references - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/89590/14/14_reference.p… ·...
TRANSCRIPT
154 �
REFERENCES
Abbott, W.S. 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide.
Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265-267.
Abdullahi, I., Winter, S., Atiri, G.I. and Thottappilly, G. 2003. Molecular
characterization of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
populations infesting Cassava. Bulletin of Entomological Research,
93(2): 97-106.
Abgali, A.Z. and Alavo, T.B. 2011. Essential oil from bush mint, Hyptis suaveolens,
is as effective as DEET for personal protection against mosquito bites.
The Open Entomology Journal, 5: 45-48.
Abu-Shanab, B., Adwan, G., Abu-Safiya, D., Jarrar, N. and Adwan, K. 2004.
Antibacterial activities of some plant extracts utilized in popular medicine in
Palestine. Turkish Journal of Biology, 28(2): 99-102.
Adda, C., Atachi, P., Hell, K. and Tamo, M. 2011. Potential use of the bush mint
Hyptis suaveolens for the control of infestation by the pink stalk borer,
Sesamia calamistis on maize in southern Benin, West Africa. Journal of Insect
Science, 11(33): 1-13.
Adewusi, E.A. and Steenkamp, V. 2011. In vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase
inhibition and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from southern Africa.
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(10): 829-835.
Agarwal, K. and Varma, R. 2013. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, 3(4): 541-549.
Aguirre, C., Castro-Guillen, J.L., Contreras, L., Mendiola-Olaya, E., Gonzalez de la
Vara, L. and Blanco-Labra, A. 2009. Partial characterization of
chrymotrypsin-like protease in the larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncates
(Horn) in relation to activity of Hyptis suaveolens L. trypsin inhibitor. Journal
of Stored Products Research, 45(2): 133-138.
155 �
Aguirre, C., Torres, I., Mendoza-Hernandez, G., Garcia-Gasea, T. and Blanco-Labra,
A. 2012. Analysis of protein fractions and some minerals in Chan
(Hyptis suaveolens L.) seeds. Journal of Food Science, 77(1): C15-C19.
Ahmad, I., Mehamood, Z. and Mohammad, F. 1998. Screening of some Indian
medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 62(2): 183–193.
Ahmad, J., Khan, I., Ahmad, A. and Imam, K. 2013. In vitro antioxidant and
antimicrobial activity of methanolic root extracts of Hyptis suaveolens.
Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(ISC-2012): 41-46.
Ahmed, M., Scora, R.W. and Ting, I.P. 1994. Composition of leaf oil of Hyptis
suaveolens (L.) Poit. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 6(6): 571–575.
Ajaiyeoba, E.O., Onocha, P.A. and Olarenwaju, O.T. 2001. In vitro anthelmintic
properties of Buchholzia coriaceae and Gynandropsis gynandra extract.
Pharmaceutical Biology, 39(3): 217-220.
Akinnibosun, F.I., Akinnibosun, H.A. and Ogedegbe, D. 2009. Investigation on the
antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves of Boerhavia
diffusa. Science World Journal, 4(2): 15-18.
Akkarachiyasit, S., Charoenlertkul, P., Yibchok-anun, S. and Adisakwattana, S. 2010.
Inhibitory activities of cyanidin and its glycosides and synergistic effect with
acarbose against intestinal �-glucosidase and pancreatic �-amylase.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11(9): 3387-3396.
Akobundu, I.O. and Agyakwa, C.W. 1998. A Hand Book on West African Weeds.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 2nd edition, Ibadan,
Nigeria, p. 496.
Akrout, A., Jani, E.H., Zammouri, T., Mighri, H. and Neffati, M. 2010.
Phytochemical screening and mineral contents of annual plants growing wild
in the southern of Tunisia. Journal of Phytology, 2(1): 34–40.
Alarcon-Aguilara, F.J., Roman-Ramos, R., Perez-Gutierrez, S., Aguilar-Contreras, A.,
Contreras-Weber, C.C. and Flores-Saenz, J.L. 1998. Study of the
antihyperglycemic effect of plants used as antidiabetics. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 61(2): 101-110.
156 �
Al-Dabbas, M., Hashinaga, F., Abdelgaleil, S., Suganuma, T., Akiyama, K. and
Hayashi, H. 2005. Antibacterial activity of an eudesmane sesqueiterpene
isolated from common Varthemia, Varthemia iphionoides.
Ethnopharmacology, 97(2): 237-240.
Ali, M.S., Yaghmour, R.M., Faidi, Y.R., Salem, K. and Al-Nuri, M.A. 1998.
Antimicrobial activity of 20 plants used in folkloric medicine in the
Palestinian area. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 60(3): 265-271.
Ali, S.G., Rab, A., Khan, N.U. and Nawab, K. 2011. Enhanced proline synthesis may
determine resistance to salt stress in tomato cultivars. Pakistan Journal of
Botany, 43(6): 2707-2710.
Ambasta, S.P. 1986. The Useful Plants of India. Publication and Information
Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, India, pp. 608-609.
Ammara, H., Salma, R. and Farah, D. 2009. Antimicrobial activity of some plant
extracts having hepatoprotective effects. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research,
3(1): 20-23.
Anis, E., Anis, I., Ahmed, S., Mustafa, G., Malik, A., Afza, N., Hai, S.M.,
Shahzad-ul-hussan, S. and Choudhary, M.I. 2002. α-glucosidase inhibitory
constituents from Cuscuta reflexa. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,
50(1): 112-114.
Anjana, S., Rani, V. and Padmini, R. 2009. Antibacterial activity of some medicinal
plants used by tribals against UTI causing pathogens. World Applied Sciences
Journal, 7: 332-339.
Annegowda, H.V., Nee, C.W., Mordi, M.N., Ramanathan, S. and Mansor, S.M. 2010.
Evaluation of phenolic content and antioxidant property of hydrolysed
extracts of Terminalia catappa L. leaf. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences,
9(8): 479-485.
Anonymous, 1964. Wealth of India-Raw Materials, Vol. V, CSIR, New Delhi, p. 159.
Anonymous, 2001. Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and
Industrial Products-Raw Materials Series, Publications and
Information Directorate, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New
Delhi,5: 158-159.
157 �
Anurakkun, N.J., Bhandari, M.R. and Kawabata, J. 2007. �-glucosidase inhibitors
from Devil tree (Alstonia scholaris). Food Chemistry, 103(4): 1319–1323.
AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical
Chemists, 15th edition, Washington, DC.
Arivoli, S. and Samuel, T. 2011. Mosquitocidal activity of Hyptis suaveolens (L.)
Poit. (Lamiaceae) extracts against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and
Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). International Journal of Recent
Scientific Research, 2(5): 143-149.
Arokiyaraj, S., Martin, S. and Perinbam, K. 2008. Free radical scavenging activity and
HPTLC finger print of Pterocarpus santalinus an in vitro study. Indian
Journal of Science and Technology, 1(7): 1-7.
Asekun, O.T., Ekundayo, O. and Adeniyi, B.A. 1999. Antimicrobial activity of the
essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens leaves. Fitoterapia, 70(4): 440-442.
Asekun, O.T. and Ekundayo, O. 2000. Essential oil constituents of Hyptis suaveolens
(L.) Poit. (Bush Tea) leaves from Nigeria. Journal of Essential Oil Research,
12(2): 227-230.
Avaligbe, C.T., Gbenou, J.D., Kpoviessi, D.S.S., Accrombessi, G.C., Moudachirou,
M. and Gbeassor, M. 2012. Antihemolytic properties of extracts of six plants
used in the traditional treatment of Sickle cell disease in Benin. Journal of
Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2(3): 8-13.
Avato, P. 2005. A survey of the Hypericum genus: secondary metabolites and
bioactivity. Studies in Natural Product Chemistry, 30: 603–634.
Azeez, G.O., Lawal, I.A., Muriana, M., Adeniji, S.T. and Hammed, T.B. 2014.
Chemical composition of Hyptis suaveolens grown in Saki, South Western
Nigerian, for its resource recovery. International Journal of Development
Research, 4(8): 1765-1767.
Azevedo, N.R., Campos, I.F., Ferreira, H.D., Portes, T.A., Santos, S.C., Seraphin,
J.C., Paula, J.R. and Ferri, P.H. 2001. Chemical variability in the essential oil
of Hyptis suaveolens. Phytochemistry, 57(5): 733-736.
158 �
Baker, E.A. 1982. Chemistry and morphology of plant epicuticular waxes. In: Cutler,
D.F., Alvin, K.L. and Price, C.E. (eds.), The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press,
London, pp. 139-165.
Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D. and Idaomar, M. 2008. Biological effects of
essential oils-a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2): 446–475.
Balakrishnan, N., Panda, A.B., Raj, N.R., Shrivastava, A. and Prathani, R. 2009.
The evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of Acalypha indica Linn.
root. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry, 2(2): 148-150.
Balick, J.M. and Cox, P.A. 1996. Plants, People and Culture-The Science of
Ethnobotany. Scientific American Library, New York, pp. 228-235.
Barbosa, L.C.A., Martins, F.T., Teixeira, R.R., Polo, M. and Montanari, R.M. 2013.
Chemical variability and biological activities of volatile oils from Hyptis
suaveolens (L.) Poit. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 78(1): 1-10.
Barbour, E., Sharif, M.A., Sagherian, V.K. and Habre, A.N. 2004. Screening of
selected indigenous plants of Lebanon for antimicrobial activity. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 93(1): 1-7.
Barrett, A., Ndou, T., Hughey, C.A., Straut, C., Howell, A., Dai, Z. and Kaletunc, G.
2013. Inhibition of �-amylase and glucoamylase by tannins extracted from
cocoa, pomegranates, cranberries, and grapes. Journal of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry, 61(7): 1477-1486.
Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M., Sherris, J.C. and Turck, M. 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility
testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical
Pathology, 45(4): 493-496.
Beauchamp, C. and Fridovich, I. 1971. Superoxide dismutase: Improved assays
and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry,
44(1): 276-287.
Benelli, G., Flamini, G., Canale, A., Molfetta, I., Cioni P.L. and Conti, B. 2012.
Repellence of Hyptis suaveolens whole essential oil and major constituents
against adult granary weevil Sitophilus granarius. Bulletin of Insectology,
65(2): 177-183.
159 �
Bhagwat, D.P. and Umathe, S.N. 2003. The immunomodulatory activity of Hyptis
suaveolens (L.) Poit., family- Lamiaceae. Indian Journal of Pharmacology,
35: 128-36.
Bhattacharyya, R., Bhattacharya, S. and Chaudhuri, S. 2006. Conservation and
documentation of the medicinal plant resources of India. Biodiversity and
Conservation, 15(8): 2705-2717.
Bimal, K., Rai, B.K. and Nisha, A. 2011. Synthesis, characterization and
antimicrobial screening of Cobalt(II), Nickel(II) and Copper(II) complexes
with schiff base derived from 2-Phenyl Quinoxaline Thiosemicarbazone.
Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 27(3): 1173-1178.
Blois, M.S. 1958. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical.
Nature, 26: 1199-1200.
Bohannon, N.J.V. 2002. Treating dual defects in diabetes: Insulin resistance and
insulin secretion. American Journal of Health Systems Pharmacy, 59(9): 9-13.
Bundy, D.A.P. 1994. The global burden of intestinal nematode disease. Transactions
of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88(3): 259 – 261.
Cai, J., Yang, J. and Jones, D.P. 1998. Mitochondrial control of apoptosis; the role of
cytochrome C. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, 1366(1): 139-149.
Cai, Z., Tsung, E.F., Marinescu, V.D., Ramoni, M.F., Riva, A. and Kohane, I.S. 2004.
Bayesian approach to discovering pathogenic SNPs in conserved protein
domains. Human Mutation, 24(2): 178-184.
Cao, G., Sofic, E. and Prior, R.L. 1997. Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of
flavonoids: structure-activity relationships. Free Radical Biology and
Medicine, 22(5): 749–60.
Cavalcanti, E.S.B., Morais, S.M., Lima, M.A.A. and Santana, E.W.P. 2004.
Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Brazilian plants against Aedes aegypti
L. Memorias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99(5): 541-544.
160 �
Cecile, C., Liagre, B., Terro, F. and Beneytout, J.L. 2004. Induction of
antiproliferative effect by diosgenin through activation of p53, release of
Apoptosis-Inducing Factor (AIF) and modulation of caspase-3 activity in
different human cancer cells. Cell Research, 14(3): 188-196.
Cespedes, C.L., El-Hafidi, M., Pavon, N. and Alarcon, J. 2008. Antioxidant and
cardioprotective activities of phenolic extracts from fruits of Chilean
blackberry Aristotelia chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae), Maqui. Food Chemistry,
107(2): 820–829.
Chakraborty, D. and Shah, B. 2011. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and antihemolytic
activity of Piper betel leaf extracts. International Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(3): 192-199.
Chanda, S. and Dave, R. 2009. In vitro models for antioxidant activity evaluation and
some medicinal plants possessing antioxidant properties: an overview. African
Journal of Microbiology Research, 3(13): 981-996.
Chang, S., Sievert, D.M. and Hageman, J.C. 2003. Infection with Vancomycin
resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. The New
England Journal of Medicine, 348(14): 1342-1347.
Chatri, M., Baktiar, A., Mansyurdiin and Adnadi, P. 2014. Chemical components of
essential oils of the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. from Indonesia.
American Journal of Research Communication, 2(10): 30-38.
Chatterjee, A. and Pakrashi, S.C. 1997. The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol.
5, Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, p. 15.
Chaudhuri, S., Banerjee, A., Basu, K., Sengupta, B. and Sengupta, P.K. 2007.
Interaction of flavonoid with red blood membrane lipids and proteins:
antioxidant and antihemolytic activity. International Journal of Biological
Macromolecules, 41(1): 42–48.
Chiao, C., Carothers, A.M., Grunberger, D., Solomon, G., Preston, G.A. and Barrett,
J.C. 1995. Apoptosis and altered redox state induced by caffeic acid phenethyl
ester (CAPE) in transformed rat fibroblast cells. Cancer Research, 55(16):
3576-3583.
161 �
Chiasson, J.L., Josse, R.G. and Hunt, J.A. 1994. Efficacy of acarbose in the treatment
of patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus- a multi control
clinical trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 121: 928-935.
Christou, L., Hatzimichael, E., Chaidos, A., Tsiara, S. and Bourantas, K.L. 2001.
Treatment of plasma cell leukemia with vincristine, liposomal doxorubicin and
dexamethasone. European Journal of Haematology, 67(1): 51-53.
Chugh, T.D. 2008. Emerging and re-emerging bacterial diseases in India. Journal of
Biosciences, 33(4): 549-555.
Chukwujekwu, J.C., Smith, P., Coombes, P.H., Mulholland, D.A. and van Staden, J.
2005. Antiplasmodial diterpenoid from the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 102(2): 295-7.
Conforti, F., Statti, G., Loizzo, M.R., Sacchetti, G., Poli, F. and Menichini, F. 2005.
In vitro antioxidant effect and inhibition of �-amylase of two varieties of
Amaranthus caudatus seeds. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,
28(6): 1098-1102.
Conti, B., Canale, A., Bertoli, A., Gozzini, F. and Pistelli, L. 2010. Essential oil
composition and larvicidal activity of six Mediterranean aromatic plants
against the mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology
Research, 107(6): 1455-1461.
Cox, P.A. 1994. The ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery; strengths and
limitations. Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs, 185: 25-41.
Cox, S.D., Gustafson, J.E., Mann, C.M., Markham, J.L., Liew, Y.C., Hartland, R.P.,
Bell, H.C., Warmington, J.R. and Wyllie, S.G. 1998. Tea tree oil causes K+
leakage and inhibits respiration in Escherichia coli. Letters in Applied
Microbiology, 26(5): 355-358.
Dai, F., Miao, Q., Zhou, B., Yang, L. and Liu, Z.L. 2006. Protective effect of
flavonols and their glycosides against free radical induced oxidative hemolysis
of red blood cells. Life Sciences, 78(21): 2488–2493.
Dalziel, J. M. 1937. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Crown Agencies for
the colonies publication, London, p. 461.
162 �
Dandiya, P.C. and Kulkarni, S.K. 2005. Introduction to Pharmacology, Vallabh
Prakashan, New Delhi, pp. 170-171.
Danmalam, U.H., Abdullahi, L.M., Agunu, A. and Musa, K.Y. 2009. Acute toxicity
studies and hypoglycemic activity of the methanol extract of the leaves of
Hyptis suaveolens Poit. (Lamiaceae). Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 8(2): 87-92.
Das, N.G., Goswami, D. and Rabha, B. 2007. Preliminary evaluation of
mosquito larvicidal efficacy of plant extracts. Journal of Vector Borne
Diseases, 44(2): 145–148.
Das, P.K., Sahoo, S., Sethi, R., Nayak, P.S., Nayak, S. and Joshi, A. 2009.
Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of the protective effect of
plant Hyptis suaveolens against duodenal unceration. Journal of Global
Pharma Technology, 1(1): 82-87.
Davis, S.N. and Granner, D.K. 2001. Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents and the
pharmacology of endocrine pancreas. In: Brunton, L.L., Lazo, J.S. and Parker,
K.L. (eds.), Goodman and Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics, 11th ed. McGraw-Hill Medical Publication Division; New
York, pp. 1679-1714.
Devaki, K., Beulah, U., Akila, G., Narmadha, R. and Gopalakrishnan, V.K. 2011.
Glucose lowering effect of aqueous extract of Bauhinia tomentosa L. on
alloxan induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in wistar albino rats. Journal of Basic
and Clinical Pharmacy, 2(4): 167-174.
Devjani, C. and Verma, R.J. 2010. Ameliorative effect of Emblica officinalis aqueous
extract against ochratoxin – induced lipid peroxidation in the kidney and liver
of mice. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental
Health, 23: 1-11.
Dhiman, A.K. 2003. History of Indian Medicine and Pharmacopoeia. Aryavaidhyan,
17(1): 24-31.
Din, L., Zakaria, Z., Sandudin, M.W., Brophy, J. and Toia, R.F. 1988. Composition of
the steam volatile oil from Hyptis suaveolens. Pertanika, 11(2): 239-247.
163 �
Dive, C., Gregory, C.D., Phipps, D.J., Evans, D.L., Milner, A.E. and Wyllie, A.H.
1992. Analysis and discrimination of necrosis and apoptosis (programmed cell
death) by multiparameter flow cytometry. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta.,
1133(3): 275-285�
Durga, A.J., Acosta, J.C., Bonin, G.C., Prince, K.L., Fischer, N.H. and Winston, G.W.
2000. Evaluation of total peroxyl radical scavenging capacity of flavonoids,
structure activity relationships. Journal of Natural Products, 63(3): 327-331.
Earnshaw, W.C. 1995. Nuclear changes in apoptosis. Current Opinion in Cell
Biology, 7(3): 337– 343.
Easu, K. 1964. Plant Anatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 767.
Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Ehsanifar, S. and Eslami, B. 2009. Sambucus ebulus
elburensis fruits: a good source for antioxidants. Pharmacognosy Magazine,
4(19): 213-218.
Edeoga, H.O., Okwu, D.E. and Mbaebie, B.O. 2005. Phytochemical constituents
of some Nigerian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology,
4(7): 685-688.
Edeoga, H.O., Omosun, G. and Uche, L.C. 2006. Chemical composition of Hyptis
suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum hybrids from Nigeria. African Journal of
Biotechnology, 5(10): 892-895.
Edwin, S., Jarald, E., Edwin, D.L., Jain, A., Kinger, H., Dutt, K.R. and Raj, A.A.
2008. Wound healing and antioxidant activity of Achyranthes aspera.
Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(12): 824-828.
Eldeen, A.M.G., Amer, H. and Helmy, W.A. 2006. Cancer chemopreventive and
anti-inflammatory activities of chemically modified Guar gum.
Chemico-Biological Interactions, 161(3): 229–240.
El-Kaissi, S. and Sherbeeni, S. 2011. Pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes
mellitus: an update. Current Diabetes Reviews, 7(6): 392-405.
Eloff, J.N. 1999. It is possible to use herbarium specimens to screen for antibacterial
components in some plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 67(3): 355-360.
164 �
Eloff, J.N. 2004. Quantifying the bioactivity of plant extracts during screening and
bioassay-guided fractionation. Phytomedicine, 11: 370-371.
Elumalai, K., Mathivanan, T., Elumalai, A., Jeyasankar, A., Dhanasekaran, S. and
Krishnappa, K. 2013. Larvicidal and ovicidal properties of selected Indian
medicinal plants extracts against American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera
(Hub.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). International Journal of Interdisciplinary
Research and Reviews, 1(7): 5-11.
Eom, S.H., Lee, S.H., Yoon, N.Y., Jung, W.K., Jeon, Y.J., Kim, S.K., Lee, M.S. and
Kim, Y.M. 2012. �-glucosidase and �-amylase inhibitory activities of
phlorotannins from Eisenia bicyclis. Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture, 92(10): 2084-2090.
Essawi, T. and Srour, M. 1999. Screening of some Palestinian medicinal plants for
antibacterial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 70(3): 343-349.
Evans, W.C. 1996. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 14th edition, Bailiere Tindall,
W.B. Sauders company Ltd, London, pp. 224-228.
Fabricant, D.S. and Farnsworth, N.R. 2001. The value of plants used in
traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environmental Health Perspectives,
109 (1): 69-75.
Fan, T.J., Han, L.H., Cong, R.S. and Liang. J. 2005. Caspase family proteases and
apoptosis. Acta Biochemica et Biophysica Sinica, 37(11): 719–727.
Farnsworth, N.R. 1994. Ethnopharmacology and drug development. In: Prance, G.T.
(ed.), Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs.Wiley, Chichester, Ciba
Foundation Symposium 185, pp. 42-59.
Finkel, T. and Holbrook, N.J. 2000. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of
ageing. Nature, 408(6809): 239-247.
Fisher, D.E. 1994. Apoptosis in cancer therapy; crossing the threshold.
Cell, 78(4): 539-542.
Fox, T.R. 1999. Aloe vera revered. Mystery Healer. Health Foods Business,
pp. 45-46.
165 �
Fun, C.E. and Svendsen, A.B. 1990. The essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens grown in
Aruba. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 5(3): 161-3.
Garg, S.K. 1976. Anti fertility screening of plants effect of 4 indigenous plants on
early pregnancy in female albino rats. Indian Journal of Medical Research,
64(8): 1133-1135.
Gavani, U. and Paarakh, P.M. 2008. Antioxidant activity of Hyptis suaveolens Poit.
International Journal of Pharmacology, 4(3): 227-229.
Gbolade, A.A., Oyedele, A.O., Sosan, M.B., Adewayin, F.B. and Soyela, O.L. 2000.
Mosquito repellent activities of essential oils from two Nigerian Ocimum
species. Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants, 1(1/2): 146-148.
Geissman, T.A. 1963. Flavonoid compounds, tannins, lignins and related compounds.
In: Florkin, M. and Stotz, E.H. (ed.), Pyrrole Pigments, Isoprenoid
Compounds and Phenolic Plant Constituents, Vol. 9. Elsevier, New York,
p. 265.
George, S., Bhalerao, S.V. and Lidstone, E.A. 2010. Cytotoxicity screening of
Bangladeshi medicinal plant extracts on pancreatic cancer cells.
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 10(1): 52-55.
Ghaffari, H., Ghassam, B.J., Nayaka, S.C., Kini, K.R. and Prakash, H.S. 2014.
Antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.
against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity. Cellular and Molecular
Neurobiology, 34(3): 323-331.
Ghavami, A., Johnston, B.D., Jensen, M.T., Svensson, B. and Pinto, B.M. 2001.
Synthesis of nitrogen analogues of salacinol and their evaluation
as glycosidase inhibitors. Journal of American Chemical Society, 123(26):
6268-6271.
Ghayal, N., Padhye, A. and Dhumal, K. 2010. Larvicidal activity of invasive weeds
Cassia uniflora and Synedrella nodiflora. International Journal of Pharma
and BioSciences, 1(3): 1-10.
Ghosh, A., Chowdhury, N., and Chandra, G. 2012. Plant extracts as potential
mosquito larvicides. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 135(5):
581-584.
166 �
Gilani, A.H. 2005. Trends in ethnopharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
100(1): 43-49.
Gordon, M.F. 1990. The mechanism of antioxidant action in vitro. In: Hudson, B.J.F.
(ed.), Food Antioxidants. Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp. 1-18.
Gottlieb, R.A. 2000. Mitochondria execution central. FEBS Letters, 482(1): 6-12.
Govindarajan, R., Vijayakumar, M. and Pushpangadan, P. 2005. Antioxidant
approach to disease management and the role of ‘Rasayana’ herbs of
Ayurveda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 99(2): 165-178.
Gowda, D. 1984. Polysaccharide components of the seed-coat mucilage from Hyptis
suaveolens. Phytochemistry, 23(2): 337-338.
Grassi, P., Urias Reyes, T.S., Sosa, S., Tubaro, A., Hofer, O. and Zitterl-Eglseer, K.
2006. Anti-inflammatory activity of two diterpenes of Hyptis suaveolens from
El Salvador. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, 61(3-4): 165-170.
Green, D. and Kroemer, G. 1998. The central executioners of apoptosis; caspases or
mitochondria? Trends in Cell Biology, 8(7): 267-271.
Green, D.R. and Reed, J.C. 1998. Mitochondria and apoptosis. Science, 281(5381):
1309-1312.
Griggs, J.K., Towers, G.H.N. and Taylor, R.S. 2001. The effects of storage on the
biological activity of medicinal plants from Nepal. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 77(2): 247-252.
Grover, J.K., Vats, V., Rathi, S.S. and Dawar, R. 2001. Traditional Indian antidiabetic
plants attenuate renal hypertrophy, urine volume and albuminuria in
streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
76: 233-238.
Gülçin, Ì., �at, �.G., Beydemir, �., Elmasta�, M. and Küfrevioglu, Ö.�. 2004.
Comparison of antioxidant activity of clove (Eugenia caryophylata Thunb)
buds and lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.). Food Chemistry, 87(3): 393– 400.
Gurunagarajan, S. and Pemaiah, B. 2011. Comparative studies on cytotoxic effect of
Hyptis suaveolens Poit. and Leonotis nepeatefolia R.Br. against EAC cell
lines. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4(4): 1222-1224.
167 �
Habbal, O., Hasson, S.S., El-Hag, A.H., Al-Mahrooqi, Z., Al-Hashmi, N., Al-Bimani,
Z., Al-Balushi, M.S. and Al-Jabri, A.A. 2011. Antibacterial activity of
Lawsonia inermis Linn. (Henna) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Asian
Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(3): 173-176.
Hagerman, A.E., Riedl, K.M., Jones, G.A., Sovik, K.N., Ritchard, N.T., Hartzfeld,
P.W. and Riechel, T.L. 1998. High molecular weight plant polyphenolics
(tannins) as biological antioxidants. Journal of Agriculture and Food
Chemistry, 46(5): 1887-1892.
Halliwell, B. 1991. Reactive oxygen species in living systems: source, biochemistry
and role in human disease. American Journal of Medicine, 91(3): 14-22.
Halliwell, B. 2000. The antioxidant paradox. The Lancet, 355(9210): 1179-1180.
Hang, W. and Lautzsch, H.J. 1983. Comparative methods for the rapid determination
of Palestian cereal products. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,
34: 1423-1426.
Harborne, S.B. and Baxter, H. 1995. Phytochemical Dictionary-A Handbook of
Bioactive Compounds from Plants, Taylor and Francis, Cambridge University
Press, London, p. 76.
Harborne, J.B. 1998. Phytochemical Methods-A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant
Analysis, 3rd edition, Chapman and Hall, London, p. 302.
Heinrich, M., Heneka, B., Ankli, A., Rimpler, H., Sticher, O. and Kostiza, T. 2005.
Spasmolytic and antidiarrhoeal properties of the Yucatec Mayan medicinal
plant Casimoroa tetramesia. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,
57: 1081-1085.
Hill, A.F. 1952. Economic botany. A text book of useful plants and plant products.
2nd Edition. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York, pp. 457-560.
Hirano, T., Abe, K., Gotoh, M. and Oka, K. 1995. Citrus flavone tangeretin inhibits
leukaemic HL-60 cell growth partially through induction of apoptosis with
less cytotoxicity on normal lymphocytes. British Journal of Cancer, 72(6):
1380-1388.
168 �
Hoult, J.R.S. and Payá, M. 1996. Pharmacological and biochemical actions of simple
coumarins-natural products with therapeutic potential. General Pharmacology,
27(4): 713-722.
Huang, Q., Roessner, C.A., Croteau, R. and Scott, A.I. 2001. Engineering Escherichia
coli for the synthesis of taxadiene, a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of
taxol. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 9(9): 2237–2242.
Husain, S.R., Cillard, J. and Cillard, P. 1987. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of
flavonoids. Phytochemistry, 26(9): 2489-2491.
Ibrahim, M.B. 1997. Anti-microbial effects of extract leaf, stem and root bark of
Anogeissus leiocarpus on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes,
Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Development, 2: 20-30.
Idu, M., Omogbai, E.K.I., Aghimien, G.E.I. and Amaechina, F. 2007. Preliminary
phytochemistry, antimicrobial properties and acute toxicity of Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. leaves. Trends in Medical Research, 2(4): 193-198.
Ijeh, I.I., Edeoga, H.O., Jimoh, M.A. and Ejeke, C. 2007. Preliminary phytochemical,
nutritional and toxicological studies of leaves and stems of Hyptis suaveolens.
Research Journal of Pharmacology, 1(2): 34-36.
Ikenebomeh, M.J. and Metitiri, P.O. 1988. Antimicrobial effect of an extract from
Cassia alata. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 8: 12-23.
Irudayaraj, V., Janaky, M., Johnson, M. and Selvan, N. 2010. Preliminary
Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies on a spike-moss Selaginella
inaequalifolia (Hook. & Grev.) Spring. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
Medicine, 3(12): 957-960.
Islam, E., Khatune, N.A., Wahed, M.I.I., Md Haque, E. and Md Mosaddik, A. 2003.
Larvicidal activity of a new glycoside, Phenyl Ethyal–D Glycopyranoside
from the stem of the plant Sida rhombifolia, Pakistan Journal of Biological
Sciences, 6(1): 73-7.
Ismail, M.Y.M. 2009. Clinical evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Trigonella seeds
and Aegle marmelos leaves. World Applied Sciences Journal, 7(10):
1231-1234.
169 �
Ivoke, N., Okafor, F.C. and Owoicho, L.O. 2009. Evaluation of ovicidal and larvicidal
effects of leaf extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Lamiaceae) against
Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Anophelidae) complex. Animal Research
International, 6(3): 1072–1076.
Iwu, M.M., Ezeugwu, C.O., Okunji, C.O., Sanson, D.R. and Tempesta, M.S. 1990.
Antimicrobial activity and terpenoids of the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens.
Pharmaceutical Biology, 28(1): 73-76.
Iwu, M.W., Duncan, D.R. and Okunji, C.O. 1999. New antimicrobials of plant origin.
In; Perspective on new crops and new uses. American shared hospital services
Press. Alexandria, pp. 107-108.
Jabeen, R., Shahid, M., Jamil, A. and Ashraf, M. 2008. Microscopic evaluation of the
antimicrobial activity of seed extracts of Moringa oleifera. Pakistan Journal
of Botany, 40: 1349-1358.
Jafri, M.A., Aslam, M., Javed, K. and Singh, S. 2000. Effect of Punica granatum
Linn. (flowers) on blood glucose level in normal and alloxan induced diabetic
rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 70(3): 309-314.
Jäger, A.K., Hutchings, A. and van Staden, J. 1996. Screening of Zulu medicinal
plants for prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitors. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
52(2): 95-100.
Jain, S., Jain, V. and Bhagwat, D. 2010. The Immunomodulation Potential of Hyptis
suaveolens. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and
Development, 1(11): 1-6.
Jelani, S. and Prabhakar, M. 1991. Pharmacognostic study of leaf of Hyptis
suaveolens L. Ancient Science of Life, 11(1-2): 31.
Jiang, M.C., Yang-Yen, H.F., Yen, J.J. and Lin, J.K. 1996. Curcumin induces
apoptosis in immortalized NIH 3T3 and malignant cell line. Nutrition and
Cancer, 26: 111-120.
Johansen, D.A. 1940. Plant Microtechnique. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York
and London, p. 523.
170 �
Johnson, M., Wesely, E.G., Kavitha, M.S. and Uma, V. 2011. Antibacterial activity of
leaves and inter-nodal callus extracts of Mentha arvensis L. Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(3): 196-200.
Jørgen, L. 1988. Chemistry and biology of naturally-occuring acetylenes and related
compounds In: Proceedings of a Conference on the Chemistry of Naturally-
Occuring Acetylenes and Related Compounds (NOARC), Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
Jose, G.S. and Radhamany, P.M. 2013. In vitro antioxidant activities, total phenolics
and flavonoid of wild edible mushroom Macrolepiota mastoidea (Fr.) Singer.
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(2): 1-6.
Joy, K.L. and Kuttan, R. 1999. Antidiabetic activity of Picrorrhiza kurroa extract.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 67(2): 143-148.
Kandemir, N. 2003. The morphological, anatomical and caryological properties of
endemic Salvia hypargeia Fich. & Mey. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. Pakistan
Journal of Botany, 35(2): 219-236.
Kandra, L., Gyémánt, G., Zajácz, A. and Battab, G. 2004. Inhibitory effects of tannin
on human salivary alpha-amylase. Biochemical and Biophysical Research
Communications, 319(4): 1265-1271.
Karuppusamy, S. 2009. A review on trends in production of secondary metabolites
from higher plants by in vitro tissue, organ and cell cultures. Journal of
Medicinal Plants Research, 3(13): 1222-1239.
Kaufmann, F., Wohlfarth, G. and Diekert, G. 1998. O-Demethylase from
Acetobacterium dehalogenans substrate specificity and function of the
participating proteins. European Journal of Biochemistry, 257(2): 515-521.
Kaya, C., Higgs, D. and Burton, A. 2000. Plant growth, phosphorus nutrition and acid
phosphatase enzyme activity in three tomato cultivars grown hydroponically at
different zinc concentrations. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 23: 569-579.
Kerr, J.F., Wyllie, A.H. and Currie, A.R. 1972. Apoptosis: a basic biological
phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. British Journal
of Cancer, 26(4): 239-257.
171 �
Khandelwal, K.R. 2007. Practical Pharmacognosy. 18th edition, Nirali Publication,
Pune, pp. 10-14.
Kim, J.S., Kwon, C.S. and Son, K.H. 2000. Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and
amylase by luteolin, a flavonoid. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry,
64(11): 2458-2461.
Kitts, D.D., Wijewickreme, A.N. and Hu, C. 2000. Antioxidant properties of a
North American ginseng extract. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,
203(1-2): 1-10.
Klein, S.M., Cohen, G. and Cederbaum, A.I. 1991. Production of formaldehyde
during metabolism of dimethyl sulphoxide by hydroxyl radical generating
system. Biochemistry, 20(21): 6006-6012.
Klipstein, G.K., Launer, L.J. and Geleijnse, J.M. 2000. Serum carotenoids and
atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam study. Atherosclerosis, 148 (1): 49-56.
Koche, D., Shirsat, R., Imran, S. and Bhadange, D.G. 2010. Phytochemical screening
of eight traditionally used ethnomedicinal plants from Akola District (MS)
India. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 1(4): 253-256.
Kodakandla, V., Guvvala, V., Sabbu, S. and Bhukya, B. 2012. Variations in volatile
oil compositions of different wild collections of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.
from Western Ghats of India. Journal of Pharmacognosy, 3(2): 131-135.
Kogel-Knaber, I. 2000. Analytical approaches for characterizing soil organic matter.
Organic Geochemistry, 31(7): 609-625.
Koleva, I.I., Vanbreek, T.A., Linssen, J.P., Groot, A.D. and Evstatieva, L.N. 2002.
Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on the
three testing methods. Phytochemical Analysis, 13(1): 8-17.
Komalamisra, N., Trongtokit, Y., Rongsriyam, Y. and Apiwathnasorn, C. 2005.
Screening for larvicidal activity in some Thai plants against four mosquito
vector species. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public
Health, 36(6): 1412–1422.
172 �
Koshy, P., Nurestri, A.M. and Wirakarnain, S. 2009. Antimicrobial activity of
some medicinal plants from Malaysia. American Journal of Applied Sciences,
6(8): 1613-1617.
Kossouoh, C., Mondachirou, M., Adjakidje, V., Chalchat, J.C. and Figueredo, G.
2010. A comparative study of the chemical composition of the leaves and
fruits deriving the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit from Benin.
Journal of Essential Oil Research, 22(6): 507-509.
Kudi, A.C., Umoh, J.U. and Eduvie, L.O. 1999. Screening of some Nigerian
medicinal plants for antibacterial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
67(2): 225-228.
Kumar, B.K., Raj, N.P., Kishore, K., Reddy, A.G. and Reddy, K.S. 2006. Evaluation
of Hyptis suaveolens hydro-distillate as an acaricide. Journal of Veterinary
Parasitology, 20(1): 99-100.
Kumar, P.S., Dheeba, B., Vidhyasagar, V., Arulprakash, T. and Vinothkannan, R.
2008. Potential antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Bacopa monnieri
Linn.. International Journal of Pharmacology, 4(3): 230-232.
Kumar, S. and Kumar, D. 2009. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of
edible weeds. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and
Development, 9(5): 1174-1178.
Kumar, D., Dhamodaran, P., Nilani, P. and Balakrishna, N. 2012. Larvicidal activity
of Tephrosia purpuria against Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Applied
Pharmaceutical Science, 2(7): 219–221.
Kunyanga, C.N., Imungi, J.K., Okoth, M., Momanyi, C., Biesalski, H.K. and Vadivel,
V. 2011. Antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of condensed tannins in
acetonic extract of selected raw and processed indigenous food ingredients
from Kenya. Journal of Food Science, 76(4): C560-567.
Kupier�Goodman, T. and Scott, P.M. 1989. Risk assessment of mycotoxin ochratoxin
A. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2(3): 179�248.
Kwon, Y., Shim, H.S., Wang, X. and Montell, C. 2008. Control of thermotactic
behavior via coupling of a TRP channel to a phospholipase C signaling
cascade. Nature Neuroscience, 11(8): 871-873.
173 �
Lai, P.K. and Roy, J. 2004. Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs
and spices. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 11(11): 1451-1460.
Lee, J.C. and Lim, K.T. 2001. Inhibitory effects of the ethanol extract of Ulmus
davidiana on apoptosis induced by glucose-glucose oxidase and cytokine
production in cultured mouse primary immune cells. Journal of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, 34(5): 463- 471.
Li, S., Qui, L., Shen, Y., Xie, A., Yu, X., Zhang, L. and Zhang, Q. 2007.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Capsicum annum L. extract.
Green Chemistry, 9(8): 852-858.
Lisiewska, Z., Kmiecik, W. and Korus, A. 2006. Content of vitamin C, carotenoids,
chlorophylls and polyphenols in green parts of dill (Anethum graveolens L.)
depending on plant height. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,
19(2): 134–140.
Long, M., Millar, D.J., Kimura, Y., Donovan, G., Rees, J., Fraser, P.D. and Bolwell,
G.P. 2006. Metabolite profiling of carotenoid and phenolic pathways in
mutant and transgenic lines of tomato: identification of a high antioxidant fruit
line. Phytochemistry, 67(16): 1750-1757.
Luo, X.D., Basile, M.J. and Kennelly, E.J. 2002. Polyphenolic antioxidants from
fruits of Chrysophylolum cainito L. (Star apple). Journal of Agriculture and
Food Chemistry, 50(6): 1379-1382.
Mabberley, D.J. 1990. The Plant Book. Cambridge University Press, London,
pp. 209-289.
Madunagu, B.E., Ebana, R.B., Udo, S.M. and Ndifon, L.T. 2001. Antimicrobial
effects of Ixora divaricata and Citrus aurantifolia on some pathogens and
drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nigerian Journal of Botany, 14: 63-69.
Mahesh, B. and Satish, S. 2008. Antimicrobial activity of some important medicinal
plant against plant and human pathogens. World Journal of Agricultural
Sciences, 4(5): 839-843.
Maheshwari, J.K., Singh, K.K. and Saha, S. 1986. Ethnobotany of tribals of Mirzapur
District, Uttar Pradesh, Economic Botany Information Service, NBRI,
Lucknow, pp. 487-498.
174 �
Maheswaran, R., Kingsley, S. and Ignacimuthu, S. 2008a. Larvicidal and repellent
activity of Clerodendron phlomidis against Culex quinquefasciatus Say
(Diptera: Culicidae), In: Proceedings of Recent Trends in Insect Pest
Management, Elite publications, pp. 240–243.
Maheswaran, R., Sathish, S. and Ignacimuthu, S. 2008b. Larvicidal activity of Leucas
aspera (Willd) against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes
aegypti L. International Journal of Integrative Biology, 2(3): 214–217.
Mai, T.T., Thu, N.N., Tien, P.G. and van Chuyen, N. 2007. Alphaglucosidase
inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Vietnamese edible plants and their
relationships with polyphenol contents. Journal of Nutritional Science and
Vitaminology, 53(3): 267-276.
Majorie, M.C. 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology
Reviews, 12(4): 564-582.
Malar, T.R.J.J., Johnson, M., Mary Uthith, M. and Arthy, A. 2011. Antibacterial
activity of ethanolic extracts of selected medicinal plants against human
pathogens. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(1): S76-S78.
Malar, T.R.J.J., Sushna, S.L., Johnson, M., Janakiraman, N. and Ethal, T.R.J.J. 2012.
Bio-efficacy of the leaves extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (L.)Poit against the
fish pathogens. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research,
2(1): 128-133.
Malele, R.S., Mutayabarwa, C.K., Mwangi, J.W., Thoithi, G.N., Lopez, A.G., Lucini,
E.I. and Zygadlo, J.A. 2003. Essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. from
Tanzania: composition and antifungal activity. Journal of Essential Oil
Research, 15(6): 438-440.
Manchand, P.S., White, J.D., Fayos, J. and Clardy, J. 1974. Chemical constituents of
tropical plants, part IV. Structures of Suaveolic acid and Suaveolol. Journal of
Organic Chemistry, 39 (15): 2306-2308.
Mandal, S.M., Mondal, K.C., Dey, S. and Pati, B.R. 2007. Antimicrobial activity of
the leaf extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Indian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 69(4): 568-571.
175 �
Mandwal, P.K., Salvekar, V., Patel, R. and Nayak, P.S. 2009. Antioxidant activity of
Hyptis suaveolens whole plant. In: Proceedings of 61st
Indian Pharmaceutical
Congress, Ahmedabad.
Mann, A., Banso, A. and Clifford, L.C. 2008. An antifungal property of crude plant
extracts from Anogeissus leiocarpus and Terminalia avicennioides. Tanzania
Journal of Health Research, 10 (1): 34-38.
Manzocco, L., Anese, M. and Nicoli, M.C. 1998. Antioxidant properties of tea
extracts as affected by processing. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und
Technologie, 31(7): 694 – 698.
Marles, R.J. 1996. Prairie Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Conference-Olds, Food
and Rural Development Publishers, Alberta.
Martins, F.T., Santos, M.H., Pólo, M. and de Barbosa, L.C.A. 2006. Variação química
do óleo essencial de Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. sob condições de cultivo.
Quimica Nova, 29(6): 1203-1209.
Martins, F.T., Santos, M.H., Polo, M. and Barbosa, L.C.A. 2007. Effects of the
interactions among macronutrients, plant age and photoperiod in the
composition of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit essential oil from Alfenas (MG),
Brazil, Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 22(2): 123–129.
Mary, T.R., Anusha, K., Mallaiah, K.V., Ravindranadh, K. and Rao, M.C. 2014.
Phytochemical studies of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Journal of Chemical,
Biological and Physical Sciences, 4(1): 319-323.
Masoud, E.A. and Gouda, H.A. 2012. Effect of some natural plant extracts against
gram negative bacteria in Njran Area, Saudi Arabia. Egyptian Academic
Journal of Biological Sciences, 4: 85-92.
Masum, G.Z.H., Dash, B.K., Barman, S.K. and Sen, M.K. 2013. A comprehensive
ethnomedicinal documentation of medicinal plants of Islamic University,
region, Bangladesh. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Research, 4(3): 1202-1209.
Matsui, T., Tanaka, T., Tamura, S., Toshima, A., Miyata, Y., Tanaka, K. and
Matsumoto, K. 2007. �-glucosidase inhibitory profile of catechins and the
aflavins. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 55(1): 99–105.
176 �
Mbatchou, V.C., Abdullatif, S. and Glover, R. 2010. Phytochemical screening of
solvent extracts from Hyptis suaveolens LAM for fungal growth inhibition.
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 9(4): 358-361.
McConkey, D.J., Zhivotovsky, B. and Orrenius, S. 1996. Apoptosis molecular
mechanisms and biomedical implications. Molecular Aspects of Medicine,
17(1): 1-110.
McDonald, D.M., Mitchell, R.A., Gabella, G. and Haskell, A. 1988. Neurogenic
inflammation in the rat trachea II. Identity and distribution of nerves mediating
the increase in vascular permeability. Journal of Neurocytology, 17(5):
605-628.
Mclarty, J.W. 1997. Antioxidants and cancer, the epidemiologic evidence.
In: Garewal, H.S. (ed.), Antioxidants and Disease Prevention. CRC Press,
New York, pp. 45-66.
McNeil, M., Facey, P. and Porter, R. 2011. Essential oil from the Hyptis genus- a
review. Natural Product Communications, 6(11): 1775-96.
Meiri, D., Tazat, K., Cohen-Peer, R., Farchi-Pisanty, O., Aviezer-Hagai, K., Avni, A.
and Breiman, A. 2010. Involvement of Arabidopsis ROF2 (FKBP65) in
thermotolerance. Plant Molecular Biology, 72(1-2): 191-203.
Menichini, F., Conforti, F., Rigano, D., Formisano, C., Piozzi, F. and Senatore, F.
2009. Phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities
of four Teucrium essential oils from Greece. Food Chemistry, 115(2):
679-686.
Metcalfe, C.R. and Chalk, L. 1950. Anatomy of Dicotyledons. Vol.II. Clarendon
Press, Oxford University Press, London, p. 1500.
Middleton, E.J., Kandaswami, C. and Theoharides, T.C. 2000. The effects of plant
flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease
and cancer. Pharmacological Reviews, 52(4): 673-751.
Miller, G.L. 1959. Use of dinitro salicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing
sugar. Analytical Chemistry, 31(3): 426-428.
177 �
Miller, B.R., Godsey, M.S., Crabtree, M.B., Savage, H.M., Al-Mazrao, Y., Al-Jeffri,
M.H., Abdoon, A.M., Al-Seghayer, S.M., Al-Shahrani, A.M. and
Ksiazek, T.G. 2002. Isolation and genetic characterization of Rift valley fever
virus from Aedes vexans arabiensis, kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Emergence of
Infectious Diseases, 8(12): 1492-1494.
Miller, L.K. 1999. An exegesis of IAPs: salvation and surprises from BIR motifs.
Trends in Cell Biology, 9(8): 323-328.
Misra, T.N., Singh, R.S. and Upadhyay, J. 1983a. A natural triterpene acid from
Hyptis suaveolens roots. Phytochemistry, 22(11): 2557-2558.
Misra, T.N., Singh, R.S. and Upadhyay, J. 1983b. Triterpenoids of Hyptis suaveolens
roots. Phytochemistry, 22(2): 603-605.
Mogale, M.A., Lebelo, S.L., Thovhogi, N., de Freitas, A.N. and Shai. L.J. 2011. �-
Amylase and �-glucosidase inhibitory effects of Sclerocarya birrea
[(A. Rich.)Hochst.] sub species caffra (Sond) Kokwaro (Anacardiaceae) stem-
bark extracts. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(66): 15033-15039.
Montalleb, G., Hanachi, P., Kua, S.H., Fauziah, O. and Asmah, R. 2005. Evaluation
of phenolic content and total antioxidant activity in Berberis vulgaris fruit
extract. Journal of Biological Sciences, 5(5): 648-653.
Moreira, A.C.P., de Oliveira, L.E., Wanderley, P.A., Carmo, E.S. and de Souza, E.L.
2010. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Hyptis suaveolens (L.)
Poit. leaves essential oil against Aspergillus species. Brazilian Journal of
Microbiology, 41: 28-33.
Mosmann, T. 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival:
application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological
Methods, 65(1): 55-63.
Mukherjee, K.S., Mukherjee, R.K. and Ghosh, P.K. 1984. Chemistry of
Hyptis suaveolens: a pentacyclic triterpene. Journal of Natural Products,
47(2): 377-378.
Mukherjee, D., Nissen, S.E. and Topol, E.J. 2001. Risk of cardiovascular events
associated with selective COX-2 inhibitors. Journal of American Medical
Association, 286(8): 954-959.
178 �
Murray, B.E. 1992. Problems and dilemmas of antimicrobial resistance.
Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy,
12(6P2): 86S-89S.
Musa, A.K., Dike, M.C. and Onu, I. 2009. Evaluation of Nitta (Hyptis suaveolens
Poit.) seed and leaf extracts and seed powder for the control of Trogoderma
granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) in stored groundnut. American-
Eurasian Journal of Agronomy, 2(3): 176-179.
Musika, S. and Indrapichate, K. 2014. Cytotoxicity and apoptotic induction of
mintweed (Hyptis suaveolens L. Poit.) leaf extracts on human T-Leukemia cell
line, Jurkat cells. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
3(3): 304-317.
Muthukumaran, P., Shanmuganathan, P. and Malathi, C. 2011. In vitro antioxidant
evaluation of Mimosa pudica. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research,
2: 44-46.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., daFonseca, G.A.B. and Kent, J.
2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772):
853–858.
Nabavi, S.F., Nabavi, S.M., Hellio, C., Alinezhad, H., Zare, M., Azimi, R. and
Baharfar, R. 2012. Antioxidant and antihemolytic activities of methanol
extract of Hyssopus angustifolius. Journal of Applied Botany and Food
Quality, 85(2): 198.
Nagarajan, N.S., Murugesh, N., Thirupathy, K.P., Radha, N. and Murali, A. 2005.
Antidiabetic and antihyhyperlipidemic effects of Cleomeo felina. Fitoterapia,
76: 310-315.
Naim, M., Gestetner, B., Bondi, A. and Birk, Y. 1976. Antioxidative and
antihaemolytic activity of soybean isoflavones. Journal of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry, 24(6): 1174-1177.
Nair, R. and Sumitra, V.C. 2007. Antibacterial activities of some medicinal plants of
the western region of India. Turkish Journal of Biology, 31(4): 231-236.
179 �
Nantitanon, W., Chowwanapoonpohn, S. and Okonogi, S. 2007. Antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities of Hyptis suaveolens essential oil. Scientia
Pharmaceutica, 75(1): 35-46.
Naruthapata, C. and Supaporn, S. 2009. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activity
of herbal medicine samples. In: International Conference on Pure and Applied
Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, pp. 42-44.
Nayak, P.S., Kar, D.M. and Nayak, S. 2013. Evaluation of antidiabetic and
antioxidant activity of aerial parts of Hyptis suaveolens Poit. African Journal
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7(1): 1-7.
Nayak, P.S., Nayak, S., Kar, D.M. and Das, P. 2010. In vitro anthelmintic activity of
whole plant extracts of Hyptis suaveolens Poit. International Journal of
Current Pharmaceutical Research, 2(2): 50-51.
Nayar, M.P. 1996. Hotspots of Endemic Plants of India, Nepal and Bhutan,
Thiruvananthapuram. Tropical Botanical Garden Research Institute. Vedams
eBooks, New Delhi, India, p. 252.
Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M. and Snader, K.M. 2003. Natural products as sources of
new drugs over the period 1981-2002. Journal of Natural Products, 66(7):
1022-1037.
Niki, E. 1982. Antioxidants in relation to lipid peroxidation. Chemical Physical
Lipids, 44(2): 227-253.
Nipun, D., Vijay, S., Jaykumar, B., Kirti, S.P. and Richard, L. 2011. Antitumor
activity of Dendrophthoe falcata against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in swiss
albino mice. Pharmaceutical Crops, 2: 1-7.
Notkins, A.L. 2002. Immunologic and genetic factors in type 1 diabetes. Journal of
Biological Chemistry, 277(46): 43545-43548.
Noudogbessi, J.P., Alitonou, G.A., Djènontin, T., Avlessi, F., Figueredo, G., Chalard,
P. and Sohounhloue, D.C.K. 2013. Chemical compositions and physico-
chemical properties of three varieties essential oils of Cymbopogon giganteus
growing to the spontaneous state in Benin. Oriental Journal of Chemistry,
29(1): 59-67.
180 �
O’Brien, T.P., Feder, N. and Mc Cull, M.E. 1964. Polychromatic staining of plant cell
walls by toluidine blue-O. Protoplasma, 59(2): 368-373.
Odugbemi, T.O., Akinsulire, O.R., Aibinu, I.E. and Fabeku, P.O. 2007. Medicinal
plants useful for malaria therapy in Okeigbo Ondo state, southwest Nigeria.
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines,
4 (2): 191-198.
Ogundipe, O., Akinbiyi, O. and Moody, J.O. 1998. Antibacterial activities of essential
ornamental plants. Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine,
2: 46-47.
Okigbo, R.N., Agbata, C.A. and Echezona, C.E. 2010. Effect of leaf extract of
Azadirachta indica and Chromolaena odorata on post harvest spoilage fungi
of yams in storage. Current Research Journal of Soil Sciences, 2(1): 9-12.
Okonogi, S., Chansakaow, S., Vejabhikul, S., Tharavichitkul, P., Lerphokanont, J.,
Nakano, A. and Ikegami, F. 2005. Antimicrobial activity and pharmaceutical
development of essential oil from Hyptis suaveolens. Acta Horticulturae, 678:
163-169.
Okoye, E.I. and Chukwu, P.I. 2014. Extraction and preliminary structural elucidation
of alkaloid and flavonoid in Hyptis suaveolens. Peak Journal of Medicinal
Plant Research, 2 (4): 45-49.
Oliver-Bever, B. 1960. Nigeria’s useful plants, Part II. Medicinal plants. Nigerian
Field, 25 (1): 46-48.
Oliver-Bever, B. 1986. Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa, Cambridge
University Press, London, p. 225.
Omoyeni, O.A., Aterigbade, E., Akinyeye, R.O. and Olowu, R.A. 2012.
Phytochemical screening, nutritional/antinutritional and aminoacid
compositions of Nigeria Melanthera scandens. Scientific Reviews and
Chemical Communications, 2(1): 20-30.
Onwuliri, F.C. and Dawang, N.D. 2006. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and
ethanolic leaf extract of drumstick plant (Moringa oleifera Lam.) on some
bacterial species associated with gastrointestinal diseases. Nigerian Journal of
Botany, 19(2): 272-279.
181 �
Onyeke, C.C., Ajuziogu, G.C., Osayi, E.E., Nwani, C.D. and Odo, G.E. 2014.
Efficacy of soil amendment with leaf powder of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. in
the control of Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood on the African Yam
bean, Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst ex A. Rich) Harms. Plant Pathology
Journal, 13 (2): 112-119.
Oyedemi, S.O. and Afolayan, A.J. 2011. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of
hydroalcoholic stem bark extract of Schotia latifolia Jacq. Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(12): 952-958.
Pachkore, G.L. and Dhale, D.A. 2011. Pharmacognostic evaluation of Hyptis
suaveolens (L. Poit.) Lamiaceae. Journal of Ecobiotechnology, 3(3): 5-10.
Pachkore, G.L., Dhale, D.A. and Dharasurkar, A.N. 2011. Antimicrobial
and phytochemical screening of Hyptis suaveolens (L. Poit.) Lamiaceae,
International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 1(4): 01-03.
Panchal, R.G. 1998. Novel therapeutic strategies to selectively kill cancer cells.
Biochemical Pharmacology, 55(3): 247-252.
Panda, S.K., Thatoi, H.N. and Dutta, S.K. 2009. Antibacterial activity and
phytochemical screening of leaf and bark extracts of Vitex negundo L. from
Simlipal biosphere reserve, Orissa. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research,
3(4): 294-300.
Pankaj, 2005. http//www.celestine.india.com/hyptissuaveolens
Pant, A.K., Singh, A.K., Mathela, C.S., Parihar, R., Dev, V., Nerio, A.T. and Bottini,
A.T. 1992. Essential oil from Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Journal of Essential Oil
Research, 4(1): 9-13.
Parasuraman, S., Raveendran, R. and Madhavrao, C. 2009. GC-MS analysis of leaf
extracts of Cleistanthus collinus Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae). International Journal
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2): 284-286.
Parichad, L. and Krittaporn, N.N. 1990. Chemical constituents of Hyptis suaveolens
Poit. leaves. Natural Products Research Unit. Available online at
http://www.sc.chula.ac.th/department/chemistry/npru/SENIOR%20PROJECT.
htm.
182 �
Parr, A. and Bolwell, G.P. 2000. Phenols in the plant and in man: the potential for
possible nutritional enhancement of the diet by modifying the phenols content
or profile. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80(7): 985-1012.
Parsons, W.T. and Cuthbertson, E.G. 2001. Noxious weeds of Australia. CSIRO
Publishing, Collingwood, p. 698.
Paschka, A.G., Butler, R. and Young, C.Y. 1998. Induction of apoptosis in prostate
cancer cell lines by the green tea component, epigallocatechin-3- Gallate.
Cancer Letters, 130(1): 1-7.
Patil, B.J. and Madane, A.N. 2014. Effect of H. suaveolens (L.) Poit. and Eupatorium
odoratum L. leaf extracts on seed mycoflora of legume plants. Bioscience
Discovery, 5(2): 237-240.
Raj, K.P., Irudayaraj, V., Johnson, M. and Raja, D.P. 2011. Phytochemical and
anti-bacterial activity of epidermal glands extract of Christella parasitica (L.)
H. Lev. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(1): 8-11.
Paz, E.A., Cerdeiras, M.P. and Fernandez, F. 1995. Screening of Uruguayan
medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
45(1): 67-70.
Peerzada, N. 1997. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens.
Molecules, 2(11): 165-168.
Perandones, C.E., Iiiera, V.A., Peckham, D. and Stunz, L.L. 1993. Regulation of
apoptosis in vitro in mature spleen T-cell. The Journal of Immunology, 151(7):
3521-3528.
Pezutto, J.M. 1997. Plant-derived anticancer agents. Biochemical Pharmacology,
53(2): 121-133.
Pietta, P.G. 1998. Flavonoids in medicinal plants. In: Rice-Evans, C.A. and Packer, L.
(eds.), Flavonoids in Health and Disease. NewYork, Dekker, pp. 61-110.
Pietta, P.G. 2000. Flavonoids as antioxidant. Journal of Natural Products, 63(7):
1035-1042.
183 �
Pistelli, L. 2006. Phytochemicals from Lamiaceae: From Nutraceutics to
Hallucinogens. International Symposium on the Labiatae: Advances in
Production, Biotechnology and Utilization, Sanremo, Italy, p. 2.
Policegoudra, R.S., Abiraj, K., Gowda, D.C. and Aradhya, S.M. 2007. Isolation and
characterization of antioxidant and antibacterial compound from mango ginger
(Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome. Journal of Chromatography B Analytical
Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 852(1): 40-48.
Prabakar, K. and Jebanesan, A. 2004. Larvicidal efficacy of some Cucurbitacious
plant leaf extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Bioresource
Technology, 95(1): 113–114.
Prasanna, S.R. and Koppula, S.B. 2012. Antimicrobial and preliminary phytochemical
analysis of solvent extracts of Hyptis suaveolens from banks of river Krishna.
International Journal of Bio-Pharma Research, 1(1): 11-15.
Pratt, D.E. 1992. Natural anti-oxidants from plant material in phenolic compounds in
food and their effects on health, In: Hang, M., Ho, C. and Lee, C. Antioxidants
and cancer prevention (Acs symposium series 507), (ed.), American Chemical
Society, Washington DC, p. 54.
Priyadharshini, S.D. and Sujatha, V. 2013. Antioxidant and cytotoxic studies on two
known compounds isolated from Hyptis suaveolens leaves. International
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(4): 283-290.
Puls, W., Keup, U., Krause, H.P., Thomas, G. and Hoffmeister, F. 1997. Glucosidase
inhibition. Naturwissenschaften, 64(10): 536-537.
Rabe, T. and van Stoden, J. 2000. Isolation of an antimicrobial sesquiterpenoid from
Warbugie salutaris. Journal of Pharmacology, 93: 171-174.
Radford, I.R., Murphy, T.K., Radley, J.M. and Ellis, S.L. 1994. Radiation response of
mouse lymphoid and myeloid cell lines Part II. apoptotic death is shown by all
lines examined. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 65(2):
217-227.
184 �
Rai, I., Bachheti, R.K., Joshi, A. and Pandey, D.P. 2013. Physicochemical properties
and elemental analysis of some non cultivated seed oils collected from
Garhwal region, Uttarkhand (India). International Journal of Chem Tech
Research, 5(1): 232-236.
Raja, R.D.A., Prakash, J.W. and Jeeva, S. 2010. Antibacterial activity of some
medicinal plants used by Kani tribe, southern Western Ghats, Tamilnadu,
India. In: Trivedi, P.C. Ethnic tribes and medicinal plants. Pointer Publishers,
Jaipur, pp. 28-45.
Raja, R.D.A., Jeeva, S., Prakash, J.W., Johnson, M. and Irudayaraj, V. 2011.
Antibacterial activity of selected ethnomedicinal plants from South India.
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(5): 375-378.
Rajarajan, P.N., Rajasekaran, K.M. and Asha Devi, N.K. 2014. Antifungal and
phytochemical screening of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae on
aflatoxin producing fungi. Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy,
3(1): 50-52.
Rajeswari, G., Murugan, M. and Mohan, V.R. 2013. GC-MS analysis of bioactive
components of Hugonia mystax L. bark (Linaceae). Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 29(29): 818-824.
Ranilla, L.G., Kwon, Y.I., Apostolidis, E. and Shetty, K. 2010. Phenolic compounds,
antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes
relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal
plants, herbs and spices in Latin America. Bioresource Technology, 101(12):
4676-4689.
Rao, K.V.R., Rao, L.J.M. and Rao, N.S.P. 1990. An A-ring contracted triterpenoid
from Hyptis suaveolens. Phytochemistry, 29(4): 1326-1329.
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. and Rice-Evans, C.
1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation
decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9): 1231–1237.
Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, J.M. and Paganga, G. 1996. Structure-antioxidant activity
relationship of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radical Biology and
Medicine, 20(7): 933-956.
185 �
Riss, T.L. and Moravec, R.A. 2004. Use of multiple assay endpoints to investigate the
effects of incubation time, dose of toxin, and plating density in cell-based
cytotoxicity assays. Assay and Drug Development Technologies, 2(1): 51-62.
Robak, J. and Gryglewski, R.J. 1988. Flavonoids are scavengers of superoxide anions.
Biochemical Pharmacology, 37(5): 837-841.
Robert, E.B. 1971. Method for estimation of tannin in grain sorghum. Agronomy
Journal, 63(3): 511-512.
Rodgers, W.A. and Panwar, H.S. 1990. A Biogeographical Classification for
Conservation Planning. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India, p. 370.
Rojas, R., Bustmante, B. and Bauer, J. 2003. Antimicrobial activity of selected
Peruvian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 88(2): 199-204.
Rudal, P. 1980. Leaf anatomy of the subtribe Hyptidinae of Labiatae. Botanical
Journal of Linnean Society, 80(4): 319-340.
Russell, W.R., Baka, A., Bjorck, I., Delzenne, N., Gao, D., Griffiths, H.R.,
Hadjilucas, E., Juvonen, K., Lahtinen, S., Lansink, M., van Loon, L.,
Mykkanen, H., Ostman, E., Riccardi, G., Vinov, S. and Weickert, M.O. 2013.
Impact of diet composition on blood glucose regulation. Critical Reviews in
Food Science and Nutrition, doi: 10.1080/10408398.2013.792772.
Saify, Z.S., Farhad, J., Mushtaq, N., Noor, F., Akhtar, S., Arif, M., Naqvi, B.S. and
Shoaib, M.H. 2005. Antibacterial activity of 1-methyl-7-methoxy-�-carboline
and its phenacyl and coumarine analogues. Pakistan Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18(3): 39−41.
Sainani, G.S., Manik, J.S. and Sainani, R.G. 1997. Oxidative stress: A key factor in
pathogenesis of chronic diseases. Med Update, 1: 1.
Sajeesh, T., Arunachalam, K. and Parimelazhagan, T. 2011. Antioxidant and
antipyretic studies on Pothos scandens L. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
Medicine, 4(11): 889-899.
Sales, P.M., Souza, P.M., Simeoni, L.A. and Silveira, D. 2012. �-Amylase inhibitors:
a review of raw material and isolated compounds from plant source. Journal
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15(1): 141-183.
186 �
Salie, F., Eagles, P.F.K. and Leng, H.M.J. 1996. Preliminary screening of four South
African Asteraceae species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 52(1): 27-33.
Saluja, A.K., Santani, D.D. and Singh, J.D. 1981. A short note on chemical
constituents of Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Indian Drugs, 19: 84.
Saluja, A.K. and Santani, D.D. 1984. Chemical studies of Hyptis suaveolens Poit.
Indian Drugs, 21 (10): 423-424.
Samrot, A.V., Mattew, A.A. and Largus, S. 2010. Evaluation of bioactivity of various
Indian medicinal plants-an In vitro study. Internet Journal of Internal
Medicine, 8(2): DOI: 10.5580/de.
Santos, T.C., Marques, M.S., Menezes, I.A.C., Dias, K.S., Silva, A.B.L. and Mello,
I.C.M. 2007. Antinociceptive effect and acute toxicity of the Hyptis
suaveolens leaves aqueous extract on mice. Fitoterapia, 78(5): 333-336.
Sass, J.E. 1940. Elements of Botanical Microtechnique. Mc Graw Hill Book Co,
Newyork, p. 222.
Sastri, B.N. 1959. Wealth of India, Vol. V (H-K), Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research, New Delhi, pp. 75-98.
Sastry, V.M.V.S. and Rao, G.R.K. 1994. Antibacterial substances from marine algae:
successive extraction using benzene, chloroform and methanol. Botanica
Marina, 37(4): 357-360.
Sathishkumar, P.S. and Paulsamy, A.M. 2009. Effect of habitat variation on the
content of certain secondary metabolites of medicinal importance in the
leaves of the plant, Acacia caesia Wild. Journal of Advanced Plant Sciences,
22(11): 451-453.
Satish, A.P., Paresh, U.P. and Natavarlal, J.P. 2011. Absorbance correction method
for simultaneous determination of nebivolol and amlodipine besylate in
combined tablet dosage form. International Research Journal of Pharmacy,
2 (8): 92-95.
Satish, V., Ravichandrian, V.D., Gavani, U. and Paarakh, P. 2010. Antimicrobial
studies on the extracts of Cocculus hirsutus Linn. and Hyptis suaveolens Poit.
Indian Journal of Natural Products Resources, 1: 49-52.
187 �
Saxena, A. and Vikram, N.K. 2004. Role of selected Indian plants in management of
type 2 diabetes: A review. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary
Medicine, 10(2): 369-378.
Scott, L.J. and Spencer, C.M. 2000. Miglitol: a review of its therapeutic potential in
type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs, 59(3): 521-549.
Sengupta, A., Ghosh, S. and Bhattacharjee, S. 2004. Allium vegetables in
cancer prevention: an overview. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,
5(3): 237-245.
Senthilkumar, P.K. and Reetha, D. 2009. Screening of antimicrobial properties of
certain Indian medicinal plants. Journal of Phytology, 1(3): 193-198.
Shaalan, E.A.S., Canyon, D., Younes, M.W.F., Abdel-Wahab, H. and Mansour, A.H.
2005. A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential.
Environment International, 31(8): 1149-1166.
Shaikat, Z.H., Hossain, T. and Azam, G. 2014. Phytochemical screening and
antidiarrhoeal activity of Hyptis suaveolens. International Journal of Applied
Research in Natural Products, 5 (2): 1-4.
Shaikh, J., Uddin, I., Darren, G. and Evelin, T. 2011. Cytotoxic effects of Bangladeshi
medicinal plant extracts. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative
Medicine, 2011: 1-7.
Shale, T.L., Strik, W.A. and Sladen, V.J. 1999. Screening of plants used by southern
African traditional healers in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea for
prostaglandin systhesis inhibitors and uterine releasing activity. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 64(1): 9-14.
Shan, B., Cai, Y.Z., Sun, M. and Corke, H. 2005. Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice
extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents. Journal of the
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(20): 7749–7759.
188 �
Sharma, N., Verma, U.K. and Tripathi, A. 2007. Bioactivity of essential oil from
Hyptis suaveolens against storage mycoflora. In: Donahaye, E.J., Navarro, S.,
Bell, C., Jayas, D., Noyes, R. and Phillips, T.W. (eds.). Proceedings of
International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored
Product, Gold-Coast Australia, 8-13th August 2004. FTIC Ltd. Publishing,
Israel, pp. 99-116.
Sharma, N. and Tripathi, A. 2008. Integrated management of postharvest Fusarium rot
of gladiolus corms using hot water, UV-C and Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.
essential oil. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 47(2): 246–254.
Shenoy, C., Patil, M.B. and Kumar, R. 2009. Wound healing activity of Hyptis
suaveolens L.) Poit. International Journal of PharmTech Research,
1(3): 737-744.
Shirwaikar, A., Radhika, S., Udupa, A.L., Udupa, S.L. and Somashekar, S. 2003.
Wound healing property of ethanolic extract of leaves of Hyptis suaveolens
with supportive role of antioxidant enzymes. Indian Journal of Experimental
Biology, 41(3): 238-241.
Shoba, F.G. and Thomas, M. 2001. Study of antidiarrhoel activity of four medicinal
plants in castor oil induced diarrhoea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
76(1): 73-76.
Shreejayan, D. and Rao. N.A. 1997. Nitric oxide scavenging by curcuminoids.
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 49(1): 105-107.
Sidibe, L., Chalchat, J.C., Garri, R.P. and Harama, M. 2001. Aromatic plants of Mali
(III): chemical composition of essential oils of two Hyptis species:
H. suaveolens (L.) Poit. and H. spicigera Lam. Journal of Essential Oil
Research, 13(1): 55-57.
Sikkema, J., de Bont, J.A.M. and Poolman, B. 1994. Interactions of cyclic
hydrocarbons with biological membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry,
269(11): 8022-8028.
Singh, N.P. and Chowdhery, H.J. 2002. Biodiversity conservation in India, In: Das,
A.P. (ed.), Perspective of Plant Biodiversity. Department of Botany, North
Bengal University, West Bengal, India. pp. 501-527.
189 �
Singh, R., Singh, S., Kumar, S. and Arora, S. 2007. Studies on antioxidant potential of
methanol extract/fractions of Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. Food Chemistry,
103(2): 505-511.
Small, E. and Catling, P.M. 1999. Canadian Medicinal Crops. NRC Research Press,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada p. 240.
Smets, L.A. 1994. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) and response to anticancer
Drugs. Anticancer Drugs, 5(1): 3- 9.
Solai, R.P., Preeth, M. and Shobana, J. 2010. In vitro anti-oxidant activity of the
various extracts of Tribules terestris leaves by UV Spectrophotometer.
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Sciences, 1 (2): 152-155.
Soobrattee, M.A., Neergheen, V.S., Luximon-Ramma, A., Aruoma, O.I. and Bahorun,
T. 2005. Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: mechanism and
actions. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of
Mutagenesis, 579(1): 200 – 213.
Sreejayan, M. and Rao, M.N. 1996. Free radical scavenging activity of curcuminoids.
Arzneimittelforschung, 46(2): 169-171.
Stief, T.W. 2003. The physiology and pharmacology of singlet oxygen. Medical
Hypotheses, 60(4): 567- 572.
Sudha, P., Zinjarde, S.S., Bhargava, Y.S. and Kumar, R.A. 2011. Potent �-amylase
inhibitory activity of Indian ayurvedic medicinal plants. BMC Complementary
and Alternative Medicine, 11(1): 1-10.
Sukumar, K., Perich, M.J. and Boobar, L.R. 1991. Botanical derivatives in mosquito
control: a review. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association,
7(2): 210-137.
Sulta, H., Ali, J. and Annamalai, K. 2013. Comparative phytochemical and nutritional
studies of leaves of three different localities of Hyptis suaveolens (L). Poit,
Lamiaceae members. International Journal of Current Molecular Research,
1(1): 16-17.
190 �
Sun, J., Chu, Y.F. and Wu, X.Z. 2002. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities
of common fruits. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 50(25):
7449-7454.
Sun, L., Hui, A.M., Su, Q., Vortmeyer, A., Kotliarov, Y., Pastorino, S. and Fine, H.A.
2006. Neuronal and glioma-derived stem cell factor induces angiogenesis
within the brain. Cancer Cell, 9(4): 287-300.
Syamasundar, K.V., Vinodh, G., Srikanth, S. and Balakishan, B. 2012. Variations in
volatile oil compositions of different wild collections of Hyptis suaveolens
(L.) Poit from Western Ghats of India. Journal of Pharmacognosy,
3(2): 131-135.
Tachakittirungrod, S. Okonogi, S. and Chowwanapoonpohn, S. 2007. Study on
antioxidant activity of certain plants in Thailand: mechanism of antioxidant
action of guava leaf extract. Food Chemistry, 103(2): 381–388.
Tahir, S.S., Khenam, M. and Husain, S.Z. 1995. A micromorphological study of
Pogostemon Desf. species (Lamiaceae) from Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of
Botany, 27(1): 73-82.
Tapsell, L.C., Hemphill, I. and Cobiac, L. 2006. Health benefits of herbs and spices;
the past, the present, the future. Medical Journal of Australia, 185(4): S4-24.
Taylor, J.L.S., Rabe, T., Megano, L.J., Jager, A.K. and van Slaten, J. 2001. Towards
the scientific validation of traditional medicinal plants. Plants Growth
Regulator, 34(1): 23-37.
Teixeira, B., Marques, A., Ramos, C., Neny, N.R., Nogueira, J.M.F., Saraiva, J.A. and
Nunes, M.L. 2013. Chemical composition and antibacterial and antioxidant
properties of commercial essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products,
43: 587-595.
Telford, W.G., King, L.E. and Fraker, P.J. 1991. Evaluation of glucocorticoid-induced
DNA fragmentation in mouse thymocytes by flow cytometry. Cell
Proliferation, 24(5): 447-459.
Thambiraj, J. and Paulsamy, S. 2012. Rapid in vitro multiplication of the
ethnomedicinal shrub, Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. (Mimosaceae) from leaf
explants. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(2): S618–S622.
191 �
Thornes, R.D. 1997. Clinical and biological observations associated with coumarins,
In: Kennedy, R.O. and Thornes, R.D. (eds.), Coumarins: biology, applications
and mode of action. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, p. 256.
Tonk, S., Bartarya, R., Kumari, K.M., Bhatnagar, V.P. and Srivastava, S.S. 2006.
Effective method for extraction of larvicidal component from leaves of
Azadirachta indica and Artemisia annua Linn. Journal of Environmental
Biology, 27(1): 103-105.
Topçu, G., Tümen, G., Kılıç, T., Gören, A.C., Barla, A., Türkmen, Z. and Kingston,
D.G.I. 2009. Bioactive Turkish plant extracts and their constituents.
In: Sener, B. (ed.), Innovations in Chemical Biology, Springer Science,
doi: 10. 1007/978-1-4020-6955-0. pp. 61-81.
Towers, G.H., Lopez, A. and Hudson, J.B. 2001. Antiviral and antimicrobial activities
of medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 77: 189-196.
Tsao, R. and Deng, Z. 2004. Separation procedures for naturally occurring antioxidant
phytochemicals. Journal of Chromatography B, 812(1): 85-99.
Udaykumar, P. 2005. Textbook of Medical Pharmacology, CBS Publishers,
New Delhi, p. 317.
Udhayakala, P., Rajendiran, T.V., Seshadri, S. and Gunasekaran, S. 2011. Quantum
chemical vibrational study, molecular property and HOMO-LUMO energies
of 3-bromoacetophenone for Pharmaceutical application. Journal of Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Research, 3(3): 610-625.
Umedum, N.L., Udeozo, I.P., Muoneme, O., Okoye, N. and Iloamaeke, I. 2013.
Proximate analysis and mineral content of three commonly used seasonings in
Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food
Technology, 5(1): 11-14.
Uzama, D., Ikoko, P.P., Fagbohun, A. and Rabiu, L.D. 2013. GC-MS analysis of
Hyptis suaveolens essential oil. International Journal of Natural Product
Science, 3(3): 21-24.
Vahabi, K., Mansoori, G. and Karimi, V. 2011. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles
by fungus Trichoderma reesei. Insciences Journal, 1(1): 65-79.
192 �
van Hac, L., Khoi, T.T., Dung, N.X., Mardarowicz, M. and Leclercq, P.A. 1996.
A new chemotype of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. from the Nghe an province,
Vietnam. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 8(3): 315-318.
van Seters, 1995. A remedial treasure in our tropical timberyard? Medicine and
Global Survival, 2(4): 248-251.
van Wyk, B., Gericke, N. and van Oudtshoorn, B. 2000. Medicinal Plants of South
Africa. Briza Publications. Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 304-312.
Velioglu, Y.S., Mazza, G. and Gao, L. 1998. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics
in selected fruits, vegetables and grain products. Journal of Agriculture and
Food Chemistry, 46(10): 4113-4117.
Vera-Arzave, C., Antonio, L.C., Arrieta, J., Cruz-Hernández, G., Velázquez-Méndez,
A.M., Reyes-Ramírez, A. and Sánchez-Mendoza, M.E. 2012. Gastroprotection
of suaveolol, isolated from Hyptis suaveolens, against ethanol-induced gastric
lesions in wistar rats: role of prostaglandins, nitric oxide and sulfhydryls.
Molecules, 17(8): 8917-8927.
Verma, L., Khatri, A., Kaushik, B., Patil, K.U. and Pawar, S.R. 2010. Antidiabetic
activity of Cassia occidentalis (Linn.) in normal and alloxan induced diabetic
rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 42(4): 224-228.
Vijayabaskaran, M., Babu, G. and Venkateswaramurthy, N. 2010. In vitro antioxidant
potential of ethanolic bark extract of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. International
Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, 2(3): 320- 326.
Vinay, R.P., Prakash, R.P. and Sushil, S.K. 2010. Antioxidant activity of some
selected medicinal plants in western region of India. Advanced Biology
Research, 4(1): 23-26.
Vinayak, R.C., Sabu, A.S. and Anil, C. 2010. Bio-evaluation of two red seaweeds for
their cytotoxic and antioxidant activities in vitro. Journal of Complementary
and Integrative Medicine, 7(1): 42-45.
Visioli, F., Keaney, J.F. and Halliwell, B. 2000. Antioxidants and cardiovascular
disease; pancreas or tonics for tired sheep. Cardiovascular Research,
47: 409-418.
193 �
Vlietinck, A.J., van Hoof, L. and Totte, J. 1995. Screening of hundred Rwandese
medicinal plants for antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 46(1): 31-47.
Wang, H., Cao, G. and Prior, R.L. 1997. Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of
anthrocyanins. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 45(2): 304-309.
Wang, J.S., Zhao, M.M., Zhao, Q.Z. and Jiang, Y.M. 2007. Antioxidant properties of
papain hydrolysates of wheat gluten in different oxidation systems. Food
Chemistry, 101(4): 1658-1663.
Wang, L. 2008. Dissection of mechanisms of Chinese medicinal formula Realgar-
Indigo naturalis as an effective treatment for promyelocytic leukemia.
Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA, 105(12): 4826-4831.
Warrier, P.K., Nambier, V.P. and Ramankutty, C. 2005. Indian Medicinal Plants- A
Compendium of 500 species, Vol. 5, Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, pp.
138-140.
Watson, A.J. 1995. Manipulation of cell death-the development of novel strategies for
the treatment of gastrointestinal disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, 9(3): 215-226.
Werker, E., Putievsky, E., Ravid, U., Duda, N. and Katziri, I. 1993. Glandular hairs
and essential oil in developing leaves of Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae).
Annals of Botany, 71(1): 43-50.
Werker, E. 2006. Function of essential oil-secreting glandular hairs in aromatic plants
of Lamiaceae a review. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 8(5): 249-255.
WHO, 1995. Manual for Treatment of Diarrhoeal Diseases. World Health
Organization/Corporate Debt Restructurina, Geneva, p. 3.
WHO, 1996. Resistance to antimicrobial agents. Bull Scientific Working Group,
World Health Organization, Geneva, 71: 335-336.
WHO, 2000. General guidelines for methodologies on research and evaluation on
traditional medicine. WHO/EMD/TRM/2001.1, Geneva, Switzerland,
pp. 1-70.
194 �
WHO, 2002. Laboratory Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus. 20 Avenue
Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, pp. 1-29.
Williamson, P., van den Eijnde, S. and Schlegel, R.A. 2001. Phosphatidylserine
exposure and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Methods in Cell Biology,
66: 339-364.
Wils, P., Warnery, A., Phung-ba, V., Legrain, S. and Scherman, D. 1994. High
lipophilicity decreases drug transport across intestinal epithelial cells. Journal
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 269(2): 654- 658.
Wink, M., Alfermann, A.W., Franke, R., Wetterauer, B., Distl, M., Windhovel, J.,
Krohn, O., Fuss, E., Garden, H., Mohagheghzaden, A., Wildi, E. and
Ripplinger, P. 2005. Sustainable bioproduction of phytochemicals by plant in
vitro cultures; anticancer agents. Plant Genetic Resources, 3(02): 90-100.
Wink, M. 2008. Evolutionary advantage and molecular modes of action of
multi-component mixtures used in phytomedicine. Current Drug Metabolism,
9(10): 996-1009.
Witayapan, N., Sombat, C. and Okonogi, S. 2007. Antioxidant and antimicrobial
activities of Hyptis suaveolens essential oil. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 75(1):
35-46.
Wolf, B.B., Schuler, M., Echeverri, F. and Green, D.R. 1999. Caspase-3 is the
primary activator of apoptotic DNA fragmentation via DNA fragmentation
factor-45/inhibitor of caspase-activated DNAse inactivation. Journal of
Biological Chemistry, 274(43): 30651-30656.
Wretenjo, I. and Karlberg, B. 2002. Characterization of sterols in refined borage oils
by GC-MS. Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society, 79(11): 1069-1074.
Xiao, J., Ni, X., Kai, G. and Chen, X. 2013. A review on structure-activity
relationship of dietary polyphenols inhibiting alpha-amylase. Critical Reviews
in Food Science and Nutrition, 53(5): 497-506.
Ximenes, R.M., Melo, A.M., Magalhães, L.P.M., de Souza, I.A. and de Albuquerque,
J.F.C. 2012. Antitumor activity of leaves from Hyptis mutabilis (A. Rich.)
Briq. (Lamiaceae) in mice bearing tumor. Dataset Papers in Pharmacology,
2013: 1-4.
195 �
Yang, C.S., Landau, J.M. and Huang, M.T. 2001. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by
dietary polyphenolic compounds. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21(1): 381-406.
Yaouba, A., Tatsadjieu, N., Jazet, D.P.M. and Mbofung, C.M. 2012. Inhibition of
fungal development in maize grains under storage condition by essential oils.
International Journal of Bioscience, 2 (6): 41-48.
Yasunaka, K., Abe, F. and Nagayama, A. 2005. Antibacterial activity of crude
extracts from Mexican medicinal plants and purified coumarins and
xanthones. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 97(2): 293-299.
Yoganarasimhan, S.N. 2000. Hyptis suaveolens. In: Srinivasan, V. and Kosal Ram, N.
(ed.), Medicinal Plants of India. Vol. II. Bangalore: Cyber Media, wealth,
p. 282.
Young, I.S. and Wood, J.V. 2001. Antioxidants in health and disease. Journal of
Clinical Pathology, 54(3): 176-186.
Zamzami, N., Susin, S.A. and Marchetti, P. 1996. Mitochondrial control of nuclear
apoptosis. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 183(4): 1533-1544.
Zebitz, C.P.W. 1984. Effects of some crude and azadirachtin enriched neem
Azadirachita indica seed kernel extracts on larvae of Aedes aegypti.
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 35: 11–14.
Zeshan, S.H., Hossain, T. and Azam, G. 2012. Phytochemical screening and
antidiarrhoeal activity of Hyptis suaveolens. Internet Journal of Applied
Research in Natural Products, 5(2): 1-4.
Zheng, W. and Wang, S.Y. 2001. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in
selected herbs. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 49(11):
5165-5170.
Ziegler, H.L., Jensen, T.H., Christensen, J., Staerk, D., Hagerstrand, H., Sittie, A.A.,
Olsen, C.E., Staalso, T., Ekpe, P. and Jaroszewski, J.W. 2002. Possible
artifacts in the in vitro determination of antimalarial activity of natural
products that incorporate into lipid bilayer: apparent antiplasmodial
activity of dehyroabientinol, a constituent of Hyptis suaveolens.
Planta Medica, 68(6): 547-549.