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INDEX

absorptive capacity 315 (see also assimilative

capacity)

abundance 6, 49-51, 63, 76-77, 96, 98, 157

Acheson 19,61

acid rain (see pollution)

Adams 145, 147, 148

adaptation 46, 60-61, 85, 269, 281, 283, 311, 318

adaptive management 94, 323

aesthetic value 45, 47 (see also value of

biodiversity)

agriculture 3, 9, 19-20,31,61,98, 113, 123, 168,

210,279,283,292,316-317; pricing policies

in 9; agroforestry 275, 277, 283, 286, 316; in

Botswana 187-188, 199-202; Common

Agricultural Policy 39; climate change

monitoring and 103; in the conversion of

wetlands 139, 142, 144-147; and deforestation

236,246,252-257,264; and herbicide use 51;

impact of climate change on 48; interaction

with forest ecosystems 165; and pesticide use

31, 36, 96, 109, 325; sustainability of 271;

swidden/shifting 241, 268-270, 278 (see also

livestock farming)

Ahmad 25

Alaya97

Alcorn 271,277,284,285,286

Allen 239

Altieri 275

Amazonia 39, 101, 277, 316, 326

Amelung237

Ames 279, 286

Andersen 97

Andreasson-Gren 284 Annis 310

Aoki 216

Arntzen 189, 197

Aro57

Arrow 11

arthropods 44, 262

Ashton 18, 19, 255, 259,260, 261, 290, 323

assimilative capacity 8, 15, 165

Atkinson 26, 207

Austin 73, 74,98, 100, 103

378

Australia 48, 73-80, 87, 91-99, 102-105, 133, 246,

285

Aylward 145

Babbel97

Bagadion 315

Balee271

Baltic 18, 49, 54-63, 322

Bangladesh 48, 250, 253

Barbados 112

Barbier 9, 12, 15, 25, 26, 139, 140, 144, 145,

147, 148, 159, 186, 227, 230, 236, 237, 240,

242, 318, 321

Barnes J. 31

Barnes D. 235,239

Barnes R.D. 44

Barrett 36, 322

Baskerville 59

Bateman 140

Begon 5, 27

Begossi 273, 286

Behnke 69

bequest value 11,229

Bergman 214

Berkes 19, 54, 59, 61, 190, 269, 270, 272, 273,

274,279,283,285,286,287,323,326

Berlin 271

Bhutan 250, 253

Biesanz206

Binswanger 186,238

biodiversity (see diversity)

Biodiversity Convention 17, 22, 30, 35, 36, 39,

306, 307

bioeconornic models (see models of ecological-

economic systems) 15

biosphere people 62, 272

biotechnology 23, 301

Bishop 52

Blamey93

Blockstein 47

Blomrnenstein 121

Bockstael 12

Bolivia 296

Bonaire Marine Park 121-137

Borneo 252

botanical gardens 48

Bothnian Sea 62

Botswana 18-19, 30--31, 39, 186-201,203

Braatz 252, 306

Braithwaite 98

Brandon 306, 307, 308, 309, 311, 314, 315, 316,

317

Brazil 227, 231, 234, 236, 257, 260

Brechin 306

Brewer 103

Briceno 217

Britain 44, 50, 51, 52, 140

Bromley 35

Browder 316

Brown G.M. 3, 10

Brown I. 46

Brown M.J. 103

Brown S. 230

Brown W. 284

Brown W.L. 46 230, 284

Brundtland 24, 25, 45, 84

Bryant 97

Buckley 99

Budd 98

Bunch 311

Burgess 9, 18, 19,240

Burley 95

Cairns 63

Callicott 279, 286

Cameroon 260

Canada 140,274,285

Capistrano 239

carbon: cycle 28, 37, 57; dioxide and climate

change 48, 176; sequestration 163, 228, 230,

235, 259, 290 300-302 (see also tropical

forests)

Carbyn 271

Caribbean 109, 111, 113, 120-123, 125, 134, 137,

140, 142, 227

Carriere 205

Carroll 314

carrying capacity 8, 272, 284; of rangelands 71,

189, 192, 197; of marine ecosystems 121,

125, 127-128, 136

Caughley 71, 94

Cayman Brac 125

Cedervall 58

Central African Republic 234

Cernea 314,316

379

CGE (see models of ecological-economic systems)

Chambers 311

charismatic species (see species)

Chewings 81

China 52, 250, 252, 253, 273

Christianty 275

Chung 284

Ciriacy-Wantrup 52

Clements 69

Cleveland 275

climate change 47, 290; global warming 48, 165,

174, 176,259,290

climax state 69

Coates 86, 97

Cobb 14, 16,20, 87, Ill, 112

Common 14, 18,93,94,95,96, 160,285, 324

common property resources 35, 54, 60-61, 190,

191,322 (see also property rights)

complementarity between marketed goods and

biological resources 14; in Baltic Cod fisheries

63; in the valuation of biological resources 12,

156, 160

complexity of ecosystems 5, 26, 62, 71, 94, 240,

277; and environmental management 54,271;

and environmental monitoring 100-103; and

resilience 27; and non-linearity 19, 324; in

swidden agriculture 277 (see also hysteresis

effects, thresholds, resilience, stability)

Congo 231

Connell 98

conservation tax 299-301

consumer sovereignty 15, 16,93

contingent valuation of biological resources 13,93,

128, 144, 168-169, 171, 179 (see also

valuation methods)

Convention on Biological Diversity (see

Biodiverity Convention)

Convention on International Trade in Endangered

Species (CITES) 36

coral reefs 9, 123, 147, 174, 252, 289 (see also

marine ecosystems)

380

Costa Rica 18,205,206,207,217,227,232,234,

296,297,317

Costa-Pierce 279

Costanza 20, 55, 139

Costonis 294

critical link species (see species)

Cuba 1I2, 1I4, 121

cultural diversity 19, 143, 164,287

customary rights 264 (see also property rights)

CVM 169

Dahl 55

Daily 18, 49, 52, 322

Daly II. 14, 16,20,63,87,206

Dasgupta 9, 15, 16, 34, 153, 164, 191, 322

Dasmann 54, 272

Day 145

de Beer 317

de Souza Braga 286

debt-for-nature swaps 29, 296

decomposers 10, 163,164

defensive expenditures 12,91,92

deforestation 9, 18-19, 23, 34, 51, 162, 168, 222

265; and agriculture 173,219; and biodiversity

loss 48, 51, 229, 252-253; causes of 230,

237-243, 246-252, 255-258; as a consequence

of open access common property rights 162,

206-212, 220-225; in Costa Rica 205--213,

217-220,227; and the hydrological cycle 36,

48; and timber production 208, 233-234, 236-

244

demographic transition 326

Denevan 277, 278

Denmark 60

depletion of biological resources: and threshold

effects 14; and property rights 17; of

biodiversity 32, 37, 54, 90, 226, 274, 281,

322; of mangroves 158; of capital 215, 217;

of tropical forests 239-242, 244, 251-252 (see

also deforestation, desertification, overfishing,

overgrazing, rangeland degradation)

desertification 162

di Castri 7, 20, 10 I

Diamond 272

Dichter 314,315

Dickson 191

Diehl 237

direct use value (see value of biological resources)

discount rate 13, 15,29, 151, 152, 160, 171, 192,

206,256, 288, 291, 322 (see also interest rate,

time preference)

distribution: of assets 9, 26, 256; of income 9, 25,

195

divergence 321

diversity: functional 7, 55, 66, 81, 321-322, 324,

326; genetic 23, 46, 55, 85-86, 96-98, 100,

289; heterozygosity 97, 321; homozygosity

97; megadiversity 23, 94, 167; phenological

76; phenotypic 321; species 45-46, 49-50, 53,

55,57-58,85-86,97, 125-127, 135, 145,226,

258, 275-276, 289

Dixit 15

Dixon 13, 121. 145, 146,260,316, 323, 326

Dobzhansky 97

Dolinger 47

Dominican Republic 112

Dovers95

Dowling 102, 103

Dugan 141

Dutch disease 201, 202

Dye 69, 76

East Asia 120

ecological services 10, 12-14, 17-18, 24, 28, 30,

32, 36, 39, 54, 63, 143, 226, 229, 284, 322,

325; carbon sequestration 163,228,230,235,

259, 290 300-302; and hydrological cycles 6,

28, 34, 36, 45, 320; life-support 4, 163; and

nutrient cycles 321; regulatory functions 145,

156; of watershed protection 168, 230, 235,

290-291,300 (see also habitat)

ecological sustainability 26, 39, 125, 165-166,325

(see also persistent states, resilience,

sustainable management)

economic sustain ability 14, 39, 63; strong

sustainability 25-26; weak sustainability 25

(see also sustainable development, value of

biological resources)

economic incentives (see incentives, market failure,

marketable permits, transferable quota, taxes,

subsidies, user charges)

economic policy: failure of 19, 244, 256; of

macroeconomic 19, 35, 187; price liberal

isation 20; structural adjustment 167, 203

ecosystem functions (see ecological services)

ecosystem people 61. 272. 273

Ecuador 296

Ehrlich 4. 6. 11. 14. 18. 29. 39. 43. 45. 46. 47.

48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 94. 95. 163. 164. 229.

275.322

Eisner 48

El Sarafy 15. 25

Ellis 157

Elmgren 57. 58

endangered species 28. 45. 99. 292; CITES 36;

Endangered Species Act 46. 52

endemism 44. 167.252.302

Engel 279. 286

Engkvist 57

environmental externalities (see externalities)

Environmentally Adjusted GDP 91

equity: intergenerational 13-15. 164-165. 327;

intragenerational equity 164. 180

Erhardt 51

Erwin 44. 96

essentiality of biological resources 14. 15

exhaustible resources 15

existence value (see value of biological resources)

externalities: environmental 13. 17. 19. 29. 32. 34-

37.39. 165. 172. 190. 194; and market failure

10. 93. 167. 186. 207. 220. 253. 255-256.

265; reciprocal 34; unidirectional 34

extinction 8. 13. 18. 23; economic 47; of fish

stocks 60. 63; irreversibility of 325; of species

(global) 27-29. 44. 46-47. 53. 55. 66. 81. 84.

227. 229. 258. 290. 326; of populations

(local) 27. 29. 43. 48-52. 53. 66. 99; refugia

to minimise risks of 282; vulnerability of

species to 100

Faith 100

Falconer 317

Farber 139

Farris 97

Farvar 269

Feeny 61

Feldman 46

fertility rates 8 (see also populaton)

Fishers 11. 12. 157.300.321

fisheries 3. 17-18.20; in the Baltic Sea 54-55. 58-

63; in the Caribbean 123. 128; supported by

381

wetlands 139. 156; in the Philippines 146;

valuation of 181

floodplains 145. 147-149. 159. 252 (see also

wetlands)

Flowers 277

Folke 19.20.49.54.58. 59. 61. 283. 323. 326

Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) 235.

237.245

food webs 7. 15.28.32.57.321

forest (see deforestation. forestry. tropical forest)

forestry 3. 9. 19-20. 29. 144. 271, 283-284;

agroforestry 275. 277. 283. 286. 316;

monitoring 98. 103; use of wetlands for 148-

149. 158-159; as a cause of deforestation 237-

238. 243-244; and market failure 255-256;

social 306. 316 (see also deforestation. timber

production)

Foster 258. 259

France 140

Franklin 86

Freeman A.M. 12. 142. 143. 157

Freeman M.M.R. 271

Friedel 70. 76. 78

fuel wood 170. 230. 255. 259. 264; alternatives to

250; collection of 144. 252. 253

functional diversity (see diversity)

Furtado 276

Gabon 231. 234

Gadgil 19.61.269.270. 272. 273. 274. 279. 285.

323. 326

gene pool 27. 164

generalist species (see species)

genetic: distance 27; diversity (see diversity);

information 27. 28. 46. 261. 322

Ghai 9

Ghana 234

Gilbert 44. 49.203

Gillis 36. 100. 247. 255

Gillison 103

Gittleman 43

Glaser 20

Global Environmental Facility (GEF) 297. 306-

308.310.312.318

global warming (see climate change)

Gomez-Pompa 269

Gooding 15

382

Grainger 9

Granlund 61

Greenslade 97

Gregersen 316

Grima 59

Guha 274, 285

habitat: conversion 20, 23, 28, 32, 45, 272-273,

275, 288, 292-302, 316, 320, 326; and

biodiversity loss 7-8, 16-17, 44, 47,163,167,

181,227,253; fragmentation of 51-52; 55, in

environmental accounting 92, 95, 97;

monitoring of 100-101; 140, 162, 174, value

of 177, 182,295-296.298,301; wildlife 253-

254, 259; conservation of II, 261, 275, 289-

291; productivity of 321

Hadi257

Hairston 49

Haiti 112

Halliday 97

Hamblin 103

Hammer 18, 55, 59, 322

Hammond 44

Hamrick 259

Handmer95

Hanemann II

Hansen 284

Hansson 57, 58

Hardin 61,190

Haring 8

Harper 5,27

Harrison 95

Hartwick 15,26

Harvell 86

Hawai279

Heal 15, 153

Heath 51

Hedrick 97

Henry II, 325

herbicides 51 (see also agriCUlture)

heterozygosity 97,321 (see also diversity)

Heyligers 100, 103

Hicks 14, 25, 164

Hilden 60

Himalaya 254

Himalayas 252

Hodgkinson 73

Hodgson 146

Holder 121

Holling 5, 7, 17,20,26,27,58,63,78,283,284,

316,321

Hollis 145

Holm 46

Holmes 8

homozygosity (see diversity)

Hong Kong 253

Hope 87

Hopper 86, 97

Howarth 13, 327

Hubbell 258, 259

Hufschrnidt 146

Hughes 52

hunting 144, 158,226,235-236,272,316-317

Huntley 98, 104

Hutchinson 100, 102

Hviding279

hydrological cycles 6, 28, 34, 36, 45, 320 (see also

ecological services)

hysteresis effects 74, 78 (see also complexity of

ecological systems)

ICDP285

IK 270, 271

incentives 38, 243, 291, 301, 306, 309-310, 313,

315-317,323-324 and economic policy 16, 17,

19, 20, 23. 35-36, 167, 186; in tourism 132,

137; in the livestock sector 189-190; in

forestry 227, 234, 243. 244, 246, 254, 255;

for biodiversity conservation 260, 310; market

based 264 (see also taxes, subsidies, user

charges, stumpage fees)

incremental cost 37, 174, 178

India 247, 250, 252, 253, 257, 259, 273, 274,

275, 276, 277

indicator species (see species)

indigenous knowledge 270-272, 273, 275, 286,

313

indirect use value (see value of biological resources)

indirect value (see value of biological resources)

Indonesia 91, 148, 158, 227, 231, 234, 238, 240,

248,250,251,252,256,257,279,280,286

Integrated conservation-<ieveloprnent projects 285

intellectual property rights 23, 35, 39 (see also

property rights)

interest rates 209-2-10, 215-218, 222, 300, 322

intergenerational equity l3-15, 164-165,327

intergenerational transfers l3

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 6

international trade (see trade)

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

60

intragenerational equity 164, 180

intrinsic value (see value of biological resources)

irreversibility of biodiversity loss 24-25, 53, 164,

290, 293, 325

Israel 310, 318

IUCN 52, 167,270,271,285,287

Ivory Coast 227, 231, 234

Jaakko Poyry 259

Jackson 7

Jamaica 112

James 97

Jansson A-M. 58, 61

Jansson B-O. 57, 58

Janzen 317

Japan 252

Jentoft 63

Jerling 97

jhum 276

Johannes 271, 272

Johns 259

Johnson 8

Jones l39

Jonkers 261

Jorgensen 284

Joshi 273

Kates 8

Kaus 269

Kautsky 54, 58

Keller 259

Kenya 257

Keogh 205

keystone species (see species)

Kiker 239

Kimmage 145, 147, 148

Kirkpatrick 103

Kiss 316

Klee62

Knoop 69, 74

Kohlmann 97

Kohm 96, 98, 100

Korten 311, 315, 318

Kosior 60

Kramer 167, 169

Krause 6

Kristensen 123

Kristoffersen 63

Krutilla 11, 260, 300

Kummer 257

Kunin 5, 11, 27, 32, 86

Lackey 63

Lal145

383

land: pressure 198-199, 201-203; tenure 190-192,

264,271,285,316 (see also property rights)

Lao PDR250

Larsson 57, 58

Latin America 227,239,252,257

Lawton 6, 28

Laycock 69, 70

Leighton 258

Leiss 279

Leontief 214

Levene 97

Levi-Strauss 284

Lewis A. 102, 103

Lewis D. 285

Lewis J.P. 311

life-support functions 4, 163 (see also ecological

services)

Lindenmayer 97

litter invertebrates 10

Little Cayman 125

livestock farming: and rangeland biodiversity 65-

66, 69-70, 78-81; and monitoring 98; in

wetlands 144; impact of policy on 188-190,

192-194, 196-202; and deforestation 244, 250,

255, 264 (see also agriculture, depletion of

biological resources, overgrazing, rangelands)

local participation in conservation projects 306-

308,310-311,314-315,323

LOfgren 61, 62

Loftus 54

Lome Convention 190 (see also trade)

Long-Term Forest Management Research Sites 262

Lovejoy T.E. 101

Lovejoy H.I. 229

384

L TMRS 262, 265

Lubchenco 55, 104

Ludwig 54, 71, 73, 75, 79

Lugo 100, 230

Lutz 15,25,87, 91, 206

MacArthur 258, 272

Machlis 54, 55

Mackey 10 I, 103

macroeconomic policy (see economic policy)

Madagascar 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172,

179

Magrath 15

Mahar 238

Majer 98, 101

Malaysia 231, 234-235, 247, 250-253, 258, 260,

262

MaJer 12, 15, 16,26, 88, 89, 156, 164, 191,322

Malhotra 273

Malthus 8

Man and the Biosphere Programme 285

mangroves 139, 141, 145, 148-149, 156, 158-159,

174 (see also wetlands)

Manokaran 262

Mantadia National Park 168, 180

Marani 96

Marglin 16

Margules 95, 98, 102, 103

Margulis 236, 238

marine ecosystems 18, in the Baltic Sea 54, 58,

62-63; in the Caribbean 120, 124-125, 128,

134-137; and wetland values 146; role of in

stabilising climate 163; damage to caused by

hydroelectric project 180 (see also coral reefs,

see grass beds, fisheries)

marine park 121

Markandya 9, 15,25,26,31

market failure 10, 93, 167, 186, 207, 220, 253,

255, 256, 265 (see also externalities, property

rights)

marketable permit 20,167

Marn 261

Masters 43

May 7, 44, 62, 86

Mayr43

McCay 19,61,62,63

McConnel 12

McDermott 317

McEvoy 61

McLain 121

McNeely 9, 36, 163, 165,271,306,316

medicinal plants 23

Mediterranean 48, 51, 52, 296, 303

Meier 172, 177

Mercer 169

Mery 239

meta-stable state 71, 78 (see also stability)

Mexico 140,277

migratory species (see species)

Miller J. 325

Miller K.R. 3, 43, 50, 228, 229, 254

mining 187, 188, 193, 197, 199, 201, 202, 244,

263,291,311

Mitsch 284

mobile-link species (see species)

models of ecological-economic systems: bio

economic 15; computable general equilibrium

models 186, 192, 193, 194, 198, 203, 214;

overlapping generations models 16; state and

transition models 78-79, 81

Madin 62

monitoring ecological systems 18, 81-82, 90, 94-

105, 125, 135,206,262,307, 313

monoculture 29, 49, 54, ·230, 281, 283 (see also

agriculture)

Montserrat 121

Mooney 55, 284

Moore 102

Moran and Fripp 29

Morauta271

multicriteria decision models 166, 174, 180

Munasinghe 13, 19, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,

172, 177,321,323,326

Murawski 259

Murphy 47, 51

Myanmar 247, 250,251,256

Myers 9, 48, 95, 229, 252

Narnibia 187

Narain 12,321

National Conservation Strategy 189

national income accounting 87, 90, 146

natural capital 14,25,27,39,55,62,63, 138

natural resource accounting 87, 104,203

NDP 88, 89,91,92

Neave 100

Nelson 283

Nepal 250, 257

net national product 15

net primary product 32, 164,325

Netherlands 140

Netzel 60

New Guinea 252

New Zealand 140

Niamir271

Nicholson 258

Nigeria 147, 148, 159,227

Nissling 58

Nix 100, 101, 103

Noble 98, 100, 105

non governmental organisations (NGOs) 291, 306-

307,309-310,313,315,318

non-linearity of ecological systems (see

complexity)

non-use value (see value of biological resources)

Nordhaus90

Norgaard 13, 54, 327

North America 47,50,52,279

North Sea 56, 59

Northern Spotted Owl 46

Norton T.W. 18, 86,93,94,95,96,97,98, 100,

101, 102, 103, 105,324

Norway 63

Noy-Meir 6, 65, 69, 72, 74, 78

nutrient cycles 321 (see also ecological services)

O'Neill 55

Odum E.P. 20

Odum H.T. 58

Okken 6

Oldfield 271

open access common property 35, 61-62, 157-158,

162, 191, 206, 236, 256, 298 (see also

property rights)

Opschoor20

option value (see value of biological resources)

Oren 259

Orians 5, 11,27,32,86

Ornstein 46

Osborne 98

Ostrom 19,61,62

385

overcapitalisation as a source of depletion 54, 60

overfishing 54, 62 (see also depletion of biological

resources)

overgrazing 66, 98, 188, 189, 190 (see also

depletion of biological resources, rangelands)

overlapping generations model (see models of

ecological-economic systems)

Pacific 227, 253,281,286,306

Paine 10,49, 321

Pakistan 247, 250

Palo 239

Panayotou 18, 19, 20, 254, 255, 257, 259, 260,

261, 290, 304, 323, 326

Papua New Guinea 234, 250, 253

Paraguay 227

Parker 87

Parrotta 230

passenger pigeon 47

passenger species (see species)

patchiness (see rangelands)

Patterson 43

Paul 310, 318

Pearce 9, II, 14, 17,22,23,24,25,26,29,31,

36,90,164,260,305,323,325

Pearman 98

Perrings 9, 14, 15, 17,20,24,31,86,93, 160,

164, 203, 283, 323, 325

persistent states 18, 69 (see also stability of

ecological systems)

Persson 18, 323

Peru 44, 260, 277

Peskin 87

pesticides 31, 36, 96, 109, 325 (see also

agriculture)

Peters 30, 259, 260, 317

Pezzey 25

pharmaceutical uses of biological resources 23, 45,

298, 301, 317

phenological diversity (see diversity)

phenotypic diversity (see diversity)

Phili 260

Philippines 146, 235, 248, 251, 252, 253, 256,

257, 258, 259, 296

photosynthesis II, 32, 66

phytoplankton 174

Pickup 71, 73,80,81

386

Pigovian tax (see tax)

Pirrim 6, 28, 43

Pinkerton 62

Pitt 271

Poland 296

policy failure 19, 244. 256 (see also economic

policy. externalities)

pollution 20. 38. 54, 89. 96, 135. 141. 162, 165,

167. 173. 176, 252. 283; acid rain 51. 165.

173-174. 177.289; and air quality 173. 177.

289; and assimilative capacity 8, 15. 165;

polluter pays principle 33

Poole 316

Poore 235

population: demographic transition of 326; density

8. 239. 240. 242. 247-249. 253; diversity 46.

47, 50. 53. 322; growth 7-9. 11, 26, 35. 162.

187,216.240.256.271.300,326; Mendelian

46; metapopulation 321; pressure 9, 238. 257.

276;

Posey 271, 277

Posner 121

Possingharn 86

poverty: in Asia 253-254; effect on decision

making 9, 31, 324; and deforestation 258;

effect on environmental degradation 162; 167,

246, 264, 305; effect on fertility 8; and gender

9; and intragenerational equity 164, 166

precautionary principle 28

preferences 8. 19,26. 169,272.288,299

Pressland 75

price liberalisation (see economic policy)

primary value (see value of biological resources)

production function: approach to valuation of

biological resources 12, 13, 110, 139-140,

156-160, 321; Cobb-Douglas 113. 157. 193-

196. 209 (see also valuation of biological

resources)

Proper Net Domestic Product (PNDP) 87-93, 104

property rights 8. 12. 19. 30, 35-37, 246, 256,

285.302; and deforestation 206-208, 210-212.

236; enforcement of 256; evolution of 17; and

externalities 13. 34-35. 37; in genetic

resources 23, 35.254; open access 35, 61-62,

157-158, 162, 191. 206, 236. 256, 298;

security of 265. 292

protected areas 20. 45. 95, 102. 104. 120-121, 134,

148.253-254.264.270,285.287.306.317

Przewozny 16

public good: biodiversity as a 17. 19. 10, 34, 36-

37. 39, 289. 296. 299. 325; habitat

conservation as a 297; implications for

information on biodiversity 263; watershed

protection as a 291

Puerto Rico 230. 294

Puroshomathan 23

quasi-option value (see value of biological

resources)

quota 60. 326

Rajasekaran 272

Rarnakrishnan 276, 277. 281. 282. 285

Randall 52

rangelands 18,65-69,71.73-74. 76. 78-81, 189.

322; degradation of 66, 189; patchiness of 72.

73,75; overgrazing of 66,98, 188, 189, 190

rate of discount (see discount rate)

rate of time preference (see time preference)

Raven 43,96, 100,229

Raventos 217

reciprocal externalities (see externalities)

Redford 309

reforestation 230, 252

refugia 282

Regan 16

Regier 59

Rehfeldt 97

Reid 43, 50, 228, 229, 254

Reis 236, 238

Repetto 8, 9. 15,36. 87, 91, 93, 236, 247, 255

resilience 5-9, 16-19. 26-28. 38-39, 54, 57-58, 63,

78, 164,226,283-284. 321-322, 324-327 (see

also ecological sustainability, stability of

ecological systems)

reversibility of environmental effects 74

Richards 100. 103

Rogers 121

Rosenzweig 86

Roughgarden II

Ruddle 63, 271, 272. 275. 276, 279, 286

Ruitenbeek 145, 148. 158

Rutherford 68

Saba Marine Park 121

safe minimum standards 38,39,52, 161, 166

Sahel 65

Salmi 239

SAM 192, 196,217

Sanderson 309

Saunders 44, 103

Sayer 316

Schindler 324

Schneider 238

Schnidman 294

Scholes 74

Schulze 55, 284

Scoones 69

Scott I.C. 44

Scott I.M. 43

Scura 13, 121, 125, 128

sea grass beds 174

security of tenure 19

Sedjo 254

Segerstrale 55

Selander 97

self-organisation of ecological systems 26, 324

Seligman 65

semi-arid regions 65

Sen 9

Serafin 283

Shafik 25

Sherman 316

Shoven 214

Simberloff 229

Sjostrand 60

Slatyer 100

Siobodkin 274, 275

Social Accounting Matrix 192, 203, 217

social forestry (see forestry)

social opportunity cost of biological resources 9,

13, 20, 22, 37, 291 (see also value of


Solbrig II

Soleri 275

Solomon Islands 279, 286

Solow 14, 15,26, 164

Soule 45, 52, 86, 96, 98, 100, 308

South Africa 187-200

Southgate 186

Souza Braga 273

Spear 69, 76

speciation 44

387

species: charismatic 44; critical link 10, 32;

diversity 45-46, 49, 50, 53, 55, 57-58, 85-86,

97, 125-127, 135, 145, 226, 258, 275-276,

289 (see also diversity); endangered 28, 45, 99,

292; generalist 259; indicator 96; keystone 32,

49, 86,96, 100, 321; migratory 35; mobile

link 96, 100, 259; passenger 18

Spencer 43

Sri Lanka 166, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178,

180, 252, 253, 262

stability of ecological systems 5, 7, 14, 58, 63,

76, 164, 166, 324; meta-stability 71, 78 (see

also persistent states, resilience)

Stafford-Smith 73, 80

Starret 16

state and transition model (see models of

ecological-economic systems)

Steele 7, 55

Steffen 103

Stem 207

Stiglitz 207

Stocks 275

Stone 306, 316

Stork 44

strong sustainability (see economic sustainability)

structural adjustment 167,203

stumpage fees 9, 36, 256 (see also economic

incentives, forestry, deforestation)

subsidies: in agriculture 9, 19, 36; destumping 9;

in livestock farming 39, 238; and wildlife

utilisation 30; in forestry 9, 257; to

ecosystems 283;

substitutability between biological resources and

produced capital 12, 26, 27, 32, 156, 160,

164,230

sustainability (see ecological sustainability,

economic sustainability, resilience, persistent

states)

succession in ecosystems 7,69-71,73-74,79,81,

258-259,276,281,283-284

Sulawesi 252

sustainability (see ecological sustainability,

economic sustain ability )

388

sustainable: development 15, 25-27, 84, 162, 164-

166, 180-181,287,305-308,311-312,314,

315, 318, 323-324, 327; management of

environmental resources 121, 243-245, 260,

271-272 (see also ecological sustainability,

economic sustainability)

Sweden 59, 60, 61, 62

swidden agriculture 246, 275-277 (see also

agriculture)

Tanner 271, 273, 279

tariff 188, 196,200,202 (see also trade)

tax: in agriculture 238; environmental effects of

199,217-225; in forestry 213, 219, 222-225,

230, 247; Pigovian (optimal) 167, 198; in

tourism 130, 138; revenues 130, 195

taxonomic: aggregation 99; distinction 46, 86,

100; uniqueness and ecosystem function 86, 99

Terborgh 258, 273, 290

Terborth 289

terms of trade (see trade)

terrestrial ecosystems 5, 97, 103 (see also forests,

tropical forests, rangelands)

Thailand 248, 251, 257, 259, 260

Thomas 51

thresholds in ecological systems 4-5, 7,14-15, 19,

24,26,36,38-40,55,71,74-76, 84-85, 104,

127-128, 135-137, 161, 324-326 (see also

complexity of ecological systems, resilience)

Tietenberg 20

Tilakaratna 314

time preference rate 209-210, 217; private 8, 16;

social 16; effect of poverty on 31, 256 (see

also discount rate, interest rate)

timber production 230-244, 259 (see also forestry)

Tisdell 52, 53

Tobago Cays National Park 121

Tobin 90

Tongway 71, 73, 75, 79

Tordoff47

total allowable catch (see fisheries)

total economic value of biological resources 22,

139,143,146,148-149,159 (see also value of


tourism: cost of coral reef and coastal degradation

147, 174; ecotourism (nature tourism) 166,

235, 254, 259, 290, 300, 304, 317; in marine

parks 120-124, 128-132, 135, 137; scientific

tourism 290; in terrestrial parks 167-168, 188,

260,290; as a wetland service 145-147, 163

Townsend 5, 27

trade 130, 172-176, 178, 186, 190, 192,217,254,

299, 302; environmental impact of beef trade

130; environmental impact of timber trade

227, 230-231, 233-235, 241, 243-244, 251-

252; illegal 252; international 20, 230, 234,

241, 243; policy 186, 241; retail 130; tenns of

199, 202; trade balace 217, 232 (see also

tariffs, Lome Convention)

traditional ecological knowledge 269, 270-272,

274, 281, 283-287, 323

traditional people 269-279, 285-287

transferable quota 20

transferable development rights 20, 254, 288-289,

294--296,302-304 (see also property rights)

travel cost 169, 170, 179-180 (see also valuation

methods)

Trinidad and Tobago 112, 115

tropical forest: agriculture in 276; biodiversity in 5,

8, 23, 29, 44, 50, 226, 262, 290; role in

biodiversity conservation 61, 242-243, 269,

276; clearance of 31,96,206,245-248,317;

extent of 226, 229;; genetic prospecting in

297; timber production in 230-241; 251-154;

value of 228-230, 259-261, 298 (see also

deforestation, forestry, timber production,

value of biological resources)

Turnbull 97, 98

Turner II, 14,22,26, 139, 140, 143, 164

Twilley 145

U1anowicz 57

United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development (UNCED) 23-24, 36-39

uncertainty: and deforestation 235; and discounting

13, 256; about ecosystem structure and

function 25, 32, 149, 158, 324; and

externalities 9; and functional diversity 325;

and the precautionary principle 28; and risk 10,

80, 95; and safe minimum standards 39, 327;

about value of biological resources 29

Unemo 18

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

164,226,235, 271, 287, 306

unidirectional externalities (see externalities)

United Nations 91, 93, 113

United States 46, 53, 95, 121, 131-132, 140,246,

302

Uphoff 314

use value (see value of biological resources)

user charges 254

user-cost of biological resources 29

Usher 90

v'ant Hof 13

valuation methods: contingent 13, 93, 128, 144,

168-169,171,179; production function 12-13,

110, 139-140, 156-160,321; social 13, 15-17;

travel cost 169, 170, 179-180

value of biological resources 4, II, 22, 24, 29, 45,

109, 301, 305, 320, 325; bequest value II,

229; direct use value 142, 228; existence value

II, 22, 45, 143, 168, 229, 235, 260, 263,

292-293, 320; indirect use value 10, 11, 17,

32, 159, 142 145, 146, 156; intrinsic value

22; non-use value II, 22, 39, 142, 144, 168,

180,227,298,320; option value 168; primary

value 143; quasi-option value II, 160, 229,

289-290; total economic value 22, 139, 143,

146, 148-149, 159; use value 10, 11, 13, 17,

22-23,29, 145, 147, 149-150, 152, 156, 158-

160, 168, 180, 294, 298 (see also social

opportunity cost, willingness to accept, and

willingness to pay)

van't Hof 121, 123, 124, 125, 128

Varian 207

Venezuela 121

Victor 26

Vietnam 253

Vincent 243, 257

Walker 6, 18, 28, 67, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78,

94, 95, 100, 102, 284, 322

Walters 94

Warford 9, 36

Warren 271

watershed protection 168,230,235,290,291,300

Watt 258

weak sustainability (see economic sustainability)

389

Weitzman 28, 86, 89

Wells 254, 285, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311,

314,315,316,317,323

West 306

Westin 58

Westman 10, 321

Westoby 69, 70, 78, 79

wetlands 53, 98, 139-144, 146-150, 152-153, 155-

159, 160, 163, 284, 320 (see also floodplains,

mangroves)

White 273

Whitmore 289, 290

Wilcox 86

wildlife 29, 30, 71, 139, 188,253,262,285,316

Wiley 43

Williams 73, 74, 96, 98

Willingness to accept 12-13, 37-39 (see also value

of biological resources)

willingness to pay 12-13, 37-39, 132-134, 165,

168-171, 180, 292, 299 (see also value of


Willis 43

Wilson 3, 5, 6, 16, 43, 44, 46, 94, 229, 252, 258,

272, 306

World Bank 91, 163, 166, 197, 203, 217, 234,

255,306,308,311

World Resources Institute 82

Wulff 57

Yaiiez-Arancibia 145

Younes 101

Young 87, 91, 92, 93

Yu 273, 286

Zaire 227

Zijlstra 57

Zimbabwe 187

Zolotas 90

zoo 48

zooplankton 174

Zullo 121

Ecology, Economy & Environment

1. C. Folke and T. Iaberger (eds.): Linking the Natural Environment and the Economy: Essaysfrom the Eco-Eco Group. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1227-9

2. U. Svedin and B. HiigerhaII Aniansson (eds.): Society and the Environment: A Swedisch Research Perspective. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1796-3

3. M. Ruth: Integrating Economics, Ecology and Thermodynamics. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2377-7

4. C.A. Perrings, K.-G. MaIer, C. Folke, C.S. Holling and B.-O. Jansson (eds.): Biodiversity Conservation. Problems and Policies. 1994

ISBN 0-7923-3140-0

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS - DORDRECHT I BOSTON I LONDON

references - home - springer978-94-011-1… · · 2017-08-26references adams, w.m. and hollis,...

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