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Index

Abdullah, Farooq 93-4 Abdullah, Sheikh 92-3 Abohar-Fazilka 20 Administrative Reforms

Commission I 79-80 Advani, L. K. 4, 236, 239, 269 Afghanistan 94 Ahmed, Bashiruddin 284 Ahmed, Fakhruddin Ali 103, 106,

123 Akali Dal 19-24

and BJP 21 defeat of in 1980 20 demands of 23 dismissal of government

(1987) 90 divisions within 24 as regional party 19, 250-2, 255 support base of 21-2, 226,

251-2, 280 Akbar, M.J. 215 Aksai Chin 94 All-India Anna DMK

(AIADMK) 90, 250-1, 270, 272, 280

see also Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

All-India Babri Masjid Action Committee (AIBMAC) 16

All-India Radio (AIR) 26, 260 All-India Services Act ( 1951) 165 Ambedkar, B. R. 48 Amnesty International 199 Anandpur Sahib Resolution

(1973) 19-21 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 52 Andhra Pradesh

bicameralism in 155

372

BJP in 241-3 Congress Party in 266 demands for state autonomy

in 97 dismissal of state government

(1984) 89 Naxalites in 248 political parties in 250 state elections of 1989 268 Telegu Desam in 272, 280 violence in 190

Anjiah, T. 125 Annadurai, C. N. 18, 250-1 Appleby, Paul 179 Aquino, Corazon 116, 117 Argentina 209 Armed Forces Oammu and

Kashmir) Special Powers Act (1990) 51

Armed Forces Special Powers Act (1956) 199

army see military Ashoka, Emperor 38 Asia Watch 199 Asom Gana Parishad 235, 250,

255, 280 Assam

Asom Gana Parishad in 280 BJP in 241-3 Congress Party in 270 demands for state autonomy

in 97 dismissal of state

government 236 economy of 79 electoral behaviour in 281 and federalism 97 governor of 86

insurgency in 202, 267, 336, 350

law and order in 186 regional nationalism in 18-19,

95 violence in 267

Assam Rifles 184 Atlantic Charter ( 1941) 45 Attorney General of India 338 Austin, Granville 71 Austin, John !54 Australia 69-70, 73, 82, 87, 255,

280 Awami League (Bangladesh) 115 Ayodhya 16-18, 56, 85, 195, 202,

236, 239, 256 n2, 267, 272 Ayub Khan 206, 216 Ayyangar, Gopalaswami 179 Azad, (Maulana) Abu! Kalam 48 Azad, Bhagwat Jha 267

Babri Masjid 16-18, 56, 85, 195, 202,239-40,245,267,269,272

Babur, Emperor 16 Bagchi, Amiya Kumar 307, 319 Bagehot, Walter 117 Bahuguna, H. N. 124-5 Bahujan Samaj Party 245, 350 Bains, Justice Ajit Singh 198 Bajrang Dal 245 Banerjea, Surendranath 43 Bangladesh 18, 115, 207, 21 7 Bangladesh Nationalist Party 115 Bangladesh War ( 1971) 229, 243 Bano, Shakila 197 Baran, Paul 306 Bardhan, Pranab 319 Barnala, Surjit Singh 90 Basak, B. C. 57 Bayley, David H. 194 Beas river 20 Beg, Justice M. H. 62 Belgium 280 Bentinck, Lord 40 Berlin, Isaiah 339 Bhagwati, Jagdish 344 Bhan, Suraj 17 Bharatiya Jan Sangh see Jan

Sangh

Bharatiya J anata Party (BJP) 237-47

and Akali Dal 21 and Ayodhya 239

Index 373

and Babri Masjid 17, 239-40, 245, 269, 274

and China 239 communalism and 17, 284 and Congress Party 240, 245-7,

272-4, 284, 334, 336 corruption in 247 demonstration as political tactic

of 44 dismissal of state governments

( 1992) 85, 98-9, 348 economic policy of 239, 274 election of 1989 240; of

1991 85, 151,240-1, 270-l in Gujarat 270 in Himachal Pradesh 270 and Hindi 237 and Hindu nationalism 237-41,

244-5, 255 and index of opposition

unity 277 and Janata Dal 240 and Kashmir 94 loyalty towards 278 in Madhya Pradesh 270 and Mandai

recommendations 269 and military officers 214 and Muslims 239, 243 and National Front 235-6, 240,

268-9 as a national party 222, 240 and Pakistan 239 in Punjab 21 in Rajasthan 270 and Rao government 132 and secularism 237, 245, 348 state elections of 1991 85,

270-1, 274; of 1992 85; of 1993 245

successes explained 238-9 support base of 241-7, 271-2,

278, 287 in Tamil Nadu 251 in U.P. 270

374 Index

Bhara tiya J ana ta Party (cont.) vote share of 271 see also Jan Sangh

Bharatiya Kranti Dal 82, 252 Bhinder, J. S. 194-5 Bhindranwale, Sant Jarnail

Singh 2D-3 Bihar

bicameralism in 155 BJP in 241-3 blindings of prisoners in

Bhagalpur 192, 197 booth-capturing in 337 bureaucracy in 182 nl caste politics in 12 civil service of 167 coalition government in 227 Congress Party in 266-7 corruption in 1 77, 33 7 development of 337 dissidence in 336-7 economy of 79 elections in 260, 270 electoral behaviour in 281 family feuds in 274 female literacy in 34 and Hindutva movement 243 and lAS 175 Janata Dal in 90, 269, 271-2 andjharkhand movement 97,

267 law and order in 193 Lok Dal Party in 253 marriage market in 177 Naxalites in 248, 337 police of 187, 195 representation in union

parliament 147 sectarian violence in 190 social cleavages in 222 socialist parties in 254 sycophancy in 337 train travel in 2 Yadavs in 286-7

Bill of Rights (US) 49 BJP see Bharatiya J anata Party Black Cat Commandos 186 Bodin, Jean 153 Bodoland 267

Bofors arms scandal 111, 130, 179, 267-8

Bombay 191, 195 Borda rule 30 1 Border Security Force (BSF) 184,

199 Bose, (Netaji) SubhasChandra 212 Brass, Paul 21-3, 99, 330 Brazil 303 Bretton Woods conference 292 Britain 280 British Raj

civil service legacy of 165-6, 169-70

democratic tutelage during 66, 335-6

divide-and-rule policy 14 dyarchy during 42, 139 and economic development of

India 40, 306, 314, 317-18 Governor-General's

Council 138 legacies of 38-46, 156, 184,

327-8, 335, 343 Legislative Council 138 length of rule 6 military inheritance from 211 and parliamentary government in

India 114, 119, 156-8 and wealth drain 317-18 women in 31

Brunei 315 Buddhism 7 budget (1993-4) 323-4 bureaucracy 159-82

all-India services 165-70, 179 Central Administrative

Tribunal 164 central services 165 committed bureaucracy 174-5 concept of 159-61 conditions of service of 162 corruption in 172, 176-9 democratisation of 170 and development 169-70 efficiency of 181 elitism of 170, 173 and Emergency of 1975-7 174,

194

and federalism 167-9 goal displacement of 176 independence of 162-4 Indian Administrative Service

(lAS) 165-71, 176, 186-7, 193, 214, 218

Indian Audits and Account Service 165

Indian Civil Service (ICS) 43-4, 165--6, 173

Indian Customs and Excise Service 165

Indian Foreign Service (IFS) 165, 170, 186

Indian Forest Service 165 Indian Revenue Service 165 under Indira Gandhi 174-5 under Janata government 175 Lal Bahadur Shastri Academy of

Administration 166-7 and law and order 169 and nation-building 169,173 and parliament 163 and permit licence raj 172,

176-9 and political executive 162, 169,

17:J-6, 181 political neutrality of 161 problems of 169-73 public services 164-9 red tape in 160 reform of 179-80 Weberian ideal-type 159--60,

181 Whitehall model of 171 see also public service commissions;

Union Public Service Commission

Burma 45, 209 Butterfield, Fox 337

cabinet 119, 133-6 and budget 134 collective responsibility of 135 committees of 136 Council of Ministers 135 functions of 134, 136 government 113 under Indira Gandhi 123, 134

Index 375

of Janata government 134-5 and Lok Sabha 14 7 under Nehru 134 Political Affairs Committee

of 212 power and influence of 134 under Rajiv Gandhi 123 size of 133

Canada 69-70, 82, 87, 255, 280 castes 7-12

and constitution 49 jati 7-8, 293 more backward castes 11 National Commission for the

Backward Classes 11 other backward castes 11 and political parties 12, 293 and political partisanship 282 scheduled castes and tribes: and

the civil service 166, 170; and Congress Party 253, 270; and election of 1991 271; and Emergency of 1975-7 233, 244; politicisation of 258; and preferential policies 348; in Punjab 251; in U.P. 253

and varna system 7 violence and 350 and women 31

Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 125, 194

Central Industrial Security Force 184

Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 184, 191, 218

Chagla, M. C. 135 Chandigarh 20, 24, 27 Chanda, Ashok 71 Chandra1ekha 175 Chavan, Y. B. 107-8 Chenery, Hollis B. 296-7 Cherrapunji 4 Chhibber, Pradeep K. 283 Chile 209, 345 China 337

growth rate of 345 human development index

of 299, 301

376 Index

China (cont.) and Kashmir 94 as model of development 307 poverty eradication in 315 war with India (1962) 45, 122,

135, 201, 217 women in 30

Churchill, Winston 45 civil disobedience 42, 44 civil service see bureaucracy Cohen, Stephen P. 206, 216 colonialism, political consequences

of 41 Commonwealth of Nations 48, 63,

126 communist parties 247-50

and China 254 and class cleavages 254-5 and collapse of Soviet bloc 249 Communist Party of India

(CPI) 248-9 Communist Party of India

(Marxist) (CPI[M]) 248-9, 272, 278

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) 249

and Congress Party 248 distinctive features of in

India 247-8 economic policies of 248 and Emergency of 1975-7 248 foreign policies of 248 and Janata Party 248 in Kerala 248, 254 and nationalism 45, 254 and Naxalites 248 and Soviet Union 254 splits in 248 support base of 248 and Telengana uprising 70, 248 in Tripura 248 and voter stability 278 in West Bengal 81, 232, 248,

254, 266 Comptroller and Auditor General

(CAG) 268 confederation 68 Conference of Chief Ministers 76 Congo 44

Congress (I) 228 Congress Party 222-33

aggregative nature of 157, 282 All-India Congress Committee

(AICC) 113, 124, 224, 226, 228

and assassination of Rajiv Gandhi 122, 231

Avadi session of (1955) 309 Bhubaneshwar session of

(1964) 309 in Bihar 231 and BJP 240, 245-7, 272--4,

284, 334, 336 Block Congress Committees 224 candidate selection in 230 and centre-state relations 71 Central Election

Committee 124 centralisation and personalisation

of 82-3, 228-31, 283--4 and coalition-building 224, 226,

255 and communal electorates 26 I Congress Parliamentary

Board 124, 224 Congress system 226-7 Congress Working

Committee 124, 224, 226, 228

and Constituent Assembly 47, 334

defeat of in 1977 151, 233, 233, 244, 278; in 1989 151, 233

and defections from other parties 262

and democracy 97 democracy in 229-30 dissidence in state

governments 266 District Congress

Committees 224 election of 1936-7 223; of

1945 46; of 1967 124, 228, 281, 328; of 1971 283; of 1977 278; of 1980 244; of 1984 141; of 1989 107, 232, 266, 272, 278-9; of

1991 106, 151, 240-1, 268, 272

and electoral system 281 factionalism in 84, 224, 226,

231-3, 349 and federalism 82-6, 97, 232 under (Mahatma) Gandhi

333-4 and government-party

tension 230 as guardian of national

interest 328 ideology of 227 and impeachment of Justice

Ramaswami 59 at independence 45 before independence 127, 308 and independence

movement 70, 334 and index of opposition

unity 276-7 and Indian Civil Service 1 73 and Indira Gandhi 82, 84, 129 as integrating force 333, 348 and Janata government 107-8 Karachi session of ( 1931) 308 and Kashmir 92 of Kashmir 93 as mass party 333-5 and the multiplier 275 and Muslims 8, 233, 244, 253,

267, 270 as a national party 221 and nationalist movement 205,

254, 272, 283-4 as natural party of

government 142 under Nehru 226, 228 and Nehru-Gandhi dynasty 228 and non-Congress state

governments 89 one-party dominance of 223,

231, 328 opposition parties and debates

within Congress 152, 157, 223, 227, 231-2, 282

organisation 157, 223-6, 244 and parliament 148-51, 156 as party of consensus 223, 283

Index 377

as party of government 223, 347 as party of patronage 223-4, 228 personality cult of 238 and planning 308 and political recruitment 205 Pradesh Congress Committees

(PCCs) 224, 226 and Punjab 23 in Rajasthan 226 under Rajiv Gandhi 230 regionalism as opposition to 227 and Samajvadi J anata

Party 272 and Sanjay Gandhi 231 and scheduled castes 244, 251,

270 and Sikhs 21, 251 and the splinter 275 splits in 104, 106, Ill, 124,

228-30 successes of 223 support base of 226, 232-3, 241,

244, 271, 283 in Tamil Nadu 250-1, 271 of Tripura 216 in U.P. 231 and vote banks 229 vote share of 268, 271 voting system in party 226 of West Bengal 63, 81 Youth Congress 230

Congress (S) 235 Constituent Assembly 46-7, 87,

102,114 Constitution of India

abolition of untouchability in 50 amendment of 59-60, 63 basic principles of 48 basic structure of 60, 62,

115-16, 148, 152-4, 328-9, 348

meaning of concept of constitution 37-8

Preamble of 48 and public services 162-4 as repository of sovereignty 155 and state of India 334 structure of 46-51 and suffrage 261

378 Index

constitutionalism 3 7-8 Continental Aviation 172 Council of States see Rajya Sabha courts see high courts; judiciary;

Supreme Court Criminal Investigation Department

(CID) 125 Criminal Procedure Code

(CrPC) 191 Cuba 30, 307

Dahagram-Angrapota enclave 244

dalits 350 Dalrymple, William 337 Daman and Diu 70, 201 Dasgupta, Partha 299-30 I, 331 Datta-Ray, Sunanda 94 defections 114, 262-3

anti-defection law 107, 263 Defence oflndia Rules (DIR) 51 Delhi Declaration ( 1986) 126 democracy

and alternation of governments 261, 268

in Britain 335 and British colonialism 335 and capitalism 331, 350 and civic culture 347, 350 concept of 326 conditions of 341-2, 349-50 and dissidence 336-7 and economic growth 339, 350 and federalism 96-7 in India 268, 334-7; challenges

to 346-51; shortcomings of 350

infrastructure of 341 in Italy 347 and legitimacy 351 and liberalism 326-9, 338-40 market democracy 342-6 and Nehru 157 pluralist 339 and rule of law 335 social correlates of 330-1 and sycophancy 336 tensions in 96 theories of 335

demographic characteristics of India 5

Desai, Morarji assessment of 129-30 and Charan Singh 122, 253 and civil service reform 179 family of 148 and Indira Gandhi 124, 129 in J anata government 234--5 as prime minister 127 J agjivan Ram and 122 resignation as prime

minister 107-8 and Shastri 129

Desai, Justice P. D. 65 development

and acculturation thesis 293 and authority of state 295 as basic needs satisfaction 298,

300 and capitalism 301-7, 319, 332 colonialism and 308 and conflictual modernisation

theories 295-6 counter-revolution in theory

of 321 criteria of 293 and democracy 294 dependent 29, 301-8, 332-3 developing country

syndrome 289 and dichotomisation 293-4, 302 and distributive justice 297 of East Asia 304, 342-5 as economic growth 290-2, 296,

301 and environment 301, 345 and equifinality 290 and equity 28, 296--7 and ethnonationalism 295, 347 flaws in indicators of 299-301 and foreign aid 291-2 and the governed market 343 as human development index

(HDI) 298-301 and human rights 299-300 indices of 296-301 and industrial policy 342-3 and inequality 296-7

licence-raj model of 344 and Marxism 291 meaning of 289-90, 308 and melting pot modernisation

theories 295 modernisation theories and 285,

292-6, 302, 319, 330-1 modernity and 45, 294 and multifinality 290 neoclassical consensus on 320,

322, 342-3 neoimperialism and 308 and order 295 paradox of modernisation 295 and Parsonian pattern

variables 293 as physical quality of life index

(PQLI) 297-300 political 294 and poverty 296-7, 308, 332 as redistributive growth 296-7,

298 and revolution 307 socialist model of 307 and state 329 tradition and 289, 292-4 and underdevelopment 293,

301-8, 332-3 violence and 295 Westernisation and 293 see also planned economic

development Devi, Bhanwari 44 Devi, Maharani Gayatri 274 dharma 7, 13 Dharia, Mohan 135 Dhebar, U.N. 124 Dicey, A. V. !54 Directive Principles of State

Policy 49-51, 63, !52, 309, 328

Directorate of Revenue Intelligence 125

Diu see Daman and Diu Doordarshan 260 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

(DMK) 18, 89-90, 227, 235, 250-1, 280, 287

see also All-India Anna DMK

dual polity 327 Dumont, Louis 7 Dyer, R. E. H. 45

East Asia 321

Index 379

East Pakistan 243 East-West Airways 172 East India Company 39-40, 322 Economist, The 320 Eldersveld, Samuel ]. 284 Election Commissioner see Chief

Election Commissioner elections 257-88

booth-capturing 260, 337 Chief Election

Commissioner 73, 142, 258, 260

deviating election 287 distinctive features of in

India 257-63 election campaign 261-2 Election Commission 63, 75,

142, 221-2, 258 election machinery 258 electoral behaviour 279-84 electoral and voting

system 141-2, 222, 256, 277, 281; single transferable vote (STV) 102, 256 nl

electorate size 25 7 of 1936-7 222-3; of 1952 258,

260, 261; of 1967 106, Ill, 227; of 1971 152, 228, 229, 262; of 1977 148, 262; of 1980 108, 264-6; of 1984 130, 141, 230, 266; of 1989 107, 232, 235, 257, 261, 266-9, 278; of 1991 37, 151, 156, 237, 257-61, 27o-1

empirical studies of 279-84 exchange theory of voting

and 286-7 explaining electoral shifts

in 275-9 as family affairs 274 issues in 262 liberation theory of voting

and 284-6

380 Index

elections (cont.) and the multiplier 275 normal election 287 normative issues

regarding 284-7 realigning election 287 retrospective voting and 288 slogans during 262 and the splinter 27 5 and symbols 261-2 theoretical questions

regarding 274-87 violence in 260 voter stability and volatility

m 278, 282, 288 voting turnout and trends 141,

284 and 'waves' 278

Embree, Ainslie 13 emergency 59, 74, 80-1, 87, 112,

199 Emergency of 1975-7

and Allahabad High Court verdict 63

bureaucracy during 174, 194 censorship during 7 centralisation of government

during 174 constitutional amendments

during 152-3 constitutionality of 55 control of parliament

during 123 and democracy 337-42 extension of parliament's term

during 143 imposition of 106 Indira Gandhi and 106, 112,

194 and judiciary, control over 57,

61-3 and Muslims 233 police during 194 and privatisation of state

institutions 349 and RAW 125 and scheduled castes and

tribes 233 Supreme Court during 61-3

encapsulation thesis 13 Ershad, Hossain Mohammad 115 Essential Services Maintenance Act

( 1981) 199 ethnonationalism 333

federalism 68-100 Australian 69-70, 73, 82, 87 bargaining and cooperative

federalism 81-2, 84-5, 96-9, 232

and bureaucracy' 75, 167-9 Canadian 69-70, 82, 87 and centralisation 89, 96 Concurrent List 69 in constitution 48 and constitutional

amendment 75 and democracy 96-7 and emergency 74, 80-1, 87 federalising trends 99 financial relations between centre

and states 76-81, 84, 99, 310

and grants-in-aid 79 and ill health, cause of 98 India's 71-6 and judicial system 52, 75 and Kashmir 91-6 nature of 71-2 paradox of 97 origins of in India 68-71 and party politics 81-6 and planning process 310 and presidential

government 116 and regional imbalance 79-80 residuary powers 70 Sarkaria Commission on

Centre-State Relations 84, 91

State List 69, 73 tensions in 96 and three-language formula 98 Union List 69, 93 us 69-75, 87 see also governor; high courts;

President's Rule federation 68

Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) 172

feminism 31 Fiji 204, 261 Finance Commission 78-80, 84, 96 Finland 280 Flaubert, Gustave 329 Food and Agriculture

Ministry 1 71 Forbes, J. 41 Frankel, Francine R. 340 Fundamental Rights 49

constitutional amendments of 75, 152

to constitutional remedy 59 and Directive Principles of State

Policy 50-1, 63, 152 enforceability of 54-5, 62 and liberal democracy 328 to property 50, 328

Furnivall, J. S. 333

Gandhi, Mrs Indira 267 abolition of privy purses offormer

princes by 152 accord with Sheikh Abdullah

(1975) 93 and appointment of Chief Justice

of India 62, 329 as arbiter of intra-party

disputes 124-5 arrest of ( 19 77) 264 assassination of ( 1984) 24, II 0,

130, 184, 190, 216, 264, 266 assessment of 128-9 authoritarian tendencies of 341 and Bangladesh 229, 244 and Bhindranwale 22, 23 and bureaucracy 125, 174-5 and cabinet 123 campaign portraits of 267 and centralisation of government

and party 82, 84, 174, 228, 231, 252, 283-4, 348-9

charisma of 127, 265 and Congress Party bosses Ill,

123, 228 as Congress president 124

Index 381

constituency of 122 defeat of in 1977 124, 151, 215,

233, 278, 341-2 devaluation of rupee (1966) 124 and dismissal of state

governments 88 election as Prime Minister

(1966) 105, 119 nl, 124, 227

election of 1971 229, 278; of 1980 253

and electoral corruption 63 and Emergency of 1975-7 57,

62, 106, 123, 125, 194, 233, 234, 341, 349

and federalism 82 foreign policy of 126 and J ana ta government I 0 7,

130, 235, 264 as Member of Rajya Sabha 122 and National Conference

Party 93 nationalisation of banks by 152 and police 194-5 policy drift of 229 and president II 0, 121 and President's Rule 83, 229 as prime minister-in-

waiting 269 and Punjab 19-20, 23, 251-2 and Rajya Sabha 148-9 return as prime minister

(1980) 108, 125, 151, 194, 262, 264, 278, 341

and Sarkaria Commission 84 and split of Congress Party Ill,

229-30 succession after death of II 0 support from left parties 124 as symbol of Indian

womanhood 30 Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma) 7,

44, 45, 190, 237, 293, 333-4 Gandhi, Priyanka 122 Gandhi, Rajiv

and accord on Assam (1985) 130, 230

and accord with Longowal (1985) 24, 130

382 Index

Gandhi, Rajiv (cont.) and accord with Sri Lanka

(1987) 130 and anti-defection law 263 and anti-Sikh violence after

Indira Gandhi's assassination 130

appointment as prime minister (1984) 110,264

assassination of (1991) 122, 127, 131-2, 231' 240, 264, 270

assessment of 130 and Babri Masjid 267 and Bofors scandal 111, 130,

179, 230, 267-8 and the bureaucracy 175 and cabinet 123 and centralisation 230-1, 283-4 and challenges to state 238-9,

267 and Chandra Shekhar

government 89-90, 236, 269

charisma of 127 and chief ministers and Congress Party

272 constituency of 122

125 124, 230,

defeat of in 1989 107, 151, 231, 264, 268

economic policy of 230, 238 and election of 1984 130, 141,

230, 266, 278, 279 entry into politics 266 and federalism 82 foreign policy of 126 and judiciary 58 and Kashmir 94 and middle class 238 as opposition leader 269 and president 110-11 as prime minister-in-

waiting 151 and Punjab 23-4, 90, 230 and sectarian violence 267

Gandhi, Sanjay 22, 130, 194, 264--6

Gandhi, Sonia 122, 132, 231 Germany 280

Ghosh, Atulya 124 Gill, K. P. S. 26 Giri, V. V. 103, Ill Goa 201 Golden Temple (Amritsar) 19-24,

190, 207 Gorbachev, Mikhail S. 126, 249 Gorwala, A. D. 179 Government of India Act

(1935) 14, 42, 46, 69, 139, 223, 261

governors of states 86-91, 162 Govindacharya, K. N. 246 green revolution 189 group rights 70 Gujarat 190, 198, 240, 266-7, 270 GulfWar (1991) 236

Haiti 303 Haryana 20, 24, 76, 226, 251, 253,

262, 270 Helliwell, John F. 331 high court(s) 51-4

of Allahabad 63, 66 appointment of judges of 51-2,

57, 84 ofBombay 54 of Calcutta 52, 54 ofDelhi 54 of Guwahati 58 of Himachal Pradesh 54 independence of 52, 57 of Jammu and Kashmir 54 of Madras 54, 58 ofPatna 54, 57-8 of Punjab and Haryana 52 ofSikkim 52 transfer of judges 52, 57-8 ofU.P. 52 see also judiciary; Supreme Court

Himachal Pradesh 85, 99, 147, 239, 240, 245, 270

Himalayas 4-5 Hindi language 98, 143, 167 Hindu Mahasabha 237, 244--5 Hinduism

authority structure of 237 caste system in 7-8, 329 and community rights 329

and cultural identity 294 and dharma 7 Hindu-Muslim relations 45,

336 Hindutva movement 238, 243,

245, 348 militancy of 214 and secularism 13 and state 221 tolerance and 245 and truthful conduct 7

Hobbes, Thomas 154 Holmes, Sherlock 203 Hong Kong 29, 315, 345 Huntington, Samuel P. 209,

294-5 Hussain, Zakir 104, Ill

imperialism, economic consequences of 40

independence, war of (1857) 39 independence struggle 42, 44, 142 Index of Opposition Unity

(IOU) 275-7 India Act (1919) 69 India Today 263, 275, 277, 278 Indian Airlines 172 Indian Civil Service Act (1861) 43 Indian Councils Act (1861) 138 Indian Councils Bill ( 1909) 39 Indian National Congress see

Congress Party Indian Postal (Amendment)

Bill 109-10 Indonesia 205 Indus Valley civilisation 5 Industries Development and

Regulation Act ( 1951) 176, 309

Inter-Governmental Council 84 International Monetary Fund

(IMF) 292 Iraq 202 Ireland 280 Irrigation and Power Ministry 171 Islam 13, 329

see also Muslims Italy 280, 347 Iyer, Justice V. R. Krishna 66

Index 383

Jackman, Robert W. 331 J agmohan 93--4 Jakhar, Balaram 110 J allianwalla Bagh massacre

(1919) 45 Jammu 92 Jammu and Kashmir see Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety

Act (1978) 51 Jan Morcha 235 Jan Sangh 21, 237-9, 253

see also Bharatiya J anata Party Janata Dal Party

and caste cleavages 8, 254, 272 and election of 1991 237, 246,

270 formation of 235, 268 and index of opposition

unity 277 in Karnataka 268 and Muslims 245-6, 271-2 and National Front 235-6 regional concentration of 272 split in 272

Janata government (1977-9) 83 and bureaucracy 126, 175 cabinet of 135 collapse of (1979) 107-8, 135,

151, 264-5 factionalism in 234-5 formation of 234 and Indira and Sanjay

Gandhi 264 and Jan Sangh 239 and police 195-6 and Rajya Sabha 148 and RAW 125 support base of 234-5

Janata Party 235, 239, 253, 265, 268

Japan 232, 304, 345 Jatiya Party (Bangladesh) 115 Jayalalitha 175 Jet Airways 172 Jha,D.N. 17 Jha, Prem Shankar 133 Jharkhand 97 267 Jharkhand Morcha 255 Jhelum valley 92

384 Index

Joshi, B.C. 215 judiciary 51-66

case load of 65-6 and enforcement of fundamental

rights 54 impeachment of judges 59 independence of 56-9 and parliamentary

sovereignty 59-63 problems 65-6 state judiciary 51-4 see also high court(s); Supreme

Court

Kairon, Pratap Singh 20 Kamaraj Nadar 124, 227 Kamath, H. V. 171 Karnataka

affirmative action policies in 10 assembly dissolution ( 1989) 99 bicameralism in 155 BJP in 240-3 Congress Party in 266 Janata Da1 Party in 268 police of 186 river water allocation to 21, 76 state elections of 1989 268

Kashmir 91-7 army involvement in 94, 202 and Article 370 of

Constitution 92, 94 bicameralism in 155 and BJP 94 and Congress Party 92 constitution of 73 93 domestic unrest in 92 and ethnonationalism 333 geopolitical location of 94 India-Pakistani conflict over 46 insurgency in 202, 336, 350 law and order in 186 Pandits of 94-5 Panun Kashmir 94 Rao government's policy on 133 social cleavages in 222 state autonomy and secessionist

movements in 19 state rights of 93-4 state violence in 199

violence in 190, 267 wars over 92, 212

Kenya 306 Kerala

BJPin 241-3 coalition government in 227 communist parties in 222, 248,

254, 272 Congress Party in 244, 270 dismissal of state government

of 112 electoral behaviour in 282 female literacy in 28 political partisanship in 235 President's Rule in 83, 88 sectarian violence in 190

Khalistan 19-23 Khanna, Justice H. R. 62, 65 Kipling, Rudyard I Kochanek, Stanley A. 223 Kohli, Atul 286, 295, 340 Kothari, Rajni 223 Krishnamachari, T. T. 51, 179 'Kissa Kursi Ka' case 194 Kuchlibari enclave 244 Kuwait 202

Ladakh 92, 94 Lahiri, Ashok 275 La!, Bhajan 262 La!, Deepak 318-19 La!, Devi 236, 262 La!, Ram 89 Lall, Sanjaya 303-4 laws and mores 63-5 Lawson, Stephanie 261 Left Front 235-6, 249, 270 legitimacy 116-17, 122, 196, 207,

326, 351 Leys, Colin 307 liberalism 49-51 Lincoln, Abraham 112 Lipset, Seymour Martin 280, 331 Lok Dal 226, 252-3, 262, 265,

268 Lok Sabha 139-47

and cabinet 14 7 committees of 149 democratisation of 142-3

dissolution of in 1979 108; in 1991 109, 269

estimates committee of 150 legislative process of 143-4 and president 144 question hour in 144 quorum of 144 and.Rajya Sabha 74, 144 select committees of 143-4 social composition of 142 speakerof 107,110,144,150,

263 term of 143 and vote of confidence 107-8,

117-18, 143, 236, 269,271 see also parliament; Rajya Sabha

Lyon, Peter 327

Macaulay, Lord 41 McAulay, Peter 183 Madhya Pradesh

BJP /]an Sangh in 85, 239, 240, 245, 270

electoral behaviour in 281 family feuds in 274 and Jharkhand movement 97,

267 party system in 99

Mahalanobis, P. C. 313, 316 Maharashtra 79, 155, 167, 190,

196, 282 Mahboub ul Haq 298 Maintenance of Internal Security

Act (MISA) 51, 62 Maitra, Priyatosh 315 Malaysia 315 Maldives 201 Mandai, B. P. 8 Mandai Commission Report 8-11,

269 Manipur 263 Manor, James 241 Mansingh, Surjit 13 market polity 327 Marshall Plan 344 Marx, Karl 307 Masani, Minoa 71 Meghalaya 86, 99 Mehta, Ashok 123

Mehta, Harshad 179 Menon, N.C. 263

Index 385

Menon, V. K. Krishna 122, 135-6, 217

Mexico 29 middle class 40-1, 238, 246 military 198-219

Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) 200

Armored Corps School 200 Artillery School 200 assistance to civil

authorities 206-7, 214-18

Chiefs ofStaffCommittee 212 civil-military relations 211-14,

218 College of Combat 200 College of Defence

Management 200 College of Military Engineering

(CME) 200 coups by 202-11 after military rule 210-11;

background conditions 205-7; causes and motives 207-8; organisational characteristics 203-5; record of military rule 208-10

Defence Management Course 200

Defence Minister's Committee 212

Defence Security Corps 184 Defence Services Staff

College 200 expenditure 201 and Golden Temple assault 207,

215 High Altitude Warfare

School 200 Indian Military Academy

(IMA) 200 Indian National Army 212 Indian Peacekeeping Force

(IPKF) in Sri Lanka 201 and Indira Gandhi 215

386 Index

military (cont.) Indo-Tibetan Border

Police 184 Infantry School 200 intervention prospects in

India 214-18 'Mandalisation' of Indian

Army 216 Military College of Electrical and

Mechanical Engineering 200

Military College of Telecommunications Engineering 200

and modernisation 210 National Defence Academy

(NDA) 200 National Defence College 201 National Security Guards 184 nonpolitical nature of 207 Officers Training Academy 200 of Pakistan 206-7, 211, 216-18 of Philippines 211 political control of 136, 206 politicisation of 202, 218-19 Rashtriya (National)

Rifles 199 Services Selection Board 200 and Sikh mutiny (1984) 207 tasks of 201-2 Young Officers Course 200 and war with China 135

ministerial responsibility 42, 117, 135-6

Ministry of Home Affairs 163 Ministry of Personnel 175 Minorities Commission II Mitra, Subrata Kumar 348-50 Modiluft 1 72 Mohan, Brij 262 Mongolia 320 Monopolies and Trade Practices Act

(MRTP) 176 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

(1919) 42, 138, 261 Moore, Barrington 333, 350 Morley, Lord 39, 138 Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) 42,

46, 138

Morris, Morris D. 297-8 Morris-Jones, W. H. 64 Mountjoy, Alan B. 289 Mughals 6, 39, 306 Mukherjee, Pranab 110 Mukherjee, Justice Sabyasachi 63 Muslim League 92, 237 Muslims

and Babri Masjid 267 and Congress Party 8, 233, 244,

253, 267, 270 demands for separate

electorates 39 dilemma of in India 14 and election of 1991 271-2 and Emergency of 1975-7 233,

244 and Hindus 45, 202, 284, 336 and Pakistan 14 and police 191 rule of 14 in U.P. 253

mutiny see independence, war of (1857)

Myrdal, Gunnar 322

Nadar, Kamaraj see Kamaraj Nadar

Nagaland 91 Nanda, Gulzarilal 105 N a rain La! a J agat 22 Narasimha Rao, P. V.

and Arjun Singh 267 and Assam 133 assessment of 131-3, 136 nl and Ayodhya controversy 133 and Congress Party 246-7 consensus skills of 271 corruption charges against 179 economic reforms under 180,

247 election as party president

(1992) 132 election as prime minister

(1991) 106-7, 231 and foreign policy 133, 231 and Kashmir 133 and Maharashtra 133 and Nehru's legacy 231

power base of 132 and President's Rule 85 and Punjab 133 Rao government ( 1991-) II,

132-3, 172, 180, 271, 320-4, 345

at World Economic Forum 99 Narayan, Hemendra 336 Namyan, Jayaprakash 135 Narayanan, Kocheril Raman 103 Narmada dam project 44 Nasrin 197-8 N a tiona! Conference 250 National Development Council 76,

310 National Federation of Indian

Women 197 National Front 132, 268 National Front government

(1989-90) collapse of 89, 131, 240, 269 and dismissal of state

governments 91 formation of 235-6, 268 performance of 127 support base of 234 vote of no confidence in 143

National Human Rights Commission 199

National Integration Council 85, 98

National Security Act (1980) 51, 199

nationalist movement 31, 205 natural rights, doctrine of 49 Naxalites 189 Nayar, Kuldip 133, 193 Nehru, Arun 18 Nehru, B. K. 50 Nehru, Jawaharlal

assessment of 127-8 cabinet under 134--6 campaign portraits of 267 charisma of 12 7 and China war 122 and Congress Party 113, 123,

223, 226, 228 as Congress president 124 in Constituent Assembly 48

Index 387

and constitutional development 82

death of (1964) 104, 128, 227 and democracy 157 and dismissal of Kerala

government 88 economic policy of 323 and federalism 82 foreign policy of 126 on independence of India 39 and Indian Civil Service 173 and interventionsim 348 leadership attributes of 127 legacy of 231 liberalism of 206 model of conflict resolution 19,

22-3 in nationalist movement 205 and opposition parties 152 parliament and 113 and Patel 127, 134 and planning 308, 313 and president 110 and President's Rule 83 and Punjab 20 and secularism 245 and socialism 323 and Soviet Union 48 and United States 48

Netherlands 280 Neubauer, Deane 331 New International Economic Order

(NIEO) 292, 302 Nijalingappa, S. 124 nonalignment 207 Noorani, A. G. 85, 98 Norway 280 Nuremberg dilemma 194

official languages 98 see also Hindi language

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 304

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 304

Orissa 97, 186, 227, 241, 253, 267, 281

388 Index

Oxfam

Pakistan border problems with

India 243-4 creation of 46, 48 dispute over Kashmir 92, 94,

199 human development index

of 301 India's foreign relations with 70 and India's Muslims 14 and India's security 215 military of 206-7, 211, 216-18 religious nationalism of 92 support for Kashmiri

terrorists 95 support for Sikh terrorists 26 wars with India 18, 20, 92, 128,

201 Palkhivala, Nani 98 Palma, Gabriel 305 Palmer, Monte 209 paramilitary forces 184, 186, 218 Paranjape, H. K. 76 Parkinson's law 160 parliament 133-58

and amendment of constitution 145

authority of 155 and cabinet 154 committees of 149-51 Congress Party dominance

in 148-51, 156 debate in 42 joint parliamentary

committee 150-1 language of 143 legislative process of 143-4 money bills in 144 opposition in 151-2 ordinary bills in 144 oversight of bureaucracy by 163 powers of 145 private member's bill in 144 public accounts committee

of 150 sovereignty of 59-63, 152-5 state legislatures 155-6

transplant of from the British 156-8

see also Lok Sabha; Rajya Sabha partition oflndia 14, 46, 70 party systems 99, 221

dealignment of 288 Lipset-Rokkan model of 221,

234 and nationalist struggle 254 one-party-dominant 99, 145,

157, 223, 231-2, 272 social cleavage theory of 282-3 and social cleavages 121-2,

232-3, 254-5, 279-80, 287, 294, 336

two-party 255, 274-7, 336 see also names of specific parties;

political parties Patel, H. M. 206 Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai 48, 123,

127, 134, 206 Pathak, G. S. 123 Patil, S. K. 124 Pawar, Sharad 99, 271 Peter principle 160 Petrocik, John R. 283 Philippines 116, 211 physical features of India 4 planned economic development

annual objectives 80 and basic needs 314 characteristics of 3 10-12 and civil service reform I 79 and command capitalism/

economy 313,317,320 and Congress Party

ideology 308-9 contradictions in 31 7, 3 21-2 dichotomies in 313 explaining failures of 317-24;

anti-market 320; colonialism 31 7-18; defective machinery and faulty implementation 318; exceptional circumstances 31 7; faulty conception 318-19; political economy 319-20

and federalism 310

foreign aid and 3 12 formula 310 goals of 313 and heavy industrialisation 343 Hindu equilibrium and 319 and import-substitution 322 and industrial policy 309, 313 and interventionism 321, 344 limits of 320 and the market 344 in Mongolia 320 obstacles to 318 Planning Commission 76, 80,

84, 98, 171, 309-10, 318 and poverty 314-1 7 procedure 310-12 and regional balance 80, 3 I 2 results of 314-I 6 and socialistic pattern of

society 309 Soviet model 313, 320

pluralism 330 police 183-98

corruption in 187, 193, 218 and crime fighting 191-2 and Emergency of 1975-7 194 First Information Report

(FIR) 191 human rights abuses by 186,

192 image of 183 Indian Police Service (IPS) 165,

186-7, 193-6, 218 and law and order 187-91; and

industrial disputes 189-90; organised urban protest 188; revolutionary violence 189; sectarian violence 190; spontaneous outbreaks of violence 188

as law breakers 197-8 militancy of 196-7 National Police

Commission 195-6 politicisation of 192, 196 riots by 195 Sardar Vallabbhai Patel National

Police Academy 187 state police 186

Index 389

Police Act (1861) 184, 198 political culture 4, 145 political parties 220-2

in Bihar 222 and castes 12, 221 class-based parties 247-50 loyalties towards 280 in Maharashtra 222 and political market 339 regional parties 250-3, 285 in U.P. 222 see also names of specific parties;

party system political partisanship 21, 279

social class and 280-1 Popper, Karl 351 postal service 165 Praja Socialist Party (PSP) 227 Prasad, Rajendra 48, 101-2, 104,

106, 110 president

and appointment of prime minister 104-6

authorityof 106 114-15 as commander-in-chief 206, 218 controversies surrounding

presidents 105-12, 119 discretionary powers of 109, 119 and dismissal of state

governments 88 election of 101-4 and Election Commission 258 electoral college l 02 emergency powers of 111-14 and judiciary 51 and legislative process 144 ordinances of I 05 powers of 104-5 and prime minister and

cabinet 88, 10 I, I 05, 1 I 0, 119,121

and Rajya Sabha 103, 105, 147

and state rights 84 as symbol of nation 101 veto power of 105 vice-president I 03, 14 7 see also names of specific presidents

presidential government 113-18

390 Index

President's Rule 22-5, 83, 85, 88-91, 229

pressure groups 253-4 Preventive Detention Act 51 preventive detention rules 50-1 prime minister 119

authority of 122 and bureaucracy 125-6 and foreign policy 126 as head of government 123 and intelligence agencies 125 as party leader 123 power of 122 patronage of 107, I 34 prime minister's secretariat 134 relationship to Lok Sabha 122 see also names rif specific prime

ministers privy purses of princes 82 public service commissions 161-4,

187 see also bureaucracy; Union

Public Service Commission Punjab 18-27

coalition government in 227 Congress Party in 244 creation of 20 demands for state autonomy

in 95, 97 dismissal of state government

(1987) 90 elections of 1992 26; of

1993 26 electoral behaviour in 282 and federalism 97 and Haryana 20, 24, 76 insurgency in 336, 350 law and order in 186 Operation Bluestar (1984) 23,

215-16 police of 191, 197 political parties in 251-2 political partisanship in 226,

279 and the political process 21-7 President's Rule in 22-5, 83,

90 religion and politics in 92 reorganisation of 252

state violence in 199 terrorism in 190

Punjab Human Rights Organisation 198

Punjabi Suba 20, 27 purchasing power parity

(PPP) 298-9, 301 Putnam, Robert 347

Quit India movement 254

Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli 102-5, 119 nl

Rajagopalachari, C. 251 Rajasthan

and BJP/Jan Sangh in 85, 239, 240, 245, 270

Congress Party in 226, 266 family feuds in 274 Haryana's interest in 20 Lok Dal Party in 253 party system in 99 police of 198 river water allocation in 20 women in 44

Rajya Sabha 147-9 and all-India services 165 and amendment of

constitution 149 chairman of 147, 263 election of members 148 elections of 1978 148 justification for 14 7-8 and Lok Sabha 148 powers of 148 and presidential election 148 and state rights 73-4, 148-9 term of 147 see also Lok Sabha; parliament

Ram, Jagjivan 108-9, 122, 234-5, 253, 262

Ram, Kanshi 245 Ram J anambhoomi 16

see also Babri Masjid Ram Rajya Parishad 237 Rama Rao, N. T. 89, 268 Ramaswami, Justice V. 59 Rao, Bhaskara 89 Rao, K. Subba 104

Rao, P. V. Narasimha see Narasimha Rao, P. V.

Rao, N. T. Rama see Rama Rao, N.T.

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) 237-9, 244

see also Bharatiya Janata Party Rath Yatra 239 Ravi river 20 Ray, Justice A. N. 62 Reddy, Gopala 88-9 Reddy, Neelam Sanjiva 107-9,

Ill, 158 regionalism in Hindi belt 252-3 religion and politics 92 Research and Analysis Wing

(RAW) 125 responsible government 134-5,

138-9, 162 Rodrigues, S. F. 215 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 45 Rose, Richard 280 Rostow, W. W. 290-1, 293 Roy, Prannoy 270, 275 Roy, Ramashray 260-1 rule oflaw 49, 335, 341

Saleem, Mohammed Yusuf 90 Samajvadi Janata Party 237, 270,

272 Samajvadi Party 245 Sangh Parivar 245 Sanskritisation 45 Sarkaria, R. S. 84 sarva dharma samabhav 15 sati 15 Saudi Arabia 299 Sayeed, Mufti Mohhamad 91 Scindia, Madhavrao 274 Scindia, Vasundhara 274 Scindia, (Rajmata) Vijaye

Raje 274 secularism 1~18, 48, 237, 295 Seervai, H. M. 62 Sellers, Peter I Sen, Amartya 28 Sen, Sankar 192 Seshan, T. N. 260 Shabir 197-8

Index 391

Shah Commission of Inquiry 194 Shahabuddin, Syed 17 Shahi Imam ofjama Masjid 267 Shankaranand B. 150 Sharma, R. S. 17 Sharma, Shankar Dayal 37 Shastri, La! Bahadur 83, 124,

127-8, 134, 227 Shekhar, Chandra

and Assam 131 assessment of 131 and Ayodhya controversy 131 and Bihar's Janata Dal

government 90 and dismissal of state

governments 236 and election of 1991 23 7 and Kashmir 131 and National Front

government 89, 236, 269 as prime minister 89-90, 109,

115, 118, 236 and Punjab 131 and Rajiv Gandhi 89-90, 236,

269 resignation of 269 and V. P. Singh 268

Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) 22

Shiv Sena 255 Shukla, Ram Pratap 178 Shukla, Shiv Pratap 1 78 Sikhs

and Akali Dal 21, 251-2 All-India Sikh Students

Federation 21 anti-Sikh violence after Indira

Gandhi's assassination 24, 130

in army 205 and Congress Party 21 and CRPF 191 demands of 20 and ethnonationalism 333 Jat Sikhs 19, 21-2 Keshadharis 22 Sant Nirankaris 22

Singapore 315, 345 Singh, Amar Kumar 336

392 Index

Singh, Amrik 21, 23 Singh, Arjun 267 Singh, Beant 26 Singh, Bhawani 274 Singh, Charan

assessment of 130 as Bharatiya Kranti Dal

leader 252 as Chief Minister of U .P. 88-9 and Congress Party 252 and Desai 107, 122 and Indira Gandhi 82, 107 in Janata government 107-8,

234-5, 253 as Lok Dal leader 252 as prime minister 108 support base of 252

Singh, Darbara 22 Singh, (Sant) Fateh 20 Singh, Khushwant 24 Singh, La! 262-3 Singh, Manmohan 151, 180, 271,

322--4 Singh, M.P. 118 Singh, (Master) Tara 20 Singh, V.P.

assessment of 130-1 and Chandra Shekhar 268 and Congress state

governments 91 defeat as prime minister

(1990) 109, 118, 143 and election of 1989 107; of

1991 237 and Janata Dal 235 and Mandai

recommendations 8-9, 131, 236, 269

and Muslims 131, 236 as prime minister 127, 236;

resignation 143, 236 in Rajiv Gandhi cabinet 235,

268 and wealth line 319

Singh, (Giani) Zail 22, 104, 109-11 Sinha, S. K. 115, 216---7 Sinha, Satya Narain 267, 274 Smith, M.G. 333 Smith, Tony 306

social characteristics of India 5 socialism 49-51, 307, 309, 323 South Korea 29, 315, 345 sovereignty 60-1, 153

see also parliament, sovereignty of Soviet Union

collapse of 132, 231, 323 Communist Party of the Soviet

Union (CPSU) 249 and constitutionalism 38 coup attempt in 249 military assistance to

India 207 Nehru's assessment of 48 planning model of 313, 320,

333, 345 and Rajiv Gandhi's visit 110

Sowell, Thomas 12 Spear, Percival 40 Sri Lanka 28, 130, 201, 299 Srivastava, K. N. 58 state

authority of 153, 295 bourgeois model 327 capitalist 327 and centralisation 348 challenges to 295 and civil society 328, 336 colonial 173, 343--4, 349-50 communist model 327 concept of 326 crisis of 346---7 and development 329, 344 in East Asia 321, 342 and Emergency of

1975-7 337--42 European 328 Gandhian 48 and globalisation 347-8 and group conflicts 350 ideology of 329 in India 347-51 institutions of 350 integrative role of 336, 348 interventionist 255, 285, 313,

323, 342-5, 348 and judiciary 328 liberal-democratic 326-9, 336,

338--40

and market 342-6, 348 in Marxism 329, 331-3 modern 181 in modernisation theory 294--5 nationalism 327 and neointerventionism 345-6 and plural society 333-4, 336 in pluralist democracy 336-1 post-colonial 306, 327, 333 post-military 210 power of 306 privatisation of 34 7 349 and regionalism 34 7 rentier 176-9, 343-5 secular 335, 348 socialist 342, 346-8 and society 326, 329-34 sovereignty of 347 Soviet 347 state-building 329, 34 7 statehood 327 symbols of 329-30, 334 welfare 346

states centre-state relations see

federalism civil service 164, 167-9 elections of 1969 252, 260; of

1972 229; of 1993 245, 260

legislative councils 155-6 legislatures 155-6 princely states 69 reorganisation based on

language 71, 73, 97 rights of 70-1, 94 see also federalism; governor; high

court(s); names of specific states

States Reorganisation Act (1956) 73, 75

Subramaniam, S. 198 Sudarshan, R. 328, 349 Supreme Court of India 54-6

and abolition of privy purses 152, 329

advisory opinions 5 appellate jurisdiction 55 and Babri Masjid 56, 195

Index 393

on bank nationalisation 152, 329

case load of 66 as de facto opposition 65 and democracy in India 66--7,

328 and dismissal of state

governments ( 1992) 98-9, 348

and Emergency of 1975-7 55, 61-3, 338

and fundamental rights 55, 152, 328

Golaknath case ( 1967) 62, 152, 328

and governors of states 91 and habeas corpus case 62 impeachment of justice of 59 judges of 258; appointment

of 52, 56-7; removal of 52, 58

Judges' Transfer case (1981) 57--8

Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) 62-3, 152, 329

Minerva Mills case (1980) 62 original jurisdiction of 54 and parliament !52 and police 197-8 and politics 63, 65 on preferential policies 10-11 on president-prime minister

relationship 121 and public services 162, 164 Raghukul Tilak case ( 1979) 91 and secularism 348 and Tin Bigha corridor 244 and transfer of high court

judges 57-8 see also high court ( s); judiciary

Surjeet, Harkishan Singh 249 Swainson, Nicola 306 Sweden 280

Taiwan 29, 343 Tamil Nadu

AIADMK in 272 BJP in 241-3, 251 Congress Party in 266, 271

394 Index

Tamil Nadu (cont.) demands for state autonomy

in 18, 97 dismissal of DMK government

(1991) 89-90, Ill, 236 electoral behaviour in 282 political parties in 256-1, 280 river water allocation to 21, 76 social cleavages in 222

Tamils 18 Tandon, Purushottam Das 123 Tanzania 303 Telengana uprising 70, 248 Telugu Desam Party 89, 235, 250,

268, 272, 280 terrorism 21-7, 90, 198-9 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities

(Prevention) Act (T ADA) (1987) 51, 199

Thailand 315 Thapan, M. L. 201, 216 Third World, meaning of 289, 303 Thomas, M. M. 91 Tin Bigha corridor 243--4 Tohra, Gurcharan Singh 22 Tomlinson, B. R. 306, 318, 320 Toye,J. 321 Tripura 216, 248

Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) 161-3, 166, 186, 200

see also bureaucracy; public service commissions

unitary government 68 United Liberation Front of Assam

(ULFA) 18-19 United Nations (UN) 49, 92, 126,

201 United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP) 298-9 United States

Bill of Rights of 49 civil war of 70 constitution of 60 as development model 291 federalism in 69-75, 87 judicial review doctrine of 154 judicial system of 51-2 and Latin America 306

libertarianism in 345 military organisation of 213 Nehru's assessment of 48 political partisanship in 280 presidential government of 114,

116 and Rajiv Gandhi's visit 110 Senate 73, 148

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 49

Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (1967) 51, 199

untouchables see scheduled castes Urwin Derek 280 Uttar Pradesh (U.P.)

Bahujan Samaj Party in 350 bicameralism in 155 BJP in 85, 151, 195, 240, 243,

245-6, 270 BKD-Congress government

of 82, 252 Congress Party in 266 elections in 260 J anata Dal Party in 246, 272 law and order in 193 Lok Dal Party in 253 party system in 99 police of 186, 195-8 political partisanship in 226 President's Rule in (1992) 85 sectarian violence in 190 socialist parties in 254

Vaidya, A. S. 216 Vajpayee, Atal Behari 239 Vanderbok, William 278 varnashrama dharma system 13 Varshney, Ashutosh 92 Venkatachaliah, Justice

M.N. 197-8 Venkataraman, Ramaswami 107,

109, 113, 143 Venkateswaran, A.P. 175 Verma, Randhir 195 Verma, R. R. 191 Versailles 45 vertical fiscal imbalance 77 Vishwa Hindu Parishad

(VHP) 16, 245, 267

vote banks 84, 229 voting see elections

Wade, Robert 343 W eale, Martin 331 Weiner, Myron 335, 347 Welch, Claude E. 295 West Bengal

coalition government in 227 BJP in 240-3 communist parties in 222, 232,

248, 254, 272, 349 demands for state autonomy

Ill 97 economy of 79 elections of 1982 63; of

1989 266 and Jharkhand movement 97,

267 political partisanship in 279 reforms in 84

Westminster 64, 121 Wheare, K. C. 71 Wilenski, Harold L. 331 Wilson, Woodrow 45 women

Committee on Status of Women in India 32

Index 395

in development 27-30 dowry deaths and 32 in India 3D-5 in liberal feminist

analyses 27-8 in Marxism 29-30 and modernisation 27-8, 32 and national income

statistics 30 I and nationalist movement 31 and pipe and pail

syndrome 28 Women's Development

Programme 44 World Bank 292, 296 World Economic Forum 99 Worldwatch Institute 33

Yadav, Mulayam Singh 245, 272

Yadavs 245, 272, 286-7 Yes, Minister I 71 Yes, Prime Minister I 71

Zia, Khaleda 115 zonal councils 7 5