reducing water use and water pollution through innovative technologies: an ecosystems perspective...
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Reducing water use and water pollution through innovative technologies: an ecosystems
perspective
Prof. Dr. Patrick MeireChair of Integrated Water Management
andEcosystem Management Research Group
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Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Biology
Ecosystem Management Research Group
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What are we doing?
Ecological, ecohydrological and biogeochemical research in marshes,
brooks, rivers and estuaries
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Why are doing this?
To get a better insight in the ecologiscal functioning, biogeochemical cycles and the ecosystem services
Translate these scientific insights into concepts for for conservation, management and restoration of ecosystems, as a contribution to sustainable development
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Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Biology
Ecosystem Management Research Group
Faculty of Political and Social Sciences
Chair of Integrated Water management
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Chair of Integrated Water Management
• Stimulates multidisciplinary research on IWRMForum for discussion about the concept of IWRM- Organisation of conferences, workshops on
specific topics- Lecture series: Water in the world
• IWRM course for students/professionals• NEW: Advanced Master
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ADVANCED MASTER OF
TECHNOLOGY FOR INTEGRATED WATERMANAGEMENT
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• Innovative solutions- Where are we?- Where should we be?
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Source use
Treatment
Waste watertreatment Discharge
River
Reduce amount ofWater per unit product
ImproveWaste treatment
Energyrecuperation
Benefit to company Benefit to environment
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But
• Water use is increasing dramatically:- 1900-2000:
• World population x 3• Water consumption x 6
• Water resources are declining due to- Pollution- Overexploitation
Water shortage is widespread
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Beschikbaarheid van zoet water in Europa (Thyssen 1998), bron gegevens: Shiklomanov 1991
waterstress < 1700 m3 / person / year
waterschortage< 1000 m3 / person / year
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More than 4 billion people are expected to face water stress by 2050
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Climate change
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14Relative changes in precipitation (in percent) for the period 2090–2099, relative to 1980–1999. Values are
multi-model averages based on the SRES A1B scenario for Dec.-Feb. (left) and Jun.-Aug. (right). White areas: less than 66% of the models agree in the sign of the change; stippled areas: more than 90% of the models agree in the sign of the change. [IPCC AR4 WGI
SPM]
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Projection of changes in annual runoff (2041-2060 vs 1900-1970), for SRES A1B. Colour represents a median from 12 models. Presence of
colour means that 8 or more models agree as to the direction of change (hatching: agreement of 11 or 12 models).
Milly, Betancourt, Falkenmark, Hirsch, Kundzewicz, Lettenmaier & Stouffer Stationarity is Dead: Whither Water Management? Science. 1 Feb. 2008
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Changement des débitsChangement des débitsbassins de la Somme et de la Seinebassins de la Somme et de la Seine
Seine à Pose, Scénarios A1B et A2:
Débit de base (m3/s)Débit (m3/s)
Débits mensuels moyens; Modèle hydrogéologique MODCOU
-50%
-20%
- 30%
Réduction des débits d’étiage et de crue Partiellement expliqué par une baisse du débit de base
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Changement des débitsChangement des débitsbassins de la Somme et de la Seinebassins de la Somme et de la Seine
Seine à Pose, Scénario A1B:
Mean Annual Av. Aquif Level : Arp_A1B
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
Aq
uif
Lev
el (
m N
GF
)
Niv_Moy_Arp_A1B
Linear (Niv_Moy_Arp_A1B)
300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000
220
00
00
230
00
00
240
00
00
250
00
00
DEFICIT MOYEND'ALIMENTATION ANNUELLE
PAR MASSE D'EAU(millions de m3)
SCENARIO A1B
.
DEFICIT GLOBAL ANNUEL : 2488 Millions de m3
0.0 - 20.020.1 - 40.040.1 - 60.060.1 - 80.080.1 - 100.0100.1 - 120.0120.1 - 140.0140.1 - 160.0160.1 - 180.0180.1 - 200.0
60
200
Baisse du niveau piézométrique : -5 m en 150 ans
Période 2070-2100 – Période 1950-2010; 54 piézomètres; Modèle hydrogéologique MODCOU
Déficits annuels de recharge des nappes: 3000 Mm3 : déficits comparables aux prélévements totaux actuels (nappes + surface)
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Demer.shp-74 - -71-70 - -56-55 - -44
-43 - -34-33 - -19
Low scenario, Runoff peaks
Mean scenario, Runoff peaks
High scenario, Runoff peaks
Climate 2100, Flanders
LOW FLOW PEAKS
(-88%)(-87%) - (-68%)(-67%) - (-63%)(-62%) - (-55%)(-54%) - (-48%)
(-56%) - (-55%)(-54%) - (-52%)(-51%) - (-47%)(-46%) - (-40%)(-39%) - (-30%)
(-35%) - (-32%)(-31%) - (-24%)(-23%) - (-21%)(-20%) - (-15%)(-14%) - (-10%)
Low scenario
Mean scenario
High scenario
Demer.shp-74 - -71-70 - -56-55 - -44
-43 - -34-33 - -19
Low scenario, Runoff peaks
Mean scenario, Runoff peaks
High scenario, Runoff peaks
Climate 2100, Flanders
LOW FLOW PEAKS
(-88%)(-87%) - (-68%)(-67%) - (-63%)(-62%) - (-55%)(-54%) - (-48%)
(-56%) - (-55%)(-54%) - (-52%)(-51%) - (-47%)(-46%) - (-40%)(-39%) - (-30%)
(-35%) - (-32%)(-31%) - (-24%)(-23%) - (-21%)(-20%) - (-15%)(-14%) - (-10%)
Low scenario
Mean scenario
High scenario
Impact on low water discharges Impact on low water discharges ScheldebekkenScheldebekken
Low water discharges decrease in all scenario’s (20 tot 70%)
Data Prof. Willems, KUL
Demer.shp-74 - -71-70 - -56-55 - -44
-43 - -34-33 - -19
Low scenario, Runoff peaks
Mean scenario, Runoff peaks
High scenario, Runoff peaks
Climate 2100, Flanders
LOW FLOW PEAKS
(-88%)(-87%) - (-68%)(-67%) - (-63%)(-62%) - (-55%)(-54%) - (-48%)
(-56%) - (-55%)(-54%) - (-52%)(-51%) - (-47%)(-46%) - (-40%)(-39%) - (-30%)
(-35%) - (-32%)(-31%) - (-24%)(-23%) - (-21%)(-20%) - (-15%)(-14%) - (-10%)
Low scenario
Mean scenario
High scenario
Demer.shp-74 - -71-70 - -56-55 - -44
-43 - -34-33 - -19
Low scenario, Runoff peaks
Mean scenario, Runoff peaks
High scenario, Runoff peaks
Climate 2100, Flanders
LOW FLOW PEAKS
(-88%)(-87%) - (-68%)(-67%) - (-63%)(-62%) - (-55%)(-54%) - (-48%)
(-56%) - (-55%)(-54%) - (-52%)(-51%) - (-47%)(-46%) - (-40%)(-39%) - (-30%)
(-35%) - (-32%)(-31%) - (-24%)(-23%) - (-21%)(-20%) - (-15%)(-14%) - (-10%)
Low scenario
Mean scenario
High scenario
Low-scenario
High-scenario
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Climate change
• Water availability will likely decrease in many places
• Water quality is likely to deteriorate as the more water from treatment plants will be discharged in rivers with lower discharges, so less dilution
• Rivers and wetlands, as important ecosystems, are at risk
A more integrated approach is necessary
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Ecosystem services: a new paradigm
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Ecological functioning versus Economy
“Goods and services”
(Costanza et al., Nature 1997)
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23“NATURAL”
WATER CYCLE
WATER SYSTEM Ecosystem
Structure and
processes
Human activitiesImpact
SINK
SOURCE
WATER CHAIN
HUMAN direct USES
HUMAN Indirect USES
Ecosystem services •Buffering dynamics•Storage capacity
•Self-purifying•Detoxification•Productivity
•Security•health
SOURCE
Ecosystem goods•Harvest
•Water supply •Economy
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Source
Treatment
Storage distribution use
Treatment
Waste watertreatment
Discharge
River
Groundwater River
Landscape/landuse
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Water supply New York
• 9 million users• 4 - 5 billion l / day
• 90 % from Catskill and Delaware systems: 5200 square kilometers
Source: http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/watershed
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UNESCO Flanders FRIEND/NILE project
Costs balance• New
Catskill/Delaware filtration plant - $ 6 – 8 billion - $ 300 million/ year
operating expenses
- Consequencc = doubling of the water rates for the citizens
• Land acquisition- $ 1.2 billion / 10
year for improvemnet of the watersheds (355000 acres)
- $ 270 million to bring water from existing treatment plants watershed up for tertiary treatment
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Infiltration:2.5 million m³/y
Pumping:1 million m³/y
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WorldEconomicForum
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World Business Council for Sustainable Development
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Source use
Treatment
Waste watertreatment Discharge
River
Reduce amount ofWater per unit product
ImproveWaste treatment
Energyrecuperation
Benefit to company Benefit to environment
Reduce risk of shortage In supply
ReduceTreatmentcosts
Sustainablility
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• Instead of viewing the preservation of nature as something for which we have to sacrifice our well-being, we now perceive the environment as natural capital, one of society’s important assets.
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Conclusion
• Integrated water resources management is THE challenge for the 21st century and is a matter of ALL water users.
• Private companies can play a crucial role in stimulating IWRM and Payment for Ecosystem Services is a promising way towards integration and sustainability
• Closing the water cycle as much as possible is the starting point
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• Using as much as possible ecosystem services to:- Improve the quality of the water- Enhance the availability of the water- Reduce the environmental impact of a business
• IWRM requires a good balance between- Hard engineering/technology- Eco engineering/technology- Human behaviour
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Thanks for yourattention