194

REFERENCES

195

Abd-El-Khair H., Khalifa, R. Kh. M. and Karima, Haggag H. E. 2010. Effect of

Trichoderma species on damping off diseases incidence, some plant enzymes activity and

nutritional status of bean plants. J. Amer. Sci. 6:122-134.

Abd El-Motty, Elham Z., El-Metwally, Selim., Rifaat Abou, Youssef. and Ahmed

Farahat Sahab. 2010. Studies on growth, nutritional and microbiological status of citrus

seedlings infested with root-rot disease.Nature and Science 8:112-121.

Abeles, F.B., Bosshart, R.P. and Fortence, L.F. 1970. Preparation and purification of

glucanase and chitinase from bean leaves. Plant Physiol.47: 129-134.

Abeles, F.B. and Forrence L.E. 1970. Temporal and hormonal control of β -1,3 glucanase in

Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Physiol. 45: 395-400.

Abo-Elyousr, A.M.K., Hussein, M.A.M., Allam, A.D.A. and Hassan, A.H.M. 2008.

Enhanced onion resistance against stemphylium leaf blight disease, caused by Stemphylium

vesicarium, by di-potassium phosphate and benzothiadiazole treatments. Plant Pathol. J. 24 :

171–177.

Abu-Goukh, A. A., Greve, L. C. and Labavitch, J. M. 1983. Purification and partial

characterization of “Barlett” pear fruit polygalacturonase inhibitors. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 23:

111-122.

Achore, D.S., Nemec S. and Baker, R.A. 1993. Effects of Fusarium solani anphthazarin toxins

on the cytology and ultra structure of rough lemon seedlings. Mycopathologia 123: 117-126.

Agrios , G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology (4th

ed.) Academic Press, New York.

196

Aguilar, E.A., Turner, D.W. and Sivasithamparam, K. 2000. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.

cubense inoculation and hypoxia alter peroxidase and phenylalanine lyase activities in nodal

roots of banana cultivars (Musa sp) differing in their susceptibility to Fusarium wilt. Aust.

Jour. Bot. 48: 589-596.

Ahmed, E.M. and Young, C.T. 1982. Composition, quality, and flavor of peanuts. In: Peanut

Science and Technology. (Eds.) H.E. Pattee and C.T.Young. American Peanut Research and

Education Society, Inc., Yoakum , TX. pp. 655-688.

Ahring, R.M., Banks, D.J. and Springer, T.L. 1987. Peanut seedling responses to root

temperature controlled by a thermogradient sandbox. Proc. Amer. Peanut Res. Edu. Soc. 19:39.

Aist, J.R. 1983. Structural responses as resistance mechanisms. In: The dynamics of host

defence. (Eds.) J. A. Bailey and B.J. Deverall. Academic Press, London.pp. 33-70

Ajith, P.S. and Lakshmidevi, N. 2010. Effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds from

Trichoderma spp. against Colletotrichum capsici incitant of Anthracnose on Bell peppers.

Nature and Science 8:265-269.

Aktar, Husain. and Dimond, A.E. 1960. Role of cellulolytic enzyme in pathogenesis of

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.Phytopathol. 50: 329-331.

Alabouvette, Claude., Olivain, Chantal., Migheli, Quirico. and Steinberg, Christian. 2009.

Microbiological control of soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi with special emphasis on wilt-

inducing Fusarium oxyporum. New Phytol. 184: 529-544.

197

Ali, B., Hasan S.A., Hayat, S., Hayat, Q., Yadav, S., Fariduddin, Q. and Ahmad, A. 2007. A

role for brassinosteroids in the amelioration of aluminium stress through antioxidant system in

mung bean. Environ. Exp. Bot.62: 53-159.

Alstrom, S. 1995. Evidence of disease resistance induced by rhizosphere Pseudomonad against

Pseudomonas syringae pv.phaseolicola. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 41: 315-325.

Alwathnani, Hend A. and Perveen Kahkashan. 2012. Biological control of Fusarium wilt of

tomato by antagonist fungi and cyanobacteria. African J. Biotech. 11: 1100-1105.

Amsellem, Z., Zidack, N.K., Quimby Jr, P.C. and Gressel, J. 1999. Long-term dry

preservation of viable mycelia of two mycoherbicidal organisms. Crop Prot. 18: 643-649.

Anderson, A. S. and Guerra, D. 1985. Responses of bean to root colonization with

Pseudomonas putida in a hydroponic system. Phytopathol. 75: 992-995.

Anita, B., Rajendran, G. and Samiyappan, R. 2004. Induction of systemic resistance in

tomato against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita by Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Nematologia Mediterranea 32: 47-51.

Anwar, Ali ., Bhat G.N. and Bhat, K.A. 2008. Mycoparasitic behaviour of certain bioagents

against sheath blight pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani) of rice. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol.38: 135-137.

Appel, D.J. and Gordan, T.R. 1996. Relationships among pathogenic and non pathogenic

isolates of Fusarium oxysporum, based on the partial sequence of the intergenic spacer region of

the ribosomal DNA. Molecular Plant- Microbe Interactions 9:125-138.

198

Armstrong, G.M. and Armstrong, J.K. 1981. Formae speciales and races of Fusarium

oxysporum causing wilt diseases. In :Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy. (Eds.) P.E.

Nelson. T.A. Toussoun and R.J. Cook. The Pennysylvania State University Press, University

Park. pp. 391-399.

Armstrong, G.M., Armstrong, J.K. and Billington R.V.1975. Fusarium oxysporum Forma

Specialis Voandzeiae , a New Form Species Causing Wilt of Bambarra Grundnut. Mycologia

67:709-714.

Asha, A.N. and Kannabiran, B. 2001a. Effect of Datura metal leaf extract on the enzymatic

and nucleic acid changes in the chilli seedlings infected with Colletotrichum capsici. Indian

phytopath. 54: 373-375.

Asha, A.N. and Kannabiran, B. 2001b. Changes in the seedlings of Capsicum annum L.

infected with Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler and Bisby in response to leaf extract of

Datura metel M . Geobios. 28: 65-66.

Ayed, F., Daami-Remadi, M., Jabnoun-Khiareddine, H. and El Mahjoub, M. 2007. In vitro

and in vivo evaluation of some biofungicides for potato Fusarium wilt biocontrol,

Int.J.Agri.Res.2:282-288.

Ayed, F., Daami-Remadi, M., Jabnoun-Khiareddine, H. and El Mahjoub, M. 2006. Potato

vascular fusarium wilt in Tunisia: Incidence and biocontrol by Trichoderma sp. Plant Pathol. J.

5: 92-98.

199

Aziz, N.H. and Mahrous, S.R. 2004. Effect of gamma irradiation on aflatoxin B1production by

Aspergillus flavus and chemical composition of three crop seeds. Nahrunig 48: 234-238.

Backman, P.A. and Brenneman, T.B.1997. Stem rot. In: Compendium of Peanut Diseases, (2nd

ed.) (Eds.) N.Kokalis- Burelle, D.M.Porter, R.Rodriguez-Kabana, D.H.Smith. and P.

Subrahmanyam American Phytopathological Society, St.Paul,MN. pp.36-37.

Badar Rabia and Qureshi Shamim A. 2012. Comparative effect of Trichoderma hamatum and

host-specific Rhizobium species on growth of Vigna mungo. Jour. Applied Pharmaceutical Sci.

2: 128-132

Baker, E. F. and Cook, R.J. 1974. Biological control of plant pathogens. W.H. Freeman & Co.

Sanfransisco. pp. 433.

Bartniki- Garcia S.1968 .Cell wall chemistry, morphogenesis, and taxonomy of fungi. Ann.

Rev. Microbiol. 22: 87-108.

Basu, M.S. and Ghosh, P.K. 1995. The Status of Technologies used to achieve high Groundnut

Yields in India. In: Achieving High Ground nut Yields. ICRISAT, Patancheru, India.

Bateman, D.F. and Bashman, H.G. 1976. Degradation of plant cell walls and membranes by

microbial enzymes. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. (Eds.) Heittefuss, R. and Williams,

P.H. Springer Verlag, Berlin. pp. 316-355.

200

Bates, L.S., Waldren. R.P. and Teare, I.D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water

stress studies. Plant and Soil.39: 205-208.

Beckman C.H. 2000. Phenolic-storing cells: keys to programmed cell death and periderm

formation in wilt disease resistance and in general defense responses in plants. Physiol. Mol.

Plant Pathol. 57:101–110.

Beckman, C.H. 1964. Host responses in wilt diseases. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 2: 231-252.

Beckman, C.H. 1987. The nature of wilt diseases in plants. Amer. Phytopathol. Soc. St, Paul

MN., USA. 175pp

Beckman, C.H. and Roberts, E.M. 1995. On the nature and genetic basis for resistance and

tolerance of fungal wilt disease. Adv. Bot. Res. 21: 35-77.

Beckman, C.H., Mace, M.E., Halmos, S. and Mc Gahan, M.W. 1961. Physical barriers

associated with resistance in Fusarium wilt of bananas. Phytopathol. 51: 507-515.

Beckman C.H., Halmos, S., and Mace, M.E. 1962. The interaction of host pathogen and soil

temperature in relation to susceptibility to Fusarium wilt of bananas. Phytopathol.52:134-140.

Bell, D.K., Wells, H.D and Markham, C.R. 1982. In vitro antagonism of Trichoderma spp.

against six fungal plant pathogens. Phytopathol. 72:379-382.

Benhamou N., Gagne, S., Quere, D.L. and Dehbi, L. 2000. Bacterial mediated induced

resistance in cucumber beneficial effect of the endophytic bacterium Serratia plymuthica on the

protection against infection by Pythium ultimum. Phytopathol. 90: 45–46.

Bhargava, P.N., Pradhan, A. and Das, M.N. 1974. Influence of rainfall on crop production.

JNKVV Res. Jour. 8:22-29.

201

Bhuvanendra Kumar, H., Udaya Shankar, A.C., Chandra Nayaka, S., Ramachandra Kini,

K., Shetty, H.S. and Prakash, H.S. 2010. Biochemical characterization of Fusarium oxysporum

f.sp.cubense isolates from India. Afri. Jour. Biotech. 9: 523-530

Bi, J.L. and Felton G.W. 1995. Foliar oxidative stress and insect herbivory: primary

compounds, secondary metabolites and reactive oxygen species as components of induced resis-

tance. J. Chem. Ecol. 21: 1511–1530.

Bily, AC., Reid, L.M. and Taylor, J H. 2003. Dehydrodimers of ferulic acid in maize grain

pericarp and aleurone: resistance factors to Fusarium graminearum. Phytopathol.93:712–719.

Bishop, C.D. and Cooper, R.M. 1983a. An ultrastructural study of root invasion of three

vascular wilt diseases. Physiol. Mol. Pl. Pathol. 22: 15-27.

Bishop, C.D. and Cooper , R.M. 1983b. An ultrastructural study of root invasion in three

vascular wilt diseases 1. Colonization of susceptible cultivars. Physiol. Pl. Pathol. 23: 323-343.

Booth, C. 1971. The genus Fusarium. Kew, Surrey, UK. Common wealth Mycological

Institute .pp.237.

Bora, T., Ozaktan, H., Gore. E. and Aslan, E. 2004. Biological control of Fusarium

oxysporum f.sp. melonis by wettable powder formulations of the two strains of Pseudomonas

putida. J.Phytopathol.152: 471-475.

Borowitz, J.J., Stankie- Diez, M., Lewicka, T. and Zukowska, Z. 1992. Inhibition of fungal

cellulase, pectinase and xylanase activity of plant growth promoting fluorescent Pseudomonads.

Bull. OILB/SROP. 15:103-106.

202

Bowers, J.H. and Locke, J.C. 2000. Effect of botanical extracts on the population density of

Fusarium oxysporum in soil and control of Fusarium wilt in the greenhouse. Plant Dis. 84: 300-

305.

Brasier, C.M. 1975. Stimulation of sex organ formation of Phytophthora by antagonistic species

of Trichoderma. I. The effect in vitro. New Phytologist 74:183-194.

Bray, H.G. and Thorpe, W.V. 1954. Analysis of phenolic compounds of interest in

metabolism. Meth. Biochem. Anal. 1 : 27-52.

Brown, M. E. and Beringer, J. E. 1983. The potential for antagonists for fungal control.

Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 10:127-141

Brunner, K., Peterbauer, C.K., Mach, R.L., Lorito, M., Zeilinger, S. and Kubicek, R.L.

2003. The Nacetylglucosaminidase of Trichoderma atroviride is essential for chitinase induction

induction by chitin of and major relevance to bio-control. Curr. Gen.43: 289-295.

Burton, A.J. 1956. The study of the conditions and mechanism of the diphenylamine reaction

for the colorimetric estimation of DNA. Biochem. J. 62: 315-323.

*Busso, G., Civitaresi, M., Geymonat, A. and Roig, R. 2004. Situacion socioeconomic de la

produccion de mani’ y derivados en la region sur de Cordoba. Fundacion Mano Argentino-

Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. pp.123-133.

Caruso, C., Chilosi, G., Leonard, L., Bertin, L., Magro, P., Buonocore, V. and Caporale.

2001. A basic peroxidase from wheat kernel with antifungal activity. Phytochem. 72: 248 – 254.

Cattelan, A.J., Hartel ,P.G. and Fuhrmann, J.J. 1999. Screening for plant growth - promoting

rhizobacteria to promote early soybean growth. Soil Soc.Am. J. 63:1670-1680

203

Cavalcanti, F.R., Resende, M. L.V., Carvalho, C.P.S., Silveira, J.A.G. and Oliveira, J.T.A.

2006. Induced defense responses and protective effects on tomato against Xanthomonas

vesicatoria by aqueous extract from Solanum lycocarpum infected with Crinipellis perniciosa.

Biol. Control. 39:408–417.

Cavalcanti, F.R., Resende, M.L., Lima, S.P., Silveira, J.A. and Oliveira, J.T. 2007.Activities

of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic responses in tomato pre-treated by plant activators

and inoculated by Xanthomonas vesicatoria. Physiol.Mol.Plant Pathol. 68: 198–208.

Cervone, F., De Lorenzo, G., Degra, L., Salvi, G. and Bergami, M. 1987. Purification and

characterization of a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein from Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant

Physiol. 85: 631-637.

Cervone, F., Hahn, M.G., De Lorenzo, G., Darvill, A. and Albersheim, P. 1989. Host-

pathogen interactions.XXXIII. A plant protein converts a fungal pathogenesis factor into an

elicitor of plant defense responses. Plant Physiol. 90: 542-548.

Chakrabarti, D.K. and Basuchaudhary, K.C.1979. Enzymes produced by Fusarium

oxysporum f.sp. carthami incitant of safflower wilt and their effect on host tissue. Indian

Phytopath. 32: 202-205.

Chakrabarty, P. K., Mukewar, PM., Rai, S. and Saravan, V.K. 2002. Blochemica1 factors

governing resistance in diploid cotton against grey mildew. Indian Phytopath. 55:140-146.

Chakraborty, M.R. and Chatterjee N.C. 2007. Interaction of Trichoderma harzianum with

Fusarium solani during its pathogenesis and the associated resistance of the host. Asian J. Exp.

Sci. 21: 353–357.

204

Chakraborty, M.R and Chatterjee, N.C .2008. Control of Fusarium wilt of Solanum

melongena by Trichoderma spp. Biological plantarum 52:582-586

Chakraborty, M.R., Dutta, S., Ojha, S., and Chatterjee, N.C. 2004. Antagonistic potential of

biocontrol agents against Botryodiplodia theobrome causing dieback of Bottle brush

(Callistemon citrinus). Acta bot.hung. 46: 279-286.

Challinor, A.J., Salingo, J.M., Wheeler, T.R., Craufurd, P.Q. and Grimes, D.I.F. 2003.

Towards a combined seasonal weather and crop productivity forecasting system: Determination

of the spatial correlation scale. J. Appl. Meteorol. 42: 175-192.

Charita Devi, M. and Radha, Y. 2012. Induced biochemical changes in the CMV infected

cucurbit plants. Ann. Biol. Res. 3:863-870

Chen, C., Belanger, R.R., Benhamou, N. and Paulitz, T. 2000. Defense enzymes induced in

cucumber roots by treatment with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and Pythium

aphanidermatum. Physiol.Mol.Plant Pathol. 56: 13-23.

Christou, T. and Snyder, W.C. 1962. Penetration and host-parasite relationships of Fusarium

solani f.phaseoli in the bean plant. Phytopathol. 52: 219-226.

Claydon, N., Allan, M., Hanson, J.R. and Avent, A.G. 1987. Antifungal alkyl pyrenes of

Trichoderma harzianum. Trans. British Mycol. Soc. 88:503-513.

Cobb, W.Y. and Johnson, B.R.1973. Physiochemical properties of peanuts. In: Peanuts:

Cultures and Uses. American Peanut Research and Education Association, Stillwater, UK.

pp.209-264

205

Collmer, A. and Keen. N. T. 1986. The role of pectic enzymes in plant pathogenesis. Annu.

Rev. Plant Dis. 24: 383-409.

Conway, W. S., Gross, K. C., Boyer, C. D. and Sams C. E. 1988. Inhibition of Penicillium

expansum polygalacturonase activity by increased apple cell wall calcium. Phytopathol. 78:

1052-1055.

Cook, R.J. and Schroth, M.N. 1965. Carbon and nitrogen compounds and germination of

chlamydospores of Fusarium solani f. phaseoli. Phytopathol. 55:254-256.

Cooper, R.M. 1983. The mechanisms and significance of enzyme degradation of host cell walls

by parasites. In: Biochemical Plant Pathology. (Ed.) Callow, J. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

pp. 101-135.

Cooper, R. M. 1984. Plant diseases. In: R. K. S. Wood and G. J. Jellis (Eds.) Infection, Damage

and Loss. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. pp. 13-27.

*Costa, A.S. 1941. Una molestia de virus de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) A manchaanular.

Biologico 7: 249-51

Cotes, A.M., Lepoivre, P. and Semal, J. 1996. Correlation between hydrolytic enzyme activity

measured in bean seedlings after Trichoderma kiningii treatment combined with pre germination

and the protective effect against Pythium splendens. Eur.J.Plant Pathol. 102: 497-506.

Cox, F.R. 1979. Effect of temperature treatment on peanut vegetative and fruit growth. Peanut

Sci. 6:14-17.

Craufurd, P.Q., Prasad, P.V.V. and Summerfield, R.J. 2002. Dry matter production and rate

of change of harvest index at high temperature in peanut. Crop Sci. 42:146-151.

206

Culbreath, A.K., Todd, J.W. and Demski, J.W. 1992. Productivity of florunner peanut

infected with tomato spotted wilt virus. Peanut Sci. 19:11-14.

Cutler, S.J. and Cutler, H.G. 1999. Biologically active natural products: Pharmaceuticals,

CRS press, New York.

Daniels, M.J .1992. Report on the Sixth International Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe

Interactions, Seattle, July 11-16 1992, Plant Mol. Bio. 20: 3-5.

Danielson, R.M. and Davey, C.B. 1973. The abundance of Trichoderma propagules and the

distribution of species in forest soils. Soil Biol.Biochem. 5: 486-494.

Das, S., Aggarwal, R. and Singh, D.V. 2003. Differential induction of defense related enzymes

involved in lignin biosynthesis in wheat in response to spot bloth infection. Indian Phytopathol.

56: 129–133.

Davis, D. 1966. Cross- infection in Fusarium wilt. Phytopathol. 56: 825-828.

De Ascensao ARFDC and Dubery, I.A. 2003. Soluble and wall-bound phenolics and phenolic

polymers in Musa acuminata roots exposed to elicitors from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.

Phytochem.63:679–686.

Debnath, M., Sharma, S.L. and Kant, U. 1998.Changes in carbohydrates and hydrolyzing

enzymes in white rust of Brassica juncea(L.)Czern.and Coss.caused by Albugo candida in vivo

and in vitro. J. Phytol. Res.11:81-82.

De Cal, A., Pascual , S. and Malgarejo, P. 1997. A rapid laboratory method for assessing the

biological potential of Penicillium oxalicum against Fusarium wilt of tomato. Plant Pathol.

46:699-707.

207

Deese, D. C. and Stahman, M. M. 1962. Pectic enzymes in Fusarium - infected susceptible and

resistant tomato plants. Phytopathol. 52: 255-260.

Defago, G and Haas, D. 1990. Pseudomonads as antagonists of soil –borne plant pathogens:

mode of action and genetic analysis. In: Bollag JM, Stotsky G, (Eds.) Soil Biochemistry. New

York, USA: Marcel Dekker Inc, pp.249-291.

De Lorenzo, G., D’ Ovidio R. and Cervone, F. 2001. The role of polygalacturonase-inhibiting

proteins (PGIPs) in defense against pathogenic fungi. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 9:313-335.

De Meyer, G., Bigirimana, J., Elad, Y. and Hofte M.1998. Induced systemic resistance in

Trichoderma harzianum T39 biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.104:279-286.

Denis, C. and Webster, J.1971. Antagonistic properties of Trichoderma species. Transactions

of the British Mycological Soc., 57:363-365.

De Vries, R.P. and Visser, J. 2001. Aspergillus enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell

wall polysaccharides. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65: 497-522.

Di'az, J., Silvar, C., Varela, M.M., Bernal, A., and Merino, F. 2005. Fusarium confers

protection against several mycelial pathogens of pepper plants. Plant Pathol.54:773–780.

Di Pietro, A. and Roncero, M.I.G. 1998. Cloning expression and role in pathogenicity of pg1

encoding the major extracellular endopolygalacturonase of the vascular wilt pathogen of

Fusarium oxysporum. Molecular Plant –Microbe Interaction 11: 91-98.

Di Pietro, A., Lorito, M., Hayes, C.K., Broadway, R.M. and Harman, G.E. 1993.

Endochitinase from Gliocladium virens, isolation, characterization and synergistic antifungal

activity in combination with gliotoxin. Phytopathol. 83: 308-313.

208

Di Pietro, A., Madrid, M. P., Caracuel, Z., Delgado-Jarana, J. and Roncero, M. I. G. 2003.

Fusarium oxysporum exploring the molecular arsenal of a vascular wilt fungus.

Mol.Plant.Pathol. 4: 315-325.

Dowling, D.N. and O ‘Gara, F. 1994. Metabolites of Pseudomonas involved in the biocontrol

of plant disease. Trends in Biotechnology 3:121-141.

Dreyer, J., Duncan, W.G. and Mc Cloud, D.E. 1981. Fruit temperature, growth rates, and yield

of peanuts. Crop Sci. 21: 686-688.

Dubey S.C., Singh , S. R. and Singh, B. 2009.Morphological and pathogenic variability of

Indian isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris causing chickpea wilt. Arch. Phytopathol.

Plant Protect.43: 2, 174-190.

Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A. and Smith, F. 1956. Calorimetric

method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal.Chem. 28: 350-356.

Duijff, B.J., Recorbet, G., Peter, A., Bakker, H.M., Loper J.E and Lemanceau, P. 1999.

Microbial antagonism at the root level is involved in the suppression of Fusarium wilt by the

combination of non pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 and Pseudomonas putida WCS358.

Phytopathol. 89: 1073-1079.

Ebbole, D. and Sachs, M.S. 1990. A rapid and simple method for isolation of Neurospora

crassa homokaryons using microconidia. Fungal Genetic Newsletter 37:17-18.

Elad, Y., Chet, I., and Henis, Y. 1982. Degradation of plant pathogenic fungi by Trichoderma

harzianum. Can. J. Microbiol. 28: 719-725.

209

El-Kazzaz, A.A. and EL- Mougy, Nehal S. 2009. Water melon resistance to Fusarium wilt via

tissue cultures technique. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Protect. 42:4, 384-391.

Elmer, W. H. and McGovern, R. J. 2004. Efficacy of integrating biologicals with fungicides

for the suppression of Fusarium wilt of cyclamen. Crop Protect. 23:909-914.

Embaby E.M. and Abdel-Galil Mona, M. 2006. Seed Borne Fungi and Mycotoxins

Associated with Some Legume Seeds in Egypt. J.Appl. Sci. Res. 2: 1064-1071.

Evidente, A., Cabras, A., Maddau, L., Serra, S., Andolfi, A., and Motta, A. 2003.

Viridepyronone, a new fungal 6-substituted 2H- pyran -2- one produced by Trichoderma viride-

J.Agr. Food Chem. 51: 6957-6960.

Farkas, G.L. and Kiraly, Z. 1962. Role of phenolic compounds in the physiology of plant

diseases and disease resistance. Phytopath. Z. 44: 105-150.

Favaron, F., D’Ovidio, R., Porceddu, E. and Alghisi, P. 1994. Purification and molecular

characterization of a soybean polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein. Planta 195: 80-87.

Fisher, K.D. 1965. Hydrolytic enzymes and toxin production by sweet potato Fusaria.

Phytopathol. 55:396-397.

*Fortanier, E.J. 1957. Control of flowering in Arachis hypogaea L. Mededelingen van de

Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen, 57:1-116.

Fravel, D. 1988. Role of antibiosis in the biocontrol of plant diseases. Annu. Rev.Phytopathol.

26: 75-91.

210

Fravel, D., Olivain, C. and Alabouvette, C. 2003. Fusarium oxysporum and its biocontrol.

New Phytologist 157: 493-502.

Frindlender, M., Inbar, J. and Chet, I. 1991.Biological control of soil –borne plant pathogen

by a glucanase producing Pseudomonas cepacia. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25: 1211-1221.

Furlong, C.E., Cirakoglu, C., Willis, R.C. and Santy, P.A. 1973. A simple preparative

polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoretic apparatus: Purification of three branched-chain amino

acid binding proteins from Escherichia coli. Anal. Biochem. 51: 297-311.

Gadgil, S. 2000. Farming strategies for a variable climate - An Indian case study, In:

Proceedings of the International forum on Climate Prediction, Agriculture and Development,

April 26-28, 2000, International Research Institute for Climate Prediction, New York, USA,

pp.27-37.

Garcia-Limones, C., Hervas, A., Navas- Cortes, J.A., Jimenez-Diaz, R.M. and Tena, M.

2002.Induction of antioxidant enzyme system and other oxidative stress markers associated with

compatible and incompatible interactions between chickpea (Cicer arietinum. L.) and Fusarium

oxysporum f.sp. ciceris. Physiol.Mol. Plant Pathol.61: 325-337.

Gomathi, V. and Gnanamanickam, S S .2004. Polygalacturonase –inhibiting proteins in plant

defence. Curr. Sci. 87:1211-1217.

Gothoskar, S. S., Scheffer, R. P., Stahmann, M. A. and Walker, J. C. 1955. The role of

enzymes in the development of Fusarium wilt of tomato. .Phytopathol. 45: 381-387.

Griffin, G.J. 1969. Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus spore germination in the

rhizosphere of peanut. Phytopathol. 59: 1214-1218.

211

Griffin, G.J. 1970. Exogenous carbon and nitrogen requirements for chlamydospore

germination by Fusarium solani: dependence on spore density. Can. Jour. Microbiol.12: 1366-

1368.

Griffin, G.J. 1981. Physiology of conidium and chlamydospore germination in Fusarium. In:

Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy, P.E. Nelson, T.A. Toussoun and R.J. Cook (Eds.)

The Pennysylvania State University Press, University Park and London. pp.331-339.

Groenewald, Susan. 2005. Biology, pathogenecity and diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.

cubense, Magister scientiae thesis submitted to University of Pretoria,Pretoria.

Grondona, I., Hermosa, R.,Tejada, M., Gomis, MD., Mateos, PF, Bridge, PD, Monte, E.

and Gracia-Acha, I. 1997. Physiological and biochemical characterization of Trichoderma

harzianum, a biological control agent against soilborne fungal plant Pathogens. Appl.

Environ.Microbiol .63:3189-3198.

Gross, K. C. 1982. A rapid and sensitive method for assaying polygalacturonase using 2-

cyanoacetamide. Hort.Science 17: 933-934.

Hammons, R.O. 1994.The origin and history of the groundnut. In: The Groundnut Crop A

Scientific Basis for Improvement. (Ed.) J. Smartt. Chapman and Hall, London, pp.24-42

Hampton, R. E. 1962. Activity of some soluble oxidases in carrot slices infected with

Thielaviopsis basicola. Phvtopath. 52: 497499.

Haran, S., Schickler, H. and Chet, I. 1996. Molecular mechanisms of lytic enzymes involved

in the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma harzianum. Microbiol. 142: 2321-2331.

212

Harman, G.E.2000. Myths and dogmas of biocontrol. Changes in perceptions derived from

research on Trichoderma harzianum T22. Plant Dis. 84:377-393.

Harman, G.E. 2006. Overview of mechanism and use of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathol. 96:

190-194.

Harman, G.E., Howell, C.R., Viterbo,A., Chet, I. and Lorito, M. 2004. Trichoderma species-

opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nature reviews. Microbiology 2: 43-56.

Harman ,G.E.,Petzoldt, R., Comis A. and Chen, J. 2004. Interactions between Trichoderma

harzianum strain T22 and maize inbred line Mo17 and effects of these interactions on diseases

caused by Pythium ultium and Colletotrichum graminicola . Phytopathology 94: 147-153.

Hassan, E. M., Saieda , Maggie. , Abd El- Rahman , S., El-Abbasi, I. H. and Mikhail ,M.

S. 2007.Changes in peroxidase activity due to resistance induced against faba bean chocolate

spot disease. Egypt. J. Phytopathology 35: 35 – 48.

Haware, M.P. and Nene Y.L. 1982. Races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceris. Plant Disease

66:809-810

Hiroshi ,Y., Yoshinobu, H. and Sano, H. 2006. Polyamine oxidase is one of the key elements

for oxidation burst to induce programmed cell death in tobacco cultured cells. Plant Physiol.

142: 193-206.

Horsfall, J.G. and Dimond, A.E. 1957. Interactions of tissue sugar, growth substances and

disease susceptibility. Z. Pflkrankih P. flschutz. 64: 415-421.

213

Houssien , Amel A., Ahmed, Soad M. and Ismail Ahmed A.2010. Activation of tomato

plant defense response against Fusarium wilt disease using Trichoderma harzianum and salicylic

acid under greenhouse conditions. Res. J. Agri. Biol. Sci. 6: 328-338.

Howel, C.R. 1998. The role of antibiosis in biocontrol. In: Trichoderma and Gliocladium,

Vol. 2, Enzymes, biological control and commercial application. (Eds.) Harman G.E, Kubicek

CP. London, UK: Taylor and Francis Ltd, pp.173-180.

Howell, C.R., Hanson, L.E., Stipanovic, R.D. and Puckhaber, L.S. 2000. Induction of

terpenoid synthesis in cotton roots and control of Rhizoctonia solani by seed treatment with

Trichoderma virens. Phytopathol. 90:248-252.

Hsu, S.C. and Lockwood, J.L. 1973. Chlamydospore formation by Fusarium in sterile salt

solutions. Phytopathol. 63: 597-601.

Husain, A. and Dimond, A.E. 1960. Role of Cellulolytic enzymes in pathogenesis by Fusarium

oxysporum f. lycopersici. Phytopathol. 50:329-331.

Ikan, R. 1969. Natural products. In: A Laboratory guide. Acad. Press, New York. pp.101

Inskeep, W.P. and Bloom, P.R. 1985. Extinction co-efficients of chlorophyll a and b in N, N-

dimethyl fomarnide and 80% acetone. Plant Physiol. 77: 483-485.

Jabs, T., Tschope, M., Colling, C., Hahlbrock, K. and Scheel, D.1996. Elicitor stimulated ion

fluxes and O2 from the oxidative burst are essential components in triggering defence gene

activation and phytoalexin synthesis in parsley. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 4800-4805.

Jammaluddin, Bilgrami, K.S. and Prasad, T. 1977. Changes in protein contents of Phaseolus

mungo due to fungal flora. Curr. Sci. 66: 461.

214

Jaworski, J.C. 1971. Nitrate reductase assay in intact plant tissue. Biochem. Biophys.Res.

commun. 43: 1274- 1279.

Jayalakshmi S.K, Raju, S., Usha Rani, S., Benagi, V.I. and Sreeramulu, K. 2009.

Trichoderma harzianum L1 as a potential source for lytic enzymes and elicitor of defense

responses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) against wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.

sp. ciceri. Austr. J. Crop Sci. 3:44-52

Jayapal, R. and Mahadevan, A. 1968. Biochemical changes in banana leaves in response to

leaf spot pathogens. Indian Phytopath.21: 43-48

Jimenez- Diaz, R.M., Alcala- Jimenez, A.R., Hervas, A. and Traperocasas, J.L. 1993.

Pathogenic variability and host resistance in the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceris/Cicerarietinum

pathosystem. In: Proceedings of the 3rd

European Seminar on Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy,

Pathogenicity, and Host resistance, Hodowsla Roslin Aklimatyazacjai Nasiennictwo, (Eds.)

Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Radzikov, Poland. pp.87-94.

John, Rojan P., Tyagi, R.D., Prévost, D., Brar, Satinder K., Pouleur, Stéphan. and

Surampalli, R.Y. 2010. Mycoparasitic Trichoderma viride as a biocontrol agent against

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. adzuki and Pythium arrhenomanes and as a growth promoter of

soybean. Crop Prot.29: 1452-1459.

Johnson, G. and Shoal, L. A. 1952. Relation of Chlorogenic acid to scab resistance in potatoes.

Science, 115: 627-629.

Johnston, D. J., Ramanathan, V. and Williamson, B. 1993. A protein from immature

raspberry fruits which inhibitis endopolygalacturonases from Botrytis cinerea and other micro-

organisms. J. Exp. Bot. 44: 971-976.

215

Johnston, D. J. and Williamson, B. 1992. Purification and characterization of four

polygalacturonase from Botrytis cinerea. Mycol. Res. 96: 343-349.

Jones, T. M., Anderson, A. J. and Albersheim, P. 1972. Host pathogen interactions IV, Studies

on the polysaccharide-degrading enzymes secreted by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.

Physiol. Plant Pathol. 2: 153-166.

Jones, D., Gardon, H.H. and Bacon, J.S.D. 1974. Co-operative action by endo and exo - (1-3)

glucanases from parasitic fungi in degradation of cell wall glucan of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

(Lib.) De berry. J. Biochem. 140: 47-55.

Joobeur, T., King, J.J., Nolin, S.J., Thomas, C.E. and Dean, R.A. 2004. The Fusarium wilt

resistance locus Fom-2 of melon contains a single gene with complex features. Plant

Jour.39:283-297.

Kakani, V.G., Prasad, P.V.V., Craufurd, P.Q. and Wheeler, T.R.2002. Response of in vitro

pollen germination and pollen tube growth of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes to

temperature. Plant Cell Environ. 25:1651-1661.

Kamalakannan, A., Mohan, L., Harish, S., Radjacommare, R., Amutha, G., Chitra, K.,

Karuppiah, R., Mareeswari, P., Rajinimala, N. and Angayarkanni, T. 2004. Bio- control

agents induce disease resistance in Phyllanthus niruri Linn. against damping- off disease caused

by Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 43: 187–194.

Karbassi, A, and Vaughn, R.H. 1980. Production of constitutive thermostable, hyper active

exo-pectinase from Bacillus GK-8. Biotechnol. Letters, 18: 1435-1438.

Kareppa, B.M. 1990. Studies on resistance of fungal pathogen fungicides- III, Ph.D. Thesis,

Marathwada University, Aurangabad.

216

Katan, J. 1980. Solar pasteurization of soils for disease control: Status and prospects. Plant Dis.

64: 450-454.

Kawano, C.Y., Chellegatti, M.A.S.C., Said, S. and Fonseca, M.J.V. 1999. Comparative study

of intracellular and extracellular pectinases produced by Penicillium frequentans. Biotechnology

and Applied Biochemistry 29:133-140.

Keen, N.T.1999. Plant disease resistance: progress in basic understanding and practical

application. In: Advances in Botanical Research. Incorporating advances in plant pathology.

Vol.30. (Ed.) T.A. Cellow, Acad. Press, New York.pp.291-322.

Keen, N.T. and Yoshikawa, M. 1983. β-1,3- endoglucanase from soybean releases elicitor-

active carbohydrates from fungus cellwalls. Plant Physiol. 71: 460-465.

Kemerait Jr., Robert Chester. 2000. A Characterization of Soil borne Fungi Associated With

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), Doctoral dissertation submitted to University of Florida.

Kester, H.C.M., Kusters-Van Someren, M.A., Muller, Y., and Visser, J. 1996. Primary

structure and characterization of exopolygalacturonase from Aspergillus tubingensis. Eur. J.

Biochem. 240: 738-746.

Khan, M.R and Khan S.M.2001. Biomanagement of Fusarium wilt of tomato by the soil

application of certain phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. Int.J. Pest Manag. 47: 227-231.

Khalimi, Khamdan. and Suprapta, Dewa Ngurah. 2011. Induction of plant resistance against

Soyabean stunt virus using some formulations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. ISSAAS 17:

98-105.

217

Kirkham, D.S. 1954. Significance of the ratio between the water soluble aromatic and nitrogen

constituents of apple and pear in the host parasite relation ships of Venturia species. Nature, 173:

690-691.

Kishore, G.K., Pande, S. and Podile, A.R. 2005. Management of late leaf spot of groundnut

(Arachis hypogaea) with chloronthalonil-tolerant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pl.Path.

54:401-408.

Kishore, G.K., Pande, S. Narayana Rao, J. and Podile, A.R. 2001. Biological control of

crown rot of groundnut by Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride, International

Arachis Newsletter 21:39-40.

Klement, Y. and Goodman, R.N. 1967, The hypersensitive reaction to infection by bacterial

plant pathogens. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 5: 17-44.

Knogge, W. 1996. Fungal infection of plants. The Plant Cell 8:1711-1722.

Kokalis- Burelle, N., Porter, D.M., Rodriguez- Kabana, R., Smith, D.H., and

Subrahmanyam, P. 1997. Compendium of Peanut Diseases, (2nd

ed.) American

Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN. pp.94.

Kondreddy, Anil and Podile, Apparao. 2012. Harpin.sub.Pss-mediated enhancement in growth

and biological control of late leaf spot in groundnut by a chlorothalonil-tolerant Bacillus

thuringiensis SFC24. Microbiol. Res. 167:194-195.

Korsten, L., De Jager, E.S., De Villers, E.E., Lourens, A., Kotze, J.M. and Wehner, F.C.

1995. Evaluation of bacteria; epiphytes isolated from avocado leaf and fruit surfaces for

biocontrol of avocado postharvest diseases. Plant Dis.79: 1149-1156.

218

*Krapovickas, A. 1968. Origin, variabilidad y diffusion dei mani (Arachis hypogaea). Actas. y

Memorias, Cong. Intern. Americanistas, 2: 517-534. (Eng. tr.Smartt.J. 1969. The origin,

variability and spread of the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). ) In: The Domestication and

Exploitation of Plants and Animals (Eds.) P.J. Ucko and I.S Falk. Gerald Dukworth, London,

pp.424-441.

Kubicek, CP. and Penttila, M.E. 1998. Regulation of plant polysaccharide degrading enzymes

by Trichoderma In: Trichoderma and Gliocladium, Vol. 2, Enzymes, biological control and

commercial application. (Eds.)Harman G.E and Kubicek C.P. London, Taylor and Francis Ltd.

pp. 49-67.

Kuc J.1990. Immunization for the control of plant disease. In: Biological control of soil –borne

plan pathogens. (Ed.) Hornby, D . CAB Int/ Redwood Press, Melksham, pp.355-369.

Kullnig, C., Mach, R.L., Lorito, M. and Kubicek, C.P. 2000. Enzyme diffusion from

Trichoderma atroviride to Rhizoctonia solani is a prerequisite for triggering of Trichoderma ech

42 gene expression before mycopariasitic contact. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2232-2234.

Kwon, S.I. and Anderson, A.J. 2001.Differential production of superoxide dismutase and

catalase isozymes during infection of wheat by a Fusarium proliferatum –like fungal isolate.

Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 58: 73-81.

Laemmli, U.K. 1970. Clevage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of

bacteriophage T4 . Nature 222:680-685.

Larkin, R.P. and Fravel, D.R. 1998. Efficacy of various fungal and bacterial biocontrol

organisms for control of Fusarium wilt of tomato. Plant Dis. 82: 1022-1028.

219

Lavania, M., Chauhan, P.S., Chauhan, S.V.S., Singh, H.B. and Nautiyall, C.S. 2006.

Induction of plant defense enzymes and phenolics by treatment with plant growth–promoting

rhizobacteria Serratia marcescens NBRI1213. Curr. Microbiol. 52: 363-368.

Leckie, F., Mattei, B., Capodicasa, C., Hemmings, A., Nuss, L., Aracri, B., De Lorenzo, G.

and Cervone F. 1999. The specificity of polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP): a single

amino acid substitution in the solvent-exposed beta-strand/beta-turn region of the leucine-rich

repeats (LRRs) confers a new recognition capability. EMBO Jour. 18: 2352-2363.

Lee, Dong Hoon., Bae, Hanhong., Kang, In-Kyu., Byun, Jae Kyun. and Kang Sang Gu.

2006. Characterization of an apple polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) that specifically

inhibits an endopolygalacturonase (PG) purified from apple fruits infected with Botryosphaeria

dothidea. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 16: 1192–1200.

Leeman, M., Den Ouden, F.M., van Pelt, J.A., Dirkx, F.P.M., SteijI,H., Bakker, P.A.H.M.

and Schippers , B. 1996. Iron availability affects induction of systemic resistance to Fusarium

wilt of radish by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Phytopathol. 86: 149-155.

Leonardo , D., Blanca L.F., Landa, B. and Weller D.M. 2006. Host crop affects rhizosphere

colonization and competitiveness of 2,4- diacetylphloroglucinol-producing Pseudomonas

fluoresens .Phytopathol. 96: 751-762.

Leong, S.K., and Ong, C.K. 1983. The influence of temperature and soli water deficit on the

development and morphology of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) J. Experimental Bot.

34:1551-1561

220

Levine, A., Tenhaken, R., Dixon, R. and Lamb, C. 1994. Hydrogen peroxide from the

oxidative burst orchestrates the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response. Cell 79:

583-593.

Lewis J.A. and Papavizas G.C. 1983. Production of chlamydospores and conidia by

Trichoderma spp. in liquid and solid growth media. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15: 351-357.

Lim, H., Kim, Y. and Kim, S. 1991. Pseudomonas stutzeri YLP-1 genetic trans formation and

antifungal mechanism against Fusarium solani, an agent of plant root rot. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol. 57: 510-516.

Liu, L., Kloepper, J. W. and Tuzun, S. 1995. Induction of systemic resistance in Cucumber

against Fusarium wilt by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Phytopathol.85: 695 – 698.

Loomis, W.E. and Shull, C.A. 1937. Methods in plant Physiology. McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

New York. pp.276.

Lorito, M. 1998. Chitinolytic enzymes and their genes In: Trichoderma and Gliocladium, Vol.2,

Enzymes, Biological control and Commercial Application (Eds.) Harman G.E, Kubicek C.P.

London, Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp.73-92.

Lorito, M., DiPietro, A., Hayes, C.K., Woo, S.L and Harman, G.E, 1993a. Antifungal

synergistic interaction between chitinolytic enzymes from Trichoderma harzianum and

Enterobacter cloacae. Phytopathol. 83: 721-728.

Lorito, M., Harman, G.E, Hayes, C.K., Broadway, R.M.,Tronsmo, A., Woo,S.L.and Di

Pietro, A. 1993b. Chitinolytic enzymes produced by Trichoderma harzianum: antifungal activity

of purified endochitinase and chitobiosidase. Phytopathol. 83: 302-307.

221

Lorito, M., Hayes, C.K., Di Pietro, A., Woo, S.L. and Harman, G.E.1994. Purification,

characterization and synergistic activity of a glucan 1,3- β- glucosidase and an N-acetyl - β-

glucosaminidase from Trichoderma harzianum. Phytopathol. 84: 398-405.

Lucas, J.A. 1998. Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens 3rd

ed. Black well Science, Oxford,

pp.274.

Lucie, P. 2000. Pectinase of Aspergillus niger: A Molecular and biochemical characterization.

Doctroral Thesis, Wageningen University. Netherlands.

Luck, H. 1974. Methods in Enzymatic Analysis. (Bergmeyer 2nd

ed.). Acad. press, New York.

pp.885.

Luo, Y., Myers, O., Lightfoot, D.A. and Schmidt, M.E., 1999. Root colonization of soybean

cultivars in the field by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines. Plant Dis. 83: 1155-1159.

Mac Hardy, W.E. and Beckman, C.H. 1981. Vascular wilt Fusarium: Infections and

Pathogenesis. In: Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy, P.E. Nelson, T.A. Toussoun, and

R.J.Cook (Eds.). The Pennysylvania State University Press, University Park and London.

pp. 365-390.

Mahadevan, A. and Sridhar, R. 1986. Methods in physiological plant pathology (3rd

ed.)

Sivakami Publications, Madras, India.

Malli, P.C., Udayburman and Satish Lodha. 2000. Effect of planting dates and development

of mungbean yellow mosaic virus on biochemical constituents of moth bean genotypes. Indian

Phytopath. 53: 379-383.

222

Mandavia, M.K., Gajera, H.P., Khan, N.A. and Parameswaran, M. 2003. Inhibitory action

of phenolic compounds on cell wall degrading enzymes: host pathogen interaction in Fusarium

wilt of cumin. Indian J. Agri. Biochem. 16: 39-42.

Manjula, K., Krishna Kishore, G., Girish, A.G. and Singh, S.D.2004. Combined application

of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride has improved the biocontrol activity

against stem rot in groundnut. Plant Pathol.J.20:75-80.

March, G.J. and Marinelli, A.D. 2005. Diseases and productive systems. In: Peanut Diseases

in Argentina. March, G.J.and Marinelli, A.D. (Eds.), Biglia Imp, Cordoba, Argentina .pp.142.

Matta, A. and Diamond, A.E. 1963.Symptoms of Fusarium wilt in relation to quantity of

Fusarium and enzyme activity in tomato stems. Plant pathol.53: 574-578.

Maurhofer , M., Hase, C., Meuwly, P., Metraux, JP. and Defago , G.1994. Induction of

systemic resistance of tobacco to tobacco necrosis virus by the root- colonizing Pseudomonas

fluorescens strains CHAO: influence of the gacA gene and pyoverdine production. Phytopathol.

88: 678-684.

McCready, R.M., Guggale, J., Silviera, V. and Owens, H.S. 1950. Determination of starch

and amylose in vegetables. Application to peas. Anal. Chem. 29:1156-1158.

Meena, B., Radhajeyalakshmi. R., Marimuthu, T., Vidyasekaran, P., Doraiswamy, S., and

Velazhahan, R. 2000. Induction of pathogenesis related proteins, phenolics and pheylalanine

ammonia-lyase in ground nut by Pseudomonas fluorescens. J. Pl. Dis.Prot. 107: 514-527.

223

Meena, B., Marimuthu, T., Vidyasekaran, P. and Velazhahan, R. 2001. Biological control of

root rot of groundnut with antagonistic Pseudomonas fluorescens strains. J.Plant Dis.Protect.

108:368-381.

Melo, G.A., Shimizu, M.M. and Mazzafera, P. 2006.Polyphenoloxidase activity in coffee

leaves and its role in resistance against the coffee leaf miner and coffee leaf rust. Phytochem.

67: 277– 285.

Melouk, H.A. and Backman, P.A. 1995. Management of soil borne fungal pathogens. In:

Peanut Health Management. Melouk, H.A., Shokes, F.M. (Eds.), APS Press, USA,pp. 75-82.

Menendez, A.B. and Godeas, A. 1998. Biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum attacking

soyabean plants.Degradation of the cellwalls of this pathogen by Trichoderma harzianum.

(BAFC 742), Mycopathologia, 142: 153-160.

Mendgen, K., Hahn, M. and Deising, H. 1996. Morphogenesis and mechanisms of penetration

by plant pathogenic fungi. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 34: 367-386.

Mian, Muhammad Abdul Wadud. 1965. Dynamics of Root and Stem Disease Development in

Arachis hypogaea L. Var. Spanish. Doctoral thesis submitted to Texas A & M University.

Michielse, Caroline B. and Rep, Martin. 2009. Pathogen profile update: Fusarium

oxysporum.Mol. Plant Pathol. 10: 311-324.

Michrina, J., Michalikova, A., Rohacik, T. and Kulichova. R. 1995. Antibiosis as a possible

mechanisim of antagonistic action Trichoderma harzianum against Fusarium culmorum,

Ochrana Rostlin, 31:177-184

224

Minuto, A., Spadaro, D., Garibaldi A. and Gullino, M.L. 2006. Control of soilborne

pathogens of tomato using a commercial formulation of Streptomyces griseoviridis and

solarization. Crop Prot. 25: 468-475.

Mitchell, James Kent.1984. Biological Control of Late Leafspot of Peanuts by Dicyma

pulvinata. Doctroral Thesis submitted to Texas A& M University.

Mohamed, H.A., Clark, J.A. and Ong, C.K. 1988. Genotypic differences in the temperature

responses of tropical crops I. Germination characteristics of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

and pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides S.& H), Jour. Experimental Bot. 39:1121-1128.

Mohan, R., Bajar, A.M. and Kolattukudy, P.E. 1993a. Induction of a tomato anionic

peroxidase gene (tap 1) by wounding in transgenic tobacco and activation of tap1: GUS and

tap2: GUS chimeric gene fusions in transgenic tobacco by wounding and pathogen attack. Plant

Mol. Biol. 21: 341–354.

Mohan, R., Vijayan, P. and Kolattukudy, P.E. 1993b. Developmental and tissue-specific

expression of a tomato anionic peroxidase (tap1) gene by a minimal promoter, with wound and

pathogen induction by an additional 5′-flanking region. Plant Mol. Biol. 22:475–490.

Momma, N. 2008. Biological Soil Disinfection (BSD) of soil borne pathogens and its possible

mechanisms. JARQ, 42: 7-12, http://www.jircas.affre.go.jp

Morkunas, I. and Gmerek J. 2007. The possible involvement of peroxidase in defense of

yellow lupin embryos axes against Fusarium oxysporum. J. Plant Physiol. 164: 497–506.

225

Mohandas, Sukhada., Manmohan, M., Rawal, R.D., Chakraborty, Saikat., Sreekantappa,

Manjula, R.,H. and Lakshmikantha. 2004. Interaction of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense

with Pseudomonas fluorescens precolonized to banana roots. World J. Microbio. Biotech. 20:

651-655.

Moore, S. and Stein, W.H. 1954 A modified ninhydrin reagent for the photometric

determination of amino acids and related compounds. J. Biol. Chem. 211: 807-912.

Moran, R. and Porath, D. 1980. Chlorophyll determination in intact tissues using N, N-

dimethyl formamide. Plant Physiol. 65: 478-479.

M ‘Piga., Belanger, R.R., Paulitz, T.C. and Bennhamou, N. 1997. Increased resistance to

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radici- lycopersici in tomato plants treated with the endophytic

bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 63-28. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 50: 301-320.

Mukhopadhyay, A.N. and Kaur, N.P. 1990. Biological control of chickpea wilt complex by

Trichoderma harzianum . Proc. Third Inter. Conf. on Plant Protec. In the Trop. Malaysia.

pp.20-23.

Murthy, G.S. and Bagyaraj, D.J. 1978. Free amino nitrogen and amino acids in Cajanus cajan

in relation to Fusarium wilt resistance. Indian Phytopath. 31: 482- 485.

Muthuchelian, K., Paliwal K., Gnanam, A. and Mitchel, R.K. 1990 .The effect of three long

chain aliphatic alcohols on photosynthesis and growth of Pennisetum polystachyeon schult.

Photosynthetica 24: 257-260.

226

Muse, R.R., Couch. H. B., Moore, L.D. and Muse, B. D. 1972. Pectinolytic and cellulolytic

enzymes associated with Helminthosporium leaf spot on Kentucky bluegrass. Can. J. Microbiol.

18: 1091-1098.

Musoni, Augustine., Kimani, Paul., Narla, R.D., Buruchara, Robin and Kelly, James. 2010.

Inheritance of fusarium wilts (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli) resistance in climbing beans.

Afri. Jour. Agri. Res. 5: 399-404.

Najar, A.G., Anwar, Ali., Masoodi ,Lubna. and Khar, M.S. 2011. Evaluation of native

biocontrol agents against Fusarium solani f.sp.melongenae causing wilt disease of Brinjal in

Kashmir. J. Phytol. 3: 31-34.

Nagabhushana. 2006. Biochemical and molecular basis of interaction between Fusarium udum

Butler and Heterodera cajani Koshy on pigeonpea. M Sc thesis. University of Agricultural

sciences .Dharwad.

Nambiar, P.T.C. and Dart, P.J. 1983. Factors influencing nitrogenase activity (acetylene

reduction) by root nodules of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), Peanut Sci.10:26-29.

Nash, S.M., Christou, T. and Snyder, W.C. 1961. Existence of Fusarium solani f. cucurbitae

and F. solani f. phaseoli in soil. Phytopathol. 55: 963-966.

Nawar, H. F. and Kuti J. D. 2003. Wyerone acid phytoalexin synthesis and peroxidase activity

as markers for resistance of broad bean to chocolate spot disease. J. Phytopathol. 151: 564 – 570.

Neish, A.C.1964. Major pathways of biosynthesis of phenols. In: Biochemistry of phenolic

compounds. (Ed.) J.B. Horborne. Acad.Press. NY.pp.295-359.

227

Nelson, N. 1944. A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for the determination of

glucose. J. Biol. Chem. 153: 375-380.

Nelson, P.E., Toussoun, T.A. and Marassas, W.F.O. 1983. Fusarium species: An illustrated

manual for identification, The Pennsylvania State University Press. USA.

Nikam, P.S., Jagtap, G.P. and Sontakke, P.L. 2007. Management of chickpea wilt caused by

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri. Afri. Jour. Agri. Res. 2: 692-697.

Niranjana, S.R., Lalitha, S. and Hariprasad, P. 2009. Mass multiplication and formulations of

biocontrol agents for use against Fusarium wilt of pigeon pea through seed treatment . Inter. J.

Pest Manag. 55:317-324.

Nirpjit, S. and Hoodal, D.G.S. 1996. Production of constitutive, thermostable, hyperactive

exopectinase from Bacillus CK-8. Biotechnol. Lett. 18: 1435-1438.

Nogues, Salvador., Cotxarrera, Lurdes., Alegre, Leonar and Trillas, Maria Isabel. 2002.

Limitations to photosynthesis in tomato leaves induced by Fusarium Wilt. New Phytologist 154:

461-470.

Nwokolo, E. 1996. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In: Food and Feed from Legumes and Oil

seeds. (Eds.) E. Nwokolo and J. Smartt. New York: Chapman and Hall. ODA (Overseas

Development Administration). 1984. Annual report No. 13. Response of groundnut to the

distribution of rainfall or irrigation. Nottingham, UK: University of Nottingham. pp.49-63

Nyvall, Robert F. 1999. Field Crop Diseases (3rd

ed.). Iowa State University Press, Iowa.

228

Ojha, Suprakash. and Chatterjee, Narayan Chandra.2012. Induction of resistance in tomato

plants against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici mediated through salicylic acid and

Trichoderma harzianum. J. Plant Prot. Res.52:220-225

Ojha, S., Chakraborty, M.R. and Chatterjee, N.C. 2005. Activities of phenol oxidizing

enzymes in anthracnose disease of Saracaasoca under pathogenesis. Indian Biol. 37: 9–11.

Ori, N., Eshed, Y., Paran, I., Presting G., Aviv, D., Tanksley, S., Zamir, D. and Fluhr, R.

1997. The 12C family from the wilt disease resistance locus 12 belongs to the nucleotide

binding, leucine-rich repeat superfamily of plant resistance genes. The Plant Cell 9:521-532.

Ozbay, N. and Newman, S.E. 2004. Biological control with Trichoderma spp. with emphasis on

T. harzianum .Pakistan J. Biol.Sci. 7: 478-484.

Padma Singh. 2000. Permeability changes and mineral metabolism in the leaves of onion

infected with Alternaria porri. Ad. Plant Sci. 13: 323-325.

Pande, S., Narayana Rao, J. and Sharma M. 2007. Establishment of the chickpea wilt athogen

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceris in the soil through Seed Transmission. Plant Pathol. J. 23: 3-6.

Pandey, K.K. and Upadhyay, J.P. 1997. Selection of potential biocontrol agents based on

production of volatile and non volatile antibiotics. Veg. Sci. 24:140- 143.

Panina, Y., Fravel, D.R., Baker, C.J. and Shcherbakova, L.A.2007. Biocontrol and plant

pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum-induced changes in phenolic compounds in tomato leaves and

roots. J. Phytopathol.155: 475–481.

Pant, S.K., Kumar, P. and Chauhan, V.S. 2001. Effect of turcicum leaf blight on

photosynthesis in maize. Indian Phytopath. 54:251-252.

229

Papavizas, G.E. 1985. Trichoderma and Gliocladium: Biology, ecology and potential for

biocontrol. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 23: 23-54.

Patridge, Darcy Erin. 2005. Potential for management Sclerotinia Minor with the Biological

control agent Coniothyrium minitans. Doctoral Thesis submitted to North Coralina State

University.

Paulitz, T. C. and Loper, J. E. 1991. Lack of role for siderophore production in the biological

control of Pythium damping - off of cucumber by a strain of Pseudomonas putida. Phytopathol.

81: 130-135.

Pegg, G.F. and Vessey, J.C. 1973. Chitinase activity in Lycopersicon esculentum and its

relation ship to the in vivo lyses of Verticillium alboatrum mycelium. Physiol.Plant Pathol. 3:

207-222.

Peretto, R., Favaron, F., Bettini, V., De Lorenzo, G., S. Marini, S., Alghisi, P., Corvone, F.

and Bonfante. P.1992. Expression and localization of polygalacturonase during the outgrowth

of lateral roots in Allium porum L. Planta 188: 164-172.

Perveen, Kahkashan and Bokhari, Najat A. 2012. Antagonistic activity of Trichoderma

harzianum and Trichoderma viride isolated from soil of date palm field against Fusarium

oxysporum Afri. J. Microbiol. Res. 6: 3348-3353.

Podile, A.R and Kishore, G.K. 2006. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. In: Plant

associated bacteria. (Ed.) Gnanamanickam S.S. Springer, Netherland. pp. 195-230.

Porter, Morris D. 1993. Diseases of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea. L)

http://www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/Peanut.aspx

230

Porter, D.M., Smith, D.H. and Rodriguez-Kabana, R. 1982. Peanut Diseases, In: Peanut

Science and Technology. H.E. Pattee and C.T.Young (Eds.). AM. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Inc.,

Yoakum,TX, pp.326-410.

Posada, M. L., Patino, B., Mirete. S., Munoz, M. C., Vazquez, C. and Gonzalez-Jaen, M.T.

2001. Comparative analysis of polygalacturonases in isolates of seven species of Fusarium from

Pinus pinea. Mycol.Res.105:100-104

Powell, A.L. T., Kan, J .V., Have A T.,Visser J.,Greve, L C.,Bennett A. B. and Labavitch, J.

M. 2000. Transgenic expression of pear PGIP in tomato limits fungal colonization. Mol. Plant

Microb. Interact. 13: 942-950.

Prasad, N.W.1981. Changes in aminoacids and organic acids of banana fruits under

pathogenesis. Indian Phytopath. 34:120.

Prasad, P.V.V., Boote, K.J., Allen L.H. Jr. and Thomas, J.M.G. 2003. Super- optimal

temperatures are detrimental to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)reproductive processes and yield at

both ambient and elevated carbon dioxide. Global Change Biology 9: 1775-1787.

Prasad, P.V.V., Craufurd, P.Q. and Summerfield, R.J. 1999. Fruit number in relation to

pollen production and viability in groundnut exposed to short episodes of heat and stress. Ann.

Bot. 84:381-386.

Prasad, P.V.V., Craufurd, P.Q. and Summerfield, R.J. 2000. Effect of high air and soil

temperature on dry matter production, pod yield and yield components of groundnut. Plant and

Soil, 222: 231-239.

231

Prasad, R.D., Rangeshwaran, R., Hegde, S.V. and Anuroop, C.P. 2002. Effect of soil and

seed application of Trichoderma harzianum on pigeonpea wilt caused by Fusarium udum under

field conditions. Crop Protect. 21:293-297.

Pshibytko, N.L., Zenevich, L.A. and Kabashnikova, L.F. 2006. Changes in the Photosynthetic

apparatus during Fusarium wilt of tomato. R. J. Plant Physiol. 53: 25-31.

Punja, Z.K. and Utkhede R.S. 2003. Using fungi and yeasts to manage vegetable crop diseases.

Trends Biotechnol. 21:400-407.

Qureshi, A.A. and Page, O.T. 1970 . Observations on chlamydospore production by Fusarium

in a two –salt solution. Can. Jour. Microbiol. 16:29-32.

Rajathilagam, R. 1999. In vitro studies on the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma viride Pers

Ex. S.F. Gray on anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler and Bisby. M. Phil.

Dissertation , Pondicherry University, India.

Rajathilagam, R. and Kannabiran, B. 2001. Antagonistic effects of Trichoderma viride

against anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum capsici. Indian Phytopath.54: 135-136.

Rajavel, R. 2000. Seed borne Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler and Bisby and its

management. M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis. TNAU. Coimbatore.

Raaji makers, J. M., Leemab, M., Van Oorschot, M.M.P., VanderSluis, I. and Schippers, B.

1995. Dose-response relationships in biological control of Fusarium wilt of radish by

Pseudomonas spp. Phytopathol. 85: 1075-1081.

232

Ramadoss, N. 1991. Studies on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and management of

Thanjavur wilt of coconut. Ph.D. Thesis. Submitted to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Coimbatore.

Ramamoorthy, V. and Samiyappan, R. 2001. Induction of defence –related genes in

Pseudomonas fluorescens –treated chilli plants in response to infection by Colletotrichum

capsici. J. Mol. Pl. Pathol. 31: 146-155.

Rangaswami, G. and Mahadevan, A. 1999. Diseases of Crop Plants in India, Prentice- Hall

of India Private Limited, New Delhi.

Rawal, V.M., Patel, U.S., Rao, G.N. and Desai, R.R. 1977. Chemical and biochemical studies

on cataracts and human lenses III. Quantitative study of proteins, RNA and DNA. Arogya. J.

Health Sci. 3: 69-75

Recorbet, G., and Alabouvette, C. 1997. Adhesion of Fusarium oxysporum conidia to tomato

roots. Lett. Appl.Microbiol. 25: 375-379.

Reddy, M.V.B., Arul, J., Angers, P., and Couture, L. 1999. Chitosan treatment of wheat seeds

induces resistance to Fusarium graminearum and improves seed quality. J. Agric. Food Chem.

47:1208–1216.

Reino, J.L., Guerrero, R.F., Hernandez, R. and Collado, I.G. 2008. Secondary metabolites

from species of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma, Phytochem. Rev.7:89-123.

Rep, M., Dekker, H.L., Vossen, J, H., De Boer, A.D., Houterman, P.M., Speijer, D., Back,

J.W., de Koster, C.G. and Cornelissen, B.J.C. 2002. Mass spectrometric identification of

isoforms of PR proteins in xylem sap of fungus- infected tomato. Plant Physiol. 130: 904-917.

233

Ristaino, J. B. and W. Thomas. 1997. Agriculture, Methyl bromide, and the ozone hole: Can

we fill the gaps. Plant Dis. 81:954-975.

Robinson, P.M. and Garrett, M.K. 1969. Identification of volatile sporostatic factors from

cultures of Fusarium oxysporum. Trans. British Mycol. Soc. 52: 293-299.

Robinson, P.M. and Park, D. 1966. Volatile inhibitors of spore germination produced by fungi.

Trans. British Mycol. Soc. 49: 639-649.

Rombouts, F. M. and Pilnik, W. 1980. Pectic enzymes. In: Microbial Enzymes and

Bioconversions, Economic Microbiology (Ed.) A.H.Rose. Academic Press, New York,

pp.228-282.

Roncero, M.I.G., Hera, C., Ruiz- Rubio, M., Garcia Maceira , F.I., Madrid, M.P., Caracuel,

Z., Calero, F., Delgado- Jarana, J., Roldan- Rodriguez, R.,Martinez- Rocha, A.L., Velasco,

C., Roa, J., Martin- Urdiroz, Cordoba, D. and Di Pietro, A. 2003. Fusarium as a model for

studying virulence in soil-borne pathogens. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 62: 87-98.

Rudresh, D.L., Shivaprakash, M.K. and Prasad R.D. 2005. Effect of combined application of

Rhizobium, phosphate solubilizing bacterium and Trichoderma spp. on growth, nutrient uptake

and yield of chickpea (Cicer aritenium L.). Applied Soil Ecol. 28: 139–146.

Salehzadeh, Ali. 2012. Interaction of polygalacturonase enzymes from Fusarium oxysporum

with tomato polygalacturonase inhibiting protein, Afri.J.Agri.Res.7: 2012-2015.

Samuels, G.J. 2006. Trichoderma: Systematics, the sexual state, and ecology. Phytopathol.

96:195-206.

234

Sankar, P. and Sharma, R.C. 2001. Management of charcoal rot of maize with Trichoderma

viride . Indian Pytopath. 54:390-391.

Satyaprasad, K., Desai, B.B. and Ramarao, P.1998. Biological control of fusarial wilt

diseases. In: Integrated Pest and disease Management, (Eds.) Upadhyay, R.K., Mukherji, K.C.,

Chamola, B.P. and Dubey, O.P., A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. pp.563-579.

Schippers, B. and van Eck, W.H. 1981. Formation and survival of chlamydospores in

Fusarium In : Fusarium :Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy, (Eds.) P.E. Nelson, T.A.Toussoun,

R.J. Cook. The Pennysylvania State University Press, University Park and London. pp.250-260.

Schirmbock, M., Lorito, M., Wang, Y.L., Hayes, C.K., Arisan-atac, I., Scala, F., Harman,

G.E. and Kubichek, C.P. 1994. Parallel formation and synergism of hydrolytic enzymes and

peptaibol antibiotics, molecular mechanisms involved in the antagonistic action of Trichiderma

harzianum against phytopathogenic fungi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 4364-4370.

Schneider, E.F. and Seaman, W.L. 1974. Development of conidial chlamydospores of

Fusarium sulphureum in distilled water. Can. Jour. Microbiol. 23: 763-769.

Schneider,H.J. 1945. Phosphorous compounds in animal tissue.Extraction and estimation of

deoxypentose nucleic acids and of pentose nucleic acid.J. Biol. Chem.161:293-299.

Sebastian, F., Cavalitto-Jorge, A. and Arcas, R.A.H. 1996. Pectinase production profile of

Aspergillus foetidus in solid state cultures at different acidities. Biotechnol. Lett. 18: 251-256.

235

Sela- Buurlage, M.B., Ponstein, A.S., Bres-Vloemans, S.A., Melchers, L.S., van den Elzen,

P.J.M and Cornelissen, B.J.C. 1993. Only specific tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) chitinases and

β- 1,3- glucanases exhibit antifungal activity. Plant Physiol. 101: 857-863.

Shaikh, Nasir Pasha.2004. Herbicide and Infecticide Interactions in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea

L.), Doctoral Thesis submitted to University of Florida.

Shanmugam, V.,Sharma, Vivek. and Ananthapadmanaban.2008. Genetic relatedness of

Trichoderma isolates antagonistic against Fusarium oxyporum f.sp.dianthi inflicting Carnation

wilt. Folia Microbiol.53:130-138.

Sharma, Kamal Dev and Muehlbauer, Fred J. 2007. Fusarium wilt of chickpea: Physiological

specialization, genetics of resistance and resistance gene tagging, Euphytica, 157:1-14.

Sharrock, O. and Labavitch. J. M. 1994. Polygalacturonase inhibitors of Barlett pear fruits:

Differential effects on Botrytis cinerea polygalacturonase hydrolysis of pear cell walls and on

ethylene induction in cell culture. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 45: 305-319.

Sherwood, J.L., Beute, M.K., Dickson, D.W., Elliott, V.J., Nelson, R.S., Opperman, C.H.

and Shew, B.B. 1995. Biological and biotechnological control advances in Arachis diseases. In:

Advances in Peanut Science, H.E.Patte and H.T. Stalker (Eds.), Am. Peanut Res. and Educ.

Soc., Inc., Stillwater, OK, pp.160-206.

Shimzu, N., Hosogi, N., Hyon, G.S, Jiang, S., Inoue, K. and Park, P. 2006. Reactive oxygen

species (ROS) generation and ROS induced lipid peroxidation are associated with plant mem-

brane modifications in host cells in response to AK-toxin from Alternaria alternate Japanese

pear pathotype. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 72: 6–15.

236

Shokes, F.M. and Melouk, H.A.1995. Peanut Health Management in Peanut Production. In:

Peanut Health Management (Eds.) H.A. Melouk and F.M. Shokes. Ameri. Phytopathol. Soc.

Press, ST. Paul, MN. pp. 1-6.

Shuren, G. , Wang ,Caibin., Yu ,Shanlin., Zhang ,Jimin., Zuo, Xueqing., Wan, Shubo., Tao,

Shouxiang., Wang, Chuantang. and Qiu, Rourui. 1995. Present situation and prospects for

groundnut production in China, In: Achieving High Groundnut Yeilds, Proceedings of

International workshop, 25-29 Aug.1995. (Eds.) Gowda, C.L.L., Nigam, S.N., Johansen, C., and

Renard, C.) ICRISAT, Patancheru, India, pp. 17-26.

Siddharamaiah, A.L., Vasuki, N., Barma Goudar, J.D., Lingaraju, S. and Hegde, R.K.

1979. Biochemical changes in rust infected leaves of groundnut. Phytopathol.32: 640-642.

Simone, G.W. and Cashion, G. 1996. Fusarium wilt of Canary Date Palms in Florida.

Landscape and Nursery Digest. May 1996: 28-31.

Simpson, C.E. and Coffelt, T.A. 1997. Taxonomy of the genus Arachis. In: Compendium of

Peanut Diseases,2nd

ed. N.Kokalis-Burella, D.M.Porter, R. Rodriguez-Kabana, D.H. Smith, and

P.Subrahmanyam, (Eds.) American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. pp. 2-3

Sindagi, S.S. and Reddy, B.S.G. 1972. Effects of sowing date and rainfall distribution on the

yield of groundnut crop. In: Proceedings of drought seminar, University of Agricultural

sciences, Bangalore, India.

Sindhan, G.S. and Parashar, R.D. 1996. Biochemical changes in groundnut leaves due to

infection by early and late leaf spot pathogen. Indian J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol.26: 210-212.

237

Singh, A. L. and Joshi, Y. C. 1997. 13th

International Plant Nutrition Colloquium, University

of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan, 13–19 September 1997, pp. 271–272.

Singh, Bhim Pratap, Saikia Ratul, Yadav Mukesh, Singh Rakesh, ChauhanV.S. and Arora

Dilip K. 2006. Molecular characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri causing wilt of

chickpea. Afri. Jour. Biotech. 5: 497-502.

Singh, R.K., Hasan, Abul. and Chaudhary, R.G. 2010. Variability in Fusarium oxysporum

f.sp.ciceri causing vascular wilt in chickpea. Archives Phytopathol. and Plant Protect. 43:

987-995.

Siva Kumar, G. and Sharma, R.C. 2003. Induced biochemical changes due to seed

bacterization by Pseudomonas fluorescens in maize plants. Indian Phytopath.56:134-137.

Sivasithamparam, K. and Ghisalberti, E.L. 1998. Secondary metabolism in Trichoderma and

Gliocladium. In: Trichoderma and Gliocladium Volume1, Basic biology, taxonomy and genetics,

(Eds.) Harman GE, Kubicek C.P., London, UK: Taylor and Francis Ltd.pp. 139-192.

Smith, D.H. and Litterell, R.H.1980. Management of peanut foliar dieases. Plant Disease 64:

356-361.

Smith, I. M., Dunez, J., Phillips, D.H., Lelliott, R. A. and Archer, S.A. (Eds.). 1988.

European Handbook of plant diseases. Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford.pp.583.

Smitha Jagadish. 1997. Studies on the antagonistic effects of Trichoderma viride Person on

Colletotrichum falcatum Went. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry

University, India.

238

Smith, J. and Hammerschmidt, R. 1988. Comparative study of acidic peroxidases

associated with induced resistance in cucumber, muskmelon and watermelon. Physiol Mol. Plant

Pathol. 33: 255-261.

Smith, Shirley N., DeEvay, James E., Hsieh, Wen-Hsui. and Lee Huey-Jen. 2001. Soil-Borne

Populations of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum, a Cotton Wilt Fungus in California Fields.

Mycologia, 93: 737-743.

Sneh, B., Dupler,M., Elad,Y. and Baker, R. 1984. Chlamydospore germination of Fusarium

oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum as affected by fluorescent and lytic bacteria from Fusarium

suppressive soils. Phytopathol.74: 1115-1124.

Snyder, W.C. and Hansen, H.N. 1940. The species concept in Fusarium. Amer. J. Bot. 27:

64-67.

Sobowale, A.A., Cardwell, K.F., Odebode, A.C., Bandyopadhyay, R. and Jonathan S.G.

2007. Persistance of Trichoderma species within maize stem against Fusarium verticilloides.

Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Protect. 40: 215-231.

Somasekhara, Y.M., Anilkumar, T.B. and Siddarad, A.H. 1996. Biocontrol of pigeonpea wilt

Fusarium udum. Mysore J. Agric. 30: 159-163.

Spiegel, Y., and Chet, I. 1998. Evolution of Trichoderma spp.as a bicontrol agent against

soilborne fungi and parasitic nematodes in Israel . Integ Pest Manage Rev.3:169-175.

239

Srilakshmi, P., Thakur, R.P., Satyaprasad, K. and Rao, V.P. 2001. Identification of

Trichoderma species and their antagonistic potential against the Aspergillus flavus in groundnut,

International Arachis Newsletter, 21: 40-42.

Stalker, H. T. 1997. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Field Crops Res. 53: 205-217.

Stintzi, A., Heitz, T., Prasad, V.,Wiedemann- Merdinoglu, S., Kauffmann, S., Geoffroy, P.,

Legrand, M. and Fritif, B. 1993. Plant ‘‘pathogenesis –related’’proteins and their role in

defense against pathogens. Biochimie, 75: 687-706.

Stover, R.H. 1962. Studies on Fusarial wilt of Bananas. IX competitive saprophytic ability of

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense .Can.J.Bot.40:1373-1481.

Stover, R.H. 1970. Banana root diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense,

Pseudomonas solanacearum, and Radopholus similis: A comparative study of life cycles in

relation to control. In: Root diseases and soil –borne pathogens, (Eds.) T.A. Toussoun, R.V.

Bega, and P.E. Nelson. University California Press, California, pp.197-200.

Stover, R.H. and Buddenhagen, I.W. 1986. Banana breeding: polyploidy, disease resistance

and productivity. Fruits 41:175-191.

Subrahmanyam, P., Mc Donald, D. and Hammons, R.O., 1984. Rust. In: Compendium of

Peanut Diseases. (Eds.) D.M. Porter, D.H.Smith and R. Rodreiguez-Kabana. Amer. Phytopathol.

Soc. ST. Paul, MN,pp7-9.

240

Suryakant. K., Niture, Aditi Pant. and Ameeta, R. K. 2001. Active Site Characterization of

the Single Endo-Polygalacturonase Produced by Fusarium monilforme NCIM 1276. Eur. J.

Biochem. 268: 832-840.

Svetlana Zivkovic, S., Stojanovic, Z., Ivanovic, V., Gavrilovic Tatjana popovic and Jelica

balaz 2010. Screening of antagonistic activity of microorganisms against Colletotrichum

acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Arch. Biol. Sci. 62: 611-623

Szekeres, A., Leitgeb, B., Kredics, L., Zsuzsanna, A., Hatvani, L., Manczinger, L. and

Vagvolgyi, C. 2005. Peptaibols and reated peptaibiotics of Trichoderma. Acta Microbiol.

Immunol. Hung. 52: 137-168.

Takenaka, S., Nishio, Z. and Nakamura, Y. 2003 Induction of defense reactions in sugar beet

and wheat treatment with cell wall protein fractions from the mycoparasite Phythium

oligandrum. Phytopathol. 93:1228–1232.

Tamietti ,G., Ferraris, L., Matta, A., and Gentile, I.A. 1993. Physiological responses of

tomato plants grown in Fusarium suppressive soil. J. Phytopathol. 138:66–76.

Tan, J., Schneider, B., Svatos, A., Bendnarek, P., Liu, J.,and Hahlbrock, K. 2004.

Universally occurring phenylpropanoid and specific indolic metabolites in infected and

uninfected Arabidopsis thaliana roots and leaves. Phytochem. 65: 691–699.

Thanassoulopoulos , C.C. and Kitsos, G.T. 1985. Studies on Fusarium wilt on potatoes. Leaf,

sprout and tuber infection in artificial inoculations. Potato Res. 28: 515-518.

241

Tofazal Hossain, M.M. Zahangir Alam and Absar 1999. Changes in different nutrients

enzymes content in mango leaves infected with Colletotrichum gloesporiodes. Indian Phytopath.

52: 75-76.

Tokimoto, K. 1982.Lysis of the mycelium of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. caused by

mycolytic enzymes of Trichoderma harzianum when the two fungi were in an antagonistic

state. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Jpn. 23:13-20.

Tonelli, Maria Laura., Furlan Ana., Taurian Tania., Castro Stella. and Fabra Adriana.

2011. Peanut priming induced by biocontrol agents. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 75:100-105.

Triki, M.A., Priou, S. and El Mahjoub, M. 2001. Effects of soil solarization on soil-borne

populations of Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium solani and on the potato crop in Tunisia.

Potato Res. 44: 271-279.

Tsigbey, Fancis Kodjo. 2007. Management of major peanut diseases (Arachis hypogaea L.)

diseases using Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) rotation. Doctoral thesis submitted to

University of Florida, Florida.

Tu, C.C. and Chang, Y.H .1983.Soil microbial activity in relation to Fusarium wilt suppression

soils and conductive soil. In: Proc Republic of China –Federal Republic of Germany Seminar

Plant Nutrition Soil Sciences. Natural Science Council, Taipei, pp.189-196.

Tukaj, Z, Bascik-Remisiewicz, A., Skowronski, T. and Tukaj, C. 2007. Cadmium effect on

the growth, photosynthesis, ultrastructure and phytochelatin content of green microalga

Scenedesmus armatus: A study at low and elevated CO2 concentration. Environ. Exp. Bot. 60:

291-299.

242

Ushamalini, C.K., Rajjapan and Kousalya Gangadharan. 1998. Changes in biochemical

constituents of cowpea due to seed borne fungi. Indian phytopath.51: 258-260.

Vakalounakis, D.J., Doulis, A.G. and Klironomou, E. 2005. Characterisation of Fusarium

oxysporum f.sp. radicis- cucumerinum attacking melon under natural conditions in Greece. Plant

Pathol. 54:339-346.

Van Handel, E. 1968. Direct microdetermination of sucrose. Anal. Biochem. 22: 280-283.

Van Loon, L.C., Bakker, P.A.H.M. and Pieterse, C.M.J. 1998. Systemic resistance induced

by rhizosphere bacteria. Annu. Rev.Phytopathol. 36: 453-483.

Van Peer, R., Niemann, G. J. and Schippers, B. 1991. Induced resistance and phytoalexin

accumulation in biological control of Fusarium wilt of carnation by Pseudomonas sp. Strain

WCS 417r. Phytopathol. 81: 728-734.

Vargas Gil, S., Haro, R., Oddino, C., Kearney, M., Zuza, M., Marinelli A. and March G.J.

2008. Crop management practices in the control of peanut diseases caused by soil borne fungi.

Crop Prot. 27:1-9

Vasat wiki, 2008. http://vasatwiki.icrisat/index.ph.p/diseases in groundnut

Verlent, I., Van loey, CA., Smout, C., Duvetter, T. and Hendriclox, ME. 2004. Purified

tomato polygalacturonase activity during thermal and high pressure treatment. Biotechnol.

Bioeng. 86: 63-71.

Verma, M., Brar S.K., Tyagi R.D., Surampalli, R.Y. and Valéro, J.R. 2007. Antagonistic

fungi, Trichoderma spp.: Panoply of biological control. Biochem. Eng. J. 37 : 1-20.

243

Vernay, P., Gauthier- Moussard, C. and Hitmi, A. 2007. Interaction of bioaccumulation of

heavy metal chromium with water relation, mineral nutrition and photosynthesis in developed

leaves of Lolium perenne L. Chemosphere. 68: 1563-1575.

Vey, A., Hoagland, R.E. and Butt, T.M. 2001. Toxic metabolites of fungal biocontrol

agents.In: Fungus as Biocontrol Agents: Problems and Potential. Butt T.M, Jackson C and

Magan N (Eds.). CAB International, Bristol. pp 311-346.

Vidhyasekaran, P. 1997. Fungal pathogenesis in plants and crops.Molecular biology and host

defence mechanisms. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York. pp.553

Vinale, F., Sivasithamparam, K., Ghisalberti, E.L., Marra, R., Woo, S.L. and Lorito, M.

2008. Trichoderma –plant-pathogen interactions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 40: 1-10.

Vincent, J.M. 1927. Distortion of fungal hyphae in the presence of certain inhibitors. Nature,

159: 850.

Viswanathan, R. and Samiyappan, R. 1999. Identification of antifungal chitinases from

sugarcane. ICAR. News 5:1-2.

Vitanova, Maria. 2003. Species from genus Fusarium responsible for peanut Fusarium disease.

Plant Sci.XL:6.

Walters, D.R. and Ayres, P.G. 1984. RUBP carboxylase protein and enzymes of CO2

assimilation in barbley infected by powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis

bordei).Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 109: 208-218.

Walton, J.D. 1994. Deconstructing the cell wall. Plant Physiol. 104:191-196.

244

Wang, G., Michailides, T.J. and Bostock, R. M. 1997. Improved detection of

polygalacturonase activity due to Mucor piriformis with a modified Dinitrosalicylic Acid

Reagent. Phytopathol.87: 161-163.

Wei, G., Kloepper, J. W. and Tuzun, S. 1991. Induction of systemic resistance of cucumber to

Colletotrichum orbiculare by select strains of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.

Phytopathol.81: 1508-1512.

Weindling, R. 1934. Studies on a lethal principle effective in the parasitic action of Trichoderma

lignorum on Rhizoctonia solani and other soil fungi. Phytopathol., 24:1153-1179.

Weindling, R. and Emerson, O.H.1936. The isolation of toxic substances from culture of

Trichoderma. Phytopathol.26:1068-1070.

Weiss, E. A .2000. Oilseed crops. London: Black well Science.

Weller, D.M. and Thomashow, L.S. 1993. Microbial metabolites with biological activity In:

Pest management: biologically based technologies. (Eds.) Lumsden R.D. and Vaughn J.L.

American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 173-180.

Whipps, J.M and Lumsden, R.D. 2001. Commercial use of fungi as plant disease biological

control agents: status and prospects, In: Fungal Biocontrol Agents: Progress, Problems and

Potential. T. Butt, C. Jackson and N. Magan (Eds.). CABI Publishing, Walling ford. pp .9-22.

Wilberforce, E.M., Boddy, L., Griffiths, R. and Griffith, G.W. 2003. Agricultural

management affects communities of culturable root endophytic fungi in temperate grasslands.

Soil Biol. Biochem.35:1143-1154.

245

Williams, J.H., Wilson, J.H.H. and Bate, G.C. 1975. The growth of groundnuts (Arachis

hypogaea L. c.v.Makulu Red) at three altitudes in Rhodesia. Rhodesian Jour. Agri. Res. 13:

33-43.

Wood, I.M.W. 1968. The effect of temperature at early flowering on the growth and

development of peanuts, Aust. Jour. Agri. Res. 19:241-251

Woo, S.L. and Lorito, M. 2007. Exploiting the interactions between fungal antagonists,

pathogens and the plant for biocontrol. In: Vurro M, Gresel J, eds. Novel biotechnologies for

biocontrol agent enhancement and management. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 107-130.

Woo, S.L., Scala, F., Ruocco, M., Lorito, M. 2005. The molecular biology of the interactions

between Trichoderma species, phytopathogenic fungi, and plants. Phytopathol. 96:181-185.

Wu, Hong-sheng., Yang, Xin-ning., Fan,. Jia-qin., Miao, Wei-guo., Ling, Ning., Xu, Yang-

chun., Huang, Qi-wei., and Shen,Qirong. 2009. Suppression of Fusarium wilt of watermelon

by a bio-organic fertilizer containing combinations of antagonistic microorganisms. Biocontrol

54: 287-300.

Wynne J.C., Beute, M.K. and Nigam, S.N. 1991. Breeding for disease resistance in peanut

(Arachis hypogaea L.) Ann. Rev. Phytopath., 29:279-303.

Wynne, J.C., and Coffelt, T.A. 1982. Genetics of Arachis hypogaea L. In: Peanut Science and

Technology (Eds.) H.E.Pattee and C.T.Young. American Peanut Research and Education

Society, Inc.,Yoakum, TX. pp 50-94

246

Yao, C., Conway, W.S., Ren, R., Smith ,D., Ross G.S and Sams C.E. 1999. Gene encoding

polygalacturonase inhibitor in apple fruit is developmentally regulated and activated by

wounding and fungal infection. Plant Mol. Biol. 39:1231-1241.

Ye, S.F., Zhou, H.Y., Sun, Y., Zou, L.Y., Yu, J.Q. 2006. Cinnamic acid causes oxidative

stress in cucumber roots and promotes incidence of Fusarium wilt. Environ. Exp. Bot. 56:

255–262.

Young, Clyde Thomas.1970. Biochemical Studies of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) quality

Doctoral Thesis submitted to Oklahama State University.

Zar, J.H. 1984. Bio-statistical analysis. Prentice –Hall Inc., New Jersey. pp.718.

Zeininger, S., Galhaup, C., Payer, K., Woo, S.L., Mach, R.L., Fekete, C. Lorito, M. and

Kubicek, C.P. 1999. Chitinase gene expression during mycoparasitic interaction of Trichoderma

harzianum with its host. Fungal genet. Biol. 26:131-140.

Zheng, Xiaohong. 1992. Physiological and Biological significance of Peanut (Arachis

hypogaea L.) Peroxidases in Plant growth, Doctoral Thesis submitted to University of Western

Ontario, London.

Zhang, C., Druzhinina, I., Kubick , C.P. and Xu, T. 2005. Trichoderma biodiversity in

China: evidence for a north to southern distribution of species in East Asia. FEMS Microbiol.

Lett. 251: 251-257.

247

Zhang, Shusheng., Raza,Waseem.,Yang, Xingming., Hu,Jiang., Huang,Qiwei.,

Xu,Yangchun., Liu, Xinghai., Ran, Wei. and Shen, Qirong. 2008. Control of Fusarium wilt

disease of cucumber plants with the application of a bio-organic fertilizer. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 44:

1073-1080.

* Original not seen.