References

Ackerman WE, Juneja MM, Kaczorowski DM, Colclough GW (1989) A comparison of the incidence of pruritus following epidural opioid administration. in the parturient. Can J Anaesth 36:388-391

Ahuja BR, Strunin L (1985) Respiratory effects of epidural fentanyl. Anaesthesia 40:949-955

Aitkenhead AR, Vater M, Achola K, Cooper CMS, Smith G (1984) Pharmacokinetics of single-dose Lv. morphine in normal volunteers and patients with end-stage renal failure. Br J Anaesth 56:813-819

Akerman B, Arwestrom E, Post C (1988) Local anesthetics potentiate spinal morphine antinociception. Anesth Analg 67:943-948

Allen PD, Walman T, Concepcion M, Patterson MK, Cullen D, Covino BG (1986) Epi­dural morphine provides postoperative pain relief in peripheral vascular and ortho­pedic surgical patients: a dose-response study. Anesth Analg 65:165-170

Anderson I, Thompson WR, Varkey GP, Knill RL (1981) Lumbar epidural morphine as an effective analgesic following cholecystectomy. Can Anaesth Soc J 28:523-525

Andrews CJH, Robertson JA, Chapman JM (1985) Postoperative analgesia with intra­venous infusion of alfentanil. Lancet II:671

Anggard E, Nilsson MI, Holmstrand J, Gunne LM (1979) Pharmacokinetics of metha­done during maintenance therapy: pulse labeling with deuterated methadone in the steady state. Eur J Clin PharmacoI16:53-57

Asantila R, Rosenberg PH, Scheinin B (1986) Comparison of different methods of post­operative analgesia after thoracotomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 30:421-425

Asantila R, Eklund P, Rosenberg PH (1991) Continuous epidural infusion of bupiva­caine and morphine for postoperative analgesia after hysterectomy. Acta Anaesthe­siol Scand 35: 513-517

Ashley SD (1981) Temgesic-clinical experience outside Scandinavia. Valentin N, Craw­ford M, Volquardsen CR (eds) Nordic Symposium on Temgesic, MESA AS, Herler, Denmark :35-41

Atweh SF, Kuhar MJ (1977) Autoradiographic localization of opiate receptors in rat brain. I. spinal cord and lower medulla. Brain Research 124:53-67

Austin KL, Stapleton JV, Mather LE (1980) Relationship between blood meperidine concentrations and analgesic response: a preliminary report. Anesthesiology 53:460-466

Badner NH and Komar WE (1992) Bupivacaine 0.1 % does not improve postoperative epidural fentanyl analgesia after abdominal or thoracic surgery. Can J Anaesth 39:330-6

Badner NH, Sandler AN, Koren G, Lawson SL, Klein J, Einarson TR (1990) Lumbar epidural fentanyl infusions for post thoracotomy patients: analgesic, respiratory, and pharmacokinetic effects. J Cardiothoracic Anesthesia 4:543-551

Badner NH, Reimer EJ, Komar WE, Moote CA (1991) Low dose bupivacaine does not improve postoperative epidural fentanyl analgesia in orthopedic patients. Anesth Analg 72:337-341

98 References

Bahar M, Rosen M, Vickers MD (1985) Self administered nalbuphin, morphine and pethidine. Anaesthesia 40:529-532

Bailey PW, Smith BE (1980) Continuous epidural infusion of fentanyl for postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesia 5: 1002-1006

Bailey PL, Andriano KP, Pace NL, Westenskow DR, Stanley TH (1984) Small doses of fentanyl potentiate and prolong diazepam induced respiratory depression. Anesth Analg 63:183.

Bailey PL, Clark NJ, Pace NL, Isern M, Stanley TH (1986) Failure of nalbuphin to antagonize morphine: a double-blind comparison with naloxone. Anesth Analg 65:605-611

Bailey PL, Pace NL, Ashburn MA, Moll JWB, East KA, Stanley TH, (1990) Frequent hypoxemia and apnea after sedation with midazolam and fentanyl. Anesthesiology 73:826-830

Ballantyne JC, Loach AB, Carr DB (1988) Itching after epidural and spinal opiates. Pain 33:149-160

Beeby D, MacIntosh KC, Bailey M, Welch DB (1984) Postoperative analgesia for caesarean section using epidural methadone. Anaesthesia 39:61-63

Behar M, Magora F, Olshwang D, Davidson IT (1979) Epidural morphine in treatment of pain. Lancet 1:527-529

Bell SD (1989) The use of continuous lumbar. epidural sufentanil for postoperative pain relief in thoracotomies. Regional Anesthesia 14:S33

Bell SD, Levette A, Lartjani GE (1987) The use of continuous lumbar epidural fentanyl for post-operative pain relief on abdominal aortic aneurysms. Anesthesiology 67:A234 .

Bernards CM, Hill HF (1990) Morphine and alfentanil permeability through the spinal dura, arachnoid, and pia mater of dogs and monkeys. Anesthesiology 73:1214-1219

Bernards CM, Hill HF (1991) The spinal nerve root sleeve is not a preferred route for redistribution of drugs from the epidural space to the spinal cord. Anesthesiology 75:827-832

Bernards CM, Hill HF (1992) Physical and chemical properties of drug molecules gov­erning their diffusion through the spinal meninges. Anesthesiology 77:750-756

Bernatzky G, Jurna I (1986) Intrathecal injection of codeine, buprenorphine, tilidine, tramadol and nefopam depresses the tail-flick response in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 120:75-80

Besse D, Lombard MC, Zajac JM, Roques BP, Besson JM (1990) Pre- and postsynaptic distribution of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in the superficial layers of the cervical dorsal hom of the rat spinal cord. Brain Research 521:15-22

Bilsback P, Rolly G, Tampubolon 0 (1985) Efficacy of the extradural administration of lofentanil, buprenorphine or saline in the management of postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 57:943-948

Binsted RJ (1983) Epidural morphine after caesarean section. Anaesth Intens Care II: 130-134

Birnbach DJ, Johnson MD, Arcario T, Datta S, Naulty JS, Ostheimer GW (1989) Effect of diluent volume on analgesia produced by epidural fentanyl. Anesth Analg 68:808-810

Bisgaard C, Mouridsen P, Dahl JB (1990) Continuous lumbar epidural bupivacaine plus morphine versus epidural morphine after major abdominal surgery. Eur J Anaesth 7:219-225

Blanco J, Blanco E, Carceller JM, Sarabia A, Solares G (1987) Epidural analgesia for post-caesarean pain relief: a comparison between morphine and fentanyl. Eur J AnaesthesioI4:395-399

References 99

Blomberg RG, Jaanivald A, Walther S (1989) Advantages of the paramedian approach for lumbar epidural analgesia with catheter technique. Anaesthesia 44:742-746

Boas RA, Villiger JW (1985) Clinical actions of fentanyl and buprenorphine. The signi­ficance of receptor binding. Br J Anaesth 57: 192-196

Bodnar RJ, Williams CL, Lee SJ, Pasternak GW (1988) Role ofmu I-opiate receptors in supraspinal opiate analgesia: a microinjection study. Brain Res 447:25-34

Boersma FP, Noorduin H, Pieters W, Woestenborgs R, Heykants J (1989) Sufentanil concentrations in the spinal cord after long term epidural infusion. Anesthesiology 71:A706

Boersma FP, Ten Kate A, Noorduin H, Pieters W, Woestenborghs R, Van den Bussche G (1991) Sufentanil concentrations in CSF, plasma and human spinal cord after long term epidural infusion. Eur J AnaesthesioI8:338-339

Boezaart AP (1989) Computerized axial tomo-epidurographic and radiographic do­cumentation of unilateral epidural analgesia. Can J Anaesth 36:697-700

Borgeat A, Wilder-Smith OHG, Saiah M, Rifat K (1992) Subhypnotic doses of propofol relieve pruritus induced by epidural and intrathecal morphine. Anesthesiology 76:510-512

Boudreault D, Brasseur L, Samii K, Lemoing JP (1991) Comparison of continuous epi­dural bupivacaine infusions plus either continuous epidural infusion or patient-con­trolled epidural injection of fentanyl for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 73:132-137

Bourke DL, Rosenberg M, Allen PD (1984) Physostigmine: effectiveness as an antago­nist of respiratory depression and psychomotor effects caused by morphine or diaze­pam. Anesthesiology 61:523-528

Brockway MS, Noble DW, Sharwood-Smith GH, McClure JH (1990) Profound respi­ratory depression after extradural fentanyl. Br J Anaesth 64:243-245

Brodsky JB, Kretzschmar KM, Mark JBD (1988) Caudal epidural morphine for post­thracotomy pain. Anesth Analg67:409-410

Bromage PR (1978) Epidural analgesia. Saunders Company Philadelphia London To­ronto :654-715

Bromage PR, Camporesi E, Chestnut D (1980) Epidural narcotics for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 59:473-480

Bromage PR, Camporesi E, Durant PA, Nielsen CH (1983) Influence of epinephrine as an adjuvant to epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 58:257-262

Brownridge P, Frewin DB (1985) A comparative study of techniques of postoperative analgesia following caesarean section and lower abdominal surgery. Anaesth Intens Care 13:123-130

Brownridge P, Wrobel J, Watt-Smith J (1983) Respiratory depression following acci­dental subarachnoid pethidine. Anaesth Intens Care 11 :237-240

Bull J (1968) Radiation dose in isotope encephalography, Lancet 1:357-358 Bullingham RES, McQuay HJ, Moore A, Bennett MRD (1980) Buprenorphine kinetics.

Clin Pharmacol Ther 28:667-672 Burm AG, van Kleef JW, Vermeulen NP, Olthof G, Breimer DD, Spierdijk J (1988)

Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine following subarachnoid administra­tion in surgical patients: simultaneous investigation of absorption and disposition ki­netics using stable isotopes. Anesthesiology 69:584-592

Bums JW, Hodsman NBA, McLintock TIC, Gillies GWA, Kenny GNC, McArdle CS (1989) The influence of patient characteristics on the requirements for postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesia 44:2-6

Cahill J, Murphy D, O'Brien D, Mulhall J, Fitzpatrick G (1983) Epidural buprenorphine for pain relief after major abdominal surgery. Anaesthesia 38:760-764

100 References

Camporesi EM, Nielsen CH, Bromage PR, Durant PAC (1983) Ventilatory C02 sensiti­vity after intravenous and epidural morphine in volunteers. Anesth Analg 633--640

Camu F, Debucquoy F (1991) Alfentanil infusion for postoperative pain: A comparison of epidural and intravenous routes. Anesthesiology 75: 171-178

Carrupt PA, Testa B, Bechalany A, EI Tayar N, Descas P, Perrissoud D (1991) Mor­phine 6-g1ucuronide and morphine 3-glucuronide as molecular chameleons with un­expected lipophilicity. J Med Chern 34: 1272-1275

Cartwright P, Prys-Roberts C, Gill K, Dye A, Stafford M, Gray A (1983) Ventilatory depression related to plasma fentanyl concentrations during and after anesthesia in humans. Anesth Analg 62:966-974

Casy AF, Parfitt RT (1986) Opioid Analgesics: Chemistry and Receptors. Plenum Press: New York .

Caute B, Monsarrat B, Gouarderes C, Verdie JC, Lazorthes Y,Cros J, Bastide R (1988) CSF morphine levels after lumbar intrathecal administration of isobaric and hyperba­ric solutions for cancer pain. Pain 32:141-146

Chamberlain DP, Bodily MN, Olssen GL, Ramsey DH (1989) Comparison of lumbar thoracic epidural fentanyl for postthoracotomy analgesia using patient-controlled do-sage. Regional Anesthesia (Suppl) 14:S26 .

Chauvin M, Samii K, Scherman JM, Sandouk P, Bourdon R, Viars P (1981) Plasma concentrations of morphine after im, extra-dural and intrathecal administration. Br J Anaesth 53:911-913

Chauvin M, Salbaing J, Perrin D, Levron JC, Viars P (1985) Clinical assessment and plasma pharmacokinetics associated with intramuscular or extradural alfentanil. Br J Anaesth 57:886-891

Chauvin M, Hongnat JM, Mourgeon E, Lebrault C, Bellenfant F, Alfonsi P (1993) Equivalence of postoperative analgesia with patient-controlled intravenous or epidu­ral alfentanil. Anesth Analg 76:1251-8

Chisholm RH, Fleischl J (1990) Respiratory arrest with epidural fentanyl. Anaesth In­tens Care 18:423

Chrubasik J (19~4) Epidural, on-demand, low-dose morphine infusion for postoperative pain. Lancet I: 107-108

Chrubasik J, Magora F (1990) Relative epidural analgesic potencies of opiates in treat­ment of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 70:S60

Chrubasik J, Wiemers K (1985a) Continuous-plus-on-demand epidural infusion of mor­phine for postoperative pain relief by means of a small, externally worn infusion de­vice. Anesthesiology 62:263-267

Chrubasik J, Wiemers K (1985b) Kein analgetischer Wirkverlust durch peridurale "Low-Volume" -Morphingabe. Anaesth Intensivther Notfallmed 20: 19-21

Chrubasik J, Vogel W, Friedrich G (1984) Morphinkonzentrationen im Serum unter be­darfsgesteuerter periduraler Morphininfusion. Anaesth Intensivther Notfallmed 19:231-234

Chrubasik J, Scholler KL, Wiemers K, Friedrich G, Weigel K, Roth H, Berg G (1985) Zum EinfluB des Volumens periduraler Morphininjektionen auf die Morphinkon­zentration in der Zisterna magna des Hundes. Anaesthesist 34:304-308

Chrubasik J, Vogel W, TrOtschler H, Farthmann EH (1987) Continuous-plus-on-demand epidural infusion of buprenorphine versus morphine in postoperative treatment of pain. Drug Res 37:361-363

Chrubasik J, Warth L, Wiist H, Bretschneider H, Schulte-Monting J, Roher HD, Zindler M (1988a) Untersuchungen zur analgetischen Wirksamkeit peridural applizierten Tramadols bei der Behandlung von Schmerzen nach abdominalchirurgischen Eingriffen. SchmerzlPainIDouleur 9: 12-18

References 101

Chrubasik J, Wiist H, Schulte-Monting J, Thon K, Zindler M, (1988b) Relative analge­sic potency of epidural fentanyl, alfentanil and morphine in treatment of postopera­tive pain. Anesthesiology 68:929-933

Chrubasik J, Chrubasik S, Magora F (1991a) Pharmacokinetic profiles under morphine, methadone, fentanyl and sufentanil epidural patient-controlled analgesia (ePCA) Anesthesiology 75:A753

Chrubasik J, Geller E, GrafR, Zbinden A, Thomson D (1991b) A double-blind compari­son of epidural fentanyl and sufentanil with intravenous sufentanil for abdominal surgery pain management. Anesthesiology 75:A 752

Chrubasik J, Geller E, Graf R, Martin E (1992) Distribution of fentanyl and sufentanil from the epidural site ofinjection. Anesthesiology 77:A834

Chrubasik J, Chrubasik S, Martin E (1993) The ideal epidural opioid - fact or fantasy. Eur J Anaesth 10:79-100

Chrubasik J, Martin E, Chrubasik S, Friedrich G, Black A (1993) Respiratory depression after extradural fentanyl. Br J Anaesth 71: 164-166

Clark JA, Liu L, Price M, Hersh B, Edelson M, Pasternak GW (1989) Kappa opiate re­ceptor multiplicity: evidence for two U50,488-sensitive K-l subtypes and a novel K-3 subtype. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:461-468 .

Coe A, Sarginson R, Smith MW, Donnelly RJ, Russell GN (1991) Pain following thora­cotomy Anaesthesia 46:918-921

Cohen F (1980) Postoperative pain relief: patient's status and nurses medication choices. Pain 9:265-274

Cohen SE, Woods WA (1983) The role of epidural morphine in the postcesarean pati­ent: efficacy and effects on bonding. Anesthesiology 58:500-504

Cohen SE, Rothblatt AJ, Albright GA (1983) Early respiratory depression with epidural narcotic and intravenous droperidol. Anesthesiology 59:559-560

Cohen SE, Tan S, White PF (1988) Sufentanil analgesia' following cesarean section: epidural versus intravenous administration. Anesthesiology 68: 129-134

Cohen S, Amar D, Pantuck CB, Pantuck EJ, Weissman A, Lustig KC (1990) Continuous epidural PCA, post-cesarean section: buprenorphine-bupivacaine 0.03% vs fentanyl­bupivacaine 0.03%. Anesthesiology 73:A974

Cohen S, Amar D, Pantuck CB, Pantuck EJ, Weissman AM, Landa S, Singer N (1992a) Epidural patient-controlled analgesia after cesarean section: buprenorphine-0.015% bupivacaine with epinephrine versus fentanyl-0.015% bupivacaine with and without epinephrine. Anesth Analg 74:226-230

Cohen SE, Labaille T, Benhamou D, Levron JC (1992b) Respiratory effects of epidural sufentanil after cesarean section. Anesth Analg 74:677-682

Collier C (1984) Epinephrine and epidural narcotics. Anesthesiology 60: 168-169 Cooper DW and Turner G (1993) Patient-controlled extradural analgesia to compare

bupivacaine, fentanyl and bupivacaine with fentanyl in the treatment of postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 70:503-507

Cousins MJ (1987) Comparative pharmacokinetics of spinal opioids in humans: a step toward determination of relative safety. Anesthesiology 67:875-876

Cousins MJ, Mather LE (1984) Intrathecal and epidural administration of opioids. Anesthesiology 61:276-310

Cousins MJ, Mather LE, Glynn CJ, Wilson PR, Graham JR (1979) Selective spinal analgesia. Lancet 1:1141-1142

Cowan A, Zhu XZ, Mosberg HI, Omnaas JR, Porreca F (1988) Direct dependence stu­dies in rats with agents selective for different types of opioid receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 246:950-955

102 References

Cube B, Teschemacher H, Herz A, Hess R (1970) Permeation morphinartig wirksamer Substanzen an den Ort der antinociceptiven Wirkung im Gehim in Abhiingigkeit von ihrer LipoidlOslichkeit nach intravenoser und nach intraventrikuHirer Applikation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch PharmacoI265:455-473

Cullen ML, Staren ED, EI-Ganzouri A, Logas WG, Ivankovich AD, Economou SG (1985) Continuous epidural infusion for analgesia after major abdominal operations: A randomized, prospective, double blind study. Surgery 98:718-728

Dahl JB, Rosenberg J, Hansen BL, Hjortso NC, Kehlet H (1992) Differential analgesic effects of low-dose epidural morphine and morphine-bupivacaine at rest and during mobilization after major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 74:362-5

Daley MD, Sandler AN, Turner KE, Vosu H, Slavchenko P (1990) A comparison of epidural and intramuscular morphine in patients following cesarean section. Anesthesiology 72:289-294

Davies GG, From R (1988) A blinded study using nalbuphine for prevention of pruritus induced by epidural fentanyl. Anesthesiology 69:763-765

De Castro J, Van de Water A, Wouter L, Xhonneux R, Reneman R, Kay B (1979) Com­parative study of cardiovascular, neurological and metabolic side-effects of eight narcotics in dogs. Acta Anaesthesiol Belgica 30:5-99

Delilkan AE, Vijavan R (1993) Epidural tramadol for postoperative pain relief. Anaesthesia 48:328-331

De Sousa H, Stiller R (1989) Cisternal CSF and arterial plasma levels of fentanyl, al­fentanil and sufentanil after lumbar epidural injection. Anesthesiology 71:A839

Di Chiro G (1966) Observations on the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Acta Ra­diologica 5:988-1002

Di Chiro G, Hammock MK, Bleyer WA (1976) Spinal descent of cerebrospinal fluid in man. Neurology 26:1-8

Donadoni R, Rolly G (1987) Epidural sufentanil versus intramuscular buprenorphine for postoperati ve analgesia. Anaesthesia 42: 1171-1175

Donadoni R, Rolly G, Noorduin H, Van den Bussche G (1985) Epidural sufentanil for postoperative pain relief. Anaesthesia 40:634-638

Donovan N, Dillon P, McGuire L (1987) Incidence and characteristics of pain in a sam­ple of medical-surgical in patients. Pain 30:69-78

Dottrens M, Rifat K, Morel DR (1992) Comparison of extradural administration of su­fentanil, morphine and sufentanil-morphine combination after caesarean section. Br J of Anaesthesia 69:9-12

Douglas MJ, McMorland GH, Janzen JA (1988) Influence ofbupivacaine as an adjuvant to epidural morphine for analgesia after cesarean section. Anesth Analg 67:1138-1141

Dray A, Metsch R (1984) Inhibition of urinary bladder contractions by a spinal action of morphine and other opioids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 231 :254-260

Dray A, Nunan L (1987) Mu and delta opioid ligands inhibit reflex contractions of the urinary bladder in the rat by different central mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 26:753-759

Drenger B, Magora F (1989) Urodynamic studies after intrathecal fentanyl and bu­prenorphine in the dog. Anesth Analg 69:348-353

Drenger B, Magora F Evron S, Caine M (1986) The action of intrathecal morphine and methadone on the lower urinary tract in the dog. J Urology 135:852-855 '

Drenger B, Sughayer H, Chrubasik J, Hoffmann A, Goldofsky S, Magora F (1993) Dose-response effect of intrathecal alfentanil on canine lower urinary tract dynamics. Anesth Analg 76:786-790

References 103

Driessen B, Reimann W (1989) Effects of tramadol on noradrenaline release from rat brain cortex slices. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 339:R89

Driessen A, Kossmann B, Dick W, Moeller MR (1981) Untersuchungen zur postopera­tiven Schmerztherapie mit periduralen Morphingaben nach urologischen Operatio­nen. Anaesthesist 30:575-576

Duckett JE, McDonnell T, Zebrowski M, Witte M (1987) Lumbar versus thoracic conti­nuous epidural sufentanil for postoperative analgesia after upper abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 66:S45

Dum JE, Herz A (1981) Receptor binding of the opiate partial agonist, buprenorphine, correlated with its agonistic and antagonistic actions. Br J PharmacoI74:627-633

Durant PAC, Yaksh L (1986) Distribution in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and lymph of epidurally injected morphine and inulin in dogs. Anesth Analg 65:583-592

Dyer RA, Anderson BJ, Michell WL, Hall JM (1990) Postoperative pain control with a continuous infusion of epidural sufentanil in the intensive care unit: a comparison with epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 71:130-136

Eimerl D, Magora F, Shir Y, Chrubasik J (1986) Patient-controlled analgesia with epi­dural methadone by means of an external infusion pump. Schmerz/PainlDouleur 7:156-160

Eisenach JC, Grice SC, Dewan DM (1988) Patient-controlled analgesia following cesa­rean section: a comparison with epidural and intramuscular narcotics. Anesthesio­logy 68: 444-448

EI-Baz NM, Faber LP, Jensik RJ (1984) Continuous epidural infusion of morphine for treatment of pain after thoracic surgery: a new technique. Anesth Analg 63:757-764

Ellis DJ, Millar WL, Reisner LS (1990) A randomized double blind comparison of epi­dural versus intravenous fentanyl infusion for analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 72:981-986

Ensinger HA, Stockhaus K, Merz H (1984) Differentiation of mu and kappa receptors by means of correlation of analgesic potency in vivo and receptor binding affinity in vitro of various opioid agonists. Meth and Find Exptl Clin Pharmacol 6:649-653

Evron S, Samueloff A, Sadovsky E, Berger M, Magora F (1984) The effect of phenoxy­benzamine on postoperative urinary complications during extradural morphine anal­gesia. Eur J Anaesth 1:45-54

Evron S, Samueloff A, Simon A, Drenger B, Magora F (1985) Urinary function during epidural analgesia with methadone and morphine in post-cesarean section patients. Pain 23:135-144

Faroqui MH, Cole M, Curran J (1983) Buprenorphine, benzodiazepines and respiratory depression. Anaesthesia 38:1002-1003

Feinmann C, Ong M, Harvey W, Harris M (1987) Psychological factors influencing postoperative pain and analgesic consumption. Br J Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 25:285-292

Fischer RL, Lubenow TR, Liceaga A, McCarthy RJ, Ivankovich D, (1988) Comparison of continuous epidural infusion of fentanyl-bupivacaine and morphine-bupivacaine in mangement of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 67:559-563

Fish DJ, Rosen SM (1990) Epidural opioids as a cause of vertical nystagmus. Anesthe­siology 73:785-786

Flick K, Frankus E, Friederichs E'(1978) Untersuchungen zur chemischen Struktur und analgetischen Wirkung von phenylsubstituierten Aminomethylcyclohexanolen. Arz­neim. Forsch/Drug Res 28: 107-113

Fox AW (1990) Epidural buprenorphine. Can J Anaesth 37:273 Frankel DZN (1988) Continuous pump infusions for extradural analgesia during labour.

Br J Anaesth 60: 117

104 References

Freye E, Latasch L, Portoghese PS (1992) The delta receptor is involved in sufentanil­induced respiratory depression - opioid subreceptors mediate different effects. Eur J Anaesth 9:457-462

Friedrich G, Chrubasik J, Scholler KL, Andreas P, Rupp, HP, Weigel K, Roth H (1985) Peridurale Morphinapplikation: Zum Risiko der Atemdepression. SchmerzlPaini Douleur 6:10-12

Friderichs E, Muller B, Wilsmann K (1980) Pharmacological characterisation of tra­madol- a new synthetic analgesic. Arch Pharmacol313: R29

Friderichs E, Reimann W, Selve N (1992) Contribution of both enantiomers to antinoci­ception of the centrally acting analgesic trarnadol. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol (Suppl 1) 346:R361

Fromme GA, Steidl LJ, Danielson DR (1985) Comparison of lumbar and thoracic epidu­ral morphine for relief of postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg 64:454-455

Fuller JG, McMorland GH, Douglas MJ, Palmer L (1990) Epidural morphine for analgesia after Caesarean section: a report of 4880 patients. Can J Anaesth 37:636-40

Gabrielson JL, Paalzow LK (1983) A physiological pharmacokinetf: model for mor­phine disposition in the pregnant rat. J Pharmacokinet Biopharmaceut 11: 147-163

Gabrielson JL, Groth T (1988) An extended physiological pharmacokinetic model of methadone disposition in the rat: validation and sensitivity analysis. J Pharmacokinet Biopharmaceut 16: 183-201

Gabrielson JL, Johansson P, Bondesson U, Paalzow LK (1985) Analysis of methadone disposition in the pregnant rat by means of a physiological flow model. J Pharmaco­kinet Biopharmaceut 13:355-372

Gabrielson JL, Johansson P, Bondesson U, Karlsson M, Paalzow LK (11j)86) Analysis of pethidine disposition in the pregnant rat by means of a physiological flow model. J Pharmacokinet Biopharmaceut 14:381-393

Gallart L, Blanco D, Samso E, Vidal F (1990) Clinical and radiological evidence of the epidural plica mediana dorsalis. Anesth Analg 71:698-701

Geddes SM, Thorburn J, Logan RW (1991) Gastric emptying following caesarean sec­tion and the effect of epidural fentanyl. Anaesthesia 46: 10 16-1018

Geller E, Chrubasik J, Graf R, Chrubasik S, Schulte-Manting J (1993) A randomized double blind comparison of epidural sufentanil vs intravenous sufentanil or epidural fentanyl analgesia after major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 76:1243-50

George KA, Wright PMC, Chisakuta A (1991) Continuous thoracic epidural fentanyl for post-thoracotomy pain relief: with or without bupivacaine? Anaesthesia 46:732-736

George KA, Chisakuta AM, Gamble JAS, Browne GA (1992) Thoracic epidural infu­sion for postoperative pain relief following abdominal aortic surgery: bupivacaine, fentanyl or a mixture of both? Anaesthesia 47:388-394

Gepts E, Camu F (1988) The ventilatory effects of epidural sufentanil and morphine. Eur J Anaesth 5:46

Gerig HJ, Kern F (1983) Epidurales Buprenorphin ftir postoperative Analgesie nach Hilftoperationen. Anaesthesist 32:345-348

Glare PA, Walsh TD (1991) Clinical pharmacokinetics of morphine. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 13:1-23

Glass PSA, Estok P, Ginsberg B, Goldberg JS, Sladen RN (1992) Use of patient-con­trolled analgesia to compare the efficacy of epidural to intravenous fentanyl admini­stration. Anesth Analg 74:345-351

Glynn CJ, Mather LE, Cousins MJ, Graham JR, Wilson PR (1981) Peridural meperidine in humans. Anesthesiology 55:520-526

References 105

Gouarderes C, Cros J (1984) Opioid binding sites in different levels of rat spinal cord. Neuropeptides 5:113-116

Gouarderes C, Cros J, Quirion R (1985) Autoradiographic localization of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor binding sites in rat and guinea pig spinal cord. Neuropeptides 6:331-342

Goundrey J (1990) Vertigo after epidural morphine. Can J Anaesth 37: 804-905 Gourlay GK, Cherry DA, Cousins MJ (1985) Cephalad migration of morphine in CSF

following lumbar epidural administration in patients with cancer pain. Pain 23:317-326

Gourlay GK, Willis RJ, Lamberty J (1986) A double-blind comparison of the efficacy of methadone and morphine in postoperative pain control. Anesthesiology 64:322-327

Gourlay GK, Cherry DA, Plummer JL, Armstrong PJ, Cousins MJ (1987) The influence of drug polarity on the absorption of opioid drugs into CSF and subsequent cephalad migration following lumbar epidural administration: application to morphine and pethidine. Pain 31 :297-305

Gourlay GK, Kowalski SR, Plummer JL, Cousins MJ, Armstrong PJ (1988) Fentanyl blood concentration- analgesic response relationship in the treatment of postopera­tive pain. Anesth Analg 67:329-337

Gourlay GK, Murphy TM, Plummer JL, Kowalski SR, Cherry DA, Cousins MJ (1989) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in lumbar and cervical CSF following lumbar epidural and intravenous administration. Pain 38:253-259

Gowan JD, Hurtig JB, Fraser RA, Torbicki E, Kitts J (1988) Naloxone infusion after prophylactic epidural morphine: effects on incidence of postoperative side-effects and quality of analgesia. Can J Anaesth 35:143-148

Graf G, Sinatra R, Chung J, Frasca A, Silverman DG (1991) Epidural sufentanil for postoperative analgesia: dose-response in patients recovering from major gynecolo­gic surgery. Anesth Analg 73:405-409

Grant RP, Dolman JF, Harper JA, White SA, Parsons DG, Evans KG, Merrick CP (1992) Patient-controlled lumbar epidural fentanyl compared with patient-controlled intravenous fentanyl for postthoracotomy pain. Can J Anaesth 39:214-219

Gray WD, Osterberg AC, Scuto TJ (1970) Measurement of the analgesic efficacy and potency of pentazocine by the D'Amour and Smith method. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 172:154-162

Greene NM (1982) Further light on the potencies of local anesthetics. Anesth Analg 61: 1-2 (Editorial)

Greene NM (1985) Distribution of local anesthetic solutions within the subarachnoid space. Anesth Analg 64:715-730

Gregory MA, Brock-Utne JG, Bux S, Downing JW (1985) Morphine concentration in brain and spinal cord after subarachnoid morphine injection in baboons. Anesth Analg 64:929-932

Griffin RM, Scott RPF (1984) A comparison between the midline and paramedian ap­proaches to the extradural space. Anaesthesia 39:584-586

Griinenthal GmbH, D-5100 Aachen, Postfach, Germany, personal communication Guinard JP, Mavrocordatos P, Chiolero R, Carpenter RL (1992) A randomized com­

parison of intravenous versus lumbar and thoracic epidural fentanyl for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 77:1108-1115

Gundersen RY, Andersen R, Narverud G (1986) Postoperative pain relief with high­dose epidural buprenorphine: a double-blind study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 30:664-667

106 References

Gustafsson LL, Friberg-Nielsen S, Garle M, Mohall A, Rane A, Schildt B, Symreng T (1982a) Extradural and parenteral morphine: kinetics and effects in postoperative pain. A controlled clinical study. Br J Anaesth 54:1167-1173

Gustafsson LL, Schildt B, Jacobsen K (1982b) Adverse effects of extradural and intra­thecal opiates: report of a nationwide survey in Sweden. Br J Anaesth 54:479-486

Gustafsson LL, Grell AM, Garle M, Rane A, Schildt B (1984) Kinetics of morphine in cerebrospinal fluid after epidural administration. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 28:535-539

Gustafsson LL, Post C, Edvardsen B, Ramsay CH (1985) Distribution of morphine and meperidine after intrathecal administration in rat and mouse. Anesthesiology 63:483-489

Gustafsson LL; Hartvig P, BergstrOm K, Lundqvist H, Lindberg BS, LangstrOm B, Svard H, Rane H, Tamsen A (1989) Distribution of 14C-Iabelled morphine and pe­thidine after spinal administration to rhesus monkey. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 33:105-111

Hampton WA, Lavies NG, Downing JG, Brock-Utne JG, Salisbury RT, Elson KI (1987) Cisternal cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of morphine following intrathecal and epidural administration in the baboon. Anaesth Intens Care 15:445-450

Hansdottir V, Hedner T, Woestenborghs R, Nordberg G (1991) The CSF and plasma pharmacokinetics of sufentanil after intrathecal administration. Anesthesiology 74:264-269

Harbers JBM, Folgering H, Gielen MJM, Hasenbos MAWM, Dirksen R, Gort C (1991) Ventilatory function and continuous high thoracic epidural administration of bupiva­caine with sufentanil intravenously or epidurally: a double-blind comparison. Re­gional Anesthesia 16:65-71

Harrison DM, Sinatra R, Morgese L, Chung JH (1988) Epidural narcotic and patient­controlled analgesia for post-cesarean section pain relief. Anesthesiology 68:454-457

Hasenbos MA, Gielen MJM, Bos J, Tielbeek E, Stanton-Hicks M, Egmond JV (1988) High thoracic epidural sufentanil for post-thoracotomy pain: Influence of epine­phrine as an adjuvant - a double blind study. Anesthesiology 69: 1017-1022

Headley PM, Parsons CG, West DC (1984) Comparison of mu, kappa and sigma prefer­ring agonists for effects on spinal nociceptive and other responses in rats. Neuropep­tides 5:249-252

Helmers H, Van Peer A, Woestenborghs R, Noorduin H, Heykants J, (1984) Alfentanil kinetics in the elderly. Clin Pharmacol Ther 36:239-243

Hennies HH, Friderichs E, Wilsmann K, Flohe L (1982) Effect of the opioid analgesic tramadol on inactivation of nor epinephrine and serotonin. Biochem Pharmacol 31:1654-1655

Hennies HH, Friedrichs E, Schneider J (1988) Receptor binding, analgesic and antitussive potency of tram ado I and other selected opioids. Drug Res 38:877-880

Hermans B, Gommeren W, De Potter WP, Leysen JE (1983) Interaction of peptides and morphin like narcotic analgesics with specifically labelled mu and delta opiate re­ceptor binding sites. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 263:317-319

Heyman JS, Vaught JL, Mosberg HL, Haaseth RC, Porreca F (1989) Modulation of mu­mediated antinociception by delta agonists in the mouse: selective potentiation of morphine and normorphine by (D-Pen-2,D-Pen-5)enkephalin. Eur l' Pharmacol 165:1-10

HjortsO E, Vester-Andersen T, MOller lvi, Lunding M (1982) Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 26:528-530

References 107

Hjortso NC, Lund C, Mogensen T, Bigler D, Kehlet H (1986) Epidural morphine improves pain relief and maintains sensory analgesia during continuous epidural bupivacaine after abdominal surgery. Anest Analg 65:1033-6

Hoskin PJ, Alsayed-Omar 0, Hanks GW, Johnston A, Turner P (1989) The influence of blood sample preparation on measured levels of morphine and its major metabolites. Ann Clin Biochem 26:182-184

Houghton IT, Aun CST, Gin T, Lau JTF (1992) Interethnic differences in postoperative pethidine requirements. Anaesth Intens Care 20:52-55

Houmes RM, Voets MA, Verkaaik A, Erdmann W, Lachmann B (1992) Efficacy and safety of tramadol versus morphine for moderate and severe postoperative pain with special regard to respiratory depression. Anesth Analg 74:510-514

Hovell BC (1977) Comparison of buprenorphine, pethidine and pentazocine for the relief of pain after operation. Br J Anaesth 49:913-916

Hudson RJ, Bergstrom RG, Thomson IR, Sabourn MA, Rosenbloom M, Strunin L (1989) Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in patients undergoing abdominal aortic sur­gery. Anesthesiology 70:426-431

Hudson RJ, Thomson IR, Cannon JE, Friesen MM, Meatherall RC (1986) Pharmacoki­netics of fentanyl in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Anesthesiology 64:334-338

Inagaki Y, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I (1992) Segmental analgesic effect and reduction of halothane MAC from epidural fentanyl in humans. Anesthesiology 74:856-864

Ionescu TI, Taverne RHT, Houweling PL,Drost RH, Nuijten S, Rossum JV (1991) Pharmacokinetic study of extradural and intrathecal sufentanil anaesthesia for major surgery. Br J Anaesth 66:458--464

Itzhak Y (1988) Multiple opioid binding sites. In: Pasternak GW (ed) The opioid recep­tors, The Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey

Jacobson L, Chabal C, Brody MC, Ward RJ (1989) Intrathecal methadone 5 mg and morphine 0.5 mg for postoperative analgesia: a comparison of the efficacy, duration and side effects. Anesth Analg 68:S132

Jage J (1989) Methadon - Pharmakokinetic und Pharmakodynamic eines Opiates. Anaesthesist 38:159-166

Jaucot J (1986) Paramedian approach of the peridural space in obstetrics. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 37:187-192

Jensen FM, Madsen 18, Guldager H, Christensen A, Eriksen HO (1984) Respiratory de­pression after epidural morphine in the postoperative period. Influence of posture. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 28:600-602

Jensen FM, Jensen NH, Holk IK, Ravnborg M (1987) Prolonged and biphasic respiratory depression following epidural buprenorphine. Anaesthesia 42:470--475

Kafer ER, Brown IT, Scott D, Findlay JW A, Butz RF, Teeple E, Ghia IN (1983) Bipha­sic depression of ventilatory responses to C02 following epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 58:418--427

Kajiwara M, Aoki K, Ishii K, Numata H, Matsumiya T, Oka T (1986) Agonist and ant­agonist actions of buprenorphine on three types of opioid receptors in isolated prepa­rations. Jpn J PharmacoI14:95-101

Kalso E, Perttunen K, Kaasinen S (1992) Pain after thoracic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:96-100

Kane RE (1981) Neurologic deficits following epidural or spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 60:150-161

Kay B (1983) Extradural buprenorphine. Br J Anaesth 55:255 Keaveny JP, Harper NJN (1989) Treatment of epidural morphine induced pruritus with

buprenorphine. Anaesthesia 44:691

108 References

Klement W, Rothe G, Peters J (1991) Paraplegie nach Entfernung eines EpiduraIka­theters. Reg.Anaesth 14:88-91

Knape JT (1986) Early respiratory depression resistent to naloxone following epidural buprenorphine. Anesthesiology 64:382-384

Knill RL, Lam AM, Thompson WR (1982) Epidural morphine and ventilatory depres­sion. Anesthesiology 56:486-487

Korsh J, Ramanathan S, Parker BS, Turndorf H (1987) Systemic histamine release by epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 87:A445

Kosterlitz HW, Paterson SJ (1990) Opioid receptors and mechanisms of opioid analge­sia. In: Benedetti C, Chapman R, Wiron G (eds) Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Raven Press, New York 14:37-43

Krstic RV (1991) Human microscopic anatomy. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Kutter W, Herz A, Teschemacher HJ, Hess R (1970) Structure-activity correlations of

morphine-like analgetics based on efficiencies following intravenous and intraventri­cular application. J Med Chern 13:801-805

Lanz E, Theiss D, Riess W, Sommer U (1982) Epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia: a double-blind study. Anesth Analg 61:236-240

Lanz E, Simko G, Theiss D, Glocke MH (1984) Epidural buprenorphine - a double­blind study of postoperative analgesia and side effects. Anesth Analg 63:593-598

Lanz E, Kehrberger E, Theiss D (1985) Epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 64:786-791 Lanz E, Daubler F, Eissner D, Brod KH, TheiS D (1986) Der EinfluB der spinalen Li­

quordynamik auf die subarachnoidale Ausbreitung riickenmarksnah applizierter Sub­stanzen. Reg Anaesth 9:4-8

La Rosa C, Morgan OJ, Mather LE(1984a) Pethidine binding in whole blood: metho­dology and clinical significance. Br J Clin Pharm 17:405-409

La Rosa C, Mather LE, Morgan OJ (1984b) Pethidine binding in plasma: effect of me­thodological variables. Br J Clin Pharm 17:411-415

Larsen VH, Iversen AD, Christensen P, Andersen PK (1985) Postoperative pain treat­ment after upper abdominal surgery with epidural morphine at thoracic or lumbar level. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29:566-571

Laveaux MMD, Hasenboos MA WM, Harbers JBM, Liem T (1993) Thoracic epidural bupivacaine plus sufentanil: high concentration/low volume versus low concentra­tion/high volume. Regional Anaesthesia 18:39-43

Leander JD (1983) Further study of kappa opioids on increased urination. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 227:35-41

Leander JD (1987) Buprenorphine has potent kappa opioid receptor antagonist activity. Neuropharmacology 26:1445-1447

Lehmann KA, Gordes B (1988) Postoperative On-demand Analgesie mit Buprenorphin. Anaesthesist 37:65-70

Lehmann KA, Reichling U, Wirtz R (1988) Influence of naloxone on the postoperative analgesic and respiratory effects ofbuprenorphine. Eur J PharmacoI34:343-352

Lehmann KA, Abu-Shibika M, Horrichs-Haermeyer G (1990a) Postoperative Schmerz­therapie mit L-Methadone und Metamizol. Anaesth Intensivther Notfallmed 25:152-159

Lehmann KA, Kratzenberg U, Schroeder-Bark B, Horrichs-Haerrneyer G (1990b) Post­operative patient-controlled analgesia with tramadol. Analgesic efficacy and mini­mum effective concentrations. The Clin J Pain 6:212-220

Lehmann KA, Gerhard A, Horrichs-Haermeyer G, Grond S, Zech D,(1991) Postopera­tive patient-controlled analgesia with sufentanil. Analgesic efficacy and minimum effective concentrations. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 35:221-226

References 109

Leicht CH, Kelleher AJ, Robinson DE, Dickerson SE (1990) Prolongation of postope­rative epidural sufentanil analgesia with epinephrine. Anesth Analg 70:323-325

Lema MJ, Reiestad F (1989) A comparison of epidural alfentanil, morphine and alfenta­nil-morphine combinations for postoperative analgesia after total hip replacement (THR). Anesthesiology 71:A702

Lemmens HlM, Burm AGL, Bovill JG, Hennis PI, Gladines MPRR (1992) Pharmaco­dynamics of alfentanil. Anesthesiology 76:65-70

Leysen IE, Gommeren W (1986) Drug-receptor dissociation time, new tool for drug re­search: receptor binding affinity and drug receptor dissociation profiles of serotonin­S2, dopamine-D2, histamine-HI antagonists, and opiates. Drug Develop Res 8:199-131

Ling GSF, Macleod lM, Lee S, Lockhart S, Pasternak GW (1984) Separation of mor­phine analgesia from physical dependence. Science 226:462-464

Ling GSF, Spiegel K, Lockhart SH, Pasternak GW (1985) Separation of opioid analge­sia from respiratory depression: evidence for different receptor mechanisms. I Phar­macol Exp Ther 232: 149-155

Lintz W (1980) Pharmacokinetics of tramadol in man and animals. Arch Pharmacol (Suppl) 313:R53

Logas WG, EI-Baz N, EI-Ganzouri A, Cullen M, Staren E, Faber LP, Ivankovich AD (1987) Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia for postoperative pain relief following thoracotomy: a randomized prospective study. Anesthesiology 67:787-791

Lomessy A, Magnin C, Viale IP, Motin I, Cohen R (1984) Clinical advantages of fenta­nyl given epidurally for postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology 61:466-469

Loper KA, Ready LB, Downey M, Sandler A, Nessly M, Rapp S, Badner N (1990) Epi­dural and intravenous fentanyl infusions are clinically equivalent after knee surgery. Anesth Analg 70:72-75

MacEvilly M, Carroll C (1989) Hallucinations after epidural buprenorphine. Br Med I 298:928-929

Madej TH, Strunin L (1987) Comparison of epidural fentanyl with sufentanil. Anaesthe­sia 42: 1156 ... :1161

Madej TH, Watson NC, Martin BC (1987) Large dose epidural sufentanil. Anaesthesia 42:1204-1206

Magora F, Chrubasik I, Damm D, Schulte-Monting I, Shir Y (1987) Application of a new method for measurement of plasma methadone levels to the use of epidural methadone for relief of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 66: 1308-1311

Mantia AM (1981) Clinical report of the occurrence of an intracerebral hemorrhage fol­lowing postlumbar puncture headache. Anesthesiology 55:684-685

Marks RM, Sachar EJ (1973) Undeitreatment of medical in patients with narcotic anal­gesics. Ann Int Med 78: 173-181

Marlowe S, Engstrom R, White PF (1989) Epidural patient-controlled analgesia (PCA): an alternative to continuous epidural infusions. Pain 37:97-101

Martegani G, Varesio V, Agosta 1(1987) Segnalazione di un caso di depressione respi­ratoria riferibile all'impiego di buprenorfina per via peridurale. Min Anest 53:141-143

Martin R, Salbaing I, Blaise G, Tetrault JP, Tetrault L (1982) Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief: a dose-response curve. Anesthesiology 56:423-426

Martin WR, Eades CG, Thompson lA, Huppler RE, Gilbert PE (1976) The, effects of morphine- and nalorphine-like drugs in the non-dependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dog. I Pharmacol Exp Ther 197:517-532

Mather LE (1983) Clinical pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and its newer derivatives. Clin Pharmacokin 8:422-446

110 References

Mather LE, Pavlin EG (1981) Transfer of pethidine to CSF following intravenous admi­nistration. Anaesth Intens Care 9:205-207

Mather LE, Mackie J (1983) The incidence of postoperative pain in children. Pain 15:271-282

Mather LE, Gourlay GK (1991) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl. In: Lehmann KA, Zech D (eds) Transdermal Fentanyl. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York :73-97

Mather LE, Rutten AJ (1991) Stereochimistry and its relevance in anaesthesiology. Cur­rent Opin Anaesthesiol4: 473-479

Mather LE, Cousins MJ (1992) The pharmacological relief of pain - contemporary issu­ses. Med J Aust 156:796-802

Mather LE, Tucker GT, Pflug AE, Lindop MJ, Wilkerson C (1975) Meperidine kinetics in man. Clin Pharm Ther 17:21-30

Matsumiya N, Dohi S (1983) Effects of intravenous or subarachnoid morphine on cere­bral and spinal cord hemodynamics and antagonism with naloxone in dogs. Anesthe­siology 59:175-181

Maunuksela LE, Korpela R, Olkkola KT (1988) Double-blind,multiple-dose comparison of buprenorphine and morphine in postoperative pain of children. Br J Anaesth 60:48-55

Maurette P, Tauzin-Fin P, Vincon G, Brachet-Lierman A (1989) Arterial and ventricular CSF pharmacokinetics after intrathecal meperidine in humans. Anesthesiology 70:961-966

Max MB, Inturrisi CE, Kaiko RF, Grabinski PY, Li CH, Foley M,(1985) Epidural and intrathecal opiates: cerebrospinal fluid and plasma profiles in patients with chronic cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 38:631-641

McCaughey W, Graham JL (1982) The respiratory depression of epidural morphine. Anaesthesia 37:990-995

McClain DA, Hug CC Jr (1980) Intravenous fentanyl kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 28:106-114

McLean BY, Rottman RL, Kotelko DM (1992) Failure of multiple test doses and tech­niques to detect intravascular migration of an epidural catheter. Anesth Analg 74:454-456.

McMorland GH, Douglas MJ, Kim JHK, Kamani AA, Berkowitz J, Ross PLE, Palmer L (1990) Epidural sufentanil for post-caesarean section analgesia: lack of benefit of epinephrine. Can J Anaesth 37:432-437

McQuay HJ, Bullingham RES, Paterson GMC, Moore RA (1980) Clinical effects ofbu­prenorphine during and after operation. Br J Anaesth 52:1013-1019

McQuay HJ, Sullivan AF, Smallman K, Dickenson AH (1989) Intrathecal opioids, po­tency and lipophilicity. Pain 36:111-115

McQueen DS (1983) Opioid peptide interactions with respiratory and circulatory sy­stems. Br Med Bull 39:77-82

Meistelman C, Benhamou D, Barre J, Levron JC, Mahe V, Mazoit X, Ecoffey C (1990) Effects of age on plasma protein binding of sufentanil. Anesthesiology 72:470-473

Meuldermans WEG, Hurkmans RMA, Heykants JJP (1982) Plasma protein binding and distribution of fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil and lofentanil in blood. Arch Int Pharm Ther 257:4-19

Miaskowski C, Taiwo Y, Levine 10 (1990) Kappa and delta-opioid agonists synergize to produce potent analgesia. Brain Research 509:165-168 ,

Miaskowski C, Taiwo YO, Levine 10 (1991) Contribution of supraspinal mu and delta opioid receptors to antinociception in the rat. Eur J PharmacoI205:247-252

References 111

Millan Ml (1989) Kappa-opioid receptor mediated antinociception in the rat. I. Compa­rative actions of mu and kappa opioids against noxious thermal, pressure and electri­cal stimuli. 1 Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:334-341

Millan Ml, Czlonkowski A, Lipkowski A, Herz A (1989) Kappa- opioid receptor-me­diated antinociception in the rat. II. Supraspinal in addition to spinal sites of action. 1 Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:342-350

Moore RA, Bullingham RES, McQuay HJ, Hand CW, Aspel JB, Allen MC, Thomas D (1982) Dural permeability to narcotics: in vitro determination and application to ex­tradural administration. Br 1 Anaesth 54:1117-1128

Moore AK, Vilderman S, Lubenskyi W, McCans 1, Fox GS (1990) Differences in epidu­ral morphine. requirements between elderly and young patients after abdominal sur­gery. Anesth Analg 70:316-320

Morgan DJ, Thiel WI, La Rosa C, Mather LE (1986) The blood/plasma concentration ratio of pethidine. 1 Pharm PharmacoI38:557-558

Morris Bl, Herz A (1987) Distinct distribution of opioid receptor types in rat lumbar spinal cord. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch PharmacoI336:240-243

Moskowitz AS, Goodman RR (1985) Autoradiographic analysis of mul, mu2, and delta opioid binding in the central nervous system of C57BU6BY and CXBK (Opioid Re­ceptor-Deficient) in mice. Brain Research 360: 108-116

Moulin DE, Inturrisi CE, Foley KM (1986) Cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of in­trathecal morphine sulfate and D-Ala-D-Leu-Enkephalin. Ann NeuroI20:218-222

Mourisse 1, Hasenbos MAWM, Gielen Ml, Moll JE, Crornheecke GJE (1992) Epidural bupivacmne, sufentanil or the combination for post-thoracotomy pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:70-74

Muller H, Stoyanov M, Brahler A, Hempelmann G (1982) Hiimodynarnische und re­spiratorische Effekte von Tramadol bei Lachgas-Sauerstoff-Beatmung und in der postoperativen Phase. Anaesthesist 31:604-610

Murphy DF, MacEvilly M (1984) Pain relief with epidural buprenorphine after spinal infusion: a comparison with intramuscular morphine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 28:144-146

Naguib M, Farag H, Absood A, Khawaja AA, Absood GH (1988) Pharmacokinetic pro­file of epidural meperidine with and without dextran· 70. Clin Pharmacol Ther 43:407-411

Naulty IS, Sevarino FB, Lema Ml, Hunt CO, Datta S, Ostheimer GW (1986a) Epidural sufentanil for postcesarean delivery pain management. Anesthesiology 65:A396

Naulty IS, Hertwig L, Hunt CO, Hartwell B, Datta S, Ostheimer GW, Covino BG (1986b) Duration of analgesia of epidural fentanyl following cesarean delivery - ef­fects of local anesthetic drug selection. Anesthesiology 65:A180

Naulty IS, Parmet 1, Pate A, Becker R, Li>ffler C, Barnes D (1990) Epidural sufentanil and morphine for postcesarean delivery analgesia. Anesthesiology 73:A964

Negre I, Gueneron JP, Ecoffey C, Penon C, Gross IB, Levron lC, Samii K (1987) Ven­tilatory response to carbon-dioxide after intramuscular and epidural fentanyl. Anesth Analg 66:707-710

Ngan Kee WD, lones MR, Thomas P, Worth RJ (1992) Extradural abscess complicating extradural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Br 1 Anaesth 69:647-653

Nishio Y, Sinatra RS, Kitahata LM, Collins 10 (1989) Spinal cord distribution of 3H_ morphine after intrathecal administration: relationship to analgesia. Anesth Analg 69:323-327

Nishitateno K, Ngai SH, Finck AD, Berkowitz BA (1979) Pharmacokinetics of mor­phine. Anesthesiology 50:520-523

112 References

Noble DW, Morrison LM, Brockway MS, McClure JH (1991) Adrenaline fentanyl or adrenaline and fentanyl as adjuncts to bupivacaine for extradural anaesthesia in elec­tive caesarean section. Br J Anaesthesia 66:645-Q50

Nordberg G, Hedner T, Mellstrand T, Dahlstrom B (1983) Pharmacokinetic aspects of epidural morphine analgesia. Anesthesiology 58:545-551

Nordberg G, Hedner T, Mellstrand T, Borg L (1984a) Pharmacokinetics of epidural morphine in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 26:233-237

Nordberg G, Hedner T, Mellstrand T, Dahlstrom B (1984b) Pharmacokinetic aspects of intrathecal morphine analgesia. Anesthesiology 60:448-454

Nordberg G, Mellstrand T, Borg L, Hedner T (1986) Extradural morphine: influence of adrenaline admixture. Br J Anaesth 598-Q04

Nordberg G, Hansdottir V, Kvist L, Mellstrand T, Hedner T (1987) Pharmacokinetics of different epidural sites of morphine administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 33:499-504

Nordberg G, Hedner T, Mellstrand T (1988) Sufentanil pharmacokinetics in plasma and CSF following epidural administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 43:PJ3

O'Callaghan JP, Holtzman SG (1975) Quantification of the analgesic activity of narcotic antagonists by a modified hot-plate procedure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 192:497-505

Oldendorf WH (1974) Drug penetration of the blood-brain barrier. In: Zimmermann E, George R (eds) Narcotics and the Hypothalamus. Raven Press New York :213-222.

Olsen GD (1973) Methadone binding to human plasma protein. Clin Pharm Ther 14:338-343

Olsen GD (1974) Morphine binding to human plasma proteins. Clin Pharmacol Ther 17:31-35

Olsen GD, Wendal HA, Livermore JD, Leger RM, Lynn RK, Gerber N (1977) Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of racemic methadone and its optical isomers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 21:147-157

Owen H, Mather LE, Runciman WB, Carapetis RJ, Upton RN (1987) The lockout inter­val in patient-controlled analgesia: a rational base for choice? Br J Anaesth 59 1328P-1329P

Owen H, Plummer JL, Armstrong I, Mather LE, Cousins MJ (1989a) Variables of pati­ent-controlled analgesia: bolus size. Anaesthesia 44: 7-10

Owen H, Szekely SM, Plummer JL, Cushnie JM, Mather LE (1989b) Variables of pati­ent-controlled analgesia: concurrent infusion. Anaesthesia 44: 11-13

Owen H, Kluger MT, Plummer JL (1990) Variables of patient controlled analgesia: the relevance of bolus size to supplement a background infusion. Anaesthesia 45:619-Q22

Owen H, Currie Je, Plummer JL (1991) Variation in the blood concentration/analgesic response relationship during patient controlled analgesic with alfentanyl. Anaesth Intens Care 9:555-560

Panos L, Sandler AN, Stringer DG, Badner N, Lawson S, Koren G (1990) Continuous infusions of lumbar epidural fentanyl and intravenous fentanyl for post-thoracotomy pain relief. Can J Anaesth 37: S66

Parker EO, Brookshire GL, Bartel SJ, Menard RG, Culverhouse ED, Ault LC (1985) Ef­fects of epinephrine on epidural fentanyl, sufentanil and hydromorphone for postope­rative analgesia. Anesthesiology 63:A235

Parker RK, Perry F, Holtmann B, White PF (1990) Demographic factors influencing the PCA morphine requirement.Anesthesiology 73:A818

Parker RK, Sawaki Y, White PF (1992) Epidural patient-controlled analgesia: influence of bupivacaine and hydromorphine basal infusion on pain control after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 75:74O-Q

References 113

Parsons CG, Headley PM (1989) Spinal antinociceptive actions of mu- and kappa­opioids: the importance of stimulus intensity in determining "selectivity" between re­flexes to different modalities of noxious stimulus. Br J Pharmacol 98:523-532

Patin JD, Eckstein EC, Harum K, Pallares VS (1993). Anatomic and biomechanical properties of human lumbar dura mater. Anesth Analg 76:535-40

Paul D, Pasternak GW (1988) Differential blockade by naloxonazine of two mu opiate actions: analgesia andinhibition of gastrointestinal transit. Eur J Pharmacol 149:403-404

Paul D, Bodnar RJ, Gistrak MA, Pasternak GW (1989) Different mu receptor subtypes mediate spinal and supraspinal analgesia. Eur J PharmacoI168:307-314

Pavlin OJ, McDonald JS, Child B, Rusch V (1979) Acute subdural hematoma - an un­usual sequela to lumbar puncture. Anesthesiology 51 :338-340

Payne KA (1983) Epidural versus intramuscular pethidine in postoperative pain relief. SA Med J 63:196-200

Payne R, Inturrisi CE (1985) CSF distribution of morphine, methadone and sucrose after intrathecal injection. Life Sci 37: 1137-1144

Pazos A, Florez J (1984) A comparative study in rats of the respiratory depression and analgesia induced by mu and delta opioid agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 99: 15-21

Penning JP, Samson B, Baxter AD (1988) Reversal of epidural morphine-induced respi­ratory depression and pruritus with nalbuphine. Can J Anaesth 35:599-604

Penon C, Negre I, Ecoffey C, Gross JB, Levron JC, Samii K (1988) Analgesia and ventilatory response to carbon dioxide after intramuscular and epidural alfentanil. Anesth Analg 67:313-317

Perriss BW, Latham BV, Wilson IH (1990) Analgesia following extradural and i.m. pe­thidine in post-caesarean section patients. Br J Anaesth 64:355-357

Pert CB, Snyder SH (1973) Opiate receptor: demonstration in nervous tissue. Science 271:1011-1014

Peters A, Palay SA, Webster H (1991) The fine structure of the nervous system: Neu­rons and their supporting cells. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford

Petersen Tk, Hqsted SE, Rybro L, Schurizek BA, Weinberg M (1982) Urinary retention during i.m. and extradural morphine analgesia. Br J Anaesth 54: 1175-1178

Petit J, Comar D, Pigot B, Eustache ML, Oksenhendler G, Winckler C (1988). Analge­sie peridurale apres chirurgie thoracique: morphine versus buprenorphine. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 7:464-470

Petrillo P, Kowalski J, Sbacchi M, Tavani A (1992) Characterization of opioid binding sites in rat spinal cord. J Receptor Research 12:39-57

Petty R, Stevens R, Hill H, Hahn M, Kao T (1991) Does epidural sufentanil spread ro­strally in the spinal axis? Anesthesiology 75:A744

Pfeiffer A, Pasi A, Mehraein P, Herz A (1982) Opiate receptor binding sites in human brain. Brain Res 248:87-96

Pfeiffer A, Brantl V, Herz A, Emrich HM (1986) Psychomimesis mediated by kappa opiate receptors. Science 233:774-776

Phan CO, Azar I, Osborn IP, Lear E (1987) The quality of epidural morphine analgesia following cesarean delivery as affected by the volume of the injectant. Anesthesio­logy 67:A285

Pick CG, Roques B, Gacel G, Pasternak GW (1992) Supraspinal mu-2-opioid receptors mediate spinal/supraspinal morphine synergy. Eur J PharmacoI220:275-277

Pierrot M, Blaise M, Dupuy A, Hugon S, Cupa HM (1982) Analgesie peridurale a dose elevee de fentanyl: echec de la methode pour la kinesitherapie postoperatoire precoce avec chirurgie du genou. Can Anesth Soc J 29:587-592

114 References

Porreca F, Burks TF (1983) The spinal cord as a opioid effects on gastrointestinal transit in the mouse. J Pharm Exp Ther 227:22-27

Porreca F, Heyman JS Mosberg HI, Omnaas JR, Vaught JL (1987) Role of mu and delta receptors in the supraspinal and spinal analgesic effects of (D-Pen2,D-Pen5)-enke-phalin in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 241:393-400 .

Preble L, Paige D, Sinatra R, O'Connor TZ, Sevarino FB (1990) Varying narcotic requi­rements among orthopedic patients. Anesthesiology 73:A813

Purves PG, Sperring SJ, Dykes V, Stanley TO (1987) Improved postoperative analgesia: epidural vs patient-controlled intravenous morphine. Anesth Analg 66:S143

Pybus DA, Bras BE, Goulding G, Liberman H, Torda TA (1983) Postoperative analge­sia for haemorrhoid surgery. Anesth Intens Care 11:27-30

Raffa RB, Friedrichs E, Reimann W, Shank RP, Codd EE, Vaught JL (1992) Opioid and nonopioid components independently contribute to the mechanism of action of tra­madol, an atypical opioid analgesic. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:275-285

Rawal N, Wattwil M (1984) Respiratory depression after epidural morphine - an expe­rimental and clinical study. Anesth Analg 63:8-14

Rawal N, Sjostrand U, Dahlstrom B (1981) Postoperative pain relief by epidural mor­phine. Anesth Analg 60:726-731

Rawal N, Mollefors K, Axelsson K, Lindgardh G, Widman B (1983) An experimental study of urodynamic effects of epidural morphine and of naloxone reversal. Anesth Analg 62: 641-647

Rawal N, SchOtt U, Dahlstrom B, Inturrisi CE, Tandon B, Sjostrand U, Wennhager M (1986) Influence of naloxone infusion on analgesia and respiratory depression fol­lowing epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 64: 194-201

Rawal N, Arner S, Gustafsson LL, Allvin R (1987) Present state of extradural and in­trathecal opioid analgesia in Sweden. Br J Anaesth 59:791-799

Ready LB, Chadwick HS, Ross B (1987) Age predicts effective epidural morphine dose after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 66:1215-1218

Reimer EJ, Badner NH, Moote CA, Komar WE (1990) Bupivacaine added to epidural fentanyl does not improve postoperative analgesia. Can J Anaesth 37:54

Renaud B, Brichant JF, Clergue F, Chauvin M, Levron JC, Viars P (1988) Ventilatory effects of continuous epidural infusion of fentanyl. Anesth Analg 67:971-975

Richter W, Barth H, Flohe L, Giertz H (1985) Klinische Untersuchung zur Abhangig­keitsentwicklung bei oraler Therapie mit Tramadol. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 35: 1742-1744

Robertson K, Douglas MJ, McMorland GH (1985) Epidural fentanyl with and without epinephrine for post-Caesrean section analgesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 32:502-505

Robinson RJS, Brister S, Jones E, Quigly M (1986) Epidural meperidine analgesia after cardiac surgery. Can Anaesth Soc J 33:550-555

Roerig SC, Fujimoto JM (1989) Multiplicative interaction between intrathecally and in­tracerebroventricularly administered mu opioid agonists but limited interactions be­tween delta and kappa agonists for antinociception in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 249:762-768

Roessle R, Roulet F (1932) Pathologie und Klinik in Einzeldarstellungen. Mass und Zahl in der Pathologie. Berlin und Wien, Springer Press :92

Rosen MA, Hughes SC, Shnider SM, Abboud TK, Norton M, Dailey PA, Curtis JD (1983) Epidural morphine for the relief of post-operative pain after cesarean deli­very. Anesth Analg 62:666-672

Rosen MA, Dailey PA, Hughes SC, Leicht CH, Shnider SM, Jackson CE, Baker BW, Cheek SM, O'Connor DE (1988) Epidural sufentanil for postoperative analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 68:44~54

References 115

Rosseel PMI, Van den Broek WGM, Boer EC, Prakash 0 (1988) Epidural sufentanil for intra- and postoperative analgesia in thoracic surgery: a comparative study with in­travenous sufentanil. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 32:193-198

Rothman RB, Iacobson AE, Rice KC, Herkenham M (1987) Autoradiographic evidence for two classes of mu opioid binding sites in rat brain using (125-I)FK 33824. Pepti­des 8:1015-1021

Rutten DV, Skewes DG, Morgan M (1981) Extradural opioids for postoperative analge­sia. Br I Anaesth 53:915-920

Salomliki TE, Laitinen 10, Nuutinen LS (1991) A randomized double-blind comparison of epidural versus intravenous fentanyl infusion for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 75:790-795

Sanchez V, Arthur GR, Strichartz GR (1987) Fundamental properties of local anesthe­tics.I. The dependance of lidocaine's ionization and octanol: buffer partitioning on solvent and temperature. Anesth Analg 66:159-165

Sandler AN, Chovaz P (1986) Respiratory depression following epidural morphine: a clinical study. Can Anaesth Soc I 33:542-549

Sandler AN, Stringer 0, Panos L, Badner N, Friedlander M, Koren G, Katz I, Klein I (1992) A randomized, double-blind comparison of lumbar epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusion for postthoracotomy pain relief. Anesthesiology 77:62~34

Scheinin B, Orko R, Rosenberg PH (1986) Absorption of epidural morphine. Anaesthe­sia 41: 1255-1273

Schmauss C, Yaksh TL (1984) In vivo studies on spinal opiate receptor systems media­ting antinociception. II Pharmacological profiles suggesting a differential association of mu, delta, and kappa receptors with visceral chemical and cutaneous thermal sti­muli in the rat. I Pharmacol Exp Ther 228:1-12

Schwartz AE, Matteo RS, Ornstein E, Young WL, Myers KJ (1991) Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in obese patients Anesth Analg 73:790-793

Scott IC, Ponganis KV, Stanski DR (1985) EEG quantitation of narcotic effect: the comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Anesthesiology 62:234-241

Scott NB, Mogensen T, Bigler 0, Lund C, Kehlet H (1989) Continuous thoracic extradural 0.5% bupivacaine with or without morphine: effect on quality of blockade, lung function and the surgical stress response. Br I Anaesth 62:253-257

Sewell ROE, Spencer PSI (1976) Antinociceptive activity of narcotic agonist and partial agonist analgesics and other agents in the tail immersion test in mice and rats. Neu­ropharmacology 15:683-688

Shafer SL, Varvel JR (1991) Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and rational opioid selection. Anesthesiology 74:53-63

Shantha TR (1992) Subdural space: what is it? does it exists? Regional Anesthesia 17:85S

Shantha TR, Evans IA (1972) The relationship of epidural anesthesia to neural membra­nes and arachnoid villi. Anesthesiology 37:543-557

Sharif NA, Hughes I (1989) Discrete mapping of brain mu and delta opioid receptors using selective peptides: quantitative autoradiography, species differences and com­parison with kappa receptors. Peptides 10:499-522

Shir Y, Eimerl 0, Magora F, Damm 0, Schulte-Monting I, Chrubasik I (1990) Plasma concentrations of methadone during postoperative patient controlled extradural anal­gesia. Br I Anaesth 65:204-209

Simpson KH, Madej TH, McDowell 1M, MacDonald R, Lyons G (1988) Comparison of extradural buprenorphine and extradural morphine after caesarean section. Br I Anaesth 60:627-631

116 References

Sinatra RS, Lodge K, Sibert K, Chung KS, Chung JH, Parker A, Harrison DM (1989) A comparison of morphine, meperidine, and oxymorphone as utilized in patient-con­trolled analgesia following cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 70:585-590

Sinatra RS, Sevarino FB, Chung JH, Graf G, Paige D, Takla V, Silverman DG (1991) Comparison of epidurally administered sufentanil, morphine, and sufentanil-mor­phine combination for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 72:522-527

Sitar DS, Duke PC, Benthuysen JL, Sanford TJ, Smith TJ (1989) Aging and alfentanil disposition in healthy volunteers and surgical patients. Can Anaesth Soc J 36:149-154

Sjostrom S, Hartvig P, Persson MP, Tamsen A (1987a) Pharmacokinetics of epidural morphine and meperidine in humans. Anesthesiology 67:877-888

Sjostrom S, Tamsen A, Persson MP, Hartvig P (1987b) Pharmacokinetics of intrathecal morphine and meperidine in humans. Anesthesiology 67:889-895

Sjostrom S, Hartvig D, Tamsen A (1988) Patient-controlled analgesia with extradural morphine or pethidine. Br J Anaesth 60:358-366

Sloan PA, Mather LE, McLean CF, Rutten AJ, Nation RL, Milne RW, Runciman WB, Somogyi AA (1991) The physiological disposition ofI.V. morphine in sheep. Br J Anaesth 67:378-386

Snir-Mor I, Weinstock M, Davidson JT, Bahar M (1983) Physostigmine antagonizes morphine-induced respiratory depression in human subjects. Anesthesiology 59:6-9

Stanton-Hicks MDA, Gielen M, Hasenbos M, Matthijssen C, Van Heteren JA, Cml J (1988) High thoracic epidural with sufentanil for post-thoracotomy pain. Regional Anesthesia 13:62-68

Steinstra R, Van Poorten F (1989) Immediate respiratory arrest after caudal epidural sufentanil. Anesthesiology 71 :993-994

Stevens RA, Petty RH, Hill HF, Kao TC, Schaffer R, Hahn MB, Harris P (1993) Redis­tribution of sufentanil to cerebrospinal fluid and systemic circulation after epidural administration in dogs. Anesth Analg 76:323-327

Stott DG, Pleuvry BJ (1991) Relationship between analgesia and respiratory depression for mu opioid receptor agonists in mice. Br J Anaesth 67:603-607

Swenson J, Bready R, Hullander M (1992) A comparison of thoracic vs lumbar epidural sufentanil for post thoracotomy pain using PCA. Anesthesiology 77 (Suppl):A828

Tamsen A, Hartvig P, Fagerlund C, Dahlstrom B, Bondesson U (1982) Patient-control­led analgesic therapy: clinical experience. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 74:157-160

Tanaka M, Okanae M, Watanabe S, Hamaya Y, Endo T (1991) Combination of epidural morphine and fentanyl for postoperative analgesia. Regional Anaesthesia 16:214-217

Tanaka M, Watanabe S, Naito H (1992) Optimal dose combination of epidural morphine and fentanyl for postoperative analgesia: a double-blind study. Anesthesiology 77:A831

Tejwani GA, Rattan AK, McDonald JS (1992) Role of spinal opioid receptors in the an­tinociceptive interactions between intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 74:726-734

Thorn SE, Wattwil M, Naslund I (1992) Postoperative epidural morphine, but not epidu­ral bupivacaine, delays gastric emptying on the first day after cholecystectomy. Re­gional Anesthesia 17:91-94

Torda TA, Pybus DA (1982) Comparison of four narcotic analgesics for extradural analgesia. Br J Anaesth 54:291-295

Tseng LF, Cheng SS, Fujimoto JM (1983) Inhibition of tail-flick and shaking responses by intrathecal and i..ntraventricular D-ALa-D-Leu-enkephalin and ~-endorphin in anesthetized rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 224:51-54

References 117

Tucker GT, Mather LE (1979) Clinical pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetics. Clin Pharmacokin 4:241-278

Tucker T, Mather LE (1980) Absorption and disposition of local anesthetics: pharmaco­kinetics in Neural Blockade. Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (eds). Lippincott Com­pany

Tung AS, Yaksh TL (1982) In vivo evidence for multiple opiate receptors mediating analgesia in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res 247:75-83

Tverskoy M, Fleyshman G, Ezry J, Bradley EL, Kissin I (1989) Midazolam-morphine sedative interaction in patients. Anesth Analg 68:282-285

Ueda I, Oguchi K, Arakawa K (1982) True oiVwater partition coefficients of procaine and lidocaine and estimation of their dissociation constants in organic solvents. Anesth Analg 61:56-61

Usubiaga JE, Dos Reis A, Usubiaga LE (1970) Epidural misplacement of catheters and mechanisms of unilateral blockade. Anesthesiology 32: 158-161

Van Bever WFM, Niemegeers CJE, Schellekens KHL, Janssen PAJ (1976) N-4 substi­tuted 1-2arylethyl)-4-piperidinyl-N-phenylpropan amides, a novel series of extre­mely potent analgesics with unusually high safety margin. Drug Res 26:1548-1551

Vaught JL, Connelly CD, Martinez RP, Codd EE, Raffa RB (1991) Evidence for an un­expected non-opioid component of tramadol induced antinociception in vivo: in­complete reversibility by naloxone. Clinical J Pain 7:55

Vaupel DB (1983) Naltrexone fails to antagonize the sigma effects of PCP and SKF 10,047 in the dog. Eur J Pharmacol 92:269-274

Verborgh C, Van der Auwera D, Noorduin H, Camu F (1988) Epidural sufentanil for postoperative pain relief: effects of adrenaline. Eur J Anaesth 5: 183-191

Vercauteren M, Moens F, Hanegreefs G (1987) Modification of analgesic quality and side effects of epidural sufentanil. The Pain Clinic II:299-301

Vercauteren M, Boeckx E, Noorduin H (1988) Respiratory arrest after sufentanil. Anaesthesia 43:69-70

Vercauteren M, Meert TF, Boersma F, Melis W, Adriaensen H (l992a) Spinal sufentanil in rats: part II: effect of adding bupivacaine to epidural sufentanil. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:245-249

Vercauteren M, Meert T, D'Hooghe RD, Boersma F, Melis W (1992b) Spinal sufentanil in rats: part III: effect of diluent volume on epidural sufentanil. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:305-306

Vickers MD, O'Flaherty D, Szekely SM, Read M, Yoshizumi J (1992) Tramadol: pain relief by an opioid without depression of respiration. Anaesthesia 47:291-296

Villiger JW (1984) Binding of buprenorphine to opiate receptors. Neuropharmacology 23:373-375

Villiger JW, Ray LJ, Taylor KM (1983) Characteristics of 3H-fentanyl binding to the opiate receptor. Neuropharmacology 22:447-452

Wang CY (1992) Respiratory depression after extradural fentanyl. Br J Anaesth 69:544 Wang JK, Nauss LA, Thomas JE (1979) Pain relief by intrathecally applied morphine in

man. Anesthesiology 50: 149-151 Wang BC, Hiller JM, Simon EJ, Hillman DE, Rosenberg C, Tumdorf H (1989) Distri­

bution of 3H-morphine following lumbar subarachnoid injection in unanesthetized rabbits.Anesthesiology 70:817-824

Wang JM, Denson D, Knarr DC, Raj PP (1992) Continuous epidural methadone for the management of postoperative pain after lower abdominal surgery. Regional Anesthe­sia 17:26-28

118 References

Ward SJ, Takemori AE (1983) Relative involvement of receptor subtypes in opioid-in­duced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 224:359-363

Weddel SJ, Ritter RR (1981) Serum levels following epidural administration of mor­phine and correlation with relief of postsurgical pain. Anesthesiology 54:210-214

Weightman WM (1991) Respiratory arrest during epidural infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl. Anaesth Intens Care 19: 282-284

Welch DB, Hrynaszkiewicz A (1981) Postoperative analgesia using epidural methadone. Administration by the lumbar route for thoracic pain relief. Anaesthesia 36:1051-1054

Welch K, Pollay M (1963) The spinal arachnoid villi of the monkeys cercopithecus ae­thiops sabaeus and Macaca irus. Anat Rec 145:43-48

Welchew EA (1983) The optimum concentration for epidural fentanyl. Anaesthesia 38:1037-1041

Welchew EA, Breen DP (1991) Patient-controlled on demand epidural fentanyl. Anaesthesia 46:438-441

Welchew EA, Hosking J (1985) Patient-controlled postoperative analgesia with alfenta­nil. Anaesthesia 40: 1172-1177

Weller R, Rosenblum M, Conrad P, Gross JB (1991) Comparison of epidural and pati­ent-controlled intravenous morphine following joint replacement surgery. Can J Anaesth 38:582-586

Wells DA, Davies G (1987) Profound central nervous system depression from epidural fentanyl for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Anesthesiology 67: 991-992

White PF (1987) Mishaps with patient-controlled analgesia. Anesthesiology 66:81-83 White MJ, Berghausen EJ, Dumont SW, Tsueda K, Schroder JA, Vogel RL, Heine MF,

Huang KC (1992) Side effects during continuous epidural infusion of morphine and fentanyl. Can J Anaesth 39:576-82

Whiting WC, Sandler AN, Chovaz PM, Slavchenko P, Koren G (1988) Analgesic and respiratory effects of epidural sufentanil in patients following thoracotomy. Anesthe­siology 69:36-43

Wolff J (1986) Epidural buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia. A controlled com­parison with epidural morphine. Anaesthesia 46:77-79

Wolff AP, Hasenbos MA, Liem TH, Gielen MJ (1992) Accidental overdose of epidural bupivacaine and sufentanil. Regional Anesthesia 17:237-238

Writer WOR, Hurtig JB, Evans D, Needs RE, Hope CE, Forrest JB (1985) Epidural morphine prophylaxis of postoperative pain: report of a double-blind multicentre study. Can J Anaesth Soc J 32:330-334

Xu H, Ni Q, Jacobson AB, Rice KC, Rothman RB (1991) Preliminary ligand binding data for subtypes of the delta opioid receptor in rat brain membranes. Life Sci 49:141-146

Yamaguchi H, Watanabe S, Harukuni I, Hamaya Y (1991) Effective doses of epidural morphine for relief of postcholecystectomy pain. Anesth Analg 72:80-83

Yanagita T (1978) Drug dependence potential of 1-(m-Methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethyl­aminomethyl)-cyclohexan-l-ol-hydrochloride (Tramadol) tested in monkeys. Arz­neim ForschlDrug Res 28: 158-163

Yarnell RW, Murphy IL, Polis T, Penning JP, Reid GN (1992) Patient-controlled analgesia with epidural meperidine after elective cesarean section. Regional Anaesthesia 17:329-333

Yeadon M, Kitchen I (1988) Comparative binding of mu and sigma selective ligands in whole brain and pons/medulla homogenates from rat: affinity profiles of fentanyl de­rivatives. Neuropharmacology 27:345-348

References 119

Yeung JC, Rudy TA (1980) Multiplicative interaction between narcotic agonisms ex­pressed at spinal and supraspinal sites of anti nociceptive action as revealed by con­current intrathecal and intracerebroventricular injections of morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 215:633-642

Zaren B, Hartvig P, Tamsen A (1984) Patient-controlled analgesics therapy with epidu­ral pethidine for postoperative pain relief. In: Wiist HJ, Stanton-Hicks M, Zindler M, (eds) Neue Aspekte.in der Regionalanasthesie, Springer Heidelberg: 173-176

Zarzur E, Goncalves JJ (1992) The resistance of the human dura mater to needle pe­netration. Regional Anesthesia 17:216-218