reduction of ghg emissions in propylene oxide production

METHODOLOGY: VCS Version 3

v3.1 1

REDUCTION OF GHG EMISSIONS IN

PROPYLENE OXIDE PRODUCTION

Document Prepared by (South Pole Carbon Asset Management Ltd.)

Title Reduction of GHG emissions in Propylene Oxide production

Version 00

Date of Issue 05-September-2012

Type Methodology

Sectoral Scope 1, 5

Prepared By South Pole Carbon Asset Management Ltd.,

Contact South Pole Carbon Asset Management Ltd.,

Technoparkstrasse 1, CH-8005 Zurich, Tel: +41 43 501 35 50

[email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

www.southpolecarbon.com

Reference

Number

Reference number is assigned by VCSA upon approval

mailto:[email protected]



http://www.southpolecarbon.com/


v3.1 2

Relationship to Approved or Pending Methodologies

Currently there is no approved or pending methodology under the VCS Program or an approved GHG

program that could reasonably be revised to meet the objective of the proposed methodology. In light of

the same, this new methodology is being proposed.


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Table of Contents

1 Sources .............................................................................................................................. 4

2 Summary Description of the Methodology ........................................................................... 4

3 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 7

4 Applicability Conditions ....................................................................................................... 8

5 Project Boundary ................................................................................................................ 8

6 Procedure for Determining the Baseline Scenario ..............................................................11

7 Procedure for Demonstrating Additionality .........................................................................12

8 Quantification of GHG Emission Reductions and Removals ..............................................12

8.1 Baseline Emissions .....................................................................................................12

8.2 Project Emissions .......................................................................................................15

8.3 Leakage ......................................................................................................................17

8.4 Summary of GHG Emission Reduction and/or Removals ............................................17

9 Monitoring ..........................................................................................................................18

9.1 Data and Parameters Available at Validation ..............................................................18

9.2 Data and Parameters Monitored .................................................................................19

9.3 Description of the Monitoring Plan ..............................................................................23

10 References and Other Information .....................................................................................24


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1 SOURCES

This methodology is based on the project being carried out by MTP HPPO Manufacturing Co.,

Ltd, a joint venture between The Siam Cement Public Co., Ltd and The Dow Chemical Company.

The project involves constructing a production facility for Propylene Oxide using a new process

called Hydrogen Peroxide-based Propylene Oxide (HPPO) Technology instead of the

conventional Chlorohydrin process.

For additionality demonstration this methodology refers to the latest approved version of the

following CDM tool:

Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality (Section 7: Procedure for

Demonstrating Additionality)

For parts of baseline and project emission calculations this methodology refers to elements of the

latest approved version of the following CDM tools:

Tool to calculate baseline, project and/or leakage emissions from electricity consumption

Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion (Section 9.2:

Data and Parameters Monitored)

2 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODOLOGY

Propylene Oxide is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3CHCH2O. This colour-

less volatile liquid is produced on a large scale industrially. Propylene Oxide (PO) is a very

common chemical building block used to produce commercial and industrial products including

polyether polyols, propylene glycols and propylene glycol ethers. It is among the most diffused

chemical intermediates world-wide and its production continues to grow continuously.

There are many processes (or chemical routes) that are used in the industry to synthesize PO.

Industrial production of PO generally starts from propylene. Two general approaches are

employed, one involving hydrochlorination and the other involving oxidation. The

hydrochlorination route using chlorohydrin technology is the traditional route and proceeds via the

conversion of propylene to PO. There are also other possible routes to produce PO based on co-

oxidation of the organic chemicals isobutene or ethylbenzene. However, these alternative routes

are characterized by substantial production of co-products, such as t-butyl alcohol or styrene,

respectively.

This methodology aims at supporting a new process called Hydrogen Peroxide-based Propylene

Oxide (HPPO) Technology which is able to reduce GHG emissions and waste generation during

PO synthesis when compared to other processes. The GHG emission reductions are owing to

usage of lesser GHG intensive reagents and reduced process energy requirements.

This methodology is not designed to deal with all types of PO production processes. Its

application is limited to projects wherein PO is the only output expected (i.e., no co-products are


v3.1 5

produced in the process). The methodology is applicable only to projects where the project

activity is the HPPO technology and where Chlorohydrin process is identified as the baseline

scenario. However, the methodology is structured in a way that its application can be extended to

other processes, as it is built along the lines accounting for - Scope 1: All direct GHG emissions;

Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions from consumption of purchased electricity, heat or steam; and

Scope 3: Other indirect emissions from use of reagents for manufacturing.

In this methodology, the GHG emissions produced by different chemical manufacturing

processes using different reagents are being compared. Comparing two processes that do not

use the same input materials cannot only be done through a comparison of emissions that occur

in the facility but requires a broader approach, similar to life cycle assessment where emissions

due to reagent production are also taken into account.

In the following analysis, we will therefore always distinguish (for both baseline and project

processes) between three classes of emissions:

- Up-stream emissions: include emission sources linked to the reagents being used in the

process;

- Process emissions: represent emission sources located within the project facility and

associated to the transformation of reagents into the product at the manufacturing site.

Process emissions include energy consumption as well as emissions associated with product

and waste treatments;

- Down-stream emissions: all emissions linked to product usage.

As the product is the same in both the baseline and project scenarios, down-stream emissions

would be the same in both cases and have therefore not been considered. Thus this methodology

proposes to consider only the up-stream and process emissions.

For the baseline and monitoring methodology, we summarize below the key elements of this

methodology:

(a) Applicability conditions:

The methodology is applicable to projects wherein PO is the only expected output (i.e., no co-

products are produced in the process). Nevertheless, in practice, due to selectivity of the

catalysts, there may be by-products produced out of the process. Such by-products shall not be

more than 10% (in mass terms) as compared to the PO output. As a consequence, the

methodology is currently applicable only to projects where the project activity is the HPPO

technology and where Chlorohydrin- Chlor-Alkali process is identified as the baseline scenario.

(b) Project Boundary:

The project boundary includes the upstream emissions and the industrial facility including the by-

products and waste treatment facilities.

(c) Baseline scenario:

The baseline scenario is determined through the evaluation of the likely alternatives accounting

for the local/national regulations and laws; investment analysis and/or barriers. A list of pre-

defined alternatives prepared specially for the purpose of this methodology is also proposed; this

list shall be considered as non-exhaustive and can be completed by the project proponent (PP).


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(d) Additionality;

Additionality shall be demonstrated through the application of the latest version of the CDM “Tool

for the demonstration and assessment of additionality”.

(e) Baseline emissions;

Up-stream emissions: Emissions associated with the baseline reagents. For simplification, the

following upstream emissions are excluded:

- emissions associated with material that come from nature (raw material) and are in an unprocessed or minimally processed state;

- raw material extraction; - catalysts; - transportation; and - reagents common in quantity and quality to the project activity. Process emissions: The process emissions arise due to energy usage (e.g., heat, electricity etc.)

for transforming the reagents into the final product and also for waste and by-products treatment.

For simplification, and as a conservative approach, the emissions linked to waste and by-

products will be neglected, if credible data to estimate the same is not available. The process

emissions due to energy usage are calculated based on the specific energy required per ton of

PO production and the associated emission factor for the thermal/electrical energy generation

respectively.

(f) Project emissions;

Up-stream emissions: Emissions associated with the project reagents. For simplification the

upstream emissions excludes emissions associated with material that come from nature (raw

material) and are in an unprocessed or minimally processed state; raw material extraction;

catalysts; transportation; and reagents common in quantity and quality to the baseline activity.

Process emissions: Project emissions are taken into account for all processes associated with the

synthesis of PO at the project site, including:

- energy related emissions (heat and electricity)

- Waste and by-products treatment

Emissions linked to energy, electricity and steam, will be calculated based respectively on the

latest versions of the “Tool to calculate baseline, project and/or leakage emissions from electricity

consumption” and the “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel

combustion”.

Apart from waste contained in wastewater streams, most of the waste generated on-site is

usually incinerated. Emissions from the incineration of such waste streams will be estimated by

considering the carbon content of waste stream (based on their chemical formula). By-products

that can be recovered from the process and used for other processes within the project boundary

will be considered as carbon neutral since all emissions linked to their treatment is included in the

project boundary and already taken into account. Incineration of waste streams often involves co-

firing of fossil fuels. Emissions from fossil fuel consumption are also considered.


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(g) Leakage:

No leakage is anticipated.

(h) Emissions reductions:

The emissions reductions are calculated as baseline emissions minus the project emissions.

(i) Monitoring:

As all parameters are related to the production process, monitoring shall follow normal industrial

practice.

Additionality Project Method

Crediting Baseline Project Method

3 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this methodology, the following definitions apply:

HP: Hydrogen Peroxide

PO: Propylene oxide

CHPO: Chlorohydrin process. Propylene is combined with hypochlorous acid to form a chlorohydrin intermediate which is subsequently dechlorohydronated to PO. This process leads to the formation of salts.

CHPO-lime: CHPO plant where lime is used as a chlorine absorber. Quick-lime (CaO) is mixed with water to form calcium hydroxide which is mixed with chlorohydrin solution. This process leads to huge quantities of effluent with CaCl2 loads.

CHPO-chlor-alkali: CHPO plant where dechlorohydronation is done due to caustic soda and leads to huge quantities of NaCl brine.

HPPO: Hydrogen Peroxide-based PO Technology. The process consists where PO is obtained from propylene and hydrogen peroxide. There are two patents linked to this process, one is owned by DOW (US patent 7,138,534) and one by Degussa (6,878,836).

POSM: Hydroperoxidation route to PO that co-produce styrene monomer. This process involves the co-oxydation of ethylbenzene and styrene and produces PO and Styrene.

POTBA: Hydroperoxidation route to PO that co-produce t-butyl. This process involves the co-oxydation of isobutene and styrene and produces PO and t-butyl.

CHP: Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). Process patented by Sumitomo (World patent 01/05778 A1) where cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) is used for the epoxidation of propylene. This route produces DMBA as a co-product that can be further recycled to cumene.

Co-oxidation route (or Co-products routes or hydroperoxidation route): Route to PO that co-produces styrene (POSM) and t-butyl (POTBA).

Oxidation route (Direct routes or oxidation routes): routes that do not lead to co-product (CHP and HPPO).

Chlorohydrin routes: CHPO

Co-products: product deriving from the chemical process which is not the primary product.

By-products: incidental (undesired) product deriving from the chemical process.


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Waste: material generated by the production process, which is not sold or re-used in other processes on-site. Waste streams can be incinerated on-site, treated within the project boundary (eg, wastewater) or disposed (eg, at solid disposal site).

4 APPLICABILITY CONDITIONS

This methodology is applicable under the following conditions:

The methodology is limited to projects wherein PO is the only output;

No co-products are produced in the process. There could be by-products coming out of

the process owing to the selectivity of the catalysts etc.;

There are no significant by-products from the process (not more than 10% as compared

to the PO output);

The methodology is applicable only to projects where the project activity is the HPPO

technology and where Chlorohydrin-Chlor-Alkali process is identified as the baseline

scenario;

The project may take place in any geographic region of the world.

5 PROJECT BOUNDARY

The spatial extent of the project boundary encompasses the upstream emissions from reagents,

PO manufacturing plant from reagents admission to the treatment of by-products and waste from

process.

The project boundary encompasses also the project electricity system(s) and Heat/steam

generation system that the PO plant is connected to. The spatial extent of the project electricity

system consists of the power plants that are physically connected through transmission and

distribution lines to the project activity and that can be dispatched without significant transmission

constraints. Similar would be the spatial extent for the steam system.

PO production

C3H6

Other reagents

C3H6O

Waste / By-products

Fuel, Heat (Steam), Electricity

Project boundary

Up-stream Process Down-stream


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For the Chlorohydrin process (baseline scenario), the geographical extent of the project boundary

is defined as follows:

For the HPPO process (proposed project activity) the geographic project boundary encompasses:

HPPO Plant

(C3H6 + H2O2 --> C3H6O + H2O)

C3H6

H2O2

C3H6O

By-products


CHPO Plant

(C3H6 + Cl2 + 2NaOH --> C3H6O +

2NaCl + H2O)

C3H6

CL2, NaOH

(Chlor-Alkali)

C3H6O

By-products



v3.1 10

The greenhouse gases included in or excluded from the project boundary are shown in table

below:

Source Gas Included? Justification/Explanation B

aselin

e

Emissions

associated

with the

production of

baseline

reagents

CO2 Yes The emissions associated with Cl2 and NaOH

(Chlor-Alkali) production has been accounted as

these are generally not found naturally and are

produced in an industrial facility. The emissions

associated with C3H6 has, however, not been

accounted as its usage would be essentially the

same as in the project activity.

CH4 No Excluded for simplification, this is conservative.

N2O No Not applicable.

Emissions

associated

with steam

and

electricity

requirements

of the

process

CO2 Yes Emissions could arise from the combustion of

fossil fuels for providing steam and/or electricity

to the PO production facility.



Emissions

associated

with

treatment of

waste

coming out

of the

process

CO2 Optional Emissions could arise from the incineration of

waste. This source may be excluded for

conservativeness and simplification.



Pro

ject

Emissions

associated

with the

production of

project

reagents

CO2 Yes The emissions associated with H2O2 production

have been accounted as this is generally not

found naturally and is to be produced in an

industrial facility. The emissions associated with

C3H6 has, however, not been accounted as its

usage would be essentially the same as in the

baseline activity.



Emissions

associated

with steam

and

CO2 Yes Emissions could arise from the combustion of

fossil fuels for providing steam and/or electricity

to the PO production facility



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Source Gas Included? Justification/Explanation

electricity

requirements

of the

process


Emissions

associated

with

treatment of

waste

coming out

of the

process

CO2 Optional Emissions could arise from the incineration of

waste. For simplification, this source may be

excluded if it is demonstrated that waste

generation is lesser in quantity and carbon

intensity as compared to baseline, assuming that

the fossil fuel consumed in the incinerator is the

same as in the baseline.



6 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE BASELINE SCENARIO

Project proponents shall apply the following steps to identify the baseline scenario:

Step 1: Identification of plausible alternative scenarios

This step serves to identify all alternative scenarios to the proposed project activity which can be

the baseline scenario. Alternatives shall be able to deliver equivalent outputs or services1.

Identified alternatives shall therefore consist of all commercially available PO technologies. A

technology shall be considered as commercially available if the production of PO accounts for at

least 1% of the World production in the year of investment decision. The list could therefore

consist of at least (but not limited to):

P1: The project activity;

P2: A plant with the same capacity using the Chlorohydrin process (Lime or Chlor-Alkali);

P3: A plant with the same capacity using any other commercially available technology.

Step 2: Consistency with mandatory applicable laws and regulations:

Eliminate alternatives that are not in compliance with all applicable mandatory legal and

regulatory requirements.

Step 3: Barrier analysis

This step serves to identify barriers and to assess which alternative scenarios are prevented by

these barriers. Scenarios that face prohibitive barriers shall be eliminated by applying Step 3 of

1 The processes wherein co-products are produced (eg, CHP, POSM, POTBA) are not considered as likely

alternatives.


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the latest version of the “Tool for demonstration and assessment of additionality” agreed by the

CDM Executive Board.

This methodology is only applicable if Chlorohydrin-Chlor-Alkali process is identified as the

baseline scenario.

7 PROCEDURE FOR DEMONSTRATING ADDITIONALITY

The additionality of the project activity shall be demonstrated and assessed using the latest

version of the “Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality” agreed by the CDM

Executive Board, which is available on the UNFCCC CDM website. While demonstrating the

additionality of the proposed project activity, the PPs shall consider the different project

alternatives as per the baseline identification section.

8 QUANTIFICATION OF GHG EMISSION REDUCTIONS AND REMOVALS

8.1 Baseline Emissions

Baseline emissions are calculated as follows:

yocessyUpstreamy BEBEBE ,Pr, (1)

Where:

BEy Baseline emission in year y, (tCO2)

BEUpstream,y Emissions associated with the baseline reagents for the production of

PO, (tCO2)

BEProcess,y Emissions due to energy usage (heat, electricity, etc.) for transforming

the baseline reagents into the final product (PO) and also for waste and

by-products treatment (tCO2)

Up-stream emissions (BEUpstream,y):

The up-stream emissions are on account of the various reagents used in the process. The

reagents used in the baseline (Chlorohydrin-Chlor-Alkali process) are C3H6, Cl2 and NaOH. The

emissions associated with C3H6 has, however, not been accounted as its usage would be

essentially the same as in the project activity. The emissions associated with Chlor-Alkali

production have been accounted as these are generally not found naturally and are to be

produced in an industrial facility.

The emissions associated with Chlor-Alkali production are calculated as follows:

yyAlkaliChloryUpstream PObeBE ,, (2)

Where:

beChlor-Alkali, y Quantity of CO2 emitted from Chlor-Alkali production per unit of PO

(tonnes)


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POy Quantity of PO produced in year y (tonnes)

The most common Chlor-Alkali process involves the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride

(brine) in a membrane cell (owing to lower emissions). The CO2 emissions associated with Chlor-

Alkali production are calculated as follows:

yELyAlkaliChloryAlkaliChlor EFecbe ,,,58

71

(3)

Where:

ecChlor-Alkali, y Energy consumption per ton of Cl2 production (MWh/tCl2)

EFEL,y Emission factor for electricity generation in year y (tCO2/MWh)

71/58 Ratio between the molecular weights of Cl2 and C3H6O (mass units/mass

units)

The membrane cell process is the preferred process for new plants. Thus, it is assumed that

production of Chlor-Alkali in the baseline plant is through membrane cell process. The energy

consumption in a membrane cell process is of the order of 2.2-2.5 MWh/ton compared to 2.4-2.7

MWh/ton of chlorine for a diaphragm cell process2.

Thus, as a conservative approach the above equation is presented as follows:

yELyAlkaliChlor EFbe ,, 2.258

71

(4)

Process emissions (BEProcess,y):

The process emissions arise due to energy usage (heat, electricity, etc.) for transforming the

reagents into the final product and also from waste treatment.

The emissions associated with energy usage are calculated as follows:

yWasteyElecyHeatyocess BEBEBEBE ,,,,Pr (5)

Where:

BEHeat,y Emissions due to thermal energy (heat/steam) for transforming the baseline

reagents into the final product (PO) and also for waste treatment (tCO2)

BEElec,y Emissions due to electrical energy for transforming the baseline reagents into

the final product (PO) and also for waste treatment (tCO2)

BEWaste,y Emissions due to treatment of waste products (tCO2)

The CO2 emissions from thermal energy (heat/steam) are calculated as follows:

2 http://www.miga.org/documents/ChlorAlkali.pdf

http://www.miga.org/documents/ChlorAlkali.pdf


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ySteamyCHPOyHeat EFPOSSCBE ,, (6)

Where:

SSCCHPO Specific thermal energy consumption ratio in the PO production through

CHPO process (TJ/tonne of PO).

EFSteam,y Emission factor for thermal energy generation in year y (tCO2/TJ)

The emission factor for thermal energy generation could be calculated as follows:

yBoileryiCOySteam EFEF ,,,2, / (7)

Where:

EFCO2, I, y Weighted average CO2 emission factor of fuel type i in year y (tCO2/TJ).

ηBoiler,y Efficiency of the steam generating system

The CO2 emissions from electrical energy are calculated as follows:

yElyCHPOyElec EFPOSECBE ,, (8)

Where:

SECCHPO Specific electrical energy consumption ratio in the PO production through

CHPO process (MWh/tonne of PO).

EFEl,y Emission factor for electricity generation in year y (tCO2/MWh)

The specific energy consumption ratios (thermal/electrical) can be sourced from independent

third party reports.

The CO2 emissions from waste treatment are calculated as follows:

iBaselineiBaselineWasteyWaste COEFFCCABE

,,,

12

44 (9)

Where:

CAWaste, Baseline Carbon amount in the waste stream derived from the carbon amount in

the Propylene feed, PO and by-products in the baseline (tonnes).

44/12 Ratio between the molecular weights of CO2 and Carbon (mass

units/mass units)

FCi,Baseline Quantity of fuel type i combusted in the incinerator in the baseline (mass

or volume unit/year)

COEFi CO2 emission coefficient of fuel type i (tCO2/mass or volume unit)


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The “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion” shall be

used to calculate the CO2 emission coefficient.

The carbon amount in the waste stream and fuel combusted in the incinerator shall be presented

in terms of PO output.

For simplification, and as a conservative approach, the emissions linked to waste and by-

products may be neglected, if credible data to estimate the same is not available.

8.2 Project Emissions

Project emissions are calculated as follows:

yocessyUpstreamy PEPEPE ,Pr, (10)

Where:

PEy Project emissions in the year y, (tCO2)

PEUpstream,y Emissions associated with the project reagents for the production of PO,

(tCO2)

PEProcess,y Emissions due to energy usage (heat, electricity etc.) for transforming the

project reagents into the final product (PO) and also for waste treatment

(tCO2)

Up-stream emissions (PEUpstream,y):

The up-stream emissions are on account of the various reagents used in the process. The

reagents used in the project (HPPO process) are C3H6 and H2O2. The emissions associated with

C3H6 has, however, not been accounted as its usage would be essentially the same as in the

baseline activity. The emissions associated with H2O2 production have been accounted as this is

generally not found naturally and is to be produced in an industrial facility.

The emissions associated with H2O2 production are calculated as follows:

yHPyUpstream POpePE

58

34, (11)

Where:

peHP Quantity of CO2 that would be emitted per ton of H2O2 (tCO2/ tH2O2)

POy Quantity of PO produced (tonnes)

34/58 Ratio between the molecular weights of H2O2 and C3H6O (mass

units/mass units)

Process emissions (PEProcess,y):

The process emissions arise due to energy usage (heat, electricity, etc.) for transforming the

reagents into the final product, by-products and also for waste treatment. For simplification and as

a conservative approach, all these emissions are associated to the PO production.


v3.1 16

The process emissions are calculated as follows:

yWasteyElecyHeatyocess PEPEPEPE ,,,,Pr (12)

Where:

PEHeat,y Emissions due to thermal energy (heat/steam) for transforming the project

reagents into the final product (PO) (tCO2)

PEElec,y Emissions due to electrical energy for transforming the project reagents into

the final product (PO) (tCO2)

PEWaste,y Emissions due to treatment of waste products in year y (tCO2)

The CO2 emissions from thermal energy (heat/steam) are calculated as follows:

ySteamyyHPPOyHeat EFPOSSCPE ,,, (13)

Where:

SSCHPPO, y Specific thermal energy consumption ratio in the PO production through

HPPO process in year y (TJ/tonne of PO).

EFSteam,y Emission factor for thermal energy generation in year y (tCO2/TJ)

The emission factor for thermal energy generation would be similar as calculated for the baseline

emissions.

The CO2 emissions from electrical energy are calculated as follows:

yElyyHPPOyEl EFPOSECPE ,,, (14)

Where:

SECHPPO, y Specific electrical energy consumption ratio in the PO production through

HPPO process in year y (MWh/tonne of PO).

EFEl,y Emission factor for electricity generation in year y (tCO2/MWh)

The emission factor for electricity generation would be similar as for the baseline emissions.

The CO2 emissions from waste treatment are calculated as follows:

yiyiyWasteyWaste COEFFCCAPE ,,,,12

44

(15)

Where:

CAWaste, y Carbon amount in the waste stream derived from the carbon amount in

the Propylene feed, PO and by-products during year y of the crediting

period (tonnes)


v3.1 17

44/12 Ratio between the molecular weights of CO2 and Carbon (mass

units/mass units)

FCi,y Quantity of fuel type i combusted in the incinerator during the year y

(mass or volume unit/year)

COEFi,y CO2 emission coefficient of fuel type i in year y (tCO2/mass or volume

unit)

The “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion” shall be

used to calculate the CO2 emission coefficient.

The carbon amount in the waste stream shall be calculated as follows:

yByproductsyPOyopyleneyWaste CACACACA ,,,Pr, (16)

Where:

CAPropylene, y Carbon amount in the Propylene feed during year y (tonnes).

CAPO, y Carbon amount in PO produced during year y (tonnes).

CAByproducts, y Carbon amount in the byproducts during year y (tonnes).

For simplification, the emissions associated with treatment of waste coming out of the project

process may be excluded if it can be demonstrated that waste generation is lesser in quantity and

carbon intensity as compared to baseline and assuming that the fossil fuel consumed in the

incinerator is the same as in the baseline.

8.3 Leakage

No leakage emissions are considered. The main emissions potentially giving rise to leakage in

the context of the project are emissions arising due to activities such as construction and

transportation. These emissions sources are excluded.

8.4 Summary of GHG Emission Reduction and/or Removals

Emission reductions are calculated as follows:

yyyy LEPEBEER

(17)

Where:

ERy = Emission reductions in year y (tCO2e/yr)

BEy = Baseline emissions in year y (tCO2/yr)

PEy = Project emissions in year y (tCO2e/yr)

LEy = Leakage emissions in year y (tCO2e/yr)


v3.1 18

9 MONITORING

9.1 Data and Parameters Available at Validation

Data Unit / Parameter: SSCCHPO

Data unit: TJ/tonne of PO

Description: Specific thermal energy consumption ratio in the

PO production through CHPO process

Source of data: Independent third party report

Justification of choice of data or description

of measurement methods and procedures

applied:

Steam consumption would be converted

conservatively into energy terms using enthalpy

values and accounting for any condensate return

Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: SECCHPO

Data unit: MWh/tonne of PO

Description: Specific electrical energy consumption ratio in

the PO production through CHPO process




applied:

-

Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: peHP

Data unit: tCO2/ tH2O2

Description: Quantity of CO2 that would be emitted per tonne

of H2O2




applied:

-

Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: caWaste, Baseline

Data unit: tC/ tonne of PO


v3.1 19

Description: Carbon amount in the waste stream combusted

in the incinerator in the baseline per tonne of PO




applied:

-

Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: fci,Baseline

Data unit: mass or volume unit in baseline per tonne of PO

Description: Quantity of fuel type i combusted in the

incinerator in the baseline per tonne of PO




applied:

-

Any comment: -

9.2 Data and Parameters Monitored

Data Unit / Parameter: POy

Data unit: tonnes

Description: Quantity of PO produced in year y

Source of data: Plant records

Description of measurement methods and

procedures to be applied:

Flow-rate meters, mass meters, cross-check with stock verification records.

Frequency of monitoring/recording: Data monitoring continuously and aggregated as

appropriate, to calculate emission reduction

QA/QC procedures to be applied: Meters should be calibrated regularly according

to manufacturer’s guidelines or national

standards. Cross-checking with production stock

inventory.

Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: EFEL,y

Data unit: tCO2/MWh

Description: Emission factor for electricity generation in year y


v3.1 20

Source of data: Calculate the emission factor, using the procedures in the latest approved version of the ‘Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system’.



As per the ‘Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system’.

Frequency of monitoring/recording: As per the ‘Tool to calculate the emission factor

for an electricity system’.

QA/QC procedures to be applied: As per the ‘Tool to calculate the emission factor

for an electricity system’.

Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: EFCO2, I, y

Data unit: tCO2/TJ

Description: Weighted average CO2 emission factor of fuel

type i in year

Source of data: As described in the “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”



As per the “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”

Frequency of monitoring/recording: As per the “Tool to calculate project or leakage

CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”

QA/QC procedures to be applied: As per the “Tool to calculate project or leakage


Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: ηBoiler,y

Data unit: -

Description: Efficiency of the steam generating system

Source of data: As described in the “Tool to determine the baseline efficiency of thermal or electric energy generation systems”



As per the “Tool to determine the baseline efficiency of thermal or electric energy generation systems”

Frequency of monitoring/recording: As per the “Tool to determine the baseline

efficiency of thermal or electric energy generation

systems”

QA/QC procedures to be applied: As per the “Tool to determine the baseline

efficiency of thermal or electric energy generation


v3.1 21

systems”

Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: SCHPPO, y

Data unit: TJ

Description: Thermal energy consumption in the PO

production through HPPO process in year y




This parameter should be determined as the

difference of the enthalpy of the process heat

(steam) supplied to PO production process in the

baseline method, minus the enthalpy of the feed-

water, the boiler blow-down and any condensate

return. The respective enthalpies should be

determined based on the mass (or volume) flows,

the temperatures and, in case of superheated

steam, the pressure. Steam tables or appropriate

thermodynamic equations may be used to

calculate the enthalpy as a function of

temperature and pressure.




to manufacturer’s guidelines. Cross-checking with

other plant records.

Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: ECHPPO, y

Data unit: MWh

Description: Electrical energy consumption in the PO

production through HPPO process in year y




Electrical consumption to be monitored

continuously and the average specific electrical

energy consumption to be calculated based on

PO production





v3.1 22

to manufacturer’s guidelines or national

standards.

Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: CAPropylene, y

Data unit: tonne

Description: Carbon amount in the Propylene feed during year

y of the crediting period




Ultimate analysis



QA/QC procedures to be applied: Cross-checking with inventory data

Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: CAByproducts, y

Data unit: tonne

Description: Carbon amount in the byproducts during year y of

the crediting period




Ultimate analysis



QA/QC procedures to be applied: Cross-checking with inventory data

Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: FCi,y

Data unit: mass or volume unit/year

Description: Quantity of fuel type i combusted in the

incinerator during the year y






v3.1 23





Any comment: -

Data Unit / Parameter: COEFi,y

Data unit: tCO2/mass or volume unit

Description: CO2 emission coefficient of fuel type i in year y









Any comment: -

9.3 Description of the Monitoring Plan

The project proponent shall establish, maintain and apply a monitoring plan and GHG information

system that includes criteria and procedures for obtaining, recording, compiling and analyzing

data, parameters and other information important for quantifying and reporting GHG emissions

relevant for the project and baseline scenario. Monitoring procedures shall address the following:

a) Types of data and information to be reported;

b) Units of measurement;

c) Origin of the data;

d) Monitoring methodologies (e.g., estimation, measurement, calculation);

e) Type of equipment used, if any;

f) Monitoring times and frequencies;

g) QA/QC procedures;

h) Monitoring roles and responsibilities;

i) GHG information management systems, including the location, back up, and retention of

stored data.

Where measurement and monitoring equipment is used, the project proponent shall ensure the

equipment is calibrated according to current good practice (e.g., relevant industry standards).

All data collected as part of monitoring shall be archived electronically and kept at least for 2

years after the end of the last crediting period.

QA/QC procedures should include, but are not limited to:


v3.1 24

Data Gathering, Input and Handling Measures

Input data checked for typical errors, including inconsistent physical units, unit conversion

errors, typographical errors caused by data transcription from one document to another;

and missing data for specific time periods or physical units;

Input time series data checked for large unexpected variations (e.g., orders of magnitude)

that could indicate input errors;

All electronic files to use version control to ensure consistency;

Physical protection of monitoring equipment (e.g., sealed meters and data loggers); and

Physical protection of records of monitored data (e.g., hard copy and electronic records).

Data Documentation

Input data units checked and documented;

All sources of data, assumptions and emission factors documented;

Changes to data, assumptions and emission factors documented; and

Documented assumptions and algorithms validated based on best practices.

Calculations

Units for input data and conversion factors documented;

Units for all intermediate calculations and final results documented;

Input data and calculated data clearly differentiated;

Comparison to previous results to identify potential inconsistencies; and

Results aggregated in various ways to identify potential inconsistencies.

10 REFERENCES AND OTHER INFORMATION

The latest approved versions of CDM tools referenced above are available at:

http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/tools/index.html

http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/tools/index.html

reduction of ghg emissions in propylene oxide production

Documents