references - · pdf fileasme boiler and pressure vessel code section viii,division 1 2004...

249

REFERENCES

API, 2001, American Petroleum Institute, Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large,Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, API 620, Washington, D.C., API.

ASCE, 2002, American Society of Civil Engineers, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and OtherStructures, ASCE 7-02, New York, ASCE.

ASME, 2004a, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, SectionVIII, Division 1, Pressure Vessels, New York, ASME.

ASME, 2004a, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, SectionVIII, Division 2, Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels, New York, ASME.

ASME, 2002, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, B31.3, Process Piping, New York, ASME.

ASME, 1969, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Criteria of the ASME Boiler and PressureVessel Code for Design by Analysis in Sections III and VIII, Division 2, New York, ASME.

ASME, 1968, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Section VIII-Division 2 of the ASME Boilerand Pressure Vessel Code-Guide to Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels, New York, ASME.

Beer, F.P., Johnston, E.R., Eisenberg, E.R., and Staab, G., 2001, Mechanics of Materials, New York,McGraw Hill.

Booten, M., and Tennyson, T.C., 1977, “Design Criteria for Elastic Buckling of Circular Cylinders UnderCombined Loading”, Proc. Int. Coll. On Stability of Structures Under Static and Dynamic Loads,Washington, D.C., ASCE.

ICBO, 1997, International Conference of Building Officials, Uniform Building Code, Whittier, CA,ICBO.

Jawad, M.H., Clarkin, E.J., and Schussler, R.E., 1987, Evaluation of Tube-to-Tubesheet Junctions,Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, New York, ASME.

Jawad, M.H., and Farr, J.R., 1989, Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment, New York,ASME Press. John Wiley & Sons.

Jawad, M.H., 1994, Background of the Half-Pipe Jacket Rules in Section VIII, Division 1, Journal ofPressure Vessel Technology, New York, ASME.

Jawad, M.H., 2004, Design of Plate and Shell Structures, New York, ASME Press.

G + W Taylor-Bonney, Bulletin 502: Modern Flange Design, 7th Edition, Southfield, MI, G + W.

Peterson, R.E., 1974, Stress Concentration Factors, New York, John Wiley & Sons.

Downloaded From: https://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 04/17/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

250 References

Prager, W., and Hodge, P.G., 1965, Theory of Perfectly Plastic Solids, New York, John Wiley & Sons.

Shield, R.T., and Drucker, D.C., June 1961, “Design of Thin-Walled Torispherical and ToriconicalPressure Vessel Heads,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, New York, ASME.

TEMA, 1999, Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc., Standards of Tubular ExchangerManufacturers Association, 8th ed., Tarrytown, NY. TEMA.

Waters, E. O., Wesstrom, D. B., and Williams, F. S. G., 1937, “Formulas for Stresses in Bolted FlangedConnections,” Transactions of the ASME, New York, ASME.

Zick, L. P., and Germain, A. R., May 1963. “Circumferential Stresses in Pressure Vessel Shells ofRevolution,” Journal of Engineering for Industry, New York, ASME.


251

APPENDIX A

GUIDE TO VIII-1REQUIREMENTS


ASM

E B

OIL

ER A

ND

PR

ESSU

RE

VES

SEL

COD

E SE

CTI

ON

VIII

,DIV

ISIO

N 1

2004

ED

ITIO

N

Bel

low

s-Ty

pe E

xpan

sion

Joi

nts

App

endi

x 26

Fla

nged

and

Flu

ed E

xpan

sion

Joi

nts

App

endi

x 5

Stif

fene

r P

late

UG

-5, 2

2, 5

4, 8

2

App

lied

Lini

ngs

or In

tegr

ally

C

lad

Pla

te U

G-2

6; P

art U

CL;

A

ppen

dix

F; A

ppen

dix

27

Hea

d S

kirt

UG

-32,

33;

UW

-13;

UH

T-19

Lap

Join

t and

Loo

se-T

ype

Fla

nge

UG

-11,

44;

UW

-2; A

ppen

dix

2;

App

endi

x S

, Y

Pro

tect

ive

Dev

ices

UG

-125

-137

, A

ppen

dix

11; A

ppen

dix

M

Plu

g W

elds

UW

-l 7,

19;

UW

-37

Tole

ranc

eU

G-8

1;U

F-29

Sad

dle-

Type

Noz

zle,

Cat

egor

y D

U

W-2

, 3, 1

1,16

; UH

T-17

,18

Str

uctu

ral A

ttach

men

ts U

-1(e

);U

G-5

, 22,

54,

82;

UC

S-6

6(a)

;U

HT-

28, 8

5; U

LW-2

2; U

LT-3

0;

App

endi

x G

Stu

ds a

nd B

olts

UG

-12;

UC

S-1

0; U

NF

-12;

U

HA

-12;

UC

I-12

; UC

D-1

2; A

ppen

dix

2-2;

App

endi

x 24

Nut

s an

d W

ashe

rs U

G-1

3; U

CS

-11;

U

NF

-13;

UH

A-1

3; A

ppen

dix

2-2

Elli

psoi

dal H

eads

UG

-16,

79,

81;

UC

S-7

9

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e U

G-3

2; U

HT-

32;

A

ppen

dix

1; A

ppen

dix

L-1

E

xter

nal P

ress

ure

UG

-33;

UH

T-33

;

App

endi

x L-

6

Spi

n H

oles

; UW

-34

Noz

zle

Nec

k U

G-1

6, 2

7, 4

3, 4

5; U

W-1

3, 1

6;

UH

T-18

; ULW

-18;

ULT

-18

Cor

rosi

on U

G-1

6; U

G-2

5; U

F-2

5;N

F-1

3; U

HA

-6; U

CL-

25; U

HT-

25;

App

endi

x E

Slip

-On

Fla

nge

UG

-11,

44,

App

endi

x 2

Bol

ted

Fla

nge

Con

nect

ions

UG

-44,

App

. 2, S

, Y

Sph

eric

ally

-Dis

hed

Cov

ers

UG

-11,

35.

1;U

CI-

35; U

CD

-35;

App

endi

x 1-

6

Ful

l-Fac

ed G

aske

t App

endi

x 1-

6

Cat

egor

y C

Wel

ded

Join

t UW

-2, 3

, 11;

UN

F-1

9; U

HT-

17; U

LW-1

7; U

LT-1

7;A

ppen

dix

2-4

Ope

ning

s U

G-3

6-42

; ULW

-16,

18;

App

endi

x 1-

7, L

-7

Cat

egor

y B

Wel

ded

Join

t UW

-2, 3

, 11,

33,

35;

UC

S-1

9; U

NF

-19;

UH

A-2

1; U

HT-

17; U

LT-1

7

Mul

tiple

Ope

ning

s U

G-4

2, 5

3

Insi

de E

dges

UG

-76

Atta

chm

ent D

etai

ls U

W-9

,13,

33;

U

HT-

20; U

LW-1

7; U

LT-1

7

Non

pres

sure

Par

ts U

-1(e

)(2)

, UG

-4, 2

2,

54, 5

5, 8

2; U

W-5

, 27,

28,

29;

UH

T-85

; U

LW-2

2; U

LT-3

0

Hem

isph

eric

al H

ead

UG

-16,

79,

81;

UC

S-7

9; U

HT-

34; U

NF

-79

In

tern

al P

ress

ure

UG

-32;

UH

T-32

;

App

endi

x 1,

L

Ext

erna

l Pre

ssur

e U

G-3

3; U

HA

-31;

U

CL-

26; U

HT-

33; A

ppen

dix

L

Une

qual

Thi

ckne

ss U

W-9

,13,

33,

42;

UH

T-34

She

ll T

hick

ness

UG

-16;

UC

S-2

7; A

ppen

dix

32

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e U

G-2

7; A

ppen

dix

1, L

E

xter

nal P

ress

ure

UG

-28;

UC

S-2

8;

UN

F-2

8, U

HA

-28;

UC

I-28

, 29;

UC

L-26

; UC

D-2

8, U

HT-

27;

U

LW-1

16; U

LT-2

8; A

ppen

dix

L

Stif

feni

ng R

ings

UG

-29,

30;

U

CS

-29;

UN

F-3

0; U

HA

-29,

30;

U

HT-

28-3

0; U

LT-2

9; A

ppen

dix

L

Wel

ded

Con

nect

ion

UW

-15,

16;

U

HT-

17-1

8; U

LW-1

8; U

LT-1

8

Sid

e P

late

s, R

ecta

ngul

ar V

esse

lsU

W-1

3; A

ppen

dix

13

Ope

ning

in F

lat H

eads

UG

-39;

App

endi

x 14

Hal

f Pip

e C

oils

App

endi

x E

E

Ope

ning

s in

or

Adj

acen

t to

Wel

ds U

G-3

6; U

W-1

4; U

LT-1

8

Junc

tion

Wel

d U

W-9

Cat

egor

y A

Lon

gitu

dina

l Joi

nt U

W-2

, 3, 9

, 11

, 12,

33,

35;

UC

S-1

9; U

NF

-19;

UH

A-2

1;

UH

T-17

, 20;

ULW

-17;

ULT

-17

Bac

king

Str

ip U

W-2

; Ta

ble

UW

-12,

UC

S-6

6(a)

;U

CS

-66(

h)

Wel

ded

Fla

t Hea

ds U

G-3

4;

UW

-13;

ULW

-17;

App

endi

x 14

Cor

ner

Join

ts U

G-9

3; U

W-9

,13,

18

App

endi

x 28

Cat

egor

y B

Circ

umfe

rent

ial J

oint

sU

W-2

, 3, 9

,12,

33,

35;

UH

T-17

, 20;

U

CS

-19;

ULW

-17;

ULT

-17;

UN

F-1

9;

UH

A-2

1

For

min

g U

G-7

9, 9

6; U

F-2

8; U

CS

-79;

UH

A-4

4;U

NF

-77;

UH

T-79

; ULT

-79

Cas

tin

gs

UG

-7, 1

1, 2

4; U

CS

-8; U

NF

-8; U

HA

-8; P

art U

CI;

Par

t UC

D; A

ppen

dix

7

Fo

rgin

gs

UG

-6, 1

1; P

art U

F; U

CS

-7; U

NF

-7; A

ppen

dix

22

Hea

t Tr

eatm

ent

UG

-11,

85;

UW

-10,

40,

49;

UC

S-5

6, 8

5; U

NF

-56,

79;

UH

A-3

2, 4

4, 1

05;

UC

L-34

; UF

-31,

52;

UH

T-56

, 80,

81;

ULW

-26;

ULT

-56;

App

endi

x 31

, R

Ch

arp

y Im

pac

t Te

sts

(To

ug

hn

ess)

UG

-20(

f), U

G-8

4, U

CS

-66,

67,

68,

UN

F-6

5, U

HA

-51,

UH

T-5,

6, 8

2; U

LT-5

Pip

es a

nd

Tu

bes

UG

-8, 1

0, 1

6, 3

1; U

CS

-9, 2

7

Pla

teU

G-5

,10,

16, 7

6, 7

9; U

W-5

; UC

S-6

; UN

F-6

Bo

lts

UG

-12;

UC

S-1

0; U

NF

-12,

UH

A-1

2; U

CI-

12; U

CD

-12

Nu

ts a

nd

Was

her

sU

G-1

3, U

CS

-11,

UN

F-1

3; U

HA

-13;

UC

I-12

, UC

D-1

2

Bar

s an

d S

hap

esU

G-1

4; U

CS

-12;

UN

F-1

4

Mat

eria

l an

d H

eat

Trea

tmen

t Ta

ble

Qu

ick

Ref

eren

ce G

uid

eT

his

guid

e ill

ustr

ates

som

e ty

pes

of c

onst

ruct

ion

prov

ided

for

und

er A

SME

Sec

tion

VII

I, D

ivis

ion

1 C

ode,

an

d is

sub

ject

to

the

rule

s in

the

cur

rent

edi

tion

of

the

Cod

e. T

his

guid

e sh

ould

be

used

onl

y as

a q

uick

ref

eren

ce.

THE

HA

RTFO

RD S

TEA

M B

OIL

ER

INSP

ECTI

ON

AN

D IN

SURA

NC

E C

O.

OF

CO

NN

ECTI

CU

T


Sup

port

Ski

rt U

-1(e

); U

G-5

, 22,

54;

U

CS

-66(

a); U

HT-

28, 8

5; U

LW-2

2; U

LT-3

0;

App

endi

x G

Bar

s, S

truc

tura

l Sha

pes

and

Sta

ys U

G-1

4; U

W-1

9

Jack

eted

Ves

sels

UG

-27,

28,

47;

ULW

-22;

App

endi

x 9,

21

Knu

ckle

Rad

ius

UG

-32;

UC

S-7

9; A

ppen

dix

1-4

Toris

pher

ical

Hea

d U

G-1

6, 7

9, 8

1; U

CS

-79;

UN

F-7

9

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e U

G-3

2; U

HT-

32;

A

ppen

dix

1-4,

L

Ext

erna

l Pre

ssur

e U

G-3

3; U

HT-

33; A

ppen

dix

L

Spi

n H

oles

; UW

-34

Hea

d A

ttach

men

t UW

-12,

13;

U

HT-

34; U

LW-1

7

Tellt

ale

Hol

e U

W-1

5(d)

Rei

nfor

cing

Rin

g fo

r C

onic

al R

educ

ers

App

endi

x 1-

5, 8

One

-Hal

f Ape

x A

ngle

UG

-32,

33;

UW

-3; A

ppen

dix

1-5,

1-8

Con

ical

Hea

ds U

HT-

19

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e U

G-3

2; U

HT-

32;

A

ppen

dix

1-4,

5

Ext

erna

l Pre

ssur

e U

G-3

3; U

HT-

33;

A

ppen

dix

1-8

Sm

all W

elde

d F

ittin

gs U

G-1

1, 4

3; U

W-1

5, 1

6

Wel

ded

Sta

yed

Con

stru

ctio

nU

G-4

7; U

W-1

9, 3

7

Jack

eted

Ves

sel C

losu

re R

ing

App

endi

x 9

Sta

yed

Sur

face

s U

G-2

7, 4

7

Sta

ybol

ts U

G-1

4, 4

7-50

; UG

-83;

U

W-1

9

Tellt

ale

Hol

es fo

r C

orro

sion

U

G-2

5; U

CL-

25

Rei

nfor

cem

ent o

f Ope

ning

s w

ith P

adU

G-3

6, 3

7, 4

0, 4

1, 4

2, 8

2; U

W-1

4, 1

5, 1

6;U

HT-

18; U

LW-1

8; A

ppen

dix

1-7,

L-7

Inte

rnal

Str

uctu

res

UG

-5; U

G-8

2; A

ppen

dix

D

Blin

d F

lang

e an

d F

lat H

ead

Bol

ted

UG

-11,

34,

44

Tube

She

et D

esig

nP

art U

HX

U

-2(g

); T

EM

A; B

S 5

500

Tube

to T

ube

She

et

Join

ts U

W-2

0;A

ppen

dix

A; U

HX

-15

Baf

fle U

G-5

Tube

s U

G-8

,16

, 27,

28,

31;

U

CS

-9;

App

endi

x 23

Cat

egor

y C

Wel

ded

Join

tU

W-2

, 3, 1

1

Man

hole

Cov

er P

late

U-1

(e)(

3)U

G-1

1, 3

4, 4

6

Con

ical

She

ll R

educ

er U

G-3

2, 3

3, 3

6;

UH

T-19

; App

endi

x 1-

5, 1

-8

Stu

dded

Con

nect

ions

App

endi

x 30

; UG

-12;

U

G-4

3, 4

4; U

W-1

6

Opt

iona

l-Typ

e F

lang

e U

G-1

4, 4

4;

UW

-13;

App

endi

x 2,

S, Y

Bol

ted

Fla

nge

or R

ing

Gas

ket

App

endi

x 2,

S, Y

Flu

ed O

peni

ngs

UG

-32,

38,

46

Yoke

UG

-11

Fla

nge

Atta

chm

ent U

W-2

,15,

16;

ULW

-18,

App

endi

x 2,

Fig

. 2-4

Tole

ranc

e U

G-8

0; U

F-2

7; A

ppen

dix

27

App

endi

x L-

4W

eld

Nec

k an

d In

tegr

al-T

ype

Fla

nge

UG

-11,

44;

App

endi

x 2,

S

Thr

eade

d O

peni

ngs

UG

-36,

43,

46

Fill

et W

elds

UW

-9, 1

2, 1

3, 1

8, 3

6; U

CL-

46

Insp

ectio

n O

peni

ngs

UG

-46

Cat

egor

y D

Wel

ded

Join

t U

W-2

, 3, 1

1, 1

6, 1

8; U

NF

-19;

UH

T-17

, 18

Intr

oduc

tion

Scop

e an

d A

pplic

abili

tySu

bsec

tion

A

Par

t U

G-G

ener

al r

equi

rem

ents

for

all

cons

truc

tion

and

all

mat

eria

lsSu

bsec

tion

B

Req

uire

men

ts fo

r met

hods

of f

abric

atio

nP

art

UW

W

eldi

ngP

art

UF

F

orgi

ngP

art

UB

B

razi

ngSu

bsec

tion

C

Req

uire

men

ts f

or c

lass

es o

f m

ater

ial

Par

t U

CS

C

arbo

n an

d lo

w a

lloy

stee

lsP

art

UN

F

Non

ferr

ous

mat

eria

lsP

art

UH

A

Hig

h al

loy

stee

lsP

art

UC

I

Cas

t ir

onP

art

UC

L

Cla

d pl

ate

and

corr

osio

n re

sist

ant l

iner

sP

art

UC

D

Cas

t du

ctile

iron

Par

tU

HT

F

erri

tic

stee

ls w

ith

tens

ile p

rope

rtie

sen

hanc

ed b

y he

at t

reat

men

tP

art

UL

W

Lay

ered

Con

stru

ctio

nP

art

ULT

Low

Tem

pera

ture

Mat

eria

lsP

art

UH

XR

ules

for

She

ll an

d T

ube

Hea

tE

xcha

nger

sM

anda

tory

App

endi

ces

1-3

3N

onm

anda

tory

App

endi

ces

A-Y

,DD

, EE

, FF,

GG

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

GE

NE

RA

L N

OT

ES

Cod

e Ju

risd

icti

on f

or P

ipin

g....

......

......

......

......

..U-1

Des

ign

Pre

ssur

e...

......

......

.UG

-21;

UG

-98;

UC

D-3

Des

ign

Tem

pera

ture

......

UG

-20;

UC

L-2

4; U

CD

-3D

impl

ed o

r E

mbo

ssed

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255

TABLE B.1CARBON STEEL PLATE

TABLE B.2CHROME-MOLY STEEL PLATE SPECIFICATIONS, SA-387

APPENDIX B

MATERIAL DESIGNATION

TABLE B.3CHROME-MOLY STEEL FORGING SPECIFICATIONS, SA-182


256 Appendix B

TABLE B.4CHROME-MOLY STEEL FORGING SPECIFICATIONS, SA-336

TABLE B.5QUENCH & TEMPERED CARBON AND ALLOY STEEL FORGINGS, SA-508


APPENDIX CJOINT EFFICIENCY FACTORS

JOINT EFFICIENCY FACTORSSECTION VIII, DIVISION 1

FIG. C.1

257


258 Appendix C


FIG. C.2


Joint Efficiency Factors 259


FIG. C.3


260 Appendix C


FIG. C.4




FIG. C.5


262 Appendix C


FIG. C.6




FIG. C.7


264 Appendix C


FIG. C.8




FIG. C.9


266 Appendix C


FIG. C.10




FIG. C.11


268 Appendix C


FIG. C.12




FIG. C.13


270 Appendix C


FIG. C.14




FIG. C.15


272 Appendix C


FIG. C.16




FIG. C.17


274 Appendix C


FIG. C.18




FIG. C.19


276 Appendix C

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS FORJOINT EFFICIENCY FACTORS

SECTION VIII, DIVISION 1

FIG. C.20.E



FIG. C.20.E (CON’D)


279

APPENDIX D

FLANGE CALCULATION SHEETS

FLANGE CALCULATION SHEETS

Blank fill-in calculation sheets are given for the following types of flanges:

Sheet D.1—Ring flange with ring-type gasketSheet D.2—Slip-on or lap-joint flange with ring-type gasketSheet D.3—Welding neck flange with ring-type gasketSheet D.4—Reverse welding neck flange with ring-type gasketSheet D.5—Slip-on flange with full-face gasketSheet D.6—Welding neck flange with full-face gasket

FIG. D.1RING FLANGE WITH RING-TYPE GASKET


280 Appendix D

FIG. D.2SLIP-ON OR LAP-JOINT FLANGE WITH RING-TYPE GASKET


Flange Calculation Sheets 281

FIG. D.3WELDING NECK FLANGE WITH RING-TYPE GASKET


282 Appendix D

FIG. D.4REVERSE WELDING NECK FLANGE WITH RING-TYPE GASKET


Flange Calculation Sheets 283

FIG. D.5SLIP-ON FLANGE WITH FULL-FACE GASKET


284 Appendix D

FIG. D.6WELDING NECK FLANGE WITH FULL-FACE GASKET


APPENDIX E

CONVERSION FACTORS

CONVERSION OF U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS TO SI UNITS1

Quantity Multiply U.S. Units By Factor To Get SI Units

Linear Dimension inches (in.) 0.0254 meters (m)feet (ft.) 0.3048 meters (m)

Area square inches (in.2) 0.0006452 meters2 (m2)square feet (ft.2) 0.092903 meters2 (m2)

Volume U.S. gallons 0.003785 meters3 (m3)cubic feet (ft3) 0.02832 meters3 (m3)

Mass (weight) pounds (lbm) 0.4536 kilograms (kg)Force (load) pounds (lbf) 4.448 newtons (N)Bending moment inch-pounds (in.-lb) 8.851 newton-meters (N-m)Pressure pounds/sq.in. (psi) 6,894.8 pascals (Pa)

bars 100,000.0 pascals (Pa)Heat Units Btu 1,005.056 joules (J)Temperature degrees Fahrenheit (°F) tc = (tf – 32)/1.8 degrees Celsius (°C)Fracture toughness ksi sq. root inches (ksi�in.) 1.099 × 106 Pa sq.rt.meters (Pa�m)

1 For other conversions, see ASTM E 380 and Appendix 33 of VIII-1

285


287

A

A value, 42Allowable stress, 2, 3, 4, 5ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section

VIII, v, see also Section VIIIAssignment of materials to curves, 10Axial buckling stress, critical, 38Axial compression, cylindrical shells under,

35–41

B

B value, 41–42Beams on Elastic Foundation, 126Bellows-type expansion joints, 230, 231Bending moment, 39Bending stress, 39–40

ligament efficiency for multi-diameter open-ings for, 182–185

Blind flanges, 102Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII,

ASME, v, see also Section VIIIBolt loads, 101Bolt sizing, 101Bolted flanges, 101–105

connections with ring type gaskets,104–118

Bolted flat head, 12Bolted flat plates and covers, 102–103Bolting, flat plates and covers with, 102Bolting rings, 118Braced and stayed construction, 159–163Braced and stayed surfaces, 159–162Brittle fracture, 9–14Buckling, of cylindrical shells, 41–42Buckling equation, 38Buckling stress, critical axial, 39

Butt joints, 6–7Butt welded, 5–8Butt welded components, 12

C

C value, 98Carbon steel plate specifications, 255Cast Ductile Iron, rules of Part UCD for,

23–24Cast Iron, rules of Part UCI for, 24Categories, welded joint, 6–7Charpy impact-test requirements, 16Chrome-moly steel forging specifications

SA-182, 255SA-336, 256

Chrome-moly steel plate specifications, 255Circular flat plate, 97Circumferential membrane stress, 28Circumferential stress, 33, 67Closure design details, 165–168Cold temperatures, 24Compensation, inherent, openings with, 128Component analysis in VIII-2, 233–248Compression

axial, cylindrical shells under, 35–41cone-to-shell junction at large end of cone in,

72–73cone-to-shell junction at small end of cone

in, 81–83Compressive stress, 67Cone-to-cylinder junction

large end ofinherent reinforcement for, 90values of Q for, 91

small end ofinherent reinforcement for, 92values of Q for, 93

INDEX


288 Index

Cone-to-shell junctionlarge, 76–77, 84–87at large end of cone

in compression, 72–73in tension, 80–81

small, 77–78, 87–89at small end of cone

in compression, 81–82in tension, 73–74

Conical sectionsexternal pressure on, 80–89internal pressure on, 71–80VIII-1, 70–89VIII-2, 89–93

Conical shells, 70Conversion factors, 284Corner joint, 13Corner welded, 5, 8Corrosion allowance, 30, 31Covers

flat, see Flat plates and coversspherically dished, 124–131

Creep,2Creep rate, 3Critical axial buckling stress, 38Critical strain, lowest, 41Crown radius of ellipsoidal heads, 64Curves, assignment of materials to, 10Cylinders

effective length of, 42elliptical, 53

Cylindrical shells, 27–54under axial compression, 35–41buckling of, 41equations, VIII-2, 51external pressure on, 41hoop stress in, 29lines of support of, under external pressure,

43mitered, 52–53openings in, 128–129under tensile forces, 27–35thick, 33–35, 51thin, 27–32, 51

D

Design rules, 1Design temperatures, 2, 4Dimpled and embossed assemblies, welded stays

for, 160–162Double full fillet lap joint, 6

E

E (Joint Efficiency Factors), 4–7, 257–277Earthquake forces, 27Edge moment, 101Effective length of cylinders, 42EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers

Association) Standard, 189Elastic foundation theory, 126, 208Elasticity, modulus of, 37, 191Ellipsoidal heads

crown radius of, 64pressure on concave side of, 62–63pressure on convex side of, 63–64VIII-1, 62–65VIII-2, 68–70

Elliptical cylinders, 53Elliptical shells, 53–54Empirical equations, 45Enameled vessels, 24EPC (External Pressure Charts), 36–37Excess area, 72Expansion Joint Manufacturers

Association (EJMA) Standard, 189Expansion joints, 229–231External pressure

on conical sections, 80–89on cylindrical shells, 41–51on ellipsoidal heads, 63on torispherical heads, 67lines of support of cylindrical shells under,

43reinforced opening design for, 126in spherical shells, 59–61

External Pressure Charts (EPC), 36–37

F

F-factor, 129–130Factor 1.1, 2Fatigue, stress concentration factors used in, 239Fatigue curves, 21, 245Fatigue evaluation, 244–247Fatigue requirements, 19–22F&D heads (Flanged and Dished heads), 65Figures, list of, xvii-xixFillet welded, 5, 9Fixed tubesheets, 208–223

design equations for, 212–217details for, 210–211

Flange calculation sheets, 279–284Flange connections, bolted, with ring type gas-

kets, 104–120


Index 289

Flange rings, 120Flanged and Dished heads (F&D heads), 65Flanged and flued expansion joints, 229–231Flanges

blind, 102bolted, see Bolted flangesflat-face, 118full-face gasket, 117, 118integral, 105, 118lap-joint, see Lap-joint flangesloose, 105optional, 105reverse, 113–117ring, 105slip-on, see Slip-on flangesstandard, 105–112welding neck, see Welding neck flanges

Flat-face flanges, 118Flat head

bolted, 13integral, 13

Flat plates and covers, 97–100bolted, 102with bolting, 103circular, with bolting, 103circular integral, 97–100integral, 97–101multiple openings in rims of, 109noncircular, with bolting, 102noncircular integral, 99–100openings in, 102–104unstayed, 97

Flues, 74Forces

earthquake, 27meridional, 61tensile, see Tensile forces

Fracture, brittle, 9–14Full-face gasket

slip-on flange with, 283welding neck flange with, 284

Full-face gasket flanges, 117

G

Gasket crushout, check for, 102Gasket design requirements, 101Gaskets

full face, see Full-face gasketring type, see Ring-type gasket

Geometric parameters, 191Glass-lined vessels, 24Group numbers, 3

H

Half-pipe jackets, 168–175maximum allowable internal pressure in,

169–171minimum thickness of, 171–172

Head configurations, 55Heads

conical, 70ellipsoidal, see Ellipsoidal headshemispherical, see Hemispherical headsspherically dished, 118torispherical, see Torispherical headstoriconical, 73

Heat exchangersconfigurations of, 190design of, 189–232design rules for components of, 189example, 8tubesheet, see TubesheetsU-tube, see U-tube exchangers

Hemispherical heads, 55pressure on concave side of, 55–59pressure on convex side of, 59–62thickness, 58–59, 60–62VIII-1, 55–61VIII-2, 61–62

High alloy steels, without impact testing, mini-mum design metal temperatures in, 18

Hillside nozzle position, 129Hoop stress, 4

basic equation for, 53in cylindrical shells, 29

Hydrostatic, term, 23Hydrostatic test, 23

for VIII-1, 23–25for VIII-2, 25–26

I

Impact energy, minimum, 16Impact-test exemption curves, 15Impact-test requirements, Charpy, 16Impact testing

high alloy steels without, minimum designmetal temperatures in, 18

reduction of MDMT without, 17Inertia, moment of, calculating, 82Inherent compensation, openings with, 128Integral flanges, 97–100Integral flat head, 13Internal pressure, 27

on conical sections, 71–80


290 Index

Internal pressure (continued)maximum allowable, in half-pipe jackets,

169–171reinforced opening design for, 126in cylindrical shells, 27in spherical shells, 55–59in elliptical shells, 53in torispherical shells, 65

J

Jacket closure bars, 164–165Jacket penetrations, 166–167Jacketed vessels, 163–167

design of closure member for, 164–165openings in, 165types of, 163–164welded stays for, 160–162

Jacketshalf-pipe, see Half-pipe jacketsspiral, 171

Joint categories, welded, 6–7Joint Efficiency Factors (E), 3, 4, 6, 7,

257–277

K

K factor for pipe jacket, 170–175Knuckle, thickness required for, 73Knuckle radius, 62

L

Lamé’s equation, 33Lap-joint flanges, 105

with ring-type gasket, 280Layered vessels, 30Ligament efficiency, non-circ. vessel

for constant-diameter openings, 181for multi-diameter openings

for bending stress, 182–185for membrane stresses, 181

Ligament efficiency method, 125Ligament efficiency rules, VIII-1, 154–157Loads, 1

bolt, 101radial, 49shear, 49vacuum, 45wind, 39

Longitudinal stress, 33Loose flanges, 101, 105, 118

M

Mandatory rules, 1Material designation, 255–256Materials to curves, assignment of, 10MAWP (maximum allowable working pressure),

23, 24Maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP),

23, 24MDMT, see Minimum Design Metal TemperatureMembrane stress, 24

circumferential, 27ligament efficiency for multi-diameter open-

ings for, 181–185in spherical shells, 55

Meridional forces, 61Meridional stress, 67Miscellaneous transition sections, 93Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT), 12

in high alloy steels without impact testing, 18reduction of, without impact testing, 17

Mitered cylindrical shells, 52–53Modulus of elasticity, 37, 191Moment of inertia, calculating, 81–82

N

Non-Mandatory rules, 1Noncircular cross section, vessels of, 175–187Noncircular flat plates, 99, 102Nozzle connections, 52Nozzle design, alternative rules for, 148–154Nozzle nomenclature, 126, 144Nozzle reinforcement, 136–141

O

Obround cross section, vessels of, 179Openings, 125–157

code bases for acceptability of, 125constant-diameter, ligament efficiency for,

181in cylindrical shells, 129exceeding size limits, 142–143in flat plates and covers, 102–104with inherent compensation, 128in jacketed vessels, 165multi-diameter, ligament efficiency for, see

Ligament efficiency for multidiameteropenings

multiple, in rims of flat heads or covers, 104nozzle reinforcement of series of, 155–156


Index 291

reinforced, see Reinforced openingsin spherical shells, 129terms and definitions for, 126in vessels of noncircular cross section, 180

Optional flanges, 105Outside radius, 56

P

P numbers, 3Part UCD for Cast Ductile Iron, rules of, 24Part UCI for Cast Iron, rules of, 24Part ULT rules, 24Peak stress, 125, 234Penetrations, jacket, 166–167Plate diameter

opening diameter does not exceed half,103

opening diameter exceeds half, 104Plates, flat, see Flat plates and coversPlates on elastic foundation, 213Pneumatic, term, 23Pneumatic test, 23

for VIII-1, 24for VIII-2, 25

Poisson’s ratio, effective, 208Pressure

on concave sideof ellipsoidal heads, 62–63of hemispherical heads, 55–59of torispherical heads, 65–67

on convex sideof ellipsoidal heads, 63–65of hemispherical heads, 59–61of torispherical heads, 67–68

external, see External pressureinternal, see Internal pressuremaximum, for thickness, 27

Pressure-area procedure, 74Pressure boundary, 125Pressure test requirements

for VIII-1, 23–24for VIII-2, 25–26

Pressure testing, 22–26Pressure vessels, 22Primary stress, 125, 233, 234Process cyclic curves, 246

Q

Q factor, 95Quality factor, 257–277Quality Factors, 5

Quench and tempered carbon and alloy steel forg-ing specifications, 256

R

Radial loads, 49Radius-to-depth ratio, 62Reactor, example, 14Rectangular cross section, vessels of, 180–181,

185–187Reducers, 52References, 249–250Reinforced openings

area of reinforcement available for, 132area of reinforcement required for, 129general requirements, 126–128limits of reinforcement for, 126rules

VIII-1, 128–144VIII-2, 144–154

shape and size of, 128Reinforcement, nozzle, see Nozzle

reinforcementReinforcement limits, 131–132Reinforcement plate, welded connection with, 12Reverse flanges, 113–117Reverse welding neck flange with ring-type gas-

ket, 282Ring flanges, 105

with ring-type gasket, 279Ring girders, 8Ring-type gaskets

bolted flange connections with, 101reverse welding neck flange with, 282ring flange with, 279slip-on or lap-joint flange with, 280welding neck flanges with, 281

Rings, stiffening, see Stiffening ringsRupture, 1–4

S

Secondary stress, 233Section VIII

background information, 1–26Divisions 1 and 2, 1

Section VIII-1, pressure test requirements for,23–24

Section VIII-2, pressure test requirements for,25–26

Sections, conical, see Conical sectionsShear loads, 49Shearing stress, 51


292 Index

Shellsconical, see Conical sectionscylindrical, see Cylindrical shellselliptical, 53–54spherical, see Spherical shells

SI units, conversion of U.S. customary units to,285

Single full fillet lap joint, 8Single-welded butt joints, 8Slip-on flanges, 105

with full-face gasket, 283with ring-type gasket, 280

Special components, VIII-1, 159–187Spherical radius, 62Spherical shells

external pressure in, 59–61internal pressure in, 55–59large, 55membrane stress in, 55openings in, 129thick, 56VIII-1, 55–61VIII-2, 61–62

Spherically dished covers, 118–124Spiral jackets, 171Standard flanges, 105–112Stays

and staybolts, 162–163welded, see Welded stays

Stiffening rings, 46–49attachment of, 49–51designing, 46–49

Strain, 36critical, lowest, 41

Stressallowable, 2–5bending, 39–40circumferential, 33, 67classification of, 236–238combinations of, 239–244compressive, 67critical axial buckling, 38hoop, see Hoop stresslongitudinal, 33membrane, see Membrane stressmeridional, 67peak, 125, 234primary, 125, 233, 234secondary, 233shearing, 51tensile, 2thermal, 233, 235

Stress categories, 233–239and limits, 236

Stress concentration, 239Stress multipliers, 3Stress rupture, 3Stress-strain diagrams, 36–37Structural discontinuity, 235

T

Tables, list of, xxiTEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers

Association) standards, 190Temperatures

cold, 24design, 2, 4metal, minimum design, see Minimum

Design Metal TemperatureTensile forces, cylindrical shells under, 27–35Tensile strength, 3Tensile stress, 2Tension

cone-to-shell junction at large end of cone in,80–81

cone-to-shell junction at small end of conein, 73–74

Thermal stress, 233, 235Thickness

details governing, used for toughness, 12–14hemispherical heads, 58–59, 60–62maximum pressure for, 27minimum, of half-pipe jackets, 171–175required for knuckle, 73

Threaded-end stay construction, special limita-tions for, 160

Threaded-end stays, special limitations for, 162Torispherical heads

pressure on concave side of, 65–67pressure on convex side of, 67–68shallow, 65VIII-1, 65–68VIII-2, 68–70

Toughness, governing thickness details used for,12–14

Toughness rules, 14Transition sections, 52–54

conical, see Conical sectionsTube patterns, 197–198Tubesheet attachments, 8Tubesheet design

rules for, 189in U-tube exchangers, 189–208


Index 293

Tubesheets, 9, 189fixed, see Fixed tubesheetstypes of, 190

Tube-to TubesheetsAcceptable types of strength welds, 224Locking mechanism, 228Methods of attaching, 223Push-out tests, 227

Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association(TEMA) standards, 190

U

U-tube exchangers, tubesheet design in,201–213

Unified Numbering System (UNS), 2UNS (Unified Numbering System), 2Unstayed flat plates and covers, 103U.S. customary units to SI units, conversion of,

285

V

Vacuum loads, 45Venting, 24Vessels

jacketed, see Jacketed vesselslayered, 30of noncircular cross section, 175–187

of obround cross section, 179of rectangular cross section, 175–187, 197–199

VIII-1 requirements, guide to, 251–253

W

Weld efficiencies, 4Welded attachments, 14Welded connection with reinforcement plate, 12Welded-in stay construction, special limitations

for, 160Welded joint categories, 6–7Welded stays

for dimpled and embossed assemblies,160–161

for jacketed vessels, 160–161Welding neck flanges, 114, 115

with full-face gasket, 284with ring-type gasket, 281

Wind loads, 39Wind moment, 39

Y

Yield strength, 3interpolation between, 16

Z

Z factor, 100


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