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17
??R
Reference Table
Study Measuring EarthHow Scientists
T O P I C2
Would you consider the crust of your toast part of
your plate?
You wouldn’t think that the crust of toast you left on your plate at breakfast is part of the plate you eat from. If you use the same concept for Earth’s crust, you would jump to the conclusion that the crust is separate from any other section. Using this erroneous belief, some science periodicals have used the term “crustal plates.” Do you think this is a scientifi cally accurate term?
Actually, there is no such thing as a “crustal plate” in Earth Science. Earth’s plates are much thicker than average crust, and incorporate the crust and the uppermost mantle, often called the rigid mantle. The crust of Earth is mineralogically different than the mantle below it, but the physical properties of rigidity and solidness of the crust and the uppermost mantle are very similar. Thus, the crust and the uppermost mantle are grouped together as Earth’s lithosphere. Therefore, there are lithospheric plates, or tectonic plates, and not “crustal plates.”
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Updated information is highlighted in yellow. Page numbers where each piece of information can be found is located above the updated content. Page 19 Page 19 Page 21 Page 35 – For questions 29 & 30
(map replacement) Page 41
Page 105 Page 111 Page 113 Page 122 Page 123
Page 130
Page 137 Page 153 Page 174 (part of Station Model)
Page 197
Page 203 Page 223 Page 225 Page 227 Page 228 Page 231
Page 232 Page 237 (revised order of questions)
Page 257 Page 263 Page 272 Page 282 Page 289
Page 296 Page 296 Page 297
Appendix A-1
Using the Reference TablesYou should become thoroughly familiar with all details of these tables. Look for the on the topic pages to see where the content is enhanced by the reference tables. Some of the ways these reference tables are used in Regents Examination questions include:
• to find a specific fact, such as the composition of the Earth’s inner core
• to find the relationship between two facts on different parts of the reference tables, such as the latitude and longitude of the center of the Tug Hill Plateau
• using an equation on the reference tables to solve a problem, such as a rate of change of an event
• graphing or recognizing the correct graph of data on the reference tables such as the percent by mass of the elements in the Earth’s crust
• decoding a graphic symbol in a question such as present weather or air mass type on a weather map
• performing a procedure using part of the reference tables, such as determining the distance of a location to an epicenter using the Earthquake P-wave and S-wave Travel Time graph
• interpretation of data on the reference tables, such as the temperature of white dwarf stars
Radioactive Decay Data .................................................................A-3
Specific Heats of Common Materials ........................................A-3
Equations ............................................................................................A-3
Properties of Water ........................................................................A-3
Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crush, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere ..................................................A-3
Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State ...........A-4
Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State ...............A-5
Surface Ocean Currents .................................................................A-6
Tectonic Plates .................................................................................A-7
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust ...........................................................A-8
Relationship of Transported Particle Size toWater Velocity ..................................................................................A-8
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification .................................A-8
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification ........................A-9
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification ......................A-9
Geologic History of New York State ........................................ A-10and A-11
Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior...................................A-12
Earthquake P-wave and S-wave Travel Time .....................A-13
Dewpoint Temperatures (°C) ......................................................A-14
Relative Humidity (%) ...................................................................A-14
Temperature ....................................................................................A-15
Pressure ............................................................................................A-15
Key to Weather Map Symbols ...................................................A-15
Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere .........................A-16
Planetary Wind and Moisture Beltsin the Troposphere ........................................................................A-16
Electromagnetic Spectrum .........................................................A-16
Characteristics of Stars ...............................................................A-17
Solar System Data .........................................................................A-17
Properties of Common Minerals ..............................................A-18
Appendix 1:Earth Science Reference Tables
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Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g
Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
New York State Fossil
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
15
12
34
56
78
910
11
12
13
14
cm
2010 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2009–2010 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.
The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov
Reference Tables for
Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
Eccentricity =distance between focilength of major axis
Gradient =change in field value
distance
Density =mass
volume
Rate of change =change in value
time
Equations
RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE
DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)
Carbon-14
Potassium-40
Uranium-238
Rubidium-87
C14
K40
U238
Rb87
N14
Pb206
Sr87
5.7 × 103
1.3 × 109
4.5 × 109
4.9 × 1010
Ar40
Ca40
Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data
Properties of Water
Average Chemical Compositionof Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere
MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram • °C)
Liquid water 4.18
Solid water (ice) 2.11
Water vapor 2.00
Dry air 1.01
Basalt 0.84
Granite 0.79
Iron 0.45
Copper 0.38
Lead 0.13
ELEMENT(symbol)
CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE
Percent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume
Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0
Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88
Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48
Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49
Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18
Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11
Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33
Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42
Nitrogen (N) 78.0
Hydrogen (H) 66.0
Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0
Eurypterus remipes
(Revised November 2006)
Appendix A-3
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A-4 Appendix
2 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Gen
eral
ized
Lan
dsca
pe R
egio
ns o
f New
Yor
k St
ate
Appalachian
Plate
au(U
pla
nds)
Inte
rio
r L
ow
lan
ds
Gre
nville
Pro
vin
ce
(Hig
hla
nd
s)
New E
ngland P
rovin
ce
(Hig
hlands)
Atl
an
tic
Co
asta
lP
lain
Alle
gheny P
late
au
Erie-O
nta
rio L
ow
lands
(Pla
ins)
Tug H
illP
late
au
Adirondack
Mounta
ins
Lake
Eri
e
Lake
Onta
rio
Inte
rio
rL
ow
lan
ds
St.
Law
renc
e Lo
wla
nds
ChamplainLowlands Hudson H
ighla
nds
Manhattan P
rong
The C
ats
kill
s
Taconic Mountains
Hudson-MohawkLowlands
NewarkLowlands
Ma
jor
ge
og
rap
hic
pro
vin
ce
bo
un
da
ry
La
nd
sca
pe
re
gio
n b
ou
nd
ary
Sta
te b
ou
nd
ary
Inte
rna
tio
na
l b
ou
nd
ary
Key
N S
WE
02
04
0
02
04
06
08
0K
ilom
ete
rs
Mile
s1
03
05
0
0133704106_A01-A21.indd 40133704106_A01-A21.indd 4 9/25/09 5:51:50 PM9/25/09 5:51:50 PM
Appendix A-5
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 3
Gen
eral
ized
Bed
rock
Geo
logy
of N
ew Y
ork
Stat
em
odifi
ed fr
omG
EOLO
GIC
AL
SURV
EYN
EW Y
ORK
STA
TE M
USE
UM
1989
N
iagaraRiver
GE
OL
OG
IC P
ER
IOD
S A
ND
ER
AS
IN
NE
W Y
OR
K
CR
ETA
CE
OU
S a
nd P
LEIS
TOC
EN
E (
Epo
ch)
wea
kly
cons
olid
ated
to u
ncon
solid
ated
gra
vels
, san
ds, a
nd c
lays
LAT
E T
RIA
SS
IC a
nd E
AR
LY J
UR
AS
SIC
con
glom
erat
es, r
ed s
ands
tone
s, r
ed s
hale
s, b
asal
t, an
d di
abas
e (P
alis
ades
sill
)
PE
NN
SY
LVA
NIA
N a
nd M
ISS
ISS
IPP
IAN
con
glom
erat
es, s
ands
tone
s, a
nd s
hale
s
DE
VO
NIA
Nlim
esto
nes,
sha
les,
san
dsto
nes,
and
con
glom
erat
es
SIL
UR
IAN
SIL
UR
IAN
also
con
tain
s sa
lt, g
ypsu
m, a
nd h
emat
ite.
OR
DO
VIC
IAN
limes
tone
s, s
hale
s, s
ands
tone
s, a
nd d
olos
tone
sC
AM
BR
IAN
CA
MB
RIA
N a
nd E
AR
LY O
RD
OV
ICIA
N s
ands
tone
s an
d do
lost
ones
m
oder
atel
y to
inte
nsel
y m
etam
orph
osed
eas
t of t
he H
udso
n R
iver
CA
MB
RIA
N a
nd O
RD
OV
ICIA
N (
undi
ffere
ntia
ted)
qua
rtzi
tes,
dol
osto
nes,
mar
bles
, and
sch
ists
inte
nsel
y m
etam
orph
osed
; inc
lude
s po
rtio
ns o
f the
Tac
onic
Seq
uenc
e an
d C
ortla
ndt C
ompl
ex
TAC
ON
IC S
EQ
UE
NC
E s
ands
tone
s, s
hale
s, a
nd s
late
ssl
ight
ly to
inte
nsel
y m
etam
orph
osed
roc
ks o
fCA
MB
RIA
N th
roug
hM
IDD
LE O
RD
OV
ICIA
N a
ges
MID
DLE
PR
OT
ER
OZ
OIC
gne
isse
s, q
uart
zite
s, a
nd m
arbl
esLi
nes
are
gene
raliz
ed s
truc
ture
tren
ds.
MID
DLE
PR
OT
ER
OZ
OIC
ano
rtho
sitic
roc
ks
} }
}} }Do
min
antl
y
sed
imen
tary
ori
gin
Do
min
antl
y
met
amo
rph
ose
d
rock
s
LON
GIS
LA
ND
SO
UN
D
Inte
nse
ly m
etam
orp
ho
sed
ro
cks
(reg
iona
l met
amor
phis
m a
bout
1,0
00 m
.y.a
.)
N S
WE
02
04
0
02
04
06
08
0K
ilom
ete
rs
Mile
s1
03
05
0
0133704106_A01-A21.indd 50133704106_A01-A21.indd 5 9/25/09 5:51:51 PM9/25/09 5:51:51 PM
A-6 Appendix
0°
40
°8
0°
12
0°
16
0°
18
0°
16
0°
12
0°
80
°4
0°
80
°
40
°
40
°
0°
80
°
20
°
60
°
60
°
20
°
Arc
tic C
ircle
(66
.5°
N)
Tro
pic
of
Ca
nce
r(2
3.5
° N
)
Tro
pic
of
Ca
prico
rn(2
3.5
° S
)
An
tarc
tic C
ircle
(66
.5°
S)
Eq
ua
tor
20
°6
0°
10
0°
14
0°
20
°6
0°
10
0°
14
0°
20
°
0°
40
°8
0°
12
0°
16
0°
18
0°
16
0°
12
0°
80
°4
0°
20
°6
0°
10
0°
14
0°
20
°6
0°
10
0°
14
0°
20
°
Equato
rialC
ou
nte
rcurr
ent
EastAustraliaC
.
Anta
rctic
Circum
pola
rC
urr
ent
Nort
h
Atlantic
C.
Anta
rctic
Circum
pola
rC
urr
ent
NO
TE
: N
ot
all
su
rfa
ce
oce
an
cu
rre
nts
are
sh
ow
n.
Nor
thA
mer
ica
Sout
hA
mer
ica
Ant
arct
ica
Aus
tral
ia
Nor
thP
acif
icO
cean
Ant
arct
ica
Afr
ica
Asi
aE
urop
e
Surf
ace
Oce
an C
urre
nts
Afr
ica
PeruC.
Nort
hE
qua
torialC
.
South
Equato
r ialC
.
Sou
ther
n O
cean
Arc
tic
Oce
an
Indi
anO
cean
South
Equato
rialC
.
WestA
ust
raliaC.
Indi
a
Gre
enla
nd
Nor
thA
tlan
tic
Oce
an Eq
ua
toria
lC
ou
nte
rcu
rre
nt
Flo
rid
a C
.
KuroshioC
.
Oyashio
C.
Kamchat
kaC
.
Nort
hP
acific
C.
Ala
ska
C
. C
alifo
rnia C.
BrazilC.
BenguelaC.
South
Equ
ato
rial C
.
FalklandC.
Guin
ea
C.
Nort
hE
qu
ato
rialC
.
Gul
fStre
amC
.
Canary C.
Labrador C.
West Greenland C.
Eas
tGre
enla
ndC. N
or
wegianC.
Nort
hE
quato
rial C
.E
qu
ato
ria
lC
ou
nte
rcurr
ent
AgulhasC.
Sou
thP
acif
icO
cean
Sou
thA
tlan
tic
Oce
an
Warm
curr
ents
Cool curr
ents
Key
4 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
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Appendix A-7
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 5
Per
u-Chile TrenchH
aw
aii
Ho
t S
po
t
Sa
n A
nd
rea
sF
au
lt
Juan
de
Fuc
a P
late
Phi
lippi
neP
late
Ale
utian
Tre
nch
Ye
llow
sto
ne
Ho
t S
po
t
Nor
th A
mer
ican
Pla
te
Afr
ican
Pla
teC
ocos
Pla
teC
arib
bean
Plat
e
Mid-Atla
nticRidge C
an
ary
Isla
nd
sH
ot
Sp
ot
Sout
hA
mer
ican
Pla
te
Ga
lap
ag
os
Ho
t S
po
t
Naz
caP
late
Ant
arct
icP
late
Indi
an-A
ustr
alia
nP
late
Pac
ific
Pla
teF
iji P
late
East
PacificRidge
Ant
arct
icP
late
Arabian
Plate
Eur
asia
nP
late
Eur
asia
nP
late
Ice
lan
dH
ot
Sp
ot
EastAfricanRiftM
id
-Indian Ridge
South
east
India
nR
idge
Sou
thwes
t Ind
ian
Rid
geSc
otia
Pla
te
Sand
wic
hP
late
Mid-AtlanticRidge
Ea
ste
r Is
lan
dH
ot
Sp
ot
St.
He
len
aH
ot
Sp
ot
Bo
uve
tH
ot
Sp
ot
Key
NO
TE
:N
ot
all
ma
ntle
ho
t sp
ots
, p
late
s,
an
db
ou
nd
arie
s a
re s
ho
wn
.
Co
mp
lex o
r u
nce
rta
inp
late
bo
un
da
ryR
ela
tive
mo
tio
n a
tp
late
bo
un
da
ryM
an
tle
ho
t sp
ot
Div
erg
en
t p
late
bo
un
da
ry(u
su
ally
bro
ke
n b
y t
ran
sfo
rmfa
ults a
lon
g m
id-o
ce
an
rid
ge
s)
Co
nve
rge
nt
pla
te b
ou
nd
ary
(su
bd
uctio
n z
on
e)
su
bd
uctin
gp
late
ove
rrid
ing
pla
te
Tra
nsfo
rm p
late
bo
un
da
ry(t
ran
sfo
rm f
au
lt)
Tect
onic
Pla
tes
Ta
sm
an
Ho
t S
po
t
M
ariana Trench
Tonga
Trench
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A-8 Appendix
6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Ero
sio
n
We
ath
eri
ng
&E
rosi
on
(Up
lift)
Me
tam
orp
his
m
MeltingSolid
ific
atio
nMeltingWeathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Metamorphism
Weathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/or Pressure
He
at
an
d/o
rP
ressure
Me
lting
Cementation
and BurialC
ompacti
on and/or Deposition
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHICROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
PA
RT
ICL
E D
IAM
ET
ER
(cm
)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
10
00
50
0
50
10
0
10510.5
0.1
0.0
5
0.0
1
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(rela
tive b
y v
olu
me)
MIN
ER
AL
CO
MP
OS
ITIO
N
Quartz(clear towhite)
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE
TEXTURE
Pumice
INT
RU
SIV
E(P
luto
nic
)E
XT
RU
SIV
E(V
olc
anic
)
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OF
FO
RM
AT
ION
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGN
EO
US
RO
CK
S
non-
cry
sta
lline
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
less than
1 m
m FineBasalt
AndesiteRhyolite
1 m
mto
10 m
m
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10 m
mor
larg
er
Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Du
nit
e
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
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Appendix A-9
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 7
INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Rounded fragments
Angular fragmentsMostly
quartz,
feldspar, and
clay minerals;
may contain
fragments of
other rocks
and minerals
Pebbles, cobbles,and/or bouldersembedded in sand,silt, and/or clay
Clastic
(fragmental)
Very fine grain
Compact; may split
easily
Conglomerate
Breccia
CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Crystalline
Halite
Gypsum
Dolomite
Calcite
Carbon
Crystals from
chemical
precipitates
and evaporites
Rock salt
Rock gypsum
Dolostone
Limestone
Bituminous coal
. . . . .. . . .
Sand(0.006 to 0.2 cm)
Silt(0.0004 to 0.006 cm)
Clay(less than 0.0004 cm)
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Fine to coarse
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Fine
to
coarse
crystals
Microscopic tovery coarse
Precipitates of biologicorigin or cemented shellfragments
Compactedplant remains
. . . . .. . . .
Bioclastic
Crystalline or
bioclastic
FO
LIA
TE
D
Fine
Fineto
medium
Mediumto
coarse
Regional
Low-grademetamorphism of shale
Platy mica crystals visiblefrom metamorphism of clayor feldspars
High-grade metamorphism;mineral types segregatedinto bands
Slate
Schist
Gneiss
COMPOSITIONTEXTUREGRAINSIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME
TYPE OFMETAMORPHISM
(Heat andpressureincreases)
MIN
ER
AL
AL
IGN
ME
NT
BA
ND
-IN
G
MAP SYMBOL
Foliation surfaces shinyfrom microscopic micacrystals
Phyllite
GA
RN
ET
PY
RO
XE
NE
FE
LD
SP
AR
AM
PH
IBO
LE
MIC
A
QU
AR
TZ
Hornfels
NO
NF
OL
IAT
ED
Metamorphism ofquartz sandstone
Metamorphism oflimestone or dolostone
Pebbles may be distortedor stretched
Metaconglomerate
Quartzite
Marble
Coarse
Fineto
coarse
Quartz
Calcite and/ordolomite
Variousminerals
Contact(heat)
Various rocks changed byheat from nearbymagma/lava
VariousmineralsFine
Anthracite coalRegionalMetamorphism ofbituminous coal
CarbonFine
Regional
or
contact
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification
0133704106_A01-A21.indd 90133704106_A01-A21.indd 9 9/25/09 5:51:53 PM9/25/09 5:51:53 PM
A-10 Appendix
8 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
PLEISTOCENEPLIOCENE
MIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
PALEOCENE
LATE
EARLY
LATEMIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLEEARLYLATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
EARLY
LATE
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
ElliptocephalaCryptolithus
Phacops Hexameroceras ManticocerasEucalyptocrinus
CtenocrinusTetragraptus
Dicellograptus EurypterusStylonurus
B LA EC D G HF I J NK M
CentrocerasValcouroceras Coelophysis
(Index fossils not drawn to scale)
EraEon
PH
AN
ER
O-
ZO
ICP
RE
CA
MB
RI
AN
AR
CH
EA
NP
RO
TE
RO
ZO
IC
LATE
LATE
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
EARLY
EARLY
0
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
4600
Million years ago
CENOZOIC
MESOZOIC
PALEOZOIC
QUATERNARY
NEOGENE
PALEOGENE
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CA
RB
ON
IF-
ER
OU
S
DEVONIAN
Period Epoch Life on Earth
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
580
488
444
416
318
299
200
146
1300
Million years ago
NY RockRecord
PENNSYLVANIAN
HOLOCENE
65.5
251
1.85.3
0.010
23.033.9
MISSISSIPPIAN
Humans, mastodonts, mammoths
55.8
Large carnivorous mammalsAbundant grazing mammalsEarliest grasses
Many modern groups of mammalsMass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and many land plants
Earliest flowering plantsDiverse bony fishes
Earliest birds
Earliest mammals
Mass extinction of many land and marine organisms (including trilobites)
Mammal-like reptiles
Abundant reptiles
Extensive coal-forming forests
Abundant amphibiansLarge and numerous scale trees and seed ferns (vascular plants); earliest reptiles
359Earliest amphibians and plant seedsExtinction of many marine organisms
Earth’s first forestsEarliest ammonoids and sharksAbundant fish
Earliest insectsEarliest land plants and animals
Abundant eurypterids
Invertebrates dominantEarth’s first coral reefs
Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms)Earliest fishes
Earliest trilobites542
Abundant stromatolites
Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied marine organisms)
Extinction of many primitive marine organisms
First sexually reproducingorganisms
Oldest known rocks
Estimated time of originof Earth and solar system
Sediment
Bedrock
Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids
Earliest dinosaurs
Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts
Evidence of biologicalcarbon
Earliest stromatolitesOldest microfossils
Oceanic oxygenproduced bycyanobacteriacombines withiron, formingiron oxide layerson ocean floor
Oceanic oxygen begins to enterthe atmosphere
0133704106_A01-A21.indd 100133704106_A01-A21.indd 10 9/25/09 5:51:53 PM9/25/09 5:51:53 PM
Appendix A-11
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 9
Grenville orogeny: metamorphism ofbedrock now exposed in the Adirondacksand Hudson Highlands
Advance and retreat of last continental ice
Sands and clays underlying Long Island andStaten Island deposited on margin of AtlanticOcean
Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins
Intrusion of Palisades sill
Initial opening of Atlantic OceanNorth America and Africa separate
Pangaea begins to break up
Catskill delta formsErosion of Acadian Mountains
Acadian orogeny caused by collision ofNorth America and Avalon and closing of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean
Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins
Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston deltaforms
Taconian orogeny caused by closing of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and volcanic island arc
Widespread deposition over most of New Yorkalong edge of Iapetus Ocean
Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean
Erosion of Grenville Mountains
OF NEW YORK STATE
MastodontBeluga Whale
CooksoniaBothriolepis
Maclurites EospiriferMucrospiriferAneurophyton
CondorNaples Tree CystiphyllumLichenaria Pleurodictyum
PO RQ S T U V W X Y Z
Platyceras
Time Distribution of Fossils(including important fossils of New York) Important Geologic
Events in New YorkInferred Positions ofEarth’s Landmasses
ESC/BW/TN (2009)
BR
AC
HIO
PO
DS
GA
ST
RO
PO
DSCO
RA
LS
CR
INO
IDS
AM
MO
NO
IDS
VA
SC
UL
AR
PL
AN
TS
TR
ILO
BIT
ES
NA
UT
ILO
IDS
The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time of existence of a specific index fossil (e.g. Fossil lived at the end of the Early Cambrian).
BIR
DS
B
M
A
E
C
D
G
H
F
I
J
L
K
N
P
Q
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
PL
AC
OD
ER
M F
ISH
R
A
Alleghenian orogeny caused bycollision of North America andAfrica along transform margin,forming Pangaea
119 million years ago
DIN
OS
AU
RS
MA
MM
AL
S
GR
AP
TO
LIT
ES E
UR
YP
TE
RID
S
359 million years ago
458 million years ago
232 million years ago
59 million years ago
O S
0133704106_A01-A21.indd 110133704106_A01-A21.indd 11 9/25/09 5:51:53 PM9/25/09 5:51:53 PM
A-12 Appendix
10 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
12.8–13.1
9.9–12.2
3.4–5.6
3.0 basaltic oceanic crust2.7 granitic continental crust
DENSITY (g/cm3)
0 2000 4000 6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
DEPTH (km)
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
(°C
)
1000 3000 5000
6000
ATLANTICOCEAN
NO
RTH
AM
ER
ICA
MOHO
INN
ER
CORE
(IR
ON
&N
ICKEL)
AS
TH
EN
OSPH
ER
E(P
LASTICMANTLE)
EARTH’S CENTER
ST
IFFE
R
MANTLE
MELT
ING
PO
INT
ME
LTIN
G P
OIN
T
OC
EA
N
PA
CIF
IC
LI
THO
SPHERE
}R
IGID
MA
NTLE
CR
US
T
7000
MID-ATLANTIC
RIDGE
OU
TER
CO
RE
(IR
ON
&N
ICKEL)
4
3
2
1
0
PR
ES
SU
RE
(mill
ion
atm
osp
he
res)
PARTIAL MELTING
INTERIO
RTEM
PERATURE
CASCADES
TRENCH
Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior
0133704106_A01-A21.indd 120133704106_A01-A21.indd 12 9/25/09 5:51:54 PM9/25/09 5:51:54 PM
Appendix A-13
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
EPICENTER DISTANCE (× 103 km)
P
9 10
S
TR
AV
EL
TIM
E (
min
)
00
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 11
Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time
0133704106_A01-A21.indd 130133704106_A01-A21.indd 13 9/25/09 5:51:54 PM9/25/09 5:51:54 PM
A-14 Appendix
1
– 33
– 28
– 24
– 21
–18
–14
–12
–10
– 7
– 5
– 3
–1
1
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
19
21
23
25
27
29
2
– 36
– 28
– 22
–18
–14
–12
– 8
– 6
– 3
–1
1
3
6
8
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
0
– 20
–18
–16
–14
–12
–10
– 8
– 6
– 4
– 2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
– 20
–18
–16
–14
–12
–10
– 8
– 6
– 4
– 2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1820
22
24
26
28
30
3
– 29
– 22
–17
–13
– 9
– 6
– 4
–1
1
4
6
9
11
13
15
17
20
22
24
26
4
– 29
– 20
–15
–11
– 7
– 4
– 2
1
4
6
9
11
14
16
18
20
22
24
5
– 24
–17
–11
– 7
– 5
– 2
1
4
7
9
12
14
16
18
21
23
6
–19
–13
– 9
– 5
– 2
1
4
7
10
12
14
17
19
21
7
– 21
–14
– 9
– 5
– 2
1
4
7
10
12
15
17
19
8
–14
– 9
– 5
–1
2
4
8
10
13
16
18
9
– 28
–16
–10
– 6
– 2
2
5
8
11
14
16
10
–17
–10
– 5
–2
3
6
9
11
14
11
–17
–10
– 5
–1
2
6
9
12
12
–19
–10
– 5
–1
3
7
10
13
–19
–10
– 5
0
4
8
14
–19
–10
– 4
1
5
15
–18
– 9
– 3
1
1
28
40
48
55
61
66
71
73
77
79
81
83
85
86
87
88
88
89
90
91
91
92
92
92
93
93
2
11
23
33
41
48
54
58
63
67
70
72
74
76
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
86
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
– 20
–18
–16
–14
–12
–10
– 8
– 6
– 4
– 2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
3
13
20
32
37
45
51
56
59
62
65
67
69
71
72
74
75
76
77
78
79
4
11
20
28
36
42
46
51
54
57
60
62
64
66
68
69
70
71
72
5
1
11
20
27
35
39
43
48
50
54
56
58
60
62
64
65
66
6
6
14
22
28
33
38
41
45
48
51
53
55
57
59
61
7
10
17
24
28
33
37
40
44
46
49
51
53
55
8
6
13
19
25
29
33
36
40
42
45
47
49
9
4
10
16
21
26
30
33
36
39
42
44
10
2
8
14
19
23
27
30
34
36
39
11
1
7
12
17
21
25
28
31
34
12
1
6
11
15
20
23
26
29
13
5
10
14
18
21
25
14
4
9
13
17
20
15
4
9
12
16
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)
Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)
Dewpoint (°C)
Relative Humidity (%)
12 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
0133704106_A01-A21.indd 140133704106_A01-A21.indd 14 9/25/09 5:51:54 PM9/25/09 5:51:54 PM
Appendix A-15
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 13
Key to Weather Map Symbols
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
–20
–40
–60
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
Fahrenheit(°F)
Water boils
Room temperature
Water freezes
Temperature
Freezingrain
Haze
Rain
FogSnow
Hail Rainshowers
Thunder-storms
Drizzle
Sleet
Smog
Snowshowers
Air Masses
cA
cP
cT
mT
mP
continental arctic
continental polar
continental tropical
maritime tropical
maritime polar
Cold
Warm
Stationary
Occluded
Present Weather Fronts Hurricane
Tornado
30.70
30.60
30.50
30.40
30.30
30.20
30.10
30.00
29.90
29.80
29.70
29.60
29.50
29.40
29.30
29.20
29.10
29.00
28.90
28.80
28.70
28.60
28.50
1040.0
1036.0
1032.0
1028.0
1024.0
1020.0
1016.0
1012.0
1008.0
1004.0
1000.0
996.0
992.0
988.0
984.0
980.0
976.0
972.0
968.0
One atmosphere
Pressureinches
(in of Hg*)Kelvin
(K)Celsius
(°C)millibars
(mb)
196
+19/
.25
28
27
12
Station Model Station Model Explanation
*Hg = mercury
0133704106_A01-A21.indd 150133704106_A01-A21.indd 15 9/25/09 5:51:54 PM9/25/09 5:51:54 PM
A-16 Appendix
Gamma rays
X rays
Ultraviolet Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
Visible light
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength
(Not drawn to scale)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
DRY
60° SWET
DRY
S.E.
N.W.Winds
30° S
0°
60° N
30° N
WET
DRY
S.E.Winds
N.E.Winds
N.E.
S.W.Winds
DRY
Tropopause
Polar front
Polar front jet stream
Subtropicaljet streams
Polar front jet stream
WET
Sea Level
Alt
itu
de
Temperature Zones
Mesopause
Mesosphere
Stratopause
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Temperature(°C)
–100° 0° 100°–90° –55° 15°
Pressure(atm)
Atmospheric Pressure
0 20 40
Concentration(g/m3)
WaterVapor
km mi
Thermosphere(extends to 600 km)
0 1.0
40 25
80 50
120 75
160 100
0 0
Tropopause
14 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Planetary Wind and MoistureBelts in the Troposphere
The drawing on the right shows the
locations of the belts near the time of an
equinox. The locations shift somewhat
with the changing latitude of the Sun’s
vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,
the belts shift northward in the summer
and southward in the winter.
(Not drawn to scale)
Selected Properties of
Earth’sAtmosphere
0133704106_A01-A21.indd 160133704106_A01-A21.indd 16 9/25/09 5:51:55 PM9/25/09 5:51:55 PM
Appendix A-17
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 15
Solar System DataCelestial
Object
Mean Distance
from Sun
(million km)
Period of
Revolution
(d=days) (y=years)
Period of
Rotation at Equator
Eccentricity
of Orbit
Equatorial
Diameter
(km)
Mass
(Earth = 1)
Density
(g/cm3)
SUN — — 27 d — 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4
MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4
VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2
EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5
MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9
JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3
SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7
URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3
NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8
EARTH’S
MOON149.6
(0.386 from Earth)27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3
Characteristics of Stars(Name in italics refers to star represented by a .)
(Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.)
Color
Surface Temperature (K)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
Lu
min
osit
y(R
ate
at
wh
ich
a s
tar
em
its e
ne
rgy r
ela
tive
to
th
e S
un
)
20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000
Blue Blue White White Yellow
2,000
RedOrange
Sirius
Spica
Polaris
Rigel
Deneb Betelgeuse
SUPERGIANTS(Intermediate stage)
(Intermediate stage)GIANTS
Barnard’sStar
ProximaCentauri
Pollux
Alpha Centauri
Aldebaran
Sun
Procyon B SmallStars
MassiveStars
WHITE DWARFS(Late stage)
MAINSEQUENCE
(Early stage)
40 Eridani B
30,000
0133704106_A01-A21.indd 170133704106_A01-A21.indd 17 9/25/09 5:51:55 PM9/25/09 5:51:55 PM
A-18 Appendix
1–2�
silver togray
black streak,greasy feel
pencil lead,lubricants C Graphite
2.5 �metallicsilver
gray-black streak, cubic cleavage,density = 7.6 g/cm3
ore of lead,batteries PbS Galena
5.5–6.5 �black tosilver
black streak,magnetic
ore of iron,steel Fe3O4 Magnetite
6.5 �brassyyellow
green-black streak,(fool’s gold)
ore ofsulfur FeS2 Pyrite
5.5 – 6.5or 1 �
metallic silver orearthy red red-brown streak ore of iron,
jewelry Fe2O3 Hematite
1 �white togreen greasy feel ceramics,
paper Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Talc
2 �yellow toamber white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur
2 �white to
pink or grayeasily scratched
by fingernailplaster of paris,
drywall CaSO4•2H2O Selenite gypsum
2–2.5 �colorless to
yellowflexible in
thin sheets paint, roofing KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Muscovite mica
2.5 �colorless to
whitecubic cleavage,
salty tastefood additive,
melts ice NaCl Halite
2.5–3 �black to
dark brownflexible in
thin sheetsconstruction
materialsK(Mg,Fe)3
AlSi3O10(OH)2Biotite mica
3 �colorless
or variablebubbles with acid,
rhombohedral cleavagecement,
lime CaCO3 Calcite
3.5 �colorless
or variablebubbles with acidwhen powdered
buildingstones CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite
4 �colorless or
variablecleaves in
4 directionshydrofluoric
acid CaF2 Fluorite
5–6 �black to
dark greencleaves in
2 directions at 90°mineral collections,
jewelry(Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al)
(Si,Al)2O6Pyroxene
(commonly augite)
5.5 �black to
dark greencleaves at
56° and 124°mineral collections,
jewelryCaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3
Si6O22(O,OH)2
Amphibole(commonly hornblende)
6 �white to
pinkcleaves in
2 directions at 90°ceramics,
glass KAlSi3O8Potassium feldspar
(commonly orthoclase)
6 �white to
graycleaves in 2 directions,
striations visibleceramics,
glass (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 Plagioclase feldspar
6.5 �green to
gray or browncommonly light green
and granularfurnace bricks,
jewelry (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 Olivine
7 �colorless or
variableglassy luster, may form
hexagonal crystalsglass, jewelry,
electronics SiO2 Quartz
6.5–7.5 �dark redto green
often seen as red glassy grainsin NYS metamorphic rocks
jewelry (NYS gem),abrasives Fe3Al2Si3O12 Garnet
16 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHINGLUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME
No
nm
etal
lic lu
ster
*Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = siliconCa = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium
� = dominant form of breakage
Met
allic
lust
erE
ither
FR
AC
TU
RE
CL
EA
VAG
E
Properties of Common Minerals
0133704106_A01-A21.indd 180133704106_A01-A21.indd 18 9/25/09 5:51:55 PM9/25/09 5:51:55 PM