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INDEX

A abhiseka, 100, 136, l:l7, 142, 144n5,

168,173,184; ioyagam, 189 absentee landlordism, 30, 32, 38, 41n25 acarya (artisan castes), 33, 41n32 adi (month), 146 adi puram, 146-7, 15901 adi utsavam, 146 aesthetic, of cave, 116041; of piling­

down, 110-1, 119; ofsak/i, 136; of temple, 6, 12, 44,90,92-3, 112, 165

Aiyanar, 21, 22~-5, 40n 14, 40n15, 40n17, 147- 8, 15() -7, 15907, 160n14, 160n15, 160n19, 160n20, 191, 197,200nll, 204

Aiyanayake, 21,147-51 temple, 19,21,22

alatti, 121, 130n3 (see lamps) Ambal, 23, 52, 76, 98, 204; deity of

Navaratri, 136-41; identity with Kali, 59, 76, 105, 141~-3 , 199,206; in main festival, 167, 170, 173-5, 184,190; in Somaskanda, 165; menstruates, 147; milk mother, 25; mother ofPilIaiyar, 164; mountain goddess, 144nl; statue, 23, 24, 4()U18, 96, 99, 101, 134, 136; Vadivambigai, 98

Ames, M., 84n12, 129 amipilgrimage, 7, 63--4, 79 Appadnrai, 14n15, 181n16, 211nl arccanai (offering), 12,28, 123-7, 196 arul (presence), 69, 119,122- 3 Asala Perahara, 48, 60, 167 Astara Devata, 3, 150,152,166,168,

169, 171,174, 192, 193,198, 199n2

avamangalla (episode in exorcism), 84n16

ayudhapuja (weapon offering), 139, 143

B balipitha (seat of sacrifice), 96- 7, 100,

102,169,171,173,198 bandara deities, 18, 40n8, 54, 58n22,

149-50, 159nlO Basmasura, 151, 160n18 Bayly, Susan, 16 Berava (ritual specialist caste), 89 (see

Hevesi) Bhadrakali temple, 2, 11, 19,22,23,28,

29,31,34,35, 58n22, 67, 70, 71, 76,90,107,124,139, 142, 19~9

Bhairavar, 4, 40n17, 67, 96-7,100,101, 118, 150, 152, 153, 166, 173, 193, 199

Bhiksatana, 96-7, 98, 184

-227 -

binding, as balldhana (sorcery), 70;

C

as presencing divinity in temple, 102

cakravartin, 45, 18On12 Casie Chitty, Simon, 17- 8,30, 35, 39n7,

83nl Cassirer, Ernst, 44 caste

antagonism, 32--4 orderinpattuva, 3J , 179, 193 putative status ofIndian Tamils, 32-3 in scholarship, 208- 10

Chaodrasekarar, 19G-I , 204 chariot (ther, mihal, 175-6,lgOn15 Chelliar, 35, 38, 142, 185 Chi law, town and port, 2, 15- 9,26,33,

39n6, 53, 192-4; District, 28--31 children, sought through offerings to

Siva, 40n15; 'offered' to Bhadrakali, 66

cobra, 4, 67; as Siva's !>emen, 1067, 115n30, 165; as festival flag, 168

coconut-breaking, as curse, 68; as offering, 98; to chariot, 176

coconut game (porapo!) , 152, 156-7 coconut plantations, 18, 19, 30-1

D Daksinarnurti, 73, 74, 85n25, 98 Daniel, E.V., 51, 57n19, 8406, 123 darsana, 119, 122 Davis, Richard, 40n18, 1~5, 116n39 Dcluezc and Guattari, 6,14013,44,

ISlnlS, 183 Delllaia Patt", 17- 8, 39n7 desam kavil (regional temple), 7 dl'voto , 53 , 154

Devol Deviyo, 53, 57n21, 58n22 Diehl , e.G., 124, 130n3 diseased king, myth of, 43 , 47- 8, 76 Dufrcnne, M., 59, 92, I12- 3, 119 Dumont, L., 13, 25, 160n14, 16G-In21,

208,210, 211n2, 212n8 Durava (see KSDs) Durga, 96-7, 99, 14G-I Durkhcim, E., 8, 10 Dutthagiimani, 61,62

Index

E elephant, at Munnesvaram, 95 , 148,

159n6, 167; vehicle of Aiyanayake ami Tuniyavablbahu, 21 , 147, 149, 159nl2

emission (and reabsorption), 104-9, 117, 121 , 122, 125, 126, 130, 135, 150,155,166,167, 173, 183, 196, 199,202, 204-{j, 211

ethnic conflict, affect on J affna temples, 93-4; background, 9-10; influence on priest-villager relations, 17 1; impact on 1983 festival, 95; influence on temple worship, 126-7,206

ethnicity, markers of identity 27, 65

F famous Siva temples of Sri Lanka, 15 Feldman, A., l13n3 festival , see main annual festival firewalkillg, 69,186-9. 199n5 flagpole, absence at Bhadrakali temple,

107; meaning of, 96,100, 106, 107, ll5n, 165, 170;

in other religious traditions, 170, 180n8

Fowler, G.M .. 35 Fuller, C., 14nl5 , 116n36, 125, 129,

13On4,211nl, 212n8

G galactic polity, 31 , 175 gambhara (village guardian deity) , 21,

147, 14R--9, lliOnl9 Gombrich, R., 4, 77, 211 , 212nl4 Goonawardcne,1., 159n6

H habitus, 127- 8, 13ln9 Hanuman, 5, 45-6, 55n5 haptic experience, 93, 130 -ln4 haskam, 5-6, 14nl1 , 22, 23, 70,176,

193,205,211 hatkattiya (gang of seven), 152 Hegel, G., I 15035, 208 Hevesi (Sinhalese beaters), 97,136,140,

153,167,184,1 85, 193

- 228 -

Hiltebeitel, A., 106, 115n32, 165, 186, 189, 199n2, 199n5

Holt, J., 47, 49, 80 homo, 138, 190 hunting festival, 190- 2

I Indeo, R., 115035,201>-10,21209,

212013 Indian Tamils, on coconut plantations,

32-3; settlement at Munnesvaram and Chilaw, 33; distinguished from Sri Lankan Tamils. 33

inner sanctum oftemple, 23, 24, 46, 101-3,96-7

inscriptions, 6, 35, 36, 99

J JCl:iUlts, at Munnesvaram, 1,26,35 , 46,

114012, I 79n3 jokes, as part of mythical discourse,

164-5,194 JVP (Sinhalose party), 10

K Kadavara (guardian), 3, 152,193

as nameofSuniyam, 3, 150, 160n19, 193

Kali, 2, 4, 5, 10, 22, 23, 26, 65 -6, 70, 73, 85n22, 140--1; identity with Ambal, 12,24,76, 105, 141-3; myth at Munnesvaram, 53-4; negative mother, 57n19, 8409; outside Sinhala Buddhist pantheon, 24, 32; Pattini 's servant, 23, 26, 34; boon of, 71

Kapferer, B., 57n21, 58n22, 69, 71, 116n36, J3ln9, 157, 159nlO, 159n12, 200n10

Karaiyar (Tamil caste), 177 Karava (Sinhalese caste), in Chilaw, 16;

(see KSDs) Kataragarna (Sinhal. Buddhist deity),

60-4, 152 Kalaragama temple, 60-4, 186, 187,

199n5,200nll , 212nI4 kavodi (dance), 187 Kerala, immigrants to Chilaw. 161n23;

traders in sorcery items, 178

Index

kiribar, see milkrice Idrtimukha (face of glory), 109 Kirti Sri Rajasinghe, 47, 49, 56n15,

57n16 kolam (threshold ritual decoration), 136 Konesvaramtemple, 15,45, 114nl6 Krarnrisch, S. , 92, 102, 103, 110, 114n20,

I 15n29, 122, 123, 13ln8, 212nl2 KSDs (upwardly mobile Sinhalese

castes), 30 Kumaraswamy Kurukkal, 34--6, 37 Iwmbha (bathing ritual pot), 137, 161>-9,

186. 195 kundalini, 109, 115n30 Kuveni, eurse of Vi jay a, 48, 56nlO, 73

L Lacan, 1, 39, I 15033 lamps, basic act of worship, 35; full

sequence, 180013; use inpuja, 118-21 ; see alatti

laukikal lokuttara, 12,80--1 , 129 lila, 101 lime cutting (dehi kapima), 68 linga, 104, see sivalinga Iingodhhava,99, 108, 114nl2

M main annual festival (adi utsavam), 3, 8,

12- 3,23,38,91,93,95,106, 146-7,163-200; danger of, 166, 194; special events, 184; terms for, 167

mandala, 102, 106, 107, 110, 114n21, 122,125,189,196

see vaslupurusamandaJa mango shoot, 190, 199n8 maniyan, 70--2 Manuweriya temple, 5, 14n10, 46 margosa leaves, 1 )6, 186-7, 192-3 Mariamman (Tamil goddess), 77, 98,

156; link with smallpox, 48, 56nll

Meru Yantra, 24, 73,101,134,135,136 milkrice, 136, 144n3, 154, 163 Mimiea, J., 55nl mirror gaze, 123-31, 196 mirror, use in temple, 123, 131n7, Bln8,

138, I 44n7

-229 -

Munncsvaram, name for Siva, 'First of the Sages' , 22;paUuva, 17,18 , 30-2, 38-9,39n7,54,98,146-9, 154, 175; settlement, 2, 6, 15-17, 19,64,170-6,186; site for Kali, 2,25, 142; temples in complex, 19-22;

Munncsvaram Temple, and Pattini, 23; andsakti, 23, 134-41 ; coins, 15; destruction, 1, 18; festivals, 3, 8, 23,35, 134-42, 146- 99,201- 3; geopolitical location, J 7-8; ground plan, 96-7; links to Sinhalese kings, II, 18,31,34, 41026,479,50,89; ownership, 7, 34- 8; patronage 2, 7, 10, 14n5, 26- 8,29,31 , 32; plaoetary ritual, 74; priests, 34- 9; revenues, 1, 26-7; sorcery, 73; statues, 23, 96- 7,98-9,108,109, 114n9, 127;

Murugan, 60, 61, 152, 173; see Kataragama, Subrahmaniam

Muslims, 16, 18, 19,27,149 mythopoeia, 44-5, 46, 55nl, 112- 3

N Nandi (Siva's vehicle), 96, 123, 167 Narasimha, 109, 128, 141 Narayan (priest's ancestor), 34-5 Natesar (Nataraja, Dancing Siva) , 96-98,

100, 184 Natha (Avalokitisvara), 149, 150 navaratri (general 'nine night' festivals),

99, 134, 136-43, 147, 190-1, 196, 19907

nayanmar (63 Saivite Saints), S7nIS, 96-8

negation, Buddhist value, 80-1 Nevill, Hugh, 35, 114n12 nityapuja, 118 (see puja)

o Obeyesckere, G., 4, 24, 25 , 26, 40n20,

56nll, 57019, 71, 80, 87n37, 129, 157, 159n13, 170, 199n8, 21102

Oddissa, 148 offerings, 64-6, 123- 6, 168-9 orientalism, 207

Index

p

Padu (labourer caste), 150-1 palace~ as metaphor of temple, 103, 108,

t68, 180n12, 198,203 paligahanava, see sorcery Panduvasnuwara. 17 Parakramabahu VI, 6, 36, 99 Partini, 23, 26, 34, 50, 53-4,150-5,170,

190, 204 pattuva, (see Munnesvaram,pattuva) Perumal, Sivaperulllal, 166, 179n3, 192,

199 pilgrimage, 7, 63-4 (see also

antipilgrimage) Pillaiyar, 164, 166, 17901 Pillaiyartemple, 19--21,32,35,191 - 2 pitha, pitham (seat, source), 47, 89 planetary deities, 73, 74- 6, 85n26 pongal, (see milkrice) pratistha, 52 Premada~a, R., 10, 56n13 , 61 , 64,198 priest, death of a, 94 processions, 136, 171-4, 184-5 Protestant Buddhism, 78-82, 86n32 puja, 117-23, 123-5, 175 Purusa, 102- 7, 122, 171- 3 Pusparamaya, 19,21-2

R Rajavaliya, 149 Rama, myth, 43, 45-7 revitalisation movements, 7, 82, 90, 205 Roberts, M., 30 Rodiya ('gypsy , caste), 178 royal land grants, 17, 36

S sacred, 8, 9, 80-1 sacrifice, 66-7, 105-8, 116n36, 139-40,

171,173, 196- 7 Sahlins, M., 5502 Saiva Siddhanta, 13n3, 57018, 91, 98,

101-8, 114n17, 123,205 sakti, 12, 23, 73, 76, 95, 98, 114, I 17,

133-6,137,139,143,155, 190, 196,199,204, 206

sandanam kappu (sandalwood protection), 25 , 141

- 230-

santi (cooling) rites, 74 Smuda (Aurumn), 99, 134 Sattara Satipathana Sutta, 148 Saturn, baleful influence, 73, 75 scouts, employed during festival, 65,169,

187 Sinhala Buddhism, relation to Tamil

Saivism, 76- 81, t29- 30, 205; revitalisation, 63, 64, 77; term coined by Obeyesekere, 77, 84n9

Sirmetamby Kapurala, (Munnesvaram priest) , 34, 37

sivalinga, 5, 24, 45, 46, 47, 52, 55n5, 96, 101 - 9,113,135, t79n2

Sivaratri (festival), 28 Sivathamby, K" 93-4 Siyama nika:ra, 22, 40nl4 Somaskanda (stames), 96- 7,165,166,

173-5,192 Somaskanda Kurukkal (M:unnesvaram

priest), 36- 8 sorcery, 67- 9, 73, 196 Sri Cakra, 135, 137, 144n2 Staal, F., 126--7, 128 Stirrat, R., 14n12, 39n3, 40nl1 striking revenge, 67 Subralnnaniam (name ofMurugan), 74,

83n5, 96--8, 100, 10 I, 115028, 174, 199nl

Suniyam, 4, 53, 54, 57021 , 148, 150, 154,159n12

supramundane/mundane, relation to Buddhist concepts, 80

s\'astika yantra, 167

swords, as votive offering, 154--5; used in ritual, 102, 139, 140

T Tamil Saivism, 8, 9, I3n3, 52, 79, 82,

124,127,130, t40, 142, 145, 185 Tanaka, M., 189, 199n4 TaniyavalaBandam, 18 , 149,150--1,154 teuilorialisation, 8, 9, 148, 150, 158,

163,179, 179n5, 181n18, IS3, 194,195, 202 -3,21 I

'Three Guardians ' , 165, 171 , 173-5, 194 'Tigers' (LTTE - Tamil militants), 10,39,

171,176

Index.

tirtha, tirtham (festival bath), 3, lOS, 152, 192-5

trade and entrepreneurial groups, 7, 8, 16,27,29,31,33,34,178,194

trance, 4, 69- 70, 192- 3, 196 trance specialists, 70-2 transvestite perfonners, 193-5 Trusts Ordinance, 1917,37

V Vadivambigai (name of Ambal), 98,100 Vasanta (Spring), 99; Hall, 98, 100, 136:

Navaratri, J 44nS vastupurusamandala (temple subtle

plan), 102-3, 106, 113, 136,206 Velala (Tamillandowner/farmer ca<:;te),

29, 142,156, 161n23, 185, 192 velvi (see sacrifice) vljaya dasami, in Sarada Navaratri, 139 village lineages, 156, 160n21 violence, development of representation

in temple, 129- 30, theme in festival, 158

Visnu, forms at Munnesvaram, 98-9

W Walters, 1., 47 washer ca..<.;te family, 180n7 Whitaker, M.,14nIS, 175, 179n5,

180nl2,ISOnl6 Winslow, D.,14R, 149

y yantra, 102

yantmmply'a, 134, 13S--7, 139, 140, 147

- 231 -