateral

Multilateral

2) Using page 207 Oxford explain what the strategies of aid in terms of top down and bottom up mean

3) Apply this to your definitions.

4) Using page 207, Explain clearly what the difference between Investment and Aid is.

Page 12: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Reducing the gap: Aid or Investment?

Task 1: p206

Define and categorise (top down / bottom up) these types of aid

-Humanitarian

-Development (ODA, OECD)

-Project

-Voluntary

-Bilateral

-Multilateral

aid

Page 13: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Reducing the gap: Aid and Investment

Task 3:

Evaluating real projects

a) What criteria would you use to judge a projects success? Discuss in groups of two and come up with your criteria and a scoring system.Scale of project, social impact, economic impact (types – individual/ company), environmental impact, reach of project, debt level received etc etc etc

Page 14: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Evaluating Aid and Investment Projects

In pairs evaluate each of the seven development projects on pages 207-213 in turn using your criteria

Use the template table to help

Your will report your findings and evaluations in your pairs with an idea of which project was most successful according to your criteria and which was least.

Page 15: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Reducing the gap: Aid and Investment

Project-Scale-BU / TD-Aid, investment or populist?

InformationWhere, when, players involved, money and source of finance

Criteria and details

Criteria and details

Criteria and details

Criteria and details

Criteria and details

Overall score/ evaluation

Page 16: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Reducing the gap: Aid and Investment

“ Which are most effective in achieving development; Aid, investment or populist policies?”

Essay question:

“Evaluate which is the most effective means of achieving development: aid, investment or populist policies.” (15)

Page 17: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Free trade or fair trade geofile

Page 18: Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries?

Fairtrade: soleRebels, Ethiopia

• Started by Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

• soleRebels began in 2004 as an idea: to bring jobs to the community, Zenabwork, a small village in Ethiopia, a place where there literally were none.

• Using the community’s incredible artisan skills and channelling them into a sustainable, global, fair trade footwear business.

• The soleRebels brand is being enjoyed by people in over 30 countries around the world.

• They could source and make almost ALL the materials locally, thereby creating an export product from 100% local inputs.

• This allowed them to make the traditional local shoe made from a recycled car tire, that has existed in Ethiopia for a LONG time and modernise it a bit for fashion!

• Collections of superFresh, comfy + cool sandals, flip flops and shoes featuring recycled car tire soles and an array of recycled and sustainable ingredients like hand spun + hand loomed organic fabrics and a pallete of unique natural fibers including organic pure abyssinian jutes and PURE Abyssinian KOBA are proving to be very popular.

• Advertised in Oprah magazine, sold online and even sold by Amazon


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