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LOWNDES, A. G., 1942. The displacement method of weighing living aquatic organisms. J. Mar. bioi. Ass. U.K., 25, 555-574.

LUCAS, C. E., 1938. Some aspects of integration in plankton communities. J. Cons. into Explor. Mer, 13, 309-322.

MANTEUFEL, B. P., 1941. Plankton and herring in the Barents Sea. Trans. Knipo­t'ich polyar. Sci. Inst., 7, 125.

MARSHALL, S., 1924. The food of Calanus finmarchicus during 1923. J. Mar. bioI. Ass. U.K., 13, 473-479.

MARSHALL, S. M., 1933. On the biology of Calanus finmarchicus. II: Seasonal variations in the size of Calanus finmarchicus in the Clyde sea area. J. Mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 19, 111-138.

MARSHALL, S. M., 1949. On the biology of the small copepods in Loch Striven. J. Mar. bioI. Ass. U.K., 28, 45-122.

MARSHALL, S. M., NICHOLLS, A. G., and ORR, A. P;, 1934. On the biology of Calanus finmarchicus. V: Seasonal distribution, size, weight and chemical composition in Loch Striven in 1933 and their relation to the phytoplankton. J. Mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 19, 793-828.

MARSHALL, S. M., NICHOLLS, A. G., and ORR, A. P., 1935. On the biology of Calanus finmarchicus. VI: Oxygen consumption in relation to environmental conditions. J. Mar. bioI. Ass. U.K., 20, 1-28.

MARSHALL, S. M., NICHOLLS, A. G., and ORR, A. P., 1937. On the growth and feeding of the larval and post-larval stages of the Clyde herring. J. Mar. bioI. Ass. U.K., 22, 245-267.

MARSHALL, S. M., NI<':HOLLS, A. G., and ORR, A. P., 1939. On the growth and feeding of young herring in the Clyde. J. Mar. bioI. Ass. U.K., 23, 427-455.

MARSHALL, S. M., and ORR, A. P., 1927. The relation of the plankton to some chemical and physical factors in the Clyde sea area. J. Mar. bioi. Ass. U.K., 14, 837-868.

MARSHALL, S. M., and ORR, A. P., 1952. On the biology of Calanus finmarchicus. VII: Factors affecting egg production. J. Mar. bioI. Ass. U.K., 30, 527-547.

MARSHALL, S. M., and ORR, A. P., 1953. Calanus finmarchicus: egg production and egg development in Troms0 Sound in spring. Acta Borealia, A, 5, 21 pp.

MARSHALL, S. M., and ORR, A. P., 1954. Hatching in Calanus finmarchicus and some other copepods. J. Mar. bioI. Ass. U.K., 33, 393-410.

MARSHALL, S. M., ORR, A. P., and RIms, C. B., 1953. Calanus finmarchicus and related forms. Nature, 171, 1163.

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A SELECTION OF PAPERS

ON CALANUS

WRITTEN SINCE 1953

[Titles in brackets are translations from Russian originals]

Adams, J .A., and Steele, J .H., 1966. Shipboard experiments on the feeding of C alanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus). 19-3 5. In H. Barnes (ed.), Some contemp. Stud. mar. Sci., Allen and Un­win.

Anraku, M., 1963. Feeding habits of planktonic copepods (review). Inf. Bull. Planktol. Japan, 9, 10-35.

Anraku, M., 1964. Some technical problems encountered in quanti­tative studies of grazing and predation by marine planktonic cope­pods. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 20, 221-231.

Anraku, M., 1964. Influence of the Cape Cod Canal on the hydro­graphy and on the copepods in Buzzard I s Bay and Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts. II. Respiration and feeding. Limnol. Oceanogr., 9, 195-206.

Anraku, M., and Omori, M., 1963. Preliminary survey of the re­lationship between the feeding habit and the structure of the mouth­parts of marine copepods. Limnol. Oceanogr., 8, 116-126.

Avigan, J., and Blumer, M., 1968. On the origin of pristane in ma­rine organisms. J. Lipid Res., 9, 350-353.

Beklemishev, K. V., 1954. [The feeding of some abundant plankton copepods in far eastern seas.] Zoo1. Zhurn., 33, 1210-1230.

Beklemishev, K. V., 1959. [The anatomy of the chewing apparatus in copepods. II. The chewing region of the mandible in certain Calanidae and Eucalanidae.] Trudy Inst. Okeano1. Akad. Nauk. SSSR., 30, 148-155.

Beklemishev, K. V., 1962. Superfluous feeding of marine herbivo­rous zooplankton. Rapp. P.-v. RElUn. Cons. perm. into Explor. Mer., 153, 108-113.

Brodsky, K.A., 1959. [On phylogenetic relations of some Calanus (Copepoda) species of northern and southern hemispheres. ] Zool. Zhurn., 33, 1537-1553.

Brodsky, K.A., 1967. [Types of female genitalia and heterogeneity in the genus Calanus (Copepoda).] Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 176, 222-225.

Brodsky, K.A., 1967. [Formation of swimming limbs in the genus Calanus (Copepoda) and latitudinal zonality.] Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 176, 1441-1444.

Butler, E.I., Corner, E.D.S., and Marshall, S.M., 1969. On the nutrition and metabolism of zooplankton. VI. Feeding efficiency of Calanus in terms of nitrogen and phosphorus. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U.K., 49, 977-1001.

Butler, E.I., Corner, E.D.S., and Marshall, S.M., 1970. On the nutrition and metabolism of zooplankton. VII. Seasonal survey of nitrogen and phosphorus excretion by Calanus in the Clyde sea-area. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U.K., 50, 525-560.

Carlisle, D. B., and Pitman, W. J., 1961. Diapause, neurosecretion and hormones in copepoda. Nature, 190, 827-828.

Colebrook, J. M., 1963. Continuous plankton records: Annual varia­tions in the abundance of C alanus finmarchicus, 1948-1959. Bull. mar. Ecol., 6, 17-30.

Colebrook, J.M., John, D.E., and Brown, W.W., 1961. Contribu­tions towards a Plankton Atlas of the north-eastern Atlantic and the North Sea. Part II. Copepoda. Bull. mar. Ecol., 5, 90- 97 •

Comita, G. W., Marshall, S.M., and Orr, A.P., 1966. On the bio­logy of Calanus finmarchicus. XIII. Seasonal change in weight, calorific value and organic matter. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U. K. , 46, 1-17.

Conover, R. J ., 1966. Assimilation of organic matter by zooplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 11, 338-345.

Conover, R. J., 1968. Zooplankton - life in a nutritionally dilute en­vironment. Am. Zoologist, 8, 107-118.

Conover, R.J., and Corner, E.D.S., 1968. Respiration and nitro­gen excretion by some marine zooplankton in relation to their life cycles. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U.K., 48, 49-75.

Corner, E.D.S., 1961. On the nutrition and metabolism of zooplank­ton. I. Preliminary observations on the feeding of the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus (Claus). J. mar. bioI. Ass., U.K., 41, 5-16.

Corner, E.D.S., and Cowey, C.B., 1964. Some nitrogenous con­stituents of the plankton. In H. Barnes (ed.), Oceanogr. mar. BioI. Ann. Rev., Vol. 2, 147-167.

Corner, E.D.S., and Cowey, C.B., 1968. Biochemical studies on the production of marine zooplankton. BioI. Rev., 43, 393- 426.

Corner, E.D.S., Cowey, C.B., and Marshall, S.M., 1965. On the nutrition and metabolism of zooplankton. III. Nitrogen excretion by Calanus. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U.K., 45, 429-442.

Corner, E.D.S., Cowey, C.B., and Marshall, S.M., 1967. On the nutrition and metabolism of zooplankton. V. Feeding efficiency of Calanus finmarchicus. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U. K., 47, 259-270.

Corner, E. D. S., and Newell, B. S., 1967. On the nutrition and meta­bolism of zooplankton. IV. The forms of nitrogen excreted by Calanus. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U.K., 47, 113-120.

183

Cowey, C.B., and Corner, E.D.S., 1962. The amino acid composi­tion of Calanus finmarchicus (Claus) in relation to that of its food. Rapp. P.-v. Reun. into Cons. perm. Explor. Mer., 153, 124-128.

Cowey, C.B., and Corner, E.D.S., 1963. Amino acids and some other nitrogenous compounds in Calanus finmarchicus. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U.K., 43, 485-493.

Cowey, C.B., and Corner, E.D.S., 1963. On the nutrition and me­tabolism of zooplankton. II. The relationship between the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus and particulate material in Plymouth sea water in terms of amino acid composition. J. mar. biol. Ass., U.K., 43, 495-511.

Cowey, C.B., and Corner, E.D.S., 1966. The amino-acid composi­tion of certain unicellular algae and of the faecal pellets produc­ed by Calanus finmarchicus when feeding on them. In H. Barnes (ed.), Some contemp. Stud. mar. Sci. 225-231, Allen and Un­win.

Cushing, D. H., 1955. Production and a pelagic fishery. Fishery Invest. Lond. Sere II, 18, No.7, 104pp.

Cushing, D. H., 1958. The effect of grazing in reducing the primary production: a review. Rapp. P.-v. Reun Cons. perm. into Explor. Mer, 144, 149-154.

Cushing, D.H., 1959. On the nature of production in the sea. Fishery Invest. Lond. Sere II, 22, No.6, 40pp.

Cushing, D.H., 1964. The work of grazing in the sea. In Grazing in Terrestrial and Marine Environments. Symp. Brit. Ecol. Soc. D.J. Crisp, (ed.), 207-225, Blackwell.

Cushing, D.H., 1968. Grazing by herbivorous copepods in the sea. J. Cons. perm. into Explor. Mer, 32, 70-82.

Cushing, D.H. et al., 1963. Studies on a Calanus patch. IV. J. mar. biol. Ass., U.K., 43, 327-389.

Deevey, G.B., 1960. Relative effects of temperature and food on seasonal variations in length of marine copepods in some Ea­stern American and Western European waters. Bull. Bingham oceanogr. ColI. 17, 54-86.

Digby, P. S. B., 1954. The biology of the marine planktonic copepods of Scoresby Sound, East Greenland. J. animo Ecol., 23, 298-338.

Fisher, L.R., Kon, S.K., and Thompson, S. Y., 1964. Vitamin A and carotenoids in certain invertebrates. VII. Crustacea: Cope­poda. J. mar. biol. Ass., U.K., 44, 685-692.

Fontaine, M., 1955. The planktonic copepods (Calanoida, Cyclo­poida, Montrilloida) of Ungava Bay, with special reference to the biology of Pseudocalanus minutus and Calanus finmarchi­cus. J. Fish. Res. Bd Canada, 12, 858-898.

Frost, B. W., 1971. Taxonomic status of Calanus finmarchicus and Q. glacialis (Copepoda) with special reference to adult males. J. Fish. Res. Bd Canada, 28, 23-30.

184

Gauld, D. T., 1957. A peritrophic membrane in calanoid copepods. Nature, 179, 325-326.

Gauld, D. T., 1966. The swimming and feeding of planktonic cope­pods. In H. Barnes (ed.), Some contemp. Stud. mar. Sci. 313-334, Allen and Unwin.

Grainger, E. H., 1961. The copepods Calanus glacialis J aschnov and Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) in Canadian arctic-sub­arctic waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd Canada, 18, 663-678.

Halcrow, K., 1963. Acclimation to temperature in the marine cope­pod Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus). Limnol. Oceanogr., 8, 1-8.

Harding, J.P., 1963. The chromosomes of Calanus finmarchicus and..Q.. helgolandicus. Crustaceana, 6, 81-88.

Heinrich, A. K., 1962. The life histories of plankton animals and seasonal cycles of plankton communities in the oceans. J. Cons. perm. into Explor. Mer, 27, 15-24.

Heinrich, A.K., 1968. [On seasonal phenomena in the plankton of the northeastern Pacific. J Okeano1., 8, 287-296.

Jaschnov, V. A., 1955, 1957, 1958. [Morphology and distribution of Cal anus finmarchicus s.1.J Zoo1. Zhurn., 34,1210-1223, 36, 191-198, 37, 838-844.

Jaschnov, V.A., 1961, 1963, [Water masses and plankton, 1,2.J Zoo1. Zhurn., 40, 1314-1334, 42, 1005-1021.

Kamshilov, M. M., 1958. [Production of Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) in the coastal zone of the eastern Murmansk. ] Trudy. Murmansk bioI. Stanz, 4, 66-82.

Lee, R.F., Nevenzel, J.C., Paffenhofer, G.-A., and Benson, A.A., 1970. The metabolism of wax esters and other lipids by the ma­rine copepod Calanus helgolandicus. J. Lipid Res., 11, 237-240.

Lie, U., 1965. Quantities of zooplankton and propagation of C alanus finmarchicus at permanent stations on the Norwegian Coast and at Spitzbergen 1959-62. Fiskeridirekt. Skr. Havunders, 13, 5-19.

McLaren, 1. A., 1966. Predicting development rate of copepod eggs. BioI. Bull., 131, 457-469.

Maclellan, D.C., 1967. The annual cycle of certain calanoid spe­cies in west Greenland. Can. J. Zoo1., 45, 101-115.

Manwell, Clyde, Baker, C.M. Ann, Ashton, P.A., and Corner, E. D. S., 1967. Biochemical differences between Calanus fin­marchicus and Calanus helgolandicus. Esterases, malate and triose-phosphate dehydrogenases, aldolase, "peptidases", and other enzymes. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U.K., 47, 145-169.

Marshall, S.M., and Orr, A.P., 1955. On the biology of Calanus finmarchicus. VIII. Food uptake, assimilation and excretion in adult and stage V Calanus. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U.K., 34, 495-529.

Marshall, S.M., and Orr, A.P., 1956. On the biology of Calanus finmarchicus. IX. Feeding and digestion in the young stages. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U.K., 35, 587-603.

ISS

Marshall, S.M., and Orr, A.P., 1958. On the biology of Calanus finmarchicus. X. Seasonal changes in oxygen consumption. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U. K., 37, 459-472.

Marshall, S.M., and Orr, A.P., 1960. On the biology of Calanus finmarchicus. XI. Observations on vertical migration, espec­ially in female Calanus. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U. K., 39, 135-147.

Marshall, S.M., and Orr, A.P., 1961. On the biology of Calanus finmarchicus. XII. The phosphorus cycle: excretion, egg pro­duction, autolysis. With an addendum by Conover, R.J. The turnover of phosphorus by Calanus finmarchicus. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U.K., 41, 463-488.

Marshall, S.M., and Orr, A.P., 1962. Carbohydrate as a mea­sure of phytoplankton. J. mar. bioI. Ass., U. K., 42, 511-519.

Marshall, S.M., and Orr, A.P., 1962. Food and feeding in cope­pods. Rapp. P.-v. Reun. Cons. perm. into Explor. Mer, 153, 92-98.

Marshall, S. M., and Orr, A. P ., 1964. Grazing by copepods in the sea. In Grazing in terrestrial and marine environments. Symp. Brit. Ecol. Soc., 227-238. D.J. Crisp (ed.), Blackwell.

Matthews, J. B. L., 1966. Experimental investigations of the syste­matic status of Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis (Crusta­cea: Copepoda). In H. Barnes (ed.), Some contemp Stud. mar. Sci., 479-492.

Matthews, J.B.L., 1967. Calanus finmardhicus s.l. in the North Atlantic. The relationships between Calanus finmarchicus s. str., C. glacialis and C. helgolandicus. Bull. mar. Ecol., 6, 159-179.

Matthews, J. B. L., 1968. On the acclimatization of Calanus finmar­chicus (Crustacea Copepoda) to different temperature condi­tions in the North Atlantic. Sarsia, 34, 371-382.

Matthews, J. B . L., 1969. Continuous plankton records: the geogra­phical and seasonal distribution of Calanus finmarchicus s.l. in the North Atlantic. Bull. mar. Ecol., 6, 251-273.

Mullin, C.H., 1968. Egg-laying in the planktonic copepod Calanus helgolandicus (Claus). Crustaceana, Suppl. 1, 29-34.

Mullin, M.M., 1963. Some factors affecting the feeding of marine copepods of the genus Calanus. Limnol. Oceanogr., 8, 239-250.

Mullin, M.M., and Brooks, E.R., 1967. Laboratory culture, growth rate, and feeding behavior of a planktonic marine copepod. Lim­nolo Oceanogr., 12, 657-666.

186

Mullin, M.M., and Brooks, E.R., 1970. The effect of concentration of food on body weight, cumulative ingestion, and rate of growth of the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Limnol. Oceanogr., 15, 748-755.

Mullin, M.M., and Brooks, E.R., 1970. Growth and metabolism of two planktonic, marine copepods as influenced by temperature and type of food. In J • H. Steele (ed. ), Marine food chains, 74- 95 F .A. O. Symp. Oliver and Boyd.

Mullin, M.M., and Brooks, E.R., 1970. Production of the plank­tonic copepod Calanus helgolandicus, p. 8 9-103. In J. D. H. Strick­land, (ed.), The ecology of the plankton off La Jolla, California, in the period April through September, 1967, Part VII. Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., Vol. 17.

¢stvedt, O.J., 1955. Zooplankton investigations from weathership M in the Norwegian Sea 1948-49. Hvalradets Skr. 40, 93pp.

Paffenh6fer, G.A., and Strickland, J .D.H., 1970. A note on the feeding of Calanus helgolandicus on detritus. Mar. BioI., 5, 97-99.

Parsons, T.R., Lebrasseur, R.J., and Barraclough, E., 1970. Levels of production in the pelagic environment of the Strait of Georgia: a review. J. Fish. Res. Bd Canada 27, 1251-1264.

Parsons ,T. R. , Lebrasseur, R. J. , and Fulton, J. W. , 1967. Some obser­vations on the dependence of zooplankton grazing on the cell size and concentration of phytoplankton blooms. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 23, 10-17.

Parsons, T.R., Lebrasseur, R.J., Fulton, J.D., and Kennedy, O.D., 1969. Production studies in the Strait of Georgia. Part II. Se­condary production under the Fraser River plume. J. exper. mar. BioI. Ecol., 3, 39-50.

Petipa, T. S., 1964. [Fat metabolism in Calanus helgolandicus (Claus).] Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR., 155, 470-473, 156, 1440-1443.

Petipa, T.S., 1965. [The food selectivity of Calanus helgolandicus (Claus) .] In Invest. of the plankton in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 100-110.

Petipa, T. S., 1965. [The daily consumption of phytoplankton in the Black Sea by the copepod Calanus helgolandicus (Claus).] Zool. Zhurn., 47, 844-857.

Petipa, T.S., 1966. [On the energy balance of Calanus helgolandicus (Claus) in the Black Sea.] In Physiology of Marine Animals. Akad. Nauk. SSSR., 60-81.

Prygunkova, R. V., 1968. [On the growth cycle of Calanus glacialis Jaschnov in the White Sea.] Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 182, 1447-1450.

Raymont, J .E.G., and Conover, R.J., 1961. Further investigations on the carbohydrate content of marine zooplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 6, 154-164.

187

Raymont, J .E.G., and Krishnaswamy, S., 1960. Carbohydrates in some marine planktonic animals. J. mar. Bio!. Ass., U.K., 39, 239-248.

Rees, C. B., 1957. Continuous plankton records: the distribution of Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) in the North Sea and north­eastern Atlantic, 1946-1953. Bull. mar. Ecol., 4, 211-246.

Richman, S., and Rogers, J .N., 1969. The feeding of Calanus hel­golandicus on synchronously growing populations of the marine diatom Ditylum brightwellii. Limno!. Oceanogr., 14, 701-709.

Salzen, E.A., 1956. The density of the eggs of Calanus finmarchicus. J. mar. bio!. Ass., U.K., 35, 549-554.

Steele, J .H., 1965. Some problems in the study of marine resources. ICNAF Spec. Pub!. No.6, 463-476.

Sushkina, A. P ., 1961. [Vertical migrations and the daily feeding rhythm of Calanus finmarchicus in relation to its age and fat content. J Dok!. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 141, 1208-1210.

Sushkina, A.P., 1962. [The rate of fat consumption at various tem­peratures and the life cycle of Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) and..Q.. glacialis Jaschnov.J Zool. Zhurn., 41, 1004-1112.

Wiborg, K.F., 1954. Investigations on zooplankton in coastal and offshore waters of western and northwestern Norway with spe­cial reference to the copepods. Fiskeridirekt. Skr. Havun­ders., 11, 246 pp.

Williamson, M.H., 1961. An ecological survey of a Scottish herring fishery. IV. Changes in the plankton during the period 1949-1959. Bull. mar. Eco!., 5, 207-229.

Woodhead, P. M. J ., and Riley, J. D., 1957. The separation of po­tential males and females in stage V copepodites of Calanus helgolandicus. J. Cons. perm. into Explor. Mer, 23, 47-50.

Woodhead, P. M. J ., and Riley, J. D., 1959. Separation of the sexes of Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) in the fifth copepodite stage, with comments on the sex ratio and the duration in this stage. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer, 24, 465-471.

Zeiss, F. R., 1963. Effects of population densities on zooplankton respiration rates. Limnol. Oceanogr., 8, 110-115.

INDEX Numbers italicized refer to figures

abdomen, see also urosome abdominal somites, II, 24, 25, 29, 30,

32,48,49,81, 152 Acartia, 75, 114 acclimatization, 156 adaptation to temperature, 116 Adler, G., 81 Adriatic, 9 aesthetascs, 12 Akehurst, S. C., 134 Allen, E. J., 77 Amallocystis, ISO Ammodytes, 160

anatomy, external, adult, II-IS, 12, 14,28, 56-63

copepodite, 14, 30 nauplius, 47, 48-53, 51, 56-59

anatomy, internal, adult, 15-33, 17, 19, 20, 22,25

copepodite I, 47, 48 nauplius, 46, 47

Anomalocera, 160

Antarctic, 134, 159, 165 antenna, 1,2,7, II, 12, 12, 13,47,50,51,

53, 100, 140 segmentation and setation, 12, 50, 51,

56, 57 use in feeding, 98-100

antennal (antennary) gland, 21, 47, 48 antennule, 4, 7, 8, II, 12, 13, 15,23,24,48,

50, 51, 54, 88, 100, 140, 142, 149, lSI, 152

segmentation and setation, I I, 12,50,51, 56,57

anus, 17, 18, 49, 53, 147, ISO aorta, 17, 19, 21, 23 aortic valve, 19

muscles, 19 appendages, II-IS, 16, 21, 23, 50, 51, 53,

54, 121, 122, 140, 148, lSI, 153; see also segmentation and setation

nauplius, 44, 46, 49-53, 51 use in feeding, 97-101, III

Apstein, C., 144, 145, ISO, lSI, 152, 153 Arctic, 10, 45, 46, 92, 116, 123, 124, 128,

134, 148, ISS, 159, 160, 162, 165 Arx, R. von, 177 ash content, 95 Atkins, W. R. G., 136 Atlantic, 10, 64 Australia, 9 Azores, 9

188

bacteria as food, 106 bacterial infections, opp. 153, 154 Bacterium alginovoTllm, 105 Bainbridge, R., 127, 128, 134, 135, 138,

139, 140, 141, 158 Baird, W., 3, 4 Balaenopterus borealis, 165 Baltic, 9, 101, 156 Barents Sea, 9, 64, 72, 82, 87, 89, 92, 93,

94, 123, 157, 158, 160, 162, 163 life cycle in, 70, 72

Barnes, H., 66, 75, 87, 88 Barnes, M., 87, 88 Bary, B. M., 9 basking shark, 127, 166 Battle. H. I., 161, 164 Bear Island, 151 Belloc, G., 95, 96 Bermuda, 159 Biddulphia, 104 Bigelow, H. B., 9, 127, 160 biomass, 159 Birge, E. A., 102 Bishop, E. W., 166 Black Sea, 9, 117, 133, 156 Blastodinium, 142, 143, 144, 145 B. contortum, 144 B. hyalinum, 144, 145 blood circulation, 21, 22, 122 Boeck, A., 4 Bogorov, B. G., 64, 72, 82, 87, 89, 90, 92,

123, 128, 160 Bond, R. M., 105 Bonnet, D. D., 106, II9, 120, 121 Borradaile, L. A., 13, S2 Boschma, H., 148 Brady, G. S., 5 brain, see nervous system Brattstr0m, Hans, I

British waters, 6, 64, 160, 162 Brodsky, K. A., 8 Brook, G., 127, 162 Brown, L. A., 155 Bullen, G. E., 163 Bumpus, D. F., 116, 177

Calanopia, 159 Calanus, anatomy, II-24

as food, 127, 159-166; see also herring comparison of finmarchicus and helgo­

landicus, 5, 6, 7, opp. 7, 8, 9, IS, 40 ,41 ,42, opp. 50, 53, 73, 88

INDEX r8g

Calamls, comparison of finmarchicus and hyperboreus, 4

derivation of name, 2-3 development, 42-53, opp. 47, opp·50

diagnosis of genus, 7 distribution,s, 9, 10, 64, 158-159 distribution of finmarchicus and helgo-

landicus, 5, 6, 7 in fresh water, 10 length of life, 29, 66, 70, 77-79, 142, 151,

154 parasites, 31, 142-154 rearing in laboratory, 77, 78 relation to phytoplankton, 36,41,42, 54,

66, 70, 72, 74-77, 79, 82-85, 83, 88, 90,91,93,94,96,101-104, I02, 108, 110, 133-134, 157-159, 163

systematics, 2-8 C. cristatus, 8 C .. finmarchicus, 4, 5, 6, opp. 6, 7, opp. 7, 8,

9, 10, I4, 15,26, 27, 40,41,42,48, 49, opp. 50, 53,73,81,82, 87,88, 92, II4, 158, 162, 165

C. helgolandicus, 4, 5, 6, 7, opp. 7, 8, 9,.I4, 15, 26, 40, 41, 42. 43, opp. 50, 53, 64,73, 88, 92, 124, 135

C. hyperboreus, 3, 4, 8, 42, 48, 49, 77, 81, II4, 151

C. pacificus, 8 C. propinquus, 8 C. simillimus, 8 C. tenuicornis, 8 C. tonsus, 8, 162

var. plumchrus, 8 Calderwood, W. L., 162 California, 9, 101, 133 Canadian waters, 64, 73, 87 Cannon, H. G., 98, 99, 100, 121 Cape Cod, 74 Cape of Good Hope, 9 carmine, 107, IIO Cattley, J. G., 145 caudal rami (furcae), I, 2, 5, 7, II, 15, 18,

54,81 Centropages, 75, 114, 120 C. hamatus, 120 Centropagids, 26 cephalosome, 53, 81, 88 Ceratium, 101, 102 Cestoda, 153

cestode larvae, 142, 144, opp. I52, 153, 154

Cetochilus, 3,4 C. australis, 3 C. helgolandicus, 4 C. septentrionalis, 3 Cetorhinus maximus, 127, 166 Chaetoceros, 104, 108 C. pseudocrinitus, 38, 107 Chatton, E., 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151,

152 Chattonella, 151 C. calani, 150, opp. I5 I , 152, 154

chemical composition, 92-96 Chesapeake Bay, 9 Chirocephalus, 45 chitin content, 95 Chlamydomonas, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 107, 108,

110, opp. I IO, II2, Il3 Chlorella, 37, 109 C. stigmatophora, 38 chromosomes, 26, 30, 31, 43, 43 Chrysomonad, 38 Ciliata, 150-152 Cladocera, 18, 23, 155 Clarke, G. L., 74, 82, 94,106, 107, 108, II9,

120, 121, 129, 132, 133, 134, 159, 166

Claus, C., 4, 49 Clupea pallasii, 162 Clyde sea area, 6, 7, 49, 50, 52, 64, 65, 66,

73, 75, 76, 87, 89-9 1,92,93, 94, 95, 101, 102, 103, 132, 161, 164

life cycle in, 66-69 parasites in, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150,

153 size variation in, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88 time of egg laying in, 39-41 vertical migration in, 124, I25, 127,

132 coalfish, 127 coccolithophores as food, 102, I02, 103, 104 coccoliths, 101, 102 Coker, R. E., 84 Collin, G., 93 Contracaecum sp., 152 Cooper, L. H. N., 172 copepods, capture by fish, 127, 163, 164 copulation, see female, fertilization of. Coscinodiscus, 37, 97, 104 C. centralis, 38, 112 coxal teeth, see fifth leg Crawshay, L. R., 49, 77, 108 crustacea as food, 101, 102, I02, 104. 105.

159 ctenophores, 160 Currie, M. E., 6, 14, 54, 87 Cushing, D. H., 123, 134, 163 cutaneous glands, 15 cutaneous pores, IS Cyclops, 2, 85 C. longicornis, 2, 3 Cyclotella, 101

Dakin, W. J., 101 Damant, G. C. C., 163 Damas, D., 31, 49, 64. 157 Dana, J. D., 3 Daphnia, 136 Darling, F. Fraser, 166 Davis, C. C., 172 Davis Strait, 74, 82 development, effect of temperature, 65, 68,

70,74 external, 48-53 internal, 42-48

190 INDEX

diatoms, see Calanus, relation to phyto­plankton

diatoms as food, 101, 102, 104, lOS, 106, 109, 1I4

pennate, 104 Dicrateria, 37 D. inornata, 38, 110 Digby, P. S. B., 64, 75, 159 digestion, 18, 105-106, 108, 109 digestive enzymes, 18, 105 dinoflagellates as food, 37, 38, 101, 102, 104,

110,112,114 parasites, 144-146, opp. 145, 146, 148 poisonous, 158

.discontinuity layer, 133 distribution, depth, 10, 40, 65, 70-72, 74,

85, 85, 86, 123, 124, 156 effect of salinity, 9, 155-156 effect of temperature, 9, 155 finmarchicus, 9 helgolandicus, 9

Ditylum, 37, 1I3 D. brightwellii, 38, 107, 108, 1I2 diurnal migration, see vertical migration Dixon, M., 119 Drummond, J. C., 93, 95 Dunaliella, 34 D. salina, 105 Dunkerly, J. S., 153

East Greenland, 64, 65, 66, 83, 84, 123 life cycle in, 70, 7 I, 74

Edwards, G. A., 116, 155 ~gg development, 42, 43, opp. 43, 44, opp.

44, 45, opp. 45 effect of temperature, 43, 45, 46, 1I6 time for, 45, 46

egg laying, 31, opp. 31,32,65, 107 after capture, 35, 41 effect of food, 34, 35, 35, 36, 3 6, 37, 38,

41, 75, 110 more than once in 24 hrs, 41 relation to vertical migration, 38, 41 time of, 38, 39, 39, 40, 41

egg membranes, 7, 0pp. 7, 43, 45, opp. 46

eggs, number laid, 32,33, 159 rate of sinking, 42, 46 size of, 6, 7, 8, 45 triploid, 32

Ehrenbaum, E., 163 Ella Island, 7 I Ellobiopsis, 142, 150, 154 E. chattoni, 148, 148, 149, 149 E·fagei, 150 endoskeleton, 15, 16 endosternites, 15, 21, 23 energy expenditure, 139, 140 English Channel, 9, 64, 65, 66, 82, 89, 90,

9~ 9~ 101, 124, 12~ 134, 157, 158 environment, animate, 157-159

inanimate, 155-157 Ephelota, 152

Esterly, C. 0., 9, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 133, 135

Euchaeta, 152, 160 E. norvegica, 120 Euphausia superba, 159, 165 euphausids, ISO, 160, 161, 165 Eurytemora velox, 99 exclusion hypothesis, 134, 158 excretory system, 21 exoskeleton, 16,20,21, 151 eye, 2, 3, 17, 23, 24,46, 47, 48, 136

compound, 47, 48

Fabre, R., 96 faecal pellets, 101, 103, lOS, IIO, opp. lID

production, 110, II I, 112, 113, 122, 157 rate of production, lOS, 106, I13 size, 1I0, II I, 112

Faroe-Iceland channel, 64 Faroes, 5 Farran, G. P., 5, 9, 64, 129, 132, 133, 155 fat, see also oil sac

analysis of, 93 content, seasonal change, 92, 93, 94, 94,

139 feeding, comparison of Stage V and female,

108,113 currents, 98, 98, 99, 100, 100 diurnal variation, 103, lOS, 107 experimental, 106-109 mechanism, 53,97-101,98, 100 selection offood by Calanus, 101,107,108 volume filtered, 107, 108, 109, 109, 158

female, see also Calanus, length of life abnormal, 3 I fertilization of, II, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34,

65, 70 maturity, 29, opp. 30, 31, 34, 41, 76, 76,

79 reproductive system, 29-33, 150, 154

genital opening, 15, 28, 30, 31, 32 ovary, 17, 29, 30, 31, 34,48, 70, 133,

144, 145, 150, 154 ovary in Stage V, 31, 34 oviducal diverticula, 17, 19,29,30,31,

34 oviduct, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 29, 30,

31 , 32 spermathecal sacs, 15, 17, 27, 28, 29,

30 ,33 fifth leg,s, 7, 8, II, 14, 14,24

coxa, 5-9, 7, opp. 7, 14, 53 teeth on, 6, 7, opp. 7, 8, 63, 87

Fiji Islands, 9 Filteau, G., 64, 73 filtration rate, see feeding, volume filtered Firth of Forth, 3, 127 Fish, C. J., 64, 68, 74, 79 fish, feeding on Calanus, 160-165 Fisher, L. R., 95, 157 flagellates as food, 76, 102, 103, 106, 107.

109, TIO, 114 Fleming, R. H., 158

INDEX 191

food of Calanus, 18, 34, 38,41, 54, 68, 75, 79, 93, 94, 97-113, 102, 119, 124, 133, 134, 154; see also Calanus re­lation to phytoplankton; feeding; size; weight

amount required, 97, II4, I2r food chains in Barents Sea, 162 in different stages, II I-I 13 limits of size, 107, IIO, 112 nauplii, 53, 75, I I I, 112 seasonal variation, 102, 102, 103, 104-

Forster, G. R., 105 Fox, H. M., II6, 122, 155 Fraser, F. C., 165 Friedrich, H., 135, 136 frontal organ, I I, 17, 23, 24, 48 Fuller, J. L., 103, 106, 107, 108 Fungi, 144, 146, 148

Gaarder, T., 158 Gadus virens, 164 Gardiner, A. C., 86, 87, 92, 127, 139 Gauld, D. T., 53, 79, 101, 103, 107, 108,

IIO, I II, 119, 120, 121, 158 Gellis, S. S., 106 generations of Calanus,

first, 40, 41, II3, II9, 137, 139 depth distribution, 70, 72, 123, 124,

128 life cycle, 64-74, 76 size, weight and chemical composition,

82, 90, 92-95 over-wintering, 39, 40, 41, 54, 77, 108,

II3, 142, 154, 159 depth distribution, 65-73, II9, 123,

124, 128, 132 life cycle, 65 -74 size, weight and chemical composition,

82, 84, 86, 90, 94, 95 maturing of female, 66, 75, 76, 79

second and later, 40, 41, 76, II9, 128 depth distribution, 124 life cycle, 64-74 size, weight and chemical composition,

82, 84, 86, 90-95 genital, cells, development, 26, 46, 47,

48 duct, 4, 7, I I, 16, 25, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30,

31,32,47,48; see also male, and fe­male, reproductive system

opening, II, 15,25,25,28,30,31,32 segment, 8, II, 28 system, development in nauplius, 47

Georges Bank, 133 Gibbons, S. G., 28, 29, 64, 80 Giesbrecht, W., 4, II, 13, 14,49,52,81 Glomeris marginata, 153 gnathobase, 12, 12, 50, 5 I, 52, 56-59, 97 gonad, 25, 29, 47, 48, 113, 124, 142, 144,

145, 152, 154; see also male, and female, reproductive system

Goodsir, H. D. S., 3, 4, 127 Gorgy, S., 177

Gran, H. H., 48, 49, 74, 75, 81, 101 Gray, J., 140 grazing by zooplankton, 108, 109, IlO, 134.

157, 158 Greenland,s, 64, 74, 82; see also East

Greenland Sea, 9, 81 whale, 165, 166

gregarines, ISO, 150, 154 Grobben, C., 21, 31, 42, 43, 4-4, 0pp. 15.

46,47, 48, 49, 53 Gross, F., 38, 42, 77, 107, 108, 110, 112,139 Gulf of Maine, 64, 65, 66, 74,79, 12.9. 130

life cycle in, 73, 74 Gulf Stream, 65, 73 Gunnerus, J. E., I, 2, 3, 4 Gunter, G., 158 Gunther, E. R., 88, 89, 93, 95, 134, 158 Gurney, R., 12, 13, 50, 52, 87, 88 gut of Calanus, 17, 20, 29,48,53, 101, 102,

103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 113; see also oesophagus

anatomy of, 16, 17, 18, 20 movement, 18, 122 nauplius, 46, 47 parasites in, 142, L13, 145, 147, ISO, 153,

154 Gymnodinium, 37, 38, 102, 110

Hall, R. E., 45 Hammerfest, I

Hansen, K. V., 133 Harding, J. P., 26, 30, 31, 32, 38,4-2,43 Hardy, A. C., 128, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139,

141,156,158,160.161,163,164,166 Harris, J. E., 135, 136 Hartog, M., 122 Harvey, H. W., 101, 105, 107, r08, HO,

134, 157, 158 Harvey, J. M., 136, 155 Hasler, A. D., 105 hatching, 45, 46, opp. 46 heart, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, 12.2 heart beat, 21, 136, ISS Heberer, G., 25, 26, 27, 28 Heimann, Dr Betty. 3 Heligoland, 4 Hemiselmis, 37 H. rufescens, 38 Hemiurus sp., 152 Hensen, V., 101 Herdla Fjord,s, 64-, 65, 73

life cycle, in 73 Herdman, W. A., 127 herring, feeding on Calanus, 134, 160-165 Heyerdahl, Thor, 166 Hilditch, T. P., 93 Hilton, I. F., 30, 31,43 Hjelte Fjord,s, 64, 65. 73

life cycle in, 73 Hjort, J., 159, 165 Hong Kong, 9 Hovasse, R., 148, ISO

192 INDEX

Humboldt current, 166 Huntsman, A. G., 136, ISS, 167

Iceland. 5, 64. 74 Ichthyosporidium, 143, 144, 153 Indian ink, 37, 38, IIO Indian Ocean, 9 Ireland, 64, 73, 132

life cycle off, 73 Irving, L., II6, ISS isopods, epicarid, opp. 153, 153

Jan Mayen, 5 Jaschnov, W. A., 64, 159 Jeffers, A. M., 167 Jeffers, G. W., 167 Jepps, M. W., 88, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148,

ISO, lSI, 152, 153, 154 Jespersen, P., 74, 81, 84, 86, 87, 161 Johnson, W. H., 167 Joyeux, C., 153

J{attegat, 9, 144 Kerr, Sir John Graham, 166 Keys, A. B., II6 Klem, A., 93 Klugh, A. B., II9, 136 Kon, S. K., 170 Kon-Tiki expedition, 166 Kraefft, F., 81 Krogh, A., 97, 114, 121 Krf2Jyer, H., 3, 48, 151

labium, 12 Labrador current, 65 labral glands, 16, 18 labrum, 12, 16, 21, 44, 45, 46, 99, 100, 105 Lang, K., 13 Lauderia, 37, opp. 110 L. borealis, 38, 107, 108 Leach, W. E., 2, 3, 4 Lebour, M. V., 14, 48, 49, So, 52, 77, 101,

102, 108, 160, 172 life cycle, 64-80

duration, 66 relation to diatom increase, 66, 68, 70,

72,75,76, 76 light, effect on Calanus, 10,54,96, 103, III,

II7-I20, 124, 127-132, 134-141, 156, 157

lethal effect of, II9, 136, 137, 157 intensity, optimum, 129, 132, 134, 135,

136 limb posture, 3, 13, 140 Linderstr0m-Lang, K., 120 Loch Fyne, 86, 103, 131, 132, 148, 162

life cycle in, 68 Loch Striven, 29, 83, 157

life cycle in, 66, 67, 68, 69 Loch Sunart, 93 Lofoten, 64, 65, 72, 79, 123

life cycle, 72 Lovern, J. A., 93 Lowe, E., IS, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27,28

Lowndes, A. G., 13, 99, 100, 128, 139, 140 Lucas, C. E., 134 Lwoff, A., lSI, 152

Madeira, 9 Malay Archipelago, 9 male, see also Calanus, length of life

reproductive system, 16, 25, !l5, 47, 48 genital duct, IS, 25, 25, 26, 27, 28 sperm, 26, 27, 27, 28, 29, 33 spermatophore, II, 25, 25. 26, 27, 28,

28,opp. !l8,29, 32, 34,68, 69,70 testis, 25, 25, 26, 28

mandible, II, 12, 12, 13, 16, So, 51, 51, 100, 105

segmentation and setation, 12, 51, 51, 56,57

mandibular palp, 12, 12,98, 99, 100 Manteufel, B. P., 64, 92,123,134,159,160,

162, 163 Marshall, S. M., 7, 28, 31, 34, 38, 45, 64,

66, 75, 80, 82, 84, 88, 89, 94, 101-103, 107, 114, II 7, 120, 121, 124, 127, 136, 137, 139, ISS, 159

Marukawa, H., 8 Matthews, L. H., 166 maturity, see female Mauchline, J., 6 maxilla, II, 12, 13, 16, 21,51, 52,97, 98,

99,100,110, III, lSI, 151 segmentation and setation, 13,52,58, 59

maxillary gland, 17, 21, 151 maxillipede, II, 12, 13, 16,47,51, 52, 98,

99, 100, III, 140 segmentation and setation, 13,52,53,58,

59 maxillule, II, 12, 12, 13, 16,51, 52,97,98,

99, 100, III, 140,148,148, opp. 151 segmentation and setation, 12, 13, 52, 58,

59 McNairn, N. A., 167 measurement, comparison of sexes, 88

of size, 5, 49, 81 Mediterranean, 4, 9, 144, 146, 148 medusae, 160 Meganyctiphanes, 159, 165 M. norvegica, 95 metasome, 5, 8, II, 16, 18, 23, 49, 81, 82,

89, lOS, 142, 144 Metridia lucens, 132 Microcalanus, 75 Microniscus, 153, opp. 153, 154 mi"gration, see vertical migration Millais, J. G., 166 Millport, 6, 25,28, 38, 42, 45, 79, 101, 102,

lOS, IIO, III, II2, II3, 136, 139, 142, 152; see also Clyde sea area

Milne-Edwards, H., 3 Monoculo quadricorni, 2 Monoculus, 2, 3, 4 M. finmarchicus, 1,3, 6 More, 64, 66, 72, 127

life cycle in, 72, 73

INDEX 193

moult, abnonnal number, 87 moulting, 53, opp. 53, 54, 65, 72, 106, 107,

124, 152, 154 cause of, 54, 55

mouth, 2, 13, 16, 17, 46, 97, 99, 142, 148, 151, 154

parts, see appendages Muller, O. F., 2, 3 muscles, IS, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,

44, 46, 47, 53, 142 Muzinic, S., 161 Mycetozoa, 146

Nathansohn, A., 134 Naumann, E., IIO nauplius, 42, 45,46,47, opp. 47,48,49,51,

69, 70, 75, 89, 90, 120, 132, 160 see Calanus, length of life appendages, 50-53, 51, 56-59 feeding, 53, I II, II2 internal anatomy, 46, 47 nervous system, 46, 47, 48

naviculid, 104, 112 Nematoda, 31, 142, 144, 152, 0pp. 152, 154 nervous system, 22, 22, 23, 24

brain, 17, 22, 22, 23, 24, 46, 47, 48 giant cells and fibres, 20, 23, 24 ventral nerve cord, 17, 20, 21, 22, 22,

23, 24, 47 New Zealand, 9 Nicholls, A. G., 28, 38, 42, 55, 64, 75, 77,

79, 82, 87, 89, 107, II4, 120, 121, 127, 129, 132, 133, 136, 137, 139, 155, 160

Nielsen, E. Steemann, 75, 158 Nikitin, W. N., II7 Nikitine, B., 133 Nitzschia closterium, 105, 107, II2

var. minutissima, 38, 106, 107, 108 Nordgaard, 0., 5 Nonnan, J. R., 165 North America, 7 North Atlantic, 7, 9, 64, 73, 74, 158 North Cape, 72 North Sea,S, 6, 64, 66, 73, 79, 82, 86, 88,

101, 103, 134, 142, 144, 145, 15 1, 160, 161, 163

life cycle in, 73 Norway, coast, 1,4, 5, 7,64,65,66,74,78,

79, 84, 89, 123, I6~ 165 life cycle off, 72, 73

Norwegian Sea, 9, 64, 72, 123, 157

Oberg, M., 49 oesophagus, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 44, 46,

97, 152 Ogilvie, H. S., 160, 161 oil sac, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20, 36, opp. 50, 89,

92,93, 139, 144, 154 relation to food, 19, 20

Oithona, 75, II4, 121 oogenesis, 30

Orr, A. P., 7,28,31,34,38,45,64,75,82, 89, 107, 114, II7, 120, 121, 127.

136, 137, 139, 155, 159, 160 Oslo Fjord, 5, 7, 9, 64, 65, 73, 133

life cycle in, 73 Ostenfeld, C. H., 114 Ostvedt, O. J., 123, 124 ovary, see female, reproductive system over-wintering stock see generation, over-

wintering oviducal diverticula, see female, reproduc­

tive system oviduct, see female, reproductive system oxygen tolerance, II7, 156

Pacific Ocean, 9 Packova, A. E., 160 Paracalanus, 81, II4 P. parvus, opp. 145 Paradinium, 142, 146, 146, 147, 154 Parallobiopsis, 148 parasites of Calanus, 142-154, 143, 146,

147, 148, 149, opp. 151, opp. 152, opp. 153

frequency of, 142, 145, 151 in different copepodite stages, 142, 145 effect on maturity, 31,144,150,152,153.

154 variation in numbers, 154

Parker, H. W., 166 parthenogenesis, 32 Passamaquoddy, 161 Paton, W. N .• 137, 138, 139, 156 Paulsen, 0., 74 pericardium, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21 Peridinium, 37 P. trochoideum, 38, 110, opp. 110, 112 Phaeocystis, 102. 134 phosphorus, radioactive, 38, 106, 109, III phototropism, 135, 136 Pike. R. B., 153 Pitotti, M., 153 plankton, see also Calanus, relation to

phytoplankton as food for man, 166 enemies of Calanus, 160

plumose setae, 7, 8, 12, 13 Plymouth, 6, 7. 39, 40, 45, 65, 66, 92

life cycle at, 73 polar body, 31, 43, 43,44, 44, 45 Polykrikos, 102 Poole, H. H., 136 Preobrajenskaya. E., 64 proctodaeum, 18, 46, 47 Prorocentrum triestinum, I 12 P. micans, 112

protein content, 95, 95 Pseudocalanus, 75, II4, 145 Pseudopedinella, 110 Putter, A., 97, 106, II4, 121

radiolarians as food, 101, 102, 104, 105. Radovich, J., 162

194 INDEX

Raymont, J. E. G., 38, 4Z, 77, 107, 108, 110, lIZ, 119, IZO, IZI, 139

red colour, Z, 4, 8, IS, 31, 7z, 93, 94, IZ3, IZ7, 134, I4Z, 144, 160, I6z, 163

from parasites, 31, I4Z, 144, 145, 146, I5z Red Sea, 9 'red water', 158 Rees, C. B., 5, 6, 7, 64, 73, 79, 80, 8z, 88 regeneration, 54 Rensholmen, I reproduction, see female, male and egg­

laying respiration, II4-IZZ, 155. 156

anal, IZZ effect of capture, lIS, II6, 137

light, II7, I/8, 119, IZO, 136, 137 oxygen tension, 117 salinity, 117 temperature, 115, II6

measurement of, 114, lIS, 119, IZO Reverberi, G., 153 Rhizosolenia, 37, 104 R. delicatula, 38 R. fragillima, 103 Riley, G. A., 116, 158 rorqual, 165 Rose, M., 5, 9, z8, 54, 135 rostral filaments, I I, 17 Runnstr0m, S., 5, 64 Russell, F. S., 6, 10, 64, 8z, 84, 9Z, 96,

IZ3, 124, 129, 132,133, 157,160, I7z Ruud, J. T., 64, 79, IZ7, 165

Sacculilla, 142 Sagitta, 152, 160 St. Lawrence, 64, 73

life cycle in, 73 saithe, 164 salinity, see also respiration

effect on distribution, 9, ISS, 156 life cycle, 70

salmonid fish, 144 Sargasso Sea, 9 Sars, G. 0., 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 49, 81 Savage, R. E., 134, 161 Scoresby, W., 165 Scotland, 6, 166 Scott, T., 148, 163 seasonal migration, see vertical migration,

seasonal segmentation and setation, 12-15, 49-53,

56-63 Sei whale, 165, 166 Sewell, R. B. Seymour, 9, 87,144,145,151 sex, differences, 7, 8, II, 12, 14, IS, 16, 77,

88, 90, 91, 92, II2, II3, II 7, 118, II9

effect of parasites on, 142, 145 ratio, 79, 80 chromosome, z6

Siberia, 10 silicoflagellates as food, IOZ, 102, 104 Simonnet, H., 96

sinking, rate of, .j.Z, 87, 92, 93, 139, 140 size, 4, 5, 72, 74, 81-89, 83, I3Z

effectoffood,74,75,82,83,83,84,85,88 temperature, 74, 81, 82, 83,84.85,87,

88 size, groups in northern waters, 74, 75, 8z,

84 growth factor, 87, 88 method of measurement, 8 I seasonal variation, 81, 82, 83,91 variation with depth, 85, 86, 86

generation, 8z Skagerrak, 73 Skeletonema, 3f, 37, 103, IO.j. S. costatum, 38, 107, II2 Smith, F. G. Walton, 17z Soleim, P., 161, 164 S0mme, J., 4, 13,49,50,52,54,64,72,77,

79,81, IZ3 South America, west coast. 9 South Atlantic, 9, 65 Sparks, M. L., ISS spermathecal sac, see female, reproductive

system spermatogenesis, 26 spermatophore, see male, reproductive

system spermatozoa, see male, reproductive system Spooner, G. M., 136 Sporozoa, ISO Stalberg, G., 10 statocysts, 23 Stommel, H., II6, 177 St0rmer, L., 74, 75, 82, 83, 86 surface swarming, 124, 127, 136, 137, 141,

157, 160 swimming feet, 2, 3, 4, II, 13, 14, 14, 21,

z3, 24, 28, 48, 49, 5 1,53, 54,99 segmentation and setation, 13, 14, 53,

60-63 movements, I, 101, IZ7, 128, 136, 140

escape reaction, 24, 53, 164 swimming, speed of, 139 Syndinium, 142, 144, 145, opp. 145, 146,

147 Syracosphaera, 37, lIZ S. carterae, 38, 112 systematics, 1-8

Temora, 75 T. finmarchica, 3 T. longicornis, 3 temperature, see also size

effect on distribution, 9, ISS life cycle, 65, 66, 68, 70

lethal, 116, ISS testis, see male, reproductive system Thalassiosira, 34, 104 T. nana, 97 thermocline, 133 Thomson, S. Y., 170 thorax, thoracic segments, 7, II, 13, 16, 18,

20,21, 23, 24, 25, 47, 48, 49, 98

INDEX 195

Thysanoessa, 159, 165 T. raschii, 95 tintinnids as food, 102 Trematoda, 144, 152 Troms0, 7, 39,40,41, 45,46,75,76, II6,

128, 152

Urocystis prolifer, 153 urosome, 7, 8, II, 15, 16, 18,23,24,25,28,

28, 49, 81, 88, 146, 147 Ussing, H. H., 10, 64, 74, 75. 83, 84, IIO,

123, 124

Vane, F. R., 145 Vauzeme, Roussel de, 3, 4, 65, 127 vertical migration, 87, 103, 108, 123-141

diurnal, 123, 128-141 effect of depth, 137, 138

food, 108, 133, 134 pressure, 138, 139 salinity, 133 temperature, 87, 133. 135

relation to light, 128, 129, [30, 131, 132,135,156, 157

seasonal variations, 132 experiments on, 128, 135-141, 138

seasonal, 54, 65, 72, 73, 123-128, 125, 126, 163

effect of light, 124, 134, 135 temperature, 124

Verwoort, W., 8 vitamins in Calanus, 95, 96, 157 volume of Calanus, 88, 89

Wailes, G. H., 161, 164 water content, 89, 90, 92, 93 weight, 72, 89-92

of different stages, 90, 91, 92 relation to food, 90, 91

temperature, 92 seasonal changes, 90, 91. 9 1 , 92, 93

whalebone whale, 165 whale, feeding on Calanus, 127, 165, 166

method of feeding, 165, 166 White Sea, 9 Wiborg, K. F., 64, 72, 84, 89, 123, 128 Willey, A., 127 Williams, R. H., 172 Wilson, C. B., 5, 9, 14, 160 Wimpenny, R. S., 6, 41, 64, 88, 103, 134 Wingfield, C. A., 116 With, C.; 4, S, 9, 12, 15, 49, 74, 81 Wolfenden, R. N., 5 Woods Hole, 82

Yonge, C. M., 45 Yudanova, O. N., 94, 95

Zeuthen, E., 115, 120, 139 Zinn, D. J., 74, 82