396

REFERENCES

Achuthankutty, C.T., 1976.Ecology of sandy beaches of Sancole, Goa.Part-I.Physical factors

influencing production of macrofauna. Ind. J.mar.Sci.5: 91-97.

Alexander, W.B., B.A.Southgate and R. Bassindale, 1935.Survey of the River Tees.2.The

estuary-chemical and biological. Tech.Pap. WaterPollt. Res. D.S.I.R. 5: 1-71.

Alexander Chester, J., L.Randolph, L. Ferguson and W. Gordon

Thayer,1983.Environmental gradients and benthic macroinvertebrate distributions in a

shallow North Carolina estuary. Bull.Marine Sci. 33(2): 282-295.

Ali, S. and S.D., Ripley,1983.A pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent,

Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press.

Ali, S., 1996.The Book of Indian Birds. Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford

University Press, Mumbai.

Amar Musale, S.2005. Vertical distribution of benthos in mangrove areas of Mavinahole

creek. M.Sc. Dissertation Thesis, Karnatak University, Dharwad.

Amar Musale, S. and Dattesh Desai, 2010.Distribution and abundance of macrobenthic

polychaetes along the south Indian coast. Environ Monit Assess, DOI

10,1007/s10661-010-1701-3.

Anderson, G.C., G.W. Comitha and H.V. Engstrom,1955. A note on the phytoplankton-

zooplankton relationship in two lakes in Washington. Ecology,35:757-759.

Andrade, L.V., 2003.Biodiversity, distribution, ecology and conservation of mangrove flora

of Kali estuary, Karwar, Karnataka, India.Ph.D. Thesis, Karnatak University,

Dharwad.

Annigeri, G.G., 1968. Hydrology of the inshore waters of Karwar bay during 1964-68.

Indian Journal of Fisheries, 15: 155-165.

Annigeri, G.G., 1972. Hydrological conditions in the inshore region of Karwar during 1965-

67. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 19: 156-162.

397

Ansari, Z.A., 1977. Meiobenthos from the Karwar region (Central West Coast of India).

Mahasagar Bull. Naatn.Inst. Oceanogr.11(3&4): 163-167.

Ansari, Z.A., 1980. Fishery and culture possibilities of molluscan in Goa. Seafood Exporta

Journal.10:4

Ansel, A.D., P.Sivadas, B. Narayanan, Sankaranarayan and A. Trevallion, 1972.The

ecology of two sandy beaches insouth west India, I. Seasonal changes in physical and

chemical factrors and in the macrofauna. Mar. Biol. 17: 38-62.

Ansel, A.D., P.R.O. Barnett, A. Bodoy and H. Masse, 1980.Upper temperature tolerances of

some Euroean mollusks. II. Donax vittatus, D. semistriatus and D. trunculus. Mar.

Biol.58: 41-46.

APHA,2000. Standard methods for water and wastewater.American Public Health

Association.

Arntz, W., 1977. Biomass and production des ,acrobenthos in den tieferen. Teilen der Kieler

Buchi im Jahr 1968.Kieler Meres forsch, 27: 36-72.

Ayyappan, S.and T.R.C.Gupta, 1980.Limnology of Ramasamudra Tank. J. Inland Fish.

Soc.India, 1(2):1-12.

Balaji, M., M.V. Rao and S.K. Pati. 2009. Monitoring of biofouling at Visakhapatnam port.

Project Completion Report: 2007-2009. Wood Biodegradation Centre (Marine),

Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Visakhapatnam, 77 pp.

Balakrishnan Nair, N. and M. Salim. 1994. Marine timber destroying organisms of the

Andaman-Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Archipelago.Zoological Survey of

India, Occasional Paper No.159, 87 pp.

Balakrishnan and Shynamma, 1976.

Banse, K., 1959. On upwelling and bottom trawling off the southwest coast of India. J. Mar.

Biol. Ass. India. 1: 33-49.

Bertness, M.D., 1985. Fiddler crab regulation of Spartina alterniflora production on a new

England salt marsh. Ecology,66: 1040-1055.

398

Bhagwat, S., 2003.Biodiversity and conservation of a cultural landscape in the Western Ghats

of India.Ph.D. Thesis, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K.

Bhat, U.G., 1984.Benthos of Kali Estuary, Karwar.Ph.D. Thesis, Karnatak University,

Dharwad pp.340.

Blasco, F. 1975.Les mangroves de L’inde (The mangaroves of Inda). Institute of FrancaisDe

Pondichery, Trevaux dela sectionScietifique et. techniqueTome XIVFasc1: 1-175.

Boominathan, M. M.D.abd Ramachandra, 2010. Economic valuation of bivalves in the

Aghanashini estuary, west coast, Karnataka..http://wgbi.ces.iisc.in biodiversity

/pubs.1-34.

Boone, E. and L.G.M. Baas Becking, 1931. Salt effects on eggs and nauplii of Artemia

salina L.J., gen. Physiol. 14: 753-763.

Borole, D.V., M.M. Sarin and B.L.K. Somayajulu, 1982.Composition of Narmada and

Tapati estuarine particles and adjacent Arabian sea sediments. Ind. J. Mar.Sci.11: 51-

62.

Chandran, 1987.Chandran, R., 1987.Hydrobiological study in the gradient zone of the

Vellar estuary. IV. Benthic fauna. Mahasagar-Bull.Natn.Inst. Oceanogr. 20(1): 1-13.

Chaudhury, A.B. and A. Choudhury, 1994.Mangroves of the Sunderbans, India, IUCN

Bangkok, Thailand, 1:1-247.

Clapp, W.F. and R. Kenk. 1963. Marine borers, an annotated bibliography. ACR-74, Office

of the Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C., 1136 pp.

Clarke, K.R. and R.N. Gorley,2001.PRIMER-v5 User manual/Tutorial(p.91). Plymouth

PRIMER-E Ltd.

CMFRI Bulletin, 2000.Taxonomy - Molluscks of India.

Cookson, L.J. 1991. Australasian species of Limnoriidae (Crustacea: Isopoda). Memoirs of

theMuseum of Victoria, 52(2): 137-262.

CSIR. 1962a.The Wealth of India: Raw Materials Vol. VI: L-M. National Institute of Science

Communication and Information Resources, CSIR, New Delhi, India.

399

Damodharan, R., 1973. Studies on the benthos of the mud banks of the Kerala coast-Ph.D.

Thesis- Bull.Dept. Mar. Sci.Univ. Cochin, VI: 1-126.

Day, F. 1971.The fishes of India being a Natural History of fishes known to inhabit the seas

and frsh waters of India, Burma and Ceylone. Vol.2: Atlas. Today and Tomorrows

Book Agency, New Delhi.

Dev Roy, M.K. 2006. Marine wood-borers of Andaman and Nicobar Islands with key to

species. Journal of Environmental and Sociobiology, 3(2): 131-142.

Diwakar, K.M.,1986.A study on the mangroves of Kali and Aghanashini River estauaries of

Uttara Kanada district, Karantaka.Journal of Indian Botany Science, 65: 111-116.

Duncan, A.,1986. Assessment of factors influencing the composition, body size and turn over

rate of zooplankton in Parakrama Samudra, an irrigation reservoir in Sri Lanka.

Hydrobiologia, 113:201-215.

Dye, A.H., 1981. A study of benthic oxygen sonsumption on exposed sandy beach. Estu.

Coast.Mar.Sci. 13: 671-680.

Eggleton, F.E., 1931.A limnological study of the profundal bottom fauna of some freshwater

lakes. Ecological monographs. 1: 231-332.

Eltringham, S.K., 1971. Life in mud and sand. The English Universities press Ltd.,

London, 218.

El Wakeel, S.K. and J.P.Riley, 1956.The determination of organic carbon in marine muds.

J.Con. Perm. Unita.Explor. Mer. 22: 180-183.

FAO, 2000.FAO Catalogue for identification of fishes and prawns.

Fenchel, T., 1969.The ecology of marine macrobenthos. IV. Structure and functions of the

benthic ecosystems, its chemical and physical factors and the microfauna

communities with special reference to the ciliated protozoa. Ophelia. 6: 1-182.

Fenchel, T. and R.H. Riedl, 1970.The sulphide system: a new biotic community underneath

the oxidized layer of marine sand bottoms. Mar. Biol. 7: 255-268.

400

Fernando, O.J., 1981. Ecology studies in the intertidal region of Vellar estuary, Porto Novo,

south India. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, 140 pp.

Fernando, O.J. and Fernando, 1988.Intertidal sediment characteristics of Vellar

estuary.Mahasagar. 21: 245-251.

Folk, R.L. and W.C.Ward, 1966.Bragos River-A study in the significance of grain size

parameters. Journal Sedimentary Petrology 37: 3-27.

Ganapati, P.N. and G.C., Rao, 1962.Ecology of the interstitial fauna inhabiting the sandy

beaches of the Waltair coast. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India 4: 44-57.

George, P.C. 1953. The marine plankton of the coastal waters off Calicut with observations

on the hydrological conditions. Jour.Zool.Soc. India 5: 76-107.

Gerlach, S.A., 1971.On the importance of marine meiofauna for benthos communities.

Oecologia. (Berl) 6: 176-190.

Ghosh, P.B. and A. Chowdhari, 1989.The nutrient status of the sediments of Hooghly

estuary. Mahasagar 22: 37-41.

Gopinathan, K. 1985. Ecology and Fisheries of certain inland water bodies in Kerala.Ph.D.

Thesis, University of Kerala.

Goswami, S.C. and R.A. Selvakumar, 1977.Plankton studies in the estuarine system f Goa.

Proc.Symp.Warm Water Zoopl.Spl.Publ., UNESCO/NIO:226-241.

Govind, B.V., 1963. Preliminary studies on plankton of Tungabhadra reservoir. Indian J.

Fish., 10A:148-158.

Goswami, S.C., 1979.Secondary production in the Estuarine and nearshore and adjacent

waters of Goa.Ph.D. Thesis, Chandighar University, India.

Gray, J.S. and R.M. Reiger, 1971.A quantitative study of the merofauna of an exposed sandy

beach at Robin Hood’s bay, Yorkshire. J.Mar. Biol. Ass.UK 51: 1-19.

Grewal, B., 1995. Birds of the Indian Subcontinent.Guide Book Company Ltd. Hong Kong.

401

Grimmett, R., C. Inskipp and T. Inskipp, , 1998. Birds of the Indian Subcontinent.Oxford

University Press, Delhi.

Harakantra, S.N., 1975. Benthos of Kali estuary, Karwr. Mahasagar, Bull. Natn.Inst.

Oceanogr. 8 (1 & 2): 53-58.

Harakantra, S.N., 1976. Some observation on the beds of Kali estuary, Karwar. Bull.

National Instt. Oceanogr.8: 101-108.

Harakantra, S.N., Ayyappan Nair, Z.A. Ansari and A.H. Parulekar, 1980.Benthos of shelf

region along the west coast of India. Ind.J.Mar.Sciences. 9: 106-110.

Harakantra, S.N., C.L. Rodrigues and A.H. Pasrulekar, 1982.Macrobenthos of shelf off

northeastern Bay lof Bengal. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 111:115-121.

Haragi, S.B., U.G. Naik and J.L. Rathod, 2010.Brachyuran diversity in sub littoral zone of

tropical estuary, Karwar, west coast of India. Proc. Lake, 2010, IISc, Bangalore

Harris, R.P., 1972.The distribution and ecology of the interstitial meiofauna of a sandy beach

at Whitoland Bay, East Cornwall. J.Mar.Biol.Ass.U.K. 52: 1-18.

Hegde Mahabaleshwar, 2006. Phytoplankton of Kali estuary, Karwar. M.Sc. Dissertation

Thesis, Karnatak University Dharwad.

Holme, N.A. & A.D. McIntyre, 1971. Eds. Methods for the study of marine benthos, IBP

Handbook,16,Blackwell scientific publications, Oxford. 334 PP.

Jayaraman, R., 1951. Observations on the chemistry of the waters of the Bay of Bengal off

Madras city during 1948-1949. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., B33:92-99.

Jayaraman, R.1954. Seasonal variations in the salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient salts

in the inshore waters of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay near Mandapam. Indian

J.Fish.1: 245-364.

402

Jerlov,N.G., H. Postuma and B. Zeitschel, 1978. A guide to marine pollution: suspended

solids and turbidity, pp.111-121.

Johnson, M.G. and R.O. Brinkhurst, 1971.Associations and species diversity in benthic

macro invertebrates of Bay of Quinte and Lake Ontario, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 28:

1683-1697.

Jones, S., 1950.Observation on the bionomics and fishery of brown mussel (Mytilus sp) of the

Cape region of peninsular India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 49: 519-

528.

Jones, E.B.G. and S.K. Eltringham. 1971. Marine borers, fungi and fouling organisms of

wood. Proceedings of the OECD Workshop, March 1968. Organization of Economic

Cooperation and Development, Paris, 365 pp.

Joseph, M.L.,1994. Ecobiology of Sasthamcotta Lake.Ph.D. Tesis, University of Kerala.

Jude, B.A., T.J. Kirn and R.K. Taylor, (2005). A colonization factor links Vibrio cholerae

environmental survival and human infection". Nature438 (7069): 863–66.

Kallesha, M., 1979.Distribution of organic matter in shelf sediments off Kakinada, East Coast

of India. Ind.J. Mar.Sci. 8: 107-109.

Kathiresan,K., 2002a. Why are mangroves degrading? Current Science 83: 1246-1249.

Kidwai, R.M., 1972.Grainsize, distribution and mineralogy of Miramer beach. J. Geological

Soc. India. 12: 395-398.

Kannan, V. and S.V. Job, 1981.Seasonal variation in Zooplankton in a tropical

impoundment.Acta.Limnol. 1: 29-43.

Kathiresan, K. and S.Z. Qasim, 2005.Biodiversity in mangroves ecosystem,

Hindustanpublishers, New Delhi (in Press).

Kinne.O., 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology.Text Book.

Konnur, R.G., 1981.Studies on plankton of Karwar waters.M.Sc. Dissertation, Karnatak

University, Dharwad.

Krishna Pillai, N. 1961.Monograph, Wood-boring Crustacea of India. The Manager of

403

Publications, Government of India, Delhi, pp 61.

Kumar, P., R. Raghu Prakash, M.P. Remesan and P. Pravin. 2000. Menace in the

Making:Marine wood borers in Gujarat. Fishing Chimes, 20(3): 20.

Kumudarajan Naskar and Rathindranathan Mandal, 1999. Ecology and biodiversity of

Indian mangroves. Daya Publication , New Delhi.

Kurian, C.V., 1967. Studies on the benthos of the southwest coast of India. Bull. Natn.

Sci.India. 38: 649-656.

Kurian, C.V., 1969. Distribution of benthos on the southwest coast of India. Proc.

Intrnatnl.Symp. on fertility of Sea.pp.449-452.

Kurian, C.V., 1972.Ecology of benthos in tropical estuary.Proc. Indian Nat.Sci. Acad.38:

156-163.

Lakshama Rao, V.M. and Anita Patnaik, 1986. Physical features of an exposed sandy

beach at Gopalpur (Orissa coast). Mahasagar 19 (3): 159-169.

Larsen, P.F., 1979. The shallow water macrobenthos of a northern New England estuary.

Mar. Biol. 55: 69-78.

Kushlan, J.A., 1992.Population biology and conservation of colonial waterbirds.

Colonialwaterbirds, 15:1-7.

Kusuma, N. 1983.Biology of Johnius belangerii (Cuvier) with notes on the sciaenid fishery of

the North Kanara coast. Ph.D. thesis in Marine Biology, submitted to Karnatak

University, Dharwad.

Lalli, C.M. and T.R. Parsons, (1993).Biological Oceanography An Introduction. 30

Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803: Elsevier. pp. 314.ISBN 0-7506-3384-0.

Lie, U., 1969. Standing crop of benthic in fauna in Puger Sound and off the coast of

Washington. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 26: 55-62.

Mahadevan, 1955.Silt and clays in the continental shelf and their industrial possibilities.

Bull. Natnl. Inst. Sci. India, 5: 22-27.

404

Mala N. Naik, 1994. Studies on the distribution and abundance of the benthos of the Kali

River. M.Sc. Dissertation Thesis, Karnatak University Dharwad.

Malik, P.K. 2009.Molluscan borers injurious to wood in Chilika lagoon. M.Phil. Thesis,

Berhampur University, Berhampur.

Mallikesi, V.B., 2005. Shell industry in Karwar taluka-Prospects for Marketing and

Management. UGC Minor Research Project.

Mamatabai, H. 2009.Studies on the plankton productivity of mangrove ecosystem of Kali

estuary, west coast of India. M. Phil. Thesis, Karnatak Univrsity, Dharwad.

Mathew, A. and K. Govindan. 1995. Macrobenthos in the nearshore coastal system of

Bombay. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India (B: Biological

Sciences), 65(IV): 411-430.

McIntyre, A.D., 1969. Ecology of marine meiobenthos.Biol. Rev. 44: 245-290.

Macnae , W., 1968. A general account of a fauna and flora of mangrove swamps and forest

in the Indo-Pacific region. Advances in Marine Biology 6: 73-270.

Mead, R., 1974. A test for spatial pattern at several scales using data from a grid of

contiguous quadrats Biometrics. 30: 295-307

Michael, R.G., 1968. Studies on zooplankton of a tropical fish pond. Hydrobiologia, 32: 47-

68.

Mills, E.L., 1975. Benthic organisms and the structure of marine ecosystems.J.Fish. Res. Bd.,

Canada. 32: 1657-1663.

Montague, C.L., 1980. A natural history of temperate western Atlantic fiddler crabs with

reference to their impact on salt marsh. Contr. Mar.Sci.23: 25-55.

Montague, C.L., 1982. The influence of fiddler crab burrows on metabolic processes in salt

marsh sediment. In: VS Kennedy (Ed.). Estuarine comparison, pp.283-302.

Academic Press, New York.

Moreira, F., 1997. The importance of shorebirds to energy fluxes ina food web of a south

European estuary, Est.Coast Shelf Sci.,44: 67-78.

405

Morgans, J.F.C., 1956.Notes on the analusis of shallow water soft substrate. J. Animal

Ecology, 25: 367-387.

Morisita, M., 1959.I Index, a measure of dispersion of lindividuals. Resources

popul.Ecol.Kyota Univ. 4: 1-7.

Martosubroto, P. and N. Naamin, 1997.Relationship between tidal forests (Mangrove) and

commercial shrimp production in Indonesia. Marine Research of Indonesia. 18:81-86.

Moza, Usha, 1992. Zooplankton composition and fluctuations in Wular Lake, Kashmir. In:

A.K. Yousuf, M.K.Raina and M.Y.i (Editors) Current trends in fish and fishery

biology and aquatic ecology. Published by P.G. Dept. of Zoology, university of

Kashmir, Srinagar.

Mukherjee, A.K., 1970. Wildlife in the lower West Bengal.Indian Mus. Bull. 5(2): 23-34.

Mukherjee, A.K., 1975. The Sunderbans of India and its biota. J. Bombay Nt. Hist. Soc. 72 :

1-20.

Murthy, P.S.N., R.R. Naik and A. Pylee and Varadachari, 1966.Seasonal changes in

thecharacteristics of the beach material (Abstract)- Proc. Symp. On Coastal and near

shore Oceanography, I.I.O.E.Newsletters 4 & 9.

Nagabhushanam, R. and M.Thompson 1997.Fouling Organisms of the Indian Ocean:

Biology and Control Technology.CRC Press.

Nagaraj, M. and B.Neelakantan, 1982. Fish and shellfish seed resources of Kali estuary

aong with a note on thee mariculture potentialities in Uttara Kannada. Proceedings of

Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, 1: 383-387.

Nageshwara Rao, I., K. Annapurna and N.S. Sharma, 1991. Biochemical compositionof

suspended particulate matter in the shelf waters between Vishakpatnam and

Bhimavaram coast, Central East coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 20: 123-126.

Naik, U.G., 1986. Studies on the plankton and productivity of inshore waters and Kali

estuary of Karwar. Ph. D. Thesis, Karnatak Univeristy, Dharwad.

406

Naik, U.G. and B. Neelakantan, 1988.Gears and crafts of Karwar- An overview. J.Ind.

Fishries Assoc.18:245-252.

Naik, U.G. and B. Neelakantan, 1989.Seasonal abundance of phytoplankton in the inshore

waters of Karwar. Comp. Physiol.Ecol., 14(4): 219-226.

Naik, U.G., C.R.Reddy, D.C. Shetty and B. Neelakantan, 1990.Plankton of Karwar waters

with remarks on hydrographic conditions and fishery. Fishery Technology, 27: 98-

102.

Naik, U.G. and B. Neelakantan, 1991.Hydrological conditions of the surface waters of Kali

estuary, Karwar. Environ & Ecol. 9 (1): 37-46.

Naik, U.G., C.R.Reddy and B. Neelakantan, 1990.Bivalve resources of Kali estuary,

Karwar. Environ & Ecol. 8 (1): 59-62.

Naik, U.G., J.L.Rathod, U.G.Bhat and N.Kusuma,2005. Studies on sediments of Bianga

and Karwar Bay , west coast of India. Environment and Ecology, 23(4): 826-830.

Nair, Sreekumaran, S.R., C.T. Achuthankutty, V.R.Nair and V.P. Devassy 1976.Plankton

composition in the coastal waters between Jaigarh and Rajapur along west coast of

India. Mahasagar, 13 (4): 343-352.

Nair, C.K.H. and N.R. Prabhoo, 1980.Primary productivity and certain limnological features

of the Neyyar reservoir in Kerala.Pro. Symp.Environ.Biol.Thiruvanathapuram,71-81.

Nayak, L. 1996. Marine wood-borers of Gopalpur Port, east coast of India with a note on their

control measure.Journal of Environmental Research, 6(4): 146-152.

Nelakantan, B., 1981. Studies on biology of Lactarius lactarius, false travelly, with notes on

the sciaenid fishery of the North Kanara coast. Ph.D. thesis in Marine Biology,

submitted to Karnatak University, Dharwad.

Nelakantan, B., U.G. Bhat, U.G. Naik, K.K. Philipose and M.S.Kusuma, 1983.On the

molluscan resources of Uttara Kannada, Karnataka.Harvest & Post Harvest

Tech.Fish.C.I.F.T.India.

407

Nelakantan, B., U.G. Naik, P.N. Prasad and M.S. Kusuma,1989. Hydrobiology of Kali

estuary and adjoining brackishwater systems, Karwar. Environment and Ecology, 6

(1): 139-147.

Nesis, K.N., 1965. Biocoenoses and biomass of benthos of the Newfoundland-Labrador

region. Trudy VNIRO, 57: 453-489. (Fish.Res.Bd. Canada Trans. No.2951).

Newell, R.C., 1964. Some factors controlling upstream distribution of Hydrobia ulvae. Proc.

Zool. Soc., London. 142: 85-106.

NIO, Manual, 2000.Manual for identification, preservation and analysis of Zooplankton.

Noble, A.1968.Studies on seawater off the North Kanara coast.J.Marine Biological

.Association India. 10:197-223.

Pachu, A.V., M.V. Rao and M. Balaji. 2008. Marine woodborer fauna in mangroves of the

Krishna estuary, east coast of India.In: Solomon Raju, A.J. (ed.) Bioresources

Conservation and Management, Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New

Delhi, p. 41-51.

Paine, R.T., 1969. Food web complexity and species diversity. Amer.Natur.100: 65-75.

Pamatmat, M.M., 1968. Ecology and metabolism of a benthic community on an inter-tidal

sand flat. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 53: 211-298.

Palacin,C., Martin, D., and Gili, J.M., (1991). Features of spatial distribution of benthic

infauna in a Mediterranean shallow water Bay, Marine Biology,110,315-321.

Payne, A.I.,1986. The ecology of tropical lakes and rivers. John Wiley and Sons, New York,

301pp.

Parulekar, A.H.,1973.Indian Journal of Marine Science.2:113.

Parulekar ,A. H. Nair, Paulinose, 1982. Abyssal benthos of the central Indian Ocean. Deep

Sea Research,29A: 1531-1537.

408

Parulekar, A.H. and S.N. Dwivedi, 1975.Ecology of benthic production during southwest

monsoon in an estuarine complex of Goa. In recent researches inestuarine biology.

Ed.R. Natarajan. 21-30.

Paropakari, L.A., 1979.Distribution of organic carbon in sediments of North western

constinental shelf of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 8: 127-129.

Parsons, T.R., M. Takahashi and B.T. Hargrave, 1977.Biological Oceanographic

Processes. Pergamon Press. Oxford, 176-264.

Parulekar, A.H., V.K. Dhargalkar and S.Y.S. Singbal, 1980.Benthic studies in Goa

estuaries. Part III. Annual cycle of macrofaunal distribution, production and trophic

relations.Indian .J.Mar.Sci. 9: 180-200.

Patil, M.R. and C.P. Ramamirtham, 1963.Hydrography of the Laccadives offshore waters-

A study of the winter conditions. J.Mar.Biol.Ass.India. 5: 159-165.

Patil Amaramma, 2006.Phytoplankton and productivity of Kali estuary. M.Sc. Dissertation

Thesis, Karnatak University Dharwad.

Perkins, F.J. editor, 1976.The biology of the estuary and coastal waters.Academic Press,

New York, USA.

Peter, K.J., H.K.Iyer, S.John and E.V. radhakrishnan, 1977.Distribution and coexistence

of planktonkic organisms along the southwest coast of India.Proc. Symp.Warm Water

Zooplankton. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO:80-86.

Philipose, K.K., 1980. Studies on some aspects of the biology of green mussel; Perna viridis

(Linneaus) and the backwater clam Meretrix casta (Chemnitz) from Karwar waters.

M.Sc. Dissertation Thesis, Karnatak University, Dharwad.

Porter, K.G. 1977. The plant animal interface in fresh water ecosystem. Am.Sci. 65:159-

170.

409

Prasadam, R.D., 1977. Observations on zooplankton population of some freshwater

impoundmentsin Karnataka.Proc. Symp.Warm Water Zooplankton. Spl. Publ.

UNESCO/NIO: 214-225.

Pritchard, D.W., 1967. What is an estuary: Physical view point, pp.3-6. In: Estuaries (ed.)

George H. Lauff. Publication No.83, Washington, D.C.: American Association for the

advancement of Sciences.

Qasim, S.Z., 1963. Fisheries and Hydrography. Fishery technology, @(2): 155-157.

Qasim, S.Z., P.M.A. Bhattathiri and V.P. Devassy, 1972.The influence of salinity on the

rate of photosynthesis and abundance of some tropical phytoplankton. Mar.Biol.

12(3): 200-206.

Ramachandran, K.K. and T.K. Malik, 1985.Sedimentological aspects of Allepey mud bank,

West coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci.14: 133-135.

Ramadas, V., 1977.Studies on phytoplankton nutrients and some trace elements in Porto

Novo waters. Ph.D. Thesis. Annamalai Univ. India.

Ramamirtham, C.P. and R. Jayaraman, 1960. Hydrographical features of the continental

shelf waters off Cochin during the years 1958 and 1959, J. Mar.boil.Ass. India 2: 199-

207.

Ramamurthy,S.1965. Studies on plankton off North Kanara coast in relation to the pelagic

fisheries. J.Mar.Biol.Ass. India 7:127-149.

Radhakrishnan, R., A.J.R. Singh, A. Ramesh and H.M. Kasim. 1996. Vertical distribution

of wood borers at Tuticorin harbour south east coast of India. Journal of Timber

DevelopmentAssociation of India, 42(1): 12-20.

Rajesh Naik, 1994. Studies on the distribution, abundance and composition of finfishes along

Kali river. M.Sc. Dissertation Thtesis, Karnatak University, Dharwad.

Ramachandran, 1985.—et al., 1985.

Ramarao, K.V., Muley, E.V., Raghunathan, K. and Karmakar, A.K., 1985. Estuarine

biological methods.Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.Pp.1-94.

410

Rao, M., 1960.Distribution of suspended particulate matters in the waters of eastern

continental margin of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 14: 15-19.

Rao, M.S., 1964. Organic matterin marine sediments off east coast of India. Proc. Ind. Acad.

Sci. 58A, 6-50.

Rao, D.S., N.P. Kunhikrishnan and R. Vasant Kumar, 1968.Hydrological features off the

Arabian sea off the northern and Central west Coast of India during 1964 winter-

Indian J. Fish.16 (1 & 2): 1-13.

Rao, T.A. and P.V. Suresh, 2001.Coastal ecosystems of the Karnataka State, India 1.

Mangaroves Karnataka Association Adv.SCi.Bangalore: pp.319

Rao,T.S.S., M. Madhupratap and P. Haridas, 1975. Distribution of zooplankton in space

and time in tropical estuary. Bull. Dept. Mar. Sci. University of Cochin, 7: 695-704.

Rao, S.V.S. and P.C. George, 1965. The hydrology of the Corapuzha estuary, Malabar,

Kerala State. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 1: 23-43.

Rhodas, D.C. and D.K. Young, 1971.Animal-sediment relations in Cape Cod Bay,

Massachusettes.II.Reworking by Molpadia oolitica (Holothuroidea). Mar.Biol. 11(3):

255-261.

Rao, M.V., M. Balaji and A.V. Pachu. 2008. Marine wood borers of Bhimunipatnam-

Visakhapatnam coast, Bay of Bengal, India.Journal of Timber Development

Association of India, 54(1-4): 59-77.

Rao, M.V., M. Balaji and A.V. Pachu. 2009. Occurrence and species diversity of marine

wood borers at Kothakoduru and Bangarammapalem mangroves. ZSI Publication (In

Press).

Rao, V.V., V. NaguluB.S. Anjaniyulu, C. Srinivasulu and Ramana Rao, 1997.

Status of Avifauna of Ragiv Gandhi National Park, A.P., India.Pavo,35: 85-100.

Reddy, C.R., 1990.Reddy, C.R., 1990. Studies on fishery-biology of lady fish, Sillago

sihama of Kali estuary, Karwar. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Karnatak Univeristy,

Dharwad.

411

Rosenberg, R., 1974. spatial dispersion of an estuarine benthic faunal community. J. Exp.

Mar. Biol. Ecol. 15: 69-80.

Rosenberg, R., 1980. Effect of oxygen deficiency on benthic macrofauna.Fjord

Oceanography. Ed. H.L.Freeland, D.M. farmer and Colin, D. Leving. Plenum

Publ.Corp. New York. 499-514.

Sasamal, S.K., B.K. Sahu and R.C. Panigrahi, 1968.Texture and composition of sediments

of Hooghly estuary and near shore environment. Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 15: 201-202.

Sanders, H.L., 1956.Oceanography of long island sound 1952-54, Biology of marine bottom

communities-Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll. 15: 345-414.

Sanders, H.L., 1968. Marine benthic diversity: A comparative study. Am.Nat. 102: 243-282.

Santhakumaran, L.N. 1994. Marine wood-borers of India - An Annotated Bibliography.

Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India, 262 pp.

Santhakumaran, L.N. 1996. Marine woodborers from mangrove along Indian coast. Journal

of Indian Academy of Woodsciences 26 & 27 (1 & 2): 1-14.

Santhakumaran, L.N. and S.G. Sawant,1998. Marine wood infesting organisms in the

destruction of living mangrove vegetation along the Goa coast.Indian Forest Bulletin,

67pp.

Santhakumaran, L.N. 2003.Woodborers. In: K.Katherisan and A.N.Subramanian (Eds.),

“UNU-UNESCO International training course of biodieversity in mangraave

ecosystems-Course manual”. Annamalai University, (CAS in Marine Biology), India,

pp.199-211..

Sarwar,S.G. and A.Parveen, 1996. Community structure and population density of

zooplankton in two lakes of Srinagar, Kashmir, India. Pollution Research, 15: 35-38.

Sasekumar, A., B.C. Chong, M.U. Leh and R. D Cruz, 1992.Mangroves as a habitat for fish

and prawns. Hydrobiologia 247(1-3): 195-207.

Sastry, A.A., 1959. Water masses and the frequency of sea water characteristics in the upper

layers of the south eastern Arabian sea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 1: 233-246.

412

Schalk, M., 1938.A textural study of outer beach of Cape Code, Massachusets. J.

Sedimentary Petrology, 13: 41-54.

Schrijvers, J., J.P. Okondo, M. Steyaaert and M. Vincx, 1995. The influence of epibenthos

on the meiobenthos of a Ceriops tagal mangrove sediment at Gazi bay, Kinea. Marine

Ecology, Progress Series128: 247-259.

Seetaramaswamy, A., 1968.Some aspects of the sediments of the Krishna Delta and

Niampatnam Bay, East coast of India. Bll. Natl. Inst. Sci. 38: 428-436.

Saxena, M.M. 1982. Limnological studies of fresh water reservoir and Sardarsamand,Ph.D.

Thesis, University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India.

Seshappa, G., 1953. Observations on the physical and biological features of the inshore sea

bottom along the Malabar coast. Proc.Naat.Inst.Sci. India.19: 257-279.

Seshappa, G.and R. Jayaraman, 1956.Observations on the composition of the bottom muds

in relation to phosphate cycle in the inshore waters off Malabar coast Proc. Indian.

Acad.Sci. B.43: 288-301.

Sewell, R.B.S., 1955. A study of the sea coast lof south Arabia. Proc. Linn. Soc., London.

165: 186-219.

Shetty, D.C., 1989. Studies on the e cological aspects of domestic sewage disposal on the

intertidal macrobenthos of Karwar.Ph.D. Thesis, Karnatak University, Dharwad.

Shanbhag, A.B., R. Walia and S.D.Borges, 2001.The impact of Konkan Railway Project on

tehe avifauna of Carambolim Lake in Goa. Zoos’print Journal, 16 (6): 503-508.

Sharma, K.P., 1983. Multipurpose use of water resources in relation to inland fiseries in

India.FAO Fish.Rep. 288: 150-166.

Sharma Neelima and Y.N. Sahai, 1988.Primary productivity of Jari Tank. Proc. Nat.Symp.

Past Present and Future Bhopal Lakes.97-104.

Sivabalan, A., 1993. Studies on the ecology of mangroves of Kali estuary, Karwar.PH.D.

Thesis, Karnatak University, Dharwad, pp.390.

413

Sivakumar, V., G.S. Thangaraj, R. Chandran and K. Ramamoorthi, 1983.Seasonal

variations in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments of the Vellar estuary, Porto

Novo. Mahasagar-Bull.Natn.Inst. Oceanogr. 16(2): 175-181.

Sneha, Shenoy,1995.Studies on the meiobenthic production in the Kali riverine system,

Karwar. M.SC. Thesis, Karnatak University Dharwad.

Sonali D. Borges and A.B. Shanbhag, 2005.Avifauna of the Dr.Salim Ali bird sanctuary at

Chorao-an Estuarine wetland of Goa, India.

Sonobe, K. and S. Usui (eds.), 1993.A field guide to the Waterbirds of Asia. Wildbird

Society of Japan, Tokyo.

Stiteler, V.M. and G.P. Patil, 1971. Variance to mean ratio and Morisita’s index as measures

of spatial patterns in ecological populations, P-423-452.Statisticla Ecology 1: spatial

patterns and statistical distributions.

Stoner, A.W.,1988. A nursery ground for four tropical Penaeus sp,: Laguna joyuda.

Puertorico. Marine Ecology Progress series 42:133-141.

Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons, 1975.A manual of Seawater analysis. Fisheries

Research Board of Canada, Ottawa.

Subramanyam, R.1959. Studies on the phytoplankton of the west coast of India: Part-II.

Physical and chemical factors influencing the production of phytoplankton with

remarks on the cycle of nutrients and on relationship of the phosphate content to fish

landings. Proc. Indian Acad. Science B.50: 189-252.

Sudarshana, R.1983. Studies on the community ecology of macro and meiobenthos in

Karwar bay.Ph.D.Thesis. Karnatak University, Dharwad.

Swedmark, B., 1964. The interstitial fauna of marine sand.Biol. Rev. 39: 1-42.

Teal, J.M. and W. Wieser, 1966.The distribution and ecology of nematodes in a Georgia salt

marsh. Limnol.Oceanogr. 11: 217-222.

Subba Rao, N.V., K.V. Surya Rao and S. Maitra. 1991. Marine molluscs. State fauna

series,Fauna of Orissa, Zoological Survey of India, 1(3): 1-175.

414

Thurman, H. V. (1997).Introductory Oceanography. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall

College. ISBN 0-13-262072-3.

Tarakanandha, B. 2003.Some investigations on marine wood biodeterioration at

Krishnapatnam harbour, Andhra Pradesh, south east coast of India. Ph. D. Thesis,

Forest Research Institute University, Dehradun.

Teal and Wieser, 1966.

Tulsakar, A.S., S.S. Sawant and A.B. Wagh, 1992.Distribution of particulate organic metter

in Rajapur and Vagothan estuaries. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 20: 127-129.

Turner, R.E., 1977. Inter tidal vegetation and commercial yields of penaeid shrimp.

Transaction of American Fisheries Society. 106 (5): 4111-4116.

Verlenkar and S.Z. Qasim, 1985.

Verneberg, F.T., 1972. Dissolved gases-Animals. In: Marine Ecology (Ed.O.Kinne). I (3):

1491-1527.

Turner, R.D. 1966. A survey and illustrated catalogue of the Teredinidae (Mollusca:

Bivalvia).Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge,

Massachusetts, 265 pp.

Turner, R.D. and L.N. Santhakumaran. 1989. The genera Martesia and Lignopholas in the

Indo-Pacific (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pholadidae). Ophelia, 30(3): 155-186.

Vance, D.J., M.D.E.Haywood, D.S. Heals and D.J. Staples, 1996. Seasonal and annual

variation in abundance of post larval and juvenile grooved tiger prawn Penaeus

semisulcatus and environmental variations in the Embley River. Australia: a six years

study. Marne Ecology Progress Series 135: 43-45.

Venkataraman, K. and M. Wafar, 2005.Coastal and marine biodiversity of India. Indian J.

Mar. Sci., 34 (1): 57-75.

Volman, T. P. 1978.Early Archeological Evidence for Shellfish Collecting. Science, 201:

911-913.

415

Walia, R., 2000. Limnological studies on some freshwater bodies of Southern Tiswadi (Goa,

India) with special reference to waterfowl. Ph.D. Thesis, Goa University, Goa.

Walia, R. and A.B. Shanbhag,1996. Birds at Santa Monica Lake,Goa: An integrated

ecological study. In:Pan-Asian Ornithological Congress and XII Birdlife Asia

Conference Coimbatore, India 9-16, Nov.

Warwick, R.M. and R. Price, 1975.Macrofauna production in an estuarine mudflat. J.

Mar.Biol.Ass. U.K. 55: 1-18.

Wickstead, J.JD.H., 1965. Tropical plankton.Text Book, PP.1-165.

Wildish, D.J. and D.D. Kristamanson, 1979.Tidal energy and sublittoral macrobenthic

animals in estuaries. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 36: 1197-1206.

Winkler, R. 2006. Valuation of ecosystem goods and services Part 1: An integrated dynamic

approach. Ecological Economics, 59: 82-93.

Wolf, W.J., 1974. Benthic diversity in the Rhine-Meusc estuary.Hydrobiol. Bull. 8: 242-252.

Wolanski, E. and J. Sarsenski, 1997.Larvae dispersion in coral reefs and mangroves.

American Scientist 85 (3): 236-243.

Woodcock, M., 1989.Collins Handguide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Williams

Collins Sons and Co. Ltd, London.

Young D.K. and D.C., Rhodas, 1971.Animal-sediment relations in Cape Cod Bay,

Massachusettes. I. A transect study. Mar. Biol. 11: 242-254.

Young, D.K. and W. Young, 1978.Regulation of species densities of seagrass associated

macrobenthos: Evidence from field experiments in the Indian River estuary, Florida. J.

Mar. Res. 36: 4.