referencemanual_inblock_(english).pdf

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inBLOCK 5.7

REFERENCE MANUAL


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ID_Contents

All rights to this publication are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, transmitted,transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language, in any form or by any means,without prior written permission from Trimble Germany. The software described in this document isfurnished under a license agreement. The software may be used or copied only in accordance with theterms of the agreement. It is against the law to copy this software on magnetic tape, disk, or any othermedium for any purpose other than the licensees personal use.Copyright 2006, 2014 Trimble Germany

All r ight s r eserved .inBLOCK Manual for Version 5.7 and h igher

Trimble Germany reserves the right to make changes to this document and the software describedherein at any time and without notice. Trimble Germany make no warranty, express or implied, otherthan those contained in the terms and conditions of sale, and in no case is Trimble Germany liable formore than the license fee or purchase price of this product.


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inBLOCK ReferenceManual Table Of Contents

1. General Remarks ......................................................................... 1

1.1. Demo Version ............................................................................................... 1

1.2. System Requi rements .................................................................................. 1

1.3. Instal lat ion ..................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1. Setup .................................................................................................................... 2 1.3.2. Having different versions on one computer .......................................................... 3

2. Getting Started ............................................................................ 4

2.1. Provision of Input Data ................................................................................ 4

2.2. Basics ............................................................................................................ 5 2.2.1. Selections and Settings ........................................................................................ 6

3. General Workf low ........................................................................ 7

4. Menu Commands ........................................................................ 9

4.1. Project Menu ................................................................................................. 9

4.1.1. Open Inpho Project ............................................................................................. 10 4.1.2. Save Inpho Project ............................................................................................. 10 4.1.3. Save Inpho Project As ........................................................................................ 10 4.1.4. Close Project ...................................................................................................... 10 4.1.5. Project Information .............................................................................................. 10 4.1.6. Recently Opened Projects .................................................................................. 10

4.2. Parameters Menu ........................................................................................ 11 4.2.1. Display ................................................................................................................ 11

4.2.1.1. Map Window, screen .................................................................................... 11 4.2.1.2. Map Window, printer ..................................................................................... 17 4.2.1.3. Fonts ............................................................................................................. 18

4.2.2. Units ................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.3. Weighting parameters ......................................................................................... 23

4.2.3.1. Tab dialog Coordinates ............................................................................... 23 4.2.3.2. Tab dialog Image observations ................................................................... 23 4.2.3.3. Tab dialog GNSS observations ................................................................... 24 4.2.3.4. Tab dialog IMU observations ....................................................................... 24

4.2.4. Computation ....................................................................................................... 24 4.2.4.1. Tab dialog Statistical Blunder Testing ......................................................... 25 4.2.4.2. Tab dialog Target Precision ........................................................................ 25

4.2.5.

Miscellaneous ..................................................................................................... 26

4.2.5.1. Tab dialog Interface .................................................................................... 26 4.2.5.2. Tab dialog Logbook ..................................................................................... 26


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4.2.5.3. Tab dialog Geometry Memory Management ............................................... 27

4.3. Data Menu ................................................................................................... 28 4.3.1. Import ................................................................................................................. 28 4.3.2. Export ................................................................................................................. 28

4.3.2.1. Residuals of control points ............................................................................ 29 4.3.2.2. Residuals of GNSS positions (and IMU attitudes) ........................................ 29 4.3.2.3. Residuals of image observations .................................................................. 30 4.3.2.4. Standard deviations of adjusted points ......................................................... 31 4.3.2.5. Standard deviations of projections centers ................................................... 31 4.3.2.6. Critical points ................................................................................................ 32 4.3.2.7. Drift corrections ............................................................................................. 32 4.3.2.8. Strip information ............................................................................................ 33

4.3.3. Process Data ...................................................................................................... 34 4.3.3.1. Start Approximations .................................................................................... 34 4.3.3.2. Start Block Adjustment ................................................................................. 34

4.3.3.3. Blunder Browser ........................................................................................... 34 4.3.3.4. Generate Strips ............................................................................................. 34

4.3.4. Element browser ................................................................................................. 35

4.4. Window Menu ............................................................................................. 42

4.5. Help Menu ................................................................................................... 42

4.6. Language Selection .................................................................................... 43

5. Toolbars ..................................................................................... 44

5.1. Main Toolbar ............................................................................................... 44

5.2. Map Window with Appl ication Toolbar and Map Toolbar ...................... 46 5.2.1. Application Toolbar ............................................................................................. 47

5.2.1.1. Regional changes ......................................................................................... 47 5.2.1.2. Standard Errors ............................................................................................ 48 5.2.1.3. Residuals ...................................................................................................... 50 5.2.1.4. Estimated errors ........................................................................................... 53

5.2.1.5. Inner reliability ............................................................................................... 54 5.2.1.6. Outer reliability .............................................................................................. 55 5.2.1.7. Blunders ....................................................................................................... 56

5.2.2. Map Toolbar ....................................................................................................... 57

6. Computations ........................................................................ 62

6.1. Compute Approx imations .......................................................................... 62

6.2. Block Adjustment ....................................................................................... 62 6.2.1. Adjustment Type ................................................................................................. 63 6.2.2. Network Type ..................................................................................................... 64 6.2.3. Statistical Blunder Testing .................................................................................. 64


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6.2.4. Frame Camera Calibration Parameters .............................................................. 65 6.2.5. GNSS Parameters .............................................................................................. 70 6.2.6. IMU Parameters.................................................................................................. 72 6.2.7. Adjustment Results ............................................................................................. 75

6.2.7.1. Log file (*.log) ................................................................................................ 76

7. Block Analysis ........................................................................... 85

7.1. Element Information ................................................................................... 85

7.2. Blunders Inspection ................................................................................... 85

7.3. Error Inspection .......................................................................................... 85

7.4. Reliabili ty Inspection .................................................................................. 85

7.5. Statis tical Analysis ..................................................................................... 85 7.5.1. Blunder Detection ............................................................................................... 85 7.5.2. Estimated Errors ................................................................................................. 86

7.6. Blunder Browser ......................................................................................... 87

8. Digital Camera Calibration ....................................................... 89

8.1.

General ........................................................................................................ 89

8.2. Camera calibrat ion mode ........................................................................... 90

9. Batch Processing ...................................................................... 94

9.1. Command line ............................................................................................. 94

9.2. xml fi le ......................................................................................................... 94

9.3. Parameters .................................................................................................. 94 9.3.1. Program modules ............................................................................................... 94 9.3.2. Approximation parameters .................................................................................. 95 9.3.3. Adjustment parameters ....................................................................................... 95 9.3.4. Sensor adjustment parameters ........................................................................... 96

9.3.4.1. Frame sensor adjustment parameters .......................................................... 96 9.3.4.2. GPS sensor parameters ............................................................................... 96 9.3.4.3. IMU sensor adjustment parameters .............................................................. 97

10. Listings ...................................................................................... 99

10.1. Data .............................................................................................................. 99 10.1.1. Data Coordinates ........................................................................................... 100


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10.1.2. Data - Photo Orientations ................................................................................. 101 10.1.3. Data - Imported Image Observations ................................................................ 103 10.1.4. Data - Imported GNSS Observations ................................................................ 105 10.1.5. Data - Imported IMU Observations ................................................................... 106

10.2. Computat ion Result s ............................................................................... 108 10.2.1. Adjusted Image Observations ........................................................................... 108 10.2.2. Adjusted Control Point Observations ................................................................ 111 10.2.3. Adjusted Coordinates ....................................................................................... 113 10.2.4. Adjusted Orientations ....................................................................................... 116 10.2.5. Adjusted GNSS Observations .......................................................................... 118 10.2.6. Adjusted IMU Observations .............................................................................. 121 10.2.7. Adjusted Drifts .................................................................................................. 125 10.2.8. Critical Points .................................................................................................... 126

10.3. Others ........................................................................................................ 127

11. Appendix .................................................................................. 129

11.1. Control Point Dis tr ibut ion ........................................................................ 129 11.1.1. Standard without GNSS .................................................................................... 131 11.1.2. Standard with Absolute GNSS or GNSS with Block-Wise Corrections ............. 133 11.1.3. Standard with Relative GNSS + Drift Correction ............................................... 135 11.1.4. Standard with GNSS + IMU .............................................................................. 138

12. End User License Agreement ................................................ 141


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inBLOCK ReferenceManual General Remarks

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ID_GINTRO

1. General Remarks

inBLOCK is a program for block adjustment using the well-proven bundlemethod for highest accuracy specifications. It was developed with thebackground of many years of experience with photogrammetric applications andadjustment and incorporates state of the art methods of adjustment andphotogrammetric theory and practice. It is well suited for all types of aerialtriangulation.

All approximate values of the unknowns are computed without need ofpreceding manual preparation. Optional automatic detection and elimination ofblunders during the adjustment avoids tedious manual data cleaning. The usedmethod of robust estimators for data cleaning detects all possible data errors

ranging from administrative numbering errors up to small measuring errors. Thethorough statistical analysis allows also for data snooping and reliability analysisfor all observations and unknowns.

inBLOCK incorporates a sophisticated approach to GNSS and IMU use inbundle adjustment. Self-calibration parameters may be used to simultaneouslycorrect for systematic errors as well as drift parameters for GNSS and IMU. Theintuitive graphical user interface allows the display of all geometric elementsand statistical analysis data, which helps the user greatly in block analysis.There are various import and export interfaces for the observations and theresults, respectively.

1.1. Demo VersionThe demo version is limited to maximum 40 images and random errors areadded to all exported and listed coordinates. The demo version will be startedautomatically if no or no valid dongle is used.

1.2. System RequirementsIn general, no specific computer hardware is needed to run the software.However, to obtain best performance, a fast CPU is recommended. Veryimportant is much memory. We recommend 8 GB RAM and higher."inBLOCK " is not longer supported on 32bit operating systems!

inBLOCK is tested and released for the operating systems:Windows 7 (64bit), Windows Vista (64bit),Windows Server 2008 (64bit), Windows Server 2003 (64bit),Windows XP (64bit)

250 MB of free disk space to install the program

Acrobat Reader to open the online documentation.


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Administrative rights are only needed to use the task schedulers.If these functions are not used, the software can be run withordinary user rights.

1.3. Installation1.3.1. Setup

To install "inBLOCK" insert the Inpho product DVD into the DVD drive of yourcomputer. Be sure to have administrative rights, whenever software is to beinstalled.If the auto run option is enabled on your system, the software setup will startautomatically. If the setup program does not start automatically, locate theRelease_x64_08-10-2012.msi" program on the DVD and start the setupmanually.

From the main menu select Install and select the application groupPhotogrammetric System then choose Inpho 5.5.0 and press Install .


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In case you do not have installed any software at your computer reading pdfformat, you will find a current version of Adobe AcrobateReader under 3 rd PartyProducts . In case you do not have an Internet connection of your computer youwill find drivers also under 3 rd Party Products - for the hardware securitylocks from WIBU and Aladdin used for the software protection of the Inpho

software. Because we cannot guarantee that this is always the newest one werecommend to visit their homepages.

The "inBLOCK" installation is integrated into the installation of the Inphophotogrammetric system. It is necessary to install a convenient driver for thesoftware protection software (WIBU, Aladdin) to use our products.

1.3.2. Having different versions on one computer

"inBLOCK 5.5 " can be installed together with version 5.4 on one computer. Thelicense for version 5.5 will be valid for version 5.4, too.

It is however important to know that newer project file formats and camera file

formats of version 5 and higher are not compatible with the older versions!That is to say, it is not possible to open project files / camera files of version 5 orhigher in version 1.2. Inpho Project files created with inBLOCK version 1.2(Inpho project file version 4) can be opened in version 5. However, due to achange in the project file format it is necessary to import the (approximate)projection centers (formerly stored in a separate file ) into theproject via the project editor. Refer to the section " Loading and SavingProjects " in the Appl icat ionsMaster documentation.

It is not recommended to "overwrite" an older version just by selecting the sameinstallation directory. Some registry entries will still be pointing to the olderversion and cannot be removed automatically any more. Therefore the existingold version (version 1.2) should be uninstalled before installing the new versionor the new version has to be installed into a different installation directory.

The camera file of version 1.2 can be imported into any new project file.


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inBLOCK ReferenceManual Getting Started

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2. Gett ing Started

2.1. Provision of Input DataVarious input data have to be provided for the project.

Camera data (calibration report)Limitations: up to 8 fiducial marks are supported for aerial framecameras.Cameras with a Reseau grid plate like Rollei-Metric will betreated as conventional aerial frame cameras with 8 fiducialmarks.Digital cameras are supported as long as their sensor geometry

is provided in a calibration report. Image measurements

Photo IDs may consist of any character besides characters usedby the operating system like blanks or backslashes. The length ofthe photo ID is not limited.

Control points and check points Point IDs may consist of any character besides characters usedby the operating system like blanks or backslashes. The length ofthe point ID and the amount of control points is not limited.

Optionally coordinates of the projection centers (X,Y,Z)Limitations: projection centers / GNSS Data must have sameunits for planimetry and height, do not mix meters and feet. Thecoordinate system and projection must be the same as thecoordinate system and projection of the control points.

Optionally IMU observations

Furthermore additional data should be known for the calculation:

Eccentric ity of the GNSS antenna and standard deviations ofthe antenna observations, if GNSS should be used as constraintsfor the adjustment. If enough ground control is available, a strip-wise shift and drift correction can be applied to compute theeccentricity during the adjustment.

Standard deviations for image coordinates, control pointcoordinates and if available GNSS/IMU positions


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2.2. BasicsThe recommended way to work with inBLOCK is to open the Applications-Master. Here the project selection or definition should be done. Then inBLOCKcan be chosen by selecting in the Main Menu Products > inBLOCK orpressing the corresponding icon.With version 5.5. a camera calibration mode of inBLOCK is available, the MainToolbar is extended to the camera calibration icon . An detailed explanationplease find in Chapter 8 - Calibration

The graphical user interface (GUI) of inBLOCK appears. The interface has threeframes. We use the following terms: Main Menu , Main Toolbar , Map windowwith Appl icat ion Toolbar and . Map Toolbar


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Main Menu . Data handling procedures, parameter settings and window creationare controlled from the main menu. For a detailed description see chapter MenuCommands .

Main Toolbar . Computation procedure, and log file activation are started and

controlled from the main toolbar. Details can be found in chapter Main Toolbar .

Map Window and Map Toolbar . Graphics interface to display imported data,block definition etc. Details can be found in chapter Map Window .

When a project is opened there will be always only one main menu and onemain toolbar. However, several map windows can be opened at one time, ifnecessary.

ID_GSTART_selections

2.2.1. Selections and Sett ings

Most of the menus or submenus and some of the toolbar buttons open selectionboxes or boxes for parameter settings.

Especially directory and file selection boxes are used to scroll through thedirectory tree (a) to choose an existing file or directory for importing or storingdata or (b) to type in a new filename for exporting data.

For control the buttons OK, Cancel and Help are available, in some cases

additionally Next, Back and Finish.

OK accepts the selections or settingsCancel simply returns without making changes or starting actionsNext leads to further selections or settingsBack leads back to the previous selections or settingsFinish is the final OK for all selections or settingsHelp starts online help


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inBLOCK ReferenceManual General Workflow

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3. General Workflow All definitions and editings of the project will be done in the Project Editor(ProEdit) of the ApplicationsMaster. Then inBLOCK should be started andchecked, if

if the block overview shows all images are rotated correctly. Ifnot, check the interior orientations or the defined camera mountrotation,

if the location of displayed control points and GNSS / IMUpositionsare correct.

Start the processing and use the possibilities inBLOCK offers, like- activate / deactivate GNSS, IMU, ground control points

- shift and drift correction- additional sets of parameters (self-calibration)

- settings for calibration of focal length and principal point

If no or not correct exterior orientation parameters are available, start Approximations first.Then start block adjustment

Check the result with the available tools: residual vectors,estimated errors, inner and outer reliability.

If necessary use the blunder browser to optimize the result.

If the results are satisfying and the accuracy requirements are met

export the log file to note tabular summaries for residuals,standard deviations etc. of points and photos, drifts and shifts forall observation groups.

In case sub-blocks have been used, or different project files havebeen merged (refer to the chapter " Inpho Project Merge " of the

Appl icationsMas ter manual), the final post-processing step willalways be a run with the complete blockto get a homogeneous result. Rememberthat sub-blocks should always have someoverlap!

The final step is in case the result will not be usedinside the Inpho product family - to " Export " the resultsto other project formats.The export is part of the ApplicationsMaster. CloseinBLOCK and choose Export and the corresponding


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inBLOCK ReferenceManual General Workflow

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other project format like DAT/EM, BAE or Z/I or Pex 2.

To export to different adjustment programs, use the PAT-B,BINGO, BLUH interface.

To export results to analytical plotter formats, use the " Analyt icalPlotter " tool.

Supported analytical plotters are:Phorex (Phocus/PCAP), ABC-PC, Aviosoft ORI, AP 32, ISMDIAP.

Control point sketches or tie point sketches in postscript formatcan be generated from the " Analyt ical Plo tt er " interface.

For detailed information of the "Project Editor" and the items Import, Export,View and Tools refer to corresponding sections of the Appl icat ionsMaster manual.


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inBLOCK ReferenceManual Menu Commands

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4. Menu CommandsThe main menu is shown below . Any of the menu commands can be chosen byclicking with the mouse or by pressing Alt + the underlined character (e.g. Alt+ P opens the Project sub-menu).

There are following sub-menus in the program:

Project menu Project menu commands are used for project handling, i.e. for creating newprojects, for opening, saving and deleting existing projects and for displayingand editing project information.

Parameters menu Parameters menu commands are used for parameter handling, i.e. for settingproper values for environmental and computational parameters.

Data menu Data menu commands are used for data handling: mainly for importing andexporting data.

Windows menu The organization of map windows is handled using the commands of the

windows menu.

Help menu Help menu commands are used for on-line help.

Language menu (windows symbol on the right side)The language for the user interface can be changed in the language menu.

4.1. Project Menu


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ID_Inphoprj

4.1.1. Open Inpho Project

This function is used to open an existing Inpho project file. A standard Windowsfile selection dialog box is used.

ID_GPROJECT_SAVE

4.1.2. Save Inpho Project

This function is used to save the currently used project file with its current name.

ID_GPROJECT_SAVEAS

4.1.3. Save Inpho Project As

This function is used to save the current project with a new name. A standardWindows file selection dialog box is used. The default project file extension is.*.prj. The length of the project name is operating system dependent: 256characters in Windows 2000 and Windows XP. If an existing project name hasbeen chosen, confirmation for overwriting the file will be prompted.

4.1.4. Close Project

Function is used to close thecurrent project and to clear themap window. Changes in theproject are not saved.

ID_GPROJECT_INFO

4.1.5. Project Information

This function is used to displayproject specific information.

4.1.6. Recently OpenedProjects

Up to five most recentlyopened projects are shown.Open a project by clicking itsname on the list.Only the existing andaccessible project files areshown on the list.


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4.2. Parameters Menu

The Parameters menu is used to display and edit environment andcomputation parameters.

4.2.1. Display

The appearance of the map windows is user definable. To modify it variousparameters can be defined according to the needs. Certain parts of the graphics are pre-defined: e.g. shapes of full control points(XYZ), plane control points (XY), height control points (H), new points etc.The following menu items can be chosen: Map Window screen, Map Windowprinter and Fonts .

4.2.1.1. Map Window, screenID_general

General Parameters Background

Defines the background color of the map window

Coordinate GridCross Size / Color: Defines size and color for coordinate grids inthe map windows.

Line Width FactorDefines factor for line width in printer output. This parameter is

not available for all printer types and also not for the map windowdisplay.


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ID_elements

Elements

Symbol Colors

for HV-Points, HO-Points, VE-Points and Tie PointsDefines the color of full control points (HV), planimetric controlpoints (HV), height control points (VE) and tie points.To define a color for an element, click the button on the desiredelement, select the desired color from the palette (Windows colorpalette), then accept and exit with the OK button.Note : Only solid colors are valid when drawing lines and texts.Therefore, if a raster color is selected, it will be converted to thenearest solid color.

The shape of points cannot be changed.

a full control points will be presented as triangle,a planimetric control point as square,a height control point as bisected circle andtie points as circles but with a smaller line width.

Show: The check box defines if the points are to be drawn or not.

Points NumbersColor and font can be chosen.To define a new font for point numbers click the Font button,select desired font from the font palette (Windows font palette),accept and exit with the OK button.Note: If this font is not true type the background map texts willnot be drawn, because only true type fonts can be scaled and


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rotated.Show: The check box defines if the point numbers are to bedrawn or not.Note: This makes only sense if you want to check something in adetailed part of the block.

LinesDefines the color of lines for printer output. This parameter is notavailable for all printer types and also not for the map windowdisplay.

General

HighlightDefines the highlight color for chosen points and lines, as well aspoint numbers.

DeactivationDefines the color for points and lines, where all elements aredeactivated

Partial Deactivation.Defines the color for points and lines, where part of the elementsare deactivated.

Background MapDefines the color for background map element

Shading This check box defines if points, lines and point numbers are tobe drawn shaded.

CheckpointsID_checkpoints


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The Tab Checkpoints is used to set display parameters for checkpoints Checkpoints

Draw CheckpointsThe checkbox defines whether checkpoint symbols are drawn or

not.

Choose colorDefines the color for checkpoints ( How_Define_a_Color ).

ResidualsLine WidthThe line width for checkpoint residuals are adjustable. Werecommend a fine line e.g. 1.

Choose colorDefines the color for check point residuals(How_Define_a_Color ).

FootprintsID_footprints

The Tab Footprints is used to set display parameters for footprints etc.

ColorsFootprintsDefines the color of the projected photo frames in the object-space.

Center

Defines the color of the projection center, projected to the object-plane.


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Photo IDDefines the color of the identification (name or number) of animage ( How_Define_a_Color ).

Position

NormalDefines the color for presentation of the projection center in casethat for an image ID an image file is available.

InvalidDefines the color for presentation of the projection center in casethat for an image ID an image file is available.

DrawingDraw FootprintsDefines if the projected photo frames in the object-space will bedisplayed or not

Draw CentersDefines if the projection center, projected to the object-plane willbe displayed or not.

Draw Positions Draw the information whether the image file of an image ID isavailable or not (normal or invalid).

Draw Photo IDsDefines if the photo number/name will be displayed or not.

ID_ImaObsPars

Image Observations

Visibility of observation properties using Visibility and color selection usingColor:

Visibility

Position check box controls the visibility of the image observation it self,Point Identification check box controls the identification label of theobservation.


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ColorDefines the color for image observations

Photo StripsID_photostrips

The Tab Photo Strips is used to define the appearance of the photo strips. Drawing

Draw StripsThe check box controls the visibility of the strip itself.

Line WidthThe line width of the displayed photo strip can be entered. Thephoto strip symbol is a polyline with arrows in flight directiondrawn trough the projection centers.

ColorChoose colorDefines the color for the displayed photo strip(How_Define_a_Color ).

ID_GPSINS

GNSS/IMU


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In this Tab the visibility and appearance of GNSS and IMU observations can bedefined.

GNSS observations

Draw GNSS observationsControls the visibility of GNSS position observations. As symbolis used triangle with the following rotation.

Choose colorDefines the color for the displayed GNSS position(How_Define_a_Color ).

IMU observationsDraw IMU observationsControls the visibility of IMU (attitude) observations. As symbol isused a triangle with the following rotation.

Choose colorDefines the color for the displayed IMU position(How_Define_a_Color ).

4.2.1.2. Map Window, printer

The appearance of the map windows is user definable. To modify it variousparameters can be defined according to the needs. Certain parts of the graphics are pre-defined: e.g. shapes of full control points(XYZ), plane control points (XY), height control points (H), new points etc.

The Tab menu Map Window, printer correspond to the menu Map Windowscreen .The sense of an additional Tab menu is, that you may want to use differentcolors for printing (especially the background should be selected to be white).


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ID_INTFDLG

4.2.1.3. Fonts

Some of the fonts are user definable. A dialog shown below will be displayed.Use it to modify the font definitions.

Individual fonts can be selected for:

ListsThis includes all texts on lists (input and computation results)


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Example: Actual processing information

Example: Listing, whole history stored in the logbook


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To change the font click the desired button, select font (style, size etc.) from the

Windows font palette, accept and exit by clicking OK.To exit this dialog with saving click, OK, to quit without saving click Cancel.


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4.2.2. UnitsID_UNITSDLGID_UNITSDLG5

All parameters in the program are stored in fixed

internal units, which are chosen to get most stablecomputations. These general settings of units are donein the Project Editor of the ApplicationsMaster. Whenopening an Inpho project file the unit settings forGeneral and Image are automatically adjusted to thesetting of the Inpho project file. Therefore it is notpossible to change the units in inBLOCK. However, a

desired number of decimal places can be chosen. The number of decimal fieldsis entered in the corresponding edit box. They are used in all output listings inaddition this definition has effect when exporting data. In import function, the fullprecision of the observation is always used. So, all decimals available are usedand no truncation is performed, i.e. the data is stored in the program internallyas precise as possible.

ID_IMAGE

Sub-units still can be selected freely from the list. They will be used in all resultfiles and lists, e.g. for residuals, standard deviations, and other output. They areavailable for length units and angular units, too.

_Dialog_box_Image


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4.2.3. Weighting parametersID_WeightParTest

The a priori standard deviations used in the adjustment

as weights are defined in the Project Editor of the ApplicationsMaster. They can be edited in the dialogWeighting Parameters.The dialog is adapted to the groups of input data:Coordinates, Image observations, GNSS observationsand IMU observations

4.2.3.1. Tab dialog Coordinates

The default set of standard deviations and 4 additional classes can be editedrespectively defined.

All changes and definitions will be saved in the project file.

4.2.3.2. Tab dialog Image observations

For image observations 2 classes are prepared, manual for manually measuredpoints and automatic for automatic extracted tie points. These values are


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predefined in the Project Editor of ApplicationsMaster. inBLOCK allows theediting of these values. All changes will be saved in the project file.

4.2.3.3. Tab dialog GNSS observations

The standard deviations for the GNSS observations are predefined in theProject Editor of ApplicationsMaster. inBLOCK allows an editing of these valuesin this dialog. All changes will be saved in the project file.

4.2.3.4. Tab dialog IMU observations

The standard deviations for the IMU observations are predefined in the ProjectEditor of ApplicationsMaster. inBLOCK allows an editing of these values in this

dialog. All changes will be saved in the project file.

4.2.4. Computation

Values used in the quality control of the adjustmentcan be defined in the Computation parameters dialog.The computation parameters are divided in the groupStatistical Blunder Testing and Target Precision.

ID_CPARGR


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4.2.4.1. Tab dialog Statist ical Blunder Testing

The Tab dialog Statistical blunder testing is used to set a probability value fornot making a Type I error.

Type I error : An observation which is eliminated from the data although it doesnot contain a blunder.Choices are 99%, 99.9%, and 99.99%; this leads to critical values for thestandardized residuals (test values) of 2.58, 3.29, and 3.89 , respectively. Ahigher probability to avoid these Type I errors means to be more careful witheliminating observations as blunders, i.e. to eliminate less observations.

The warning level probability is fixed to 95% (critical value: 1.96).

There is also a probability for not making Type II errors which is fixed to 80%.Type II erro r: Acceptation of an observation although it contains a blunder.With this probability a minimum size for a blunder can be computed for eachobservation; blunders must be bigger than this minimum to be detectable.

4.2.4.2. Tab dialog Target Precis ionThe Tab dialog Target Precision is used to set values for aimed absolute andrelative precision of the adjustment.


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Target Precision means the precision of the object points are expected to be ofthis precision. The coordinate precisions will be tested against the values thatare given here. The following parameters can be specified:

Horizontal point precision Height point precision

4.2.5. Miscellaneous

Miscellaneous Parameters enable some usefuldefault settings concerning use of the logbook,memory management, raster file caching. Thefollowing dialogs are used to choose miscellaneousparameters:

4.2.5.1. Tab dialog InterfaceCD_interface

The dialog shows only oneparameter, the SearchTolerance.

This is the tolerance (in pixels) to hit an element in the map window. Used when clicking to a graphically displayed element e.g. to a projection

center closing a digitized polygon

CD_logbook

4.2.5.2. Tab dialog Logbook

Check-Box Logbook initi ally ONLogbook control buttons are displayed immediately after program

start.


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Check-Box Clear logbook at program startContent of the logbook is deleted at program start.

Check-Box Open logbook at progr am warningLogbook is popped up when warnings occur.

Check-Box Open logbook at progr am errorLogbook is popped up when errors occur.

4.2.5.3. Tab dialog Geometry Memory Management

CD_geomcache

The geometry memory parameters are designed for a different application andshould not be modified in inBLOCK.


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4.3. Data MenuData menu is used to import the polygon showing the area of interest and offersthe possibility to export the log-file. In the submenu Process Data the single

processing steps can be started via menu. Furthermore all elements in use canbe browsed. The functions are arranged in pull down menus.

4.3.1. Import

The tool for importing data and project creation and editing

is the Project Editor in the ApplicationsMaster. The importtool of inBLOCK is minimalist and allows only to import an dxf file containing apolygon. This show the area of interest and has no other function.

ID_EXPADJLOG

4.3.2. Export

Adjustment Log function enables the export of allimportant results of the bundle adjustment into one file. The export is carried outusing the following dialog:
http://dict.leo.org/ende?lp=ende&p=eL4jU.&search=minimalisthttp://dict.leo.org/ende?lp=ende&p=eL4jU.&search=minimalist


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The dialog allows selecting the information that will be included in theadjustment log file.

4.3.2.1. Residuals of cont rol poin ts

All residuals of control points will be printed in ascending order. The residualunit corresponds with the input of sub-units in menu Parameters > Units .Column remarks shows if the point is used or rejected or eliminated. Asterisksbehind residuals indicates weak accuracy. A detailed description of the LOG file can be found in chapter 6.3

Resi dual s of Cont r ol Poi nt s===========================

Poi nt name r es- X [ mm] r es- Y [ mm] r es- Z [ mm] r emar ks71051 - 0. 4 0. 1 - - -72061 0. 9 0. 1 1. 7

72111 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 r ej ect ed72131 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 r ej ect ed72171 0. 7 - 2. 5 1. 272181 - 0. 9 - 0. 8 - 1. 174061 0. 7 - 2. 8 - 0. 774181 - 0. 7 3. 7 1. 975161 - 2. 4 - 0. 3 - 0. 982091 - 0. 4 - 0. 4 - 0. 384121 - - - - - - 0. 084141 1. 1 - 1. 2 - 1. 893121 0. 8 - 0. 4 - 0. 693151 0. 7 1. 0 - 0. 8

103071 1. 3 2. 1 0. 4

103161 - 1. 5 - 0. 0 0. 7124081 0. 9 - 0. 2 - 1. 0133081 - 1. 6 0. 7 - - -133131 2. 1 2. 5 - 0. 4133141 0. 8 - 0. 9 - 0. 4

..

4.3.2.2. Residuals of GNSS posit ions (and IMU atti tudes) All residuals of GNSS positions and IMU attitudes will be printed in ascendingorder. The residual unit corresponds with the input of sub-units in menuParameters > Units . Column remarks shows if the point is used or rejected or

eliminated. Asterisks behind residuals indicates weak accuracy. A detaileddescription of the LOG file find in chapter 6.3

Resi dual s of GNSS Posi t i on obser vat i ons======================================

Name r es- X [ mm] r es- Y [ mm] r es- Z [ mm] r emar ks1785 - 8. 7 - 65. 6 18. 71786 - 3. 3 55. 3 - 9. 61787 97. 4 80. 1 0. 91788 48. 2 5. 0 - 8. 51789 - 91. 7 2. 4 - 49. 81790 - 56. 7 - 70. 6 12. 11791 - 56. 2 - 89. 0 33. 31792 0. 2 34. 5 24. 41793 - 18. 7 19. 7 4. 2
http://sales/Support/SicherungDOC_Manuals/inBLOCK/V5.5/ReferenceManual_inBLOCK_(English)_54_new.dochttp://sales/Support/SicherungDOC_Manuals/inBLOCK/V5.5/ReferenceManual_inBLOCK_(English)_54_new.dochttp://sales/Support/SicherungDOC_Manuals/inBLOCK/V5.5/ReferenceManual_inBLOCK_(English)_54_new.dochttp://sales/Support/SicherungDOC_Manuals/inBLOCK/V5.5/ReferenceManual_inBLOCK_(English)_54_new.doc


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1794 89. 3 28. 2 - 25. 82772 148. 4 16. 6 - 31. 92773 50. 9 - 2. 6 15. 42775 - 142. 8 - 10. 2 - 24. 0

. . . . .

. . . . .

Resi dual s of I MU At t i t ude obser vat i ons======================================

Name r es- X [ cc] r es- Y [ cc] r es- Z [ cc] r emarks1785 84. 0 - 29. 6 19. 21786 29. 4 - 26. 8 20. 41787 15. 1 27. 9 7. 31788 46. 6 1. 0 - 4. 51789 37. 1 - 47. 7 13. 81790 65. 0 - 29. 8 6. 11791 62. 8 - 20. 9 - 0. 91792 12. 6 15. 0 12. 31793 12. 0 - 5. 0 15. 11794 14. 9 44. 6 14. 9

. . . . .

. . . . .

4.3.2.3. Residuals of image observations All residuals of image observations will be printed in ascending order. The unitof residuals correspond with the input of sub-units in menu Parameters >Units . Column remarks shows if the point is used or rejected or eliminated.

Asterisks behind residuals indicates weak accuracy. A detailed description ofthe LOG file find in chapter 6.3

Resi dual s of i mage obser vat i ons===============================

I mage Name Poi nt Name r es- x [ um] r es- y [ um] r emar ks70050 70056 5. 589 3. 780

70066 3. 989 3. 77770076 - 0. 112 0. 92270086 - 0. 977 15. 231 **70096 - 12. 114 4. 00370106 - 6. 456 - 1. 15570116 - 4. 388 - 6. 45470126 - 1. 470 - 17. 557 **

70176 6. 375 - 0. 34070186 0. 991 - 6. 588. . . . .. . . . .

70070 70116 0. 241 7. 15170126 9. 751 * - 5. 93670136 - 1. 444 9. 29670146 - 14. 848 - 497. 032 r obust el i m.70156 0. 227 1. 77270166 - 2. 232 16. 278 *70176 4. 990 0. 43270196 - 5. 760 2. 84270206 - 1. 551 - 7. 180

71077 0. 069 - 9. 51271087 - 1. 395 3. 79372061 3. 867 - 6. 34872077 1. 909 - 8. 738


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72087 1. 194 2. 38474061 97625. 454 - 2. 461 r obust el i m.74063 0. 000 0. 000 r ej ect ed75056 - 2. 335 - 0. 989

. . . . .

. . . . .

4.3.2.4. Standard deviations of adjusted points All standard deviations of adjusted points will be printed in ascending order. Theunit of residuals correspond with the input of sub-units in menu Parameters >Units . A detailed description of the LOG file find in chapter 6.3

St andar d devi at i ons of adj ust ed poi nt s======================================

Name st d- X [ m] st d- Y [ m] st d- Z [ m]11018 0. 07497 0. 07235 0. 1603211028 0. 07280 0. 04341 0. 14208

11038 0. 07580 0. 08051 0. 1614611048 0. 10584 0. 04867 0. 1561211058 0. 07533 0. 04756 0. 1440611068 0. 06523 0. 07427 0. 1424911078 0. 08918 0. 05393 0. 1572911088 0. 08340 0. 05253 0. 1558621018 0. 07223 0. 06050 0. 1586121038 0. 07237 0. 07110 0. 1590321048 0. 07549 0. 04474 0. 14836

. . . . .

. . . . .

4.3.2.5. Standard deviations of projections centers All standard deviations of projection centers will be printed in ascending order.The unit of residuals correspond with the input of sub-units in menu Parameters> Units . A detailed description of the LOG file find in chapter 6.3

St andar d devi at i ons of pr oj ect i on cent er posi t i ons===================================================

Name st d- X [ mm] st d- Y [ mm] st d- Z [ mm]70050 66. 4 59. 5 56. 270060 59. 7 53. 1 48. 770070 57. 1 50. 1 46. 770080 53. 2 47. 1 44. 270090 49. 7 44. 1 41. 270100 47. 0 41. 7 38. 370110 44. 7 40. 0 35. 570120 43. 5 39. 3 33. 470130 43. 3 39. 7 31. 970140 44. 1 41. 0 31. 470150 46. 1 43. 6 31. 970160 48. 2 46. 3 31. 870170 124. 9 133. 0 61. 870180 53. 2 52. 6 31. 970190 60. 4 58. 6 38. 780050 59. 9 53. 1 53. 8.

. . . . .


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4.3.2.6. Critical pointsThe information is structured in a view to the critical point. That means theresiduals of all measurements were listed. The critical points will be printed inascending order. The unit of residuals corresponds with the input of sub-units inmenu Parameters > Units . A detailed description of the LOG file find in chapter6.3

Cr i t i cal poi nt s===============

110146110060 - 0. 378 um 7. 379 um110070 3. 951 um 12. 517 um*120060 14. 738 um* 18. 217 um**120070 - 6. 784 um 16. 142 um*120080 - 26. 044 um** 8. 864 um180100 14. 214 um* 14. 274 um*180110 7. 588 um 7. 506 um

100066100050 1. 384 um - 18. 548 um**100060 - 6. 786 um - 22. 801 um**110050 - 14. 360 um* 6. 269 um110060 - 1. 038 um 11. 978 um180120 - 25. 757 um** 2. 723 um180130 - 14. 820 um* - 6. 317 um180140 - 16. 427 um** - 10. 158 um

120196120070 42. 769 um - 16. 816 um r ob- el i m

120080 19. 764 um** - 12. 481 um*180090 11. 036 um* - 3. 051 um180100 - 9. 970 um - 12. 830 um*180110 - 12. 934 um** - 4. 166 um

. . . . .

. . . . .

4.3.2.7. Drift correctionsThe drift corrections for all available GNSS positions be printed in ascendingorder. The unit of residuals corresponds with the input of sub-units in menuParameters > Units . A detailed description find in chapter LOG file .

Dr i f t cor r ect i ons f or GNSS Posi t i on obser vat i ons===============================================

Name dr i f t - X[ mm] dr i f t - Y[ mm] dr i f t - Z[ mm]70050 30533. 6 - 1062. 8 - 52586. 270060 30532. 1 - 1049. 8 - 52626. 670070 30530. 5 - 1036. 7 - 52667. 370080 30529. 0 - 1023. 7 - 52708. 070090 30527. 5 - 1010. 7 - 52748. 670100 30526. 0 - 997. 7 - 52789. 070110 30524. 4 - 984. 4 - 52830. 570120 30522. 9 - 971. 3 - 52871. 170130 30521. 3 - 958. 0 - 52912. 770140 30519. 8 - 945. 0 - 52953. 270150 30518. 2 - 931. 6 - 52994. 870160 30516. 7 - 918. 6 - 53035. 670170 30515. 1 - 905. 2 - 53077. 3


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70180 30513. 6 - 892. 1 - 53118. 070190 30512. 0 - 878. 8 - 53159. 680050 30915. 8 - 2954. 0 - 46576. 180060 30927. 1 - 2945. 9 - 46564. 080070 30938. 1 - 2937. 9 - 46552. 0

. . . . .

. . . . .

4.3.2.8. Strip informationThe listing shows all defined strips, there definitions and drift corrections. Adetailed description find in chapter LOG file

St r i p i nf or mat i on=================

1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

St r i p di r ect i on 38. 3856 [ deg]Fot os i n st r i p: 16 100050, 100060, 100070, 100080, 100090,100100, 100110, 100120, 100130, 100140,100150, 100160, 100170, 100180, 100190,100200,

Dr i f t X - Par amet ers ( pol ynomi al or der = 1)const ant 28. 4406767990 [ m]

l i near - 0. 0000278719 [ m/ s]Dr i f t Y - Par amet er s ( pol ynomi al order = 1)

const ant - 4. 0629563289 [ m]l i near 0. 0000047656 [ m/ s]

Dr i f t Z - Par amet ers ( pol ynomi al or der = 1)const ant - 53. 4531036154 [ m]

l i near 0. 0000034563 [ m/ s]

2- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -St r i p di r ect i on 37. 4437 [ deg]Fot os i n st r i p: 10 110110, 110120, 110130, 110140, 110150,

110160, 110170, 110180, 110190, 110200,Dr i f t X - Par amet ers ( pol ynomi al or der = 1)

const ant 34. 4377465793 [ m]l i near - 0. 0000322780 [ m/ s]

Dr i f t Y - Par amet er s ( pol ynomi al order = 1)const ant 1. 6503590046 [ m]

l i near 0. 0000099586 [ m/ s]Dr i f t Z - Par amet ers ( pol ynomi al or der = 1)const ant - 45. 0568951257 [ m]

l i near - 0. 0000398164 [ m/ s]

3--------------------..........


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4.3.3. Process Data

The Process Data menu allows to startcomputation processes as

Approx imations and Block Adjustment and the BlunderBrowser.

This processes can be started alsofrom the Main Toolbar (icon).

Generate Strips is only available via this menu.

4.3.3.1. Start Approximations

The computation is used to determine approximations for the point coordinatesand sensor orientations; large blunders may be detected and their weightreduced for the block adjustment. This processing step can be accessed fromthis menu or by icon from the main toolbar.For a detailed description see chapter Compute Approximations .

4.3.3.2. Start Block AdjustmentThis performs the final bundle block adjustment. All needed settings can bedone via a Tab dialog which consists of the sections

Adjustment Type, Network Type, Statistical Blunder Testing, Frame CameraCalibration Parameters, GNSS Parameters and IMU Parameters.This processing step can be accessed from this menu or by icon from themain toolbar.For a detailed description see chapter Block Adjustment .

4.3.3.3. Blunder BrowserThe blunder browser is used to display information about possible blunders, oreliminated blunders, resp. The dialog consists of three parts: the numericalpanel, the graphics panel and the control panel.

This processing step can be accessed from this menu or by icon from themain toolbar.For a detailed description see chapter Blunder Browser .

4.3.3.4. Generate StripsGenerate strips opens adialog for strip generationaccording to the adjustedorientation parameters.This function is only active ifthe adjustment wassuccessful. The camera maybe rotated against the strip


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direction. This depends on how the camera is built into the airplane (rotationangle). The strips are formed by checking the image rotation angle (kappa)against other images, starting from the closest image. The difference must besmaller than the deflection angle, then it is accepted to be part of the samestrip.

The parameters are the camera rotation angle with respect to the strip direction(normally 0.0, sometimes 200 gon, rarely 100 or 300 gon) and the maximumdeflection angle with respect to the strip direction. If strips already exist you maywant to delete them before creating new ones, by checking the correspondingoption.

ID_image_deact

4.3.4. Element browser

The elements used in the adjustment can be inspected in ahierarchical way. The selection is only active, if strips have been formed (byimporting GNSS or IMU data).

Starting points in the hierarchy are the block strips thenfollow images (sensor orientations which belong to this strip), 3D-points (whichare measured in this image) and image observations (which are measured forthis 3D-point).

The name and type ofeach element is listed.By clicking an elementsname with right mousebutton, the availableaction functions for thatelement are displayedand may be selected.

Available functions are:

Deactivate Tree. Deactivates the element and its sub-elements. Acti vate Tree. Activates a deactivated element and its sub-elements.Element Info. Displays the properties of the selected element.

Available element types are photo strip, sensor orientation element, 3D pointand image observation element. In all Element Info windows following actionscan be taken:


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The element can be deleted or deactivated.ID_EDITELEMENT

The elements description can be edited.You can navigate through the elements within the Element Info windows bypressing Ctrl-PgDn or Ctrl-PgUp, resp.; Ctrl-End shows the last Ctrl-Home thefirst element.

ID_image_descrip

Photo strip

The information about strip number, strip direction and all photostrips are given. With the photo strip can be deactivated andagain activated or deleted, with the element attribute, thatmeans the number/name of photo strip can be changedinteractively.

Sensor orientation element

Choosing an element of the type sensor orientation element fromthe list, the corresponding element will be marked at the mapwindow


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The information window contains Element Type, Name,Coordinate System, Sensor, Parameters of Interior Orientation ,Parameters of Exterior Orientation (rotation sequence: omega, phi,kappa), Correlation Matrix, Rotation Matrix , and Deformation

Parameters (when additional parameters were calculated).With the sensor orientation element can be deactivated and againactivated or deleted, with the element attribute that means thenumber/name of orientation element can be changed interactively.

Parameters of Interior orientation:The interior orientation computes the transformation parametersfrom the pixel coordinate system (row, column) into the imagecoordinate system (x, y). It establishes a basis that all followingprocesses are referring to.In the project file as well as in the camera definition for digitalframe cameras, the interior orientation parameters are stored in a4x4 elements matrix. The matrix stores transformation parametersfrom image coordinates (referring to PPA) to pixel coordinates.

Par amet er s of i nt er i or or i ent at i on33. 3153846 - 0. 0005348 0. 0000000 3831. 6859725- 0. 0000000 - 33. 3181629 0. 0000000 3831. 7797647

0. 0000000 0. 0000000 1. 0000000 0. 00000000. 0000000 0. 0000000 0. 0000000 1. 0000000

Parameters of Exterior OrientationThe parameters of exterior orientation describe the

position/location of the projection center in the object space.


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The sequence of rotation is omega as first rotation, phi as secondand kappa as third rotation.Par amet ers of Ext eri or Or i ent at i on r ot at i on sequence OPK)Par amet er Val ue St d. Dev Rel i abi l i t y Sensi t i vi t y

X0 [ m/ mm] 540566. 243 37. 3 2. 5 2. 6 Y0 [ m/ mm] 336347. 024 44. 8 1. 7 3. 1Z0 [ m/ mm] 1761. 807 47. 1 0. 6 2. 8

omega [ gon/ cc] - 0. 3922 20. 9 0. 8 1. 4phi [ gon/ cc] - 1. 5626 16. 0 1. 1 1. 2

kappa [ gon/ cc] 198. 1801 6. 3 0. 3 0. 3

Cor r el at i on mat r i x:1. 00 - 0. 06 0. 01 0. 08 0. 77 - 0. 16

- 0. 06 1. 00 - 0. 20 - 0. 86 - 0. 12 - 0. 250. 01 - 0. 20 1. 00 0. 29 0. 21 - 0. 020. 08 - 0. 86 0. 29 1. 00 0. 15 0. 040. 77 - 0. 12 0. 21 0. 15 1. 00 - 0. 05

- 0. 16 - 0. 25 - 0. 02 0. 04 - 0. 05 1. 00

The correlation matrix will be displayed by default when unknownresp. groups of unknowns will be determined. For exteriororientation the correlation of the unknown groups x, y, z, , , and will be shown. It serves for information only.

Rot at i on Mat r i x- 0. 9992018409 0. 0284286985 0. 0246500683- 0. 0285671734 - 0. 9995779103 0. 0052837306- 0. 0244894542 0. 0059841717 0. 9996821777

The rotation matrix specifies the parameters for the new (rotated)

set of coordinate axes in terms of the original (non-rotated)coordinate system. The exterior orientation parameters for eachphoto are defined in a 3x3 rotation matrix. The matrix elements aredefined from terrain to photo.The matrix elements themselves are defined as follows:

a11 a12 a13a21 a22 a23a31 a32 a33

For orientation parameters defined from terrain to photo based ona system with rotated axes, angles can be computed with thefollowing formulas:

omega ( x axi s / pr i mar y r ot at i on) = - 1*ar ct an( a32/ a33)phi ( y axi s / secondar y r ot at i on) = ar csi n( a31)kappa ( z axi s / t er t i ar y r ot at i on) = - 1*ar ct an( a21/ a11)

Deformation Parameters (Physical, Brown or Ebner)example for Brown Parameters

Par amet er Val ue St d. Dev Rel i abi - . Sensi t il i t y vi t y

Tr apet z- X [ um/ um] 2. 1 0. 3 0. 0 0. 1dx=y 2 [ um/ um] 1. 1 0. 3 0. 0 0. 0dx=x 2*y [ um/ um] 4. 4 0. 2 0. 0 0. 0


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dx=x*y 2 [ um/ um] 6. 2 0. 3 0. 0 0. 1dx=x 2*y 2 [ um/ um] 2. 7 0. 3 0. 0 0. 1

Tr apet z- Y [ um/ um] 0. 2 0. 2 0. 0 0. 0dy=x 2 [ um/ um] 1. 6 0. 2 0. 0 0. 0dy=x 2*y [ um/ um] 4. 3 0. 3 0. 0 0. 1dy=x*y 2 [ um/ um] 4. 5 0. 2 0. 0 0. 0

dy=x 2*y 2 [ um/ um] 0. 4 0. 3 0. 0 0. 0Eccent r i ci t y1 [ um/ um] 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0Eccent r i ci t y2 [ um/ um] 1. 7 1. 3 0. 1 0. 2Eccent r i ci t y3 [ um/ um] 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0Radi al 3 [ um/ um] 35. 4 3. 6 0. 2 0. 4Radi al 5 [ um/ um] 39. 2 6. 6 0. 5 0. 9Radi al 7 [ um/ um] 13. 7 3. 5 i nf

Cor r el at i on mat r i x:1. 00 - 0. 04 - 0. 03 0. 05 0. 01 0. 02 - 0. 41 - 0. 01 . . .

- 0. 04 1. 00 0. 04 - 0. 03 - 0. 53 - 0. 44 0. 04 - 0. 04 . . .- 0. 03 0. 04 1. 00 - 0. 01 - 0. 07 - 0. 05 - 0. 01 0. 01 . . .

0. 05 - 0. 03 - 0. 01 1. 00 0. 02 - 0. 03 - 0. 03 0. 73 . . .0. 01 - 0. 53 - 0. 07 0. 02 1. 00 0. 70 - 0. 01 0. 11 . . .0. 02 - 0. 44 - 0. 05 - 0. 03 0. 70 1. 00 0. 00 - 0. 02 . . .

- 0. 41 0. 04 - 0. 01 - 0. 03 - 0. 01 0. 00 1. 00 0. 01 . . .- 0. 01 - 0. 04 0. 01 0. 73 0. 11 - 0. 02 0. 01 1. 00 . . .- 0. 03 - 0. 00 0. 14 0. 03 0. 03 - 0. 03 0. 04 0. 02 . . .

0. 42 - 0. 00 0. 05 0. 02 0. 01 - 0. 02 - 0. 72 - 0. 01 . . .0. 01 0. 00 0. 03 0. 00 - 0. 02 - 0. 02 - 0. 00 - 0. 04 . . .

The correlation matrix will be displayed by default whenunknown resp. groups of unknowns will be determined. Fordeformation parameters the correlation between the severalparameters will be displayed.

3D pointChoosing a 3D point from the list, the corresponding element will bemarked at the map window.

With the button of element info box the 3D point can be deactivatedand again activated or deleted, with the element attribute, thatmeans the number/name of 3D point can be changed interactively.


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The element info box displays the information about element type, pointname/number, coordinate system, in how many photos the point ismeasured (here 9 > 9-fold tie point), the adjusted coordinates of the tiepoint and the computed standard deviation (in units of image system).Furthermore the correlation matrix which will be displayed by defaultwhen unknown resp. groups of unknowns will be determined.

The orthogonal components gave the best estimation of the size of themax. error the point can have in the components (axes) of the errorellipse/ellipsiod.

error of point expressed in standard deviations x,y(control point system

error of point expressed in orthogonal components

(semi-major and semi-minor axis of error ellipse)

Y

X


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The outer reliability is the influence of non-detectable gross errors ontothe estimated parameters (used as a multiple of the computed standarddeviation of the parameter). It can also be seen as a sensitivitymeasure or robustness of the network against distorting effects in thesystem. Gross errors smaller than the boundary values (internal

reliability figures) may stay undetected and contaminate the result. It isinteresting to analyze the maximum influence of undetectable errorsonto the computed unknowns.

Image observation element


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With the button of element info box the image observation can bedeactivated and again activated or deleted, with the elementattribute, that means the number/name of the image observation can bechanged interactively.The info box shows the name of the used weighting group (a priori

standard deviation), the original and adjusted image observation inimage system

4.4. Window MenuWindow menu is used to administrate map windows on the screen.

inBLOCK offers with Add Wi ndow the possibility to open morethan one window (inside the main window) in which differentanalyzing results can be displayed. These windows (views)can be presented single - there you have to choose thecorresponding Map or in Cascade or in Tile d mode.

4.5. Help MenuThe Help menu is used to get information and help.

Clicking on Reference Manual or Tutorial activates theonline help using the corresponding manual.To get information about the program version and thelicense owner, click the About button.


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4.6. Language SelectionThe Language menu is used to select the language for inBLOCKs userinterface.

IDD_LANGUAGE

The program has multilingual support. Currently supportedlanguages are Suomi (Finnish), English and Deutsch (German)


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inBLOCK ReferenceManual Toolbars

Page 44

5. ToolbarsThere are three toolbars available in inBLOCK.Main Toolbar . The Main toolbar contains the function buttons for the multi sensor adjustmentprocess.

Application Toolbar . The upper bar of the map window contains the application tool buttons.Map Toolbar . The right bar of the map window contains the general map window tools.In the Element Infobox there will be an additional toolbar which may be differentfor different element types

5.1. Main Toolbar

The main toolbar contains the function buttons for the multi sensor adjustmentprocess.

The computation is used to determine approximations for the point

coordinates and sensor orientations; large blunders may be detected andtheir weight reduced for the block adjustment. For a detailed description seechapter Compute Approximations ..

Main Toolbar

Map Window

Main Menu

Map Toolbar

Appl icati on Toolbar


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This performs the final bundle block adjustment. All needed settings canbe done via a Tab dialog which consists of the sections

Adjustment Type, Network Type, Statistical Blunder Testing, Frame CameraCalibration Parameters, GNSS Parameters and IMU Parameters.For a detailed description see chapter Block Adjustment .

Shows listings and offers the possibility to create listings into files. Thelistings possible to create are divided in three main groups:

- (Input) Data- Computation Results- Listing of Textfiles

Each main group is then divided in subgroups. The subgroups are displayedwhen the main group button is pressed.

A detailed description find in chapter Listings .

Starts the blunder browser which supports analyzing and activating/deactivating of erroneous observations. It displays information about

possible blunders, or eliminated blunders, resp.. By the help of test values(normalized residuals) and estimated errors for the observation it is easy to finderroneous observations. This is very helpful in cases the robust elimination toolis not used.The blunder browser displays information about possible blunders, or eliminatedblunders, resp. A detailed description find in chapter Blunder Browser

Logbook messages On/OffThe Session Messages window (current logbook messages ) can be

closed and opened by clicking to the arrow button.

The logbook is a kind of clipboard. It can be used to save results or reports fromseveral other functions. It is toggled On/Off by pressing the logbook button inthe main toolbar. When logbook is activated, the control buttons appear at theright lower corner of inBLOCK s GUI. - The Session Messages window showsthe logbook entries of the current session.


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Listing, whole history stored in logbook

The logbook is a normal text file. Its name is inBLOCK .log . Information

concerning the defaults of the logbook functions can be found in chapter Tabdialog Logbook . The buttons in the menu bar have the following meaning :

Search: Searches for string defined in the text box

To printer: Print contents of logbook.The Windows printer dialog box is opened.

To file: Save content of logbook into a user definable file.

Clear: Delete the complete contents of the logbook.

5.2. Map Window with Application Toolbar andMap ToolbarThe Map Window contains the main tools for the graphical user interface. Thiswindow allows to visualize, examine, analyze and edit the adjustment results.Map window functions are activated from the application toolbar or from themap toolbar.


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5.2.1. Application Toolbar

The upper bar of the map window contains the application tool buttons. Theyare used for regional changes and precision, standard error, residual, estimatederror, inner and outer reliability and blunder inspection.

General statistical inspectionDuring the inspection of standard errors , residuals , estimated errors , inner

reliabilities and outer reliabilities the viewing propertiescan be changed using the Resul t View window and thedisplay of the numerical values to be inspected can bescaled using the Scale Bar.The scale bar can be utilizedto scale the display of viewedvalues and to measure the

length or size of the viewed values.When estimated errors or reliabilities are viewed, the color boxes at the bottomof the Result View window are used to choose the level of shown values. Toshow all values choose the green color, to show only warning and error valueschoose the yellow color and to show only error values choose the red color.When error ellipses and theoretical reliabilities are viewed, the color boxes atthe bottom of the Result View window are used to choose the confidenceregions. To use a 66% confidence region choose green color, to use 95%confidence region choose yellow color and to use 99% confidence regionchoose red color.

5.2.1.1. Regional changesMaking changes on a group of images at a time. The pull-down menuoffers the possibility to deactivate, activate and delete block parts.

Area Deact ivationDeactivated elements are temporarily excluded from all dataprocessing, e.g. from adjustment computation. The desired part orarea is defined by a closed polygon digitized with the left mousebutton.To deactivate a selection of the elements:> Activate the Regional changes button> Press the Area Deactivation button> Digitize the vertices of the polygon by clicking with the left mouse

button> Close the polygon by clicking the start point again (search range is

five pixels).


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All elements inside the polygon are deactivated. Deactivatedelements are shown in the user definable "deactivation" color.

Area Acti vat ion

This function is used to activate temporarily deactivated elements.The desired area is defined by a closed polygon digitized with the leftmouse button. To activate a deactivated selection of the elements:To deactivate a selection of the elements:> Activate the Regional changes button> Press the Area Activation button> Digitize the vertices of the polygon by clicking with the left mouse

button

Area DeleteThis function is used to delete elements. The desired part or area isdefined by a closed polygon digitized with the left mouse button.To delete a selection of the elements:> Activate the Regional changes button> Press the Area Delete button> Digitize the vertices of the polygon by clicking with the left mouse

button> Close the polygon by clicking the start point again (search range is

five pixels).

All elements inside the polygon are deleted.

NOTE: To restore deleted elements the project has to be closedwithout saving. This means, that all changes since Open or since thelast Save, are lost too.

5.2.1.2. Standard ErrorsThe standard error of a method of measurement or estimation is theestimated standard deviation of the error in that method. Namely, it is the

standard deviation of the difference between the measured or estimatedvalues and the true values. Notice that the true value is usually unknownand the standard error of an estimate is itself an unknown quantity thathas to be estimated.

Error ellipsesShow the standard error of the observations by means of errorellipses.


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Error ellipsiodsThe standard error of the observations will be presented by errorellipsoids.

Error ellipses for projection centers

This function is used to show standard error of the projection centersby means of error ellipses.


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Error ellipsoids for projection centersThe standard error of projections centers will be presented by errorellipsoids.

5.2.1.3. Residuals Any residual will be visualized using the corresponding function. The length ofvectors can be adapted by changing the scale factor:

The graphics display might show residuals beinglarger vectors, probably all systematically pointing into one direction. Thisindicates that a self-calibration would be recommended. Or you will see smallvectors arbitrarily distributed which would be typical for a carefully calibratedcamera.

Residuals of image observationsShows the residuals of image observations.

Residuals of control pointsThis function is used to show the residuals of the control pointobservations by means of residual bars.The residuals at control and check points show the real errorbetween given and adjusted coordinates. Residuals should reflectthe specified standard deviations or the projects accuracyrequirements. At larger values, check given coordinates and


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measurements.

Residuals of GNSS positions observationsThe vectors show the real error between given and adjustedprojection center coordinates.Residuals should reflect the specified standard deviations . At largervalues check the block stability (amount of tie points) and the givenGNSS observations.

Residuals of IMU attitude observationsThe listing of residuals at IMU observations show the real errorbetween given and adjusted rotations. Residuals should reflect thespecified standard deviations . At larger values check the blockstability (amount of tie points) and the given IMU observations.


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Residuals of deactivated observationsShows the residuals of deactivated image observations.

Residuals of deactivated control pointsShows the residuals of deactivated control points observations. Thepresentation of colors correspond to the defined settings in mapwindow parameters

Residuals of deactivated GNSS position observationsShows the residuals of deactivated GNSS position observations.

Residuals of deactivated IMU atti tude observationsShows the residuals of deactivated IMU attitude observations.

Residuals of check points The residuals at control and check points show the real errorbetween given and adjusted coordinates. The check points show theabsolute accuracy, i.e. the real error of the triangulation in thoselocations, where check points are measured. A warping or bendingblock can easily be detected with check points. Check points areused in the adjustment with weight=0.

That means, they do not influence the block and can have amaximum coordinate change.


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5.2.1.4. Estimated errorsEstimated errors are shown similar to the residuals as error bars. They can beactivated together with the residuals. So the estimated and the real error can be

observed directly. The estimated error will be shown color coded. That means:RED significant blunder (error level: confidence 99%, 99.9% or 99.99 %)YELLOWpossible blunder (warning level: 95 % confidence)GREENno blunder detectable

Estimated errors of image observations


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Estimated errors of control po intsThe screenshot shows the estimated errors (here green and yellow)together with the residuals (blue) of the project. If both (residuals andestimated errors) will be displayed, the bars will be drawn in oppositedirection.

Estimated errors of GNSS position observations Shows the estimated errors color coded for the GNSS positionobservations.

Estimated errors of IMU attitude observations Shows the estimated errors color coded for the IMU attitudeobservations.

5.2.1.5. Inner reliabil ityThis function is used to show the inner reliability by means oftraffic lights.The inner reliability gives the size of minimum detectable grosserror for an individual observation (used as a multiple of the a

priori standard deviation of the observation). It can also be seen as a measureof the controllability of the observation.

It depends on the local redundancy of the observation ; the smaller theredundancy number of the observation (and therefore the bigger the internalreliability figure), the larger a gross error has to be in order to be detectable.


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Typical question: What blunder must an observation have to be detected bystatistics?

5.2.1.6. Outer reliabil ityThe outer reliability is the influence of non-detectable grosserrors onto the estimated parameters (used as a multiple of thecomputed standard deviation of the parameter). It can also beseen as a sensitivity measure or robustness of the network

against distorting effects in the system.Gross errors smaller than the boundary values (internal reliability figures) maystay undetected and contaminate the result. It is interesting to analyze themaximum influence of undetectable errors onto the computed unknowns.

Traffic lights

Presentation of the outer reliability of the block via traffic lights.

Theoretical reliabilityShows the possible influence of non-detected gross errors to theelements via ellipses/ellipsoids. The ellipses/ellipsoids show thetheoretical reliability. That means with a probability of 95% the pointis located inside the ellipse/ellipsoid.

Empirical reliability

This function is used to show the empirical outer reliability.Using all the internal reliability figures of all observations andassuming that undetected blunders exist just at the limit of being


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detectable, the influence of these blunders onto the parameters iscomputed. The maximum influence is called the empirical sensitivityof a parameter. The empirical sensitivity number of a parametergives an estimate for the maximum effect of observational errors tothe unknown parameters. In other words; in case all estimated errors

actually exist, the point would move about the shown vector.Typical question: How big is the influence of a not detectable blunderto the computed parameters?

Traffic lights for p rojection centersSame functionality as Traffic lights but for projection centers.

Theoretical reliability for projection centersSame functionality as Theoretical reliability but for projectioncenters.

Empirical reliability for pro jection centersSame functionality as Empirical reliability but for projection centers.

5.2.1.7. BlundersThis function show blundersdetected by data snooping.

One blunder at a time isshown, starting with thebiggest one. Using the arrowbuttons all blunders canbe inspected.

A click on the displayed"blunder box", which displaysthe test values (standardizedresiduals), shows detailedinformation about the referred

observation (see next figure).


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5.2.2. Map Toolbar

Zoom In

Move

Window Area

Fit

Rotate

Previous Scaling

To Printer

Copy to the Clipboard

Grid Settings

Search Bearing and distance (t & S)

Zoom Out

Hold Refresh


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Zoom In and PanningFunctionality:

> Place the magnifier on a desired location in the map window.> Press and keep down the left mouse button and move the

zooming cursor to a new location.> Release the mouse button.

The desired location is shifted to the new location while the map isenlarged by a factor of 1.5.

Zoom Out and PanningFunctionality:



The desired location is shifted to the new location while the map isenlarged by a factor of 1.5.

MoveFunctionality:



The desired location is shifted to the new location. The scale remainsunchanged.

Window Area

Functionality:

> Place the magnifier on a corner of the desired area.> Press and keep down the left mouse button and place the cursor

on the diagonally opposite corner of the area.> If the "rubber band rectangle" is OK, release the mouse button.

Selected area will be enlarged and fitted to the screen.

Rotate As a default the projection of the map window with respect to theobject is orthogonal, i.e. the viewing position is exactly on top. Theviewing target is always the center point of the area visible on the


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inBLO

referencemanual_inblock_(english).pdf

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