376

REFERENCES

Aaker, D. A., & Day, G. S. (1990). Marketing research(4th ed.). New York: Wiley.

Aitken, B., Harrison, Ann E., & Lipsey, Robert E. (1996). Wages and foreign

ownership:

A comparative study of Mexico, Venezuela, and the United States. Journal of

International Economics,40(3-4), 345-371.

Akamatsu, K. (1962). A historical pattern of economic growth in developing countries.

Journal of Developing Economies, 1, 3-25.

Altenburg, T. (2000). Linkages and spillovers between transnational corporations and

small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries: Opportunities and

best policies. In UNCTAD (Eds.), TNC-SME Linkages for Development: Issues

– Experiences –Best Practices.New York and Geneva: United Nations, 3-61.

Amsden, A. (1989), Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization, New

York: Oxford University Press.

Anderson, E., & Gatignon, H. (1986). Modes of foreign entry: A transaction costs

analysis and propositions. Journal of International Business Studies, 17, 1-26.

Anon HA, (2004). Titan Petrochemicals and Polymers Berhad: Well positioned to ride

the industry upswing.Hydrocarbon Asia, petrochemical supplement, Part 1,

July/August edition, 6-7.

Anuar, A. (1992). Malaysia’s industrialisation: The quest for technology. Singapore:

Oxford University Press.

Ariffin, N. (2000). The internationalisation of innovative capabilities: The Malaysia

electronics industry.PhD thesis, University of Sussex.

Arora, A., & Fosturi, A. (2000). Wholly owned subsidiary versus technology licensing

in the worldwide chemical industry. Journal of International Business

Studies,31(4), 555-572.

Auty, R. M. (1984). The product life-cycle and the location of the global petrochemical

industry after the second oil shock. Economic Geography, 60(4), 325-338.

Auty, R. M. (1987). Backward versus forward integration in resource-based

industrialization: Malaysia and Indonesia. Tijdschrift voor Econ. En Soc.

Geografie, 78(2), 82-93.

Barney, J.B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of

Management, 17(1), 99-120.

Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1989). Managing across borders: The transnational

solution.Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

377

Battat, J., Frank, I., & Shen, X. (1996). Suppliers to multinationals: Linkage programs

to strengthen local companies in developing countries.Occasional Paper

6,Foreign Investment Advisory Services (FIAS).Washington, D.C.: The World

Bank.

Bell, M., & Pavitt, Keith (1993). Technological accumulation and industrial growth:

Contrasts between developed and developing countries. Industrial and

Corporate Change, 2(2), 157-210.

Bell, M., & Pavitt, K. (1995). The development of technological capabilities. In I. Ul

Haque in collaboration with M. Bell, C. Dahlman, S. Lall and K. Pavitt (Eds.)

Trade, Technology, and International Competitiveness.Washington, D.C.: The

World Bank.

Bellenger, D. N., Bernhardt, K. L., & Goldtucker, J. L. (1989). Qualitative research

techniques: Focus group interviews. InHayes, T.J. and Tathum, C. B. (Eds.),

Focus Group Interviews: A Reader. Chicago: American Marketing Association.

Benito, G. R., & Gripsrud, G. (1992). The expansion of foreign direct investments:

Discrete rational location choices or a cultural learning process? Journal of

International Business Studies, 23(3), 461-476.

Bessant, J., Kaplinsky, R.,& Lamming, R. (1999). Using supply chains to transfer

learning and about best practice: A report to the Department of Trade and

Industry.

http://eprints.brighton.ac.uk/5705/2/Using_Supply_Chains_to_Transfer_learnin

g_About_Best_Practice.pdf

Best, M. H. (1990). The New Competition: Institutions of Industrial Restructuring.

Cambridge:Polity Press.

Best, M. H., & Rasiah, R. (2003). Malaysianelectronics: At the crossroads.Geneva:

Small and Medium Enterprises Branch, Programme Development and

Technical Cooperation Division,United Nations Industrial Development

Organization.

Bierly, P., & Chakrabarti, A. (1996). Generic knowledge strategies in the U.S.

paharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management Journal, 17 (Winter Special),

123-135.

Birkinshaw, J., and Hood, N. (1998). Multinational subsidiary evolution: Capabilityand

charter change in foreign-owned subsidiary companies. Academy of

Management Review, 23(4), 773-795.

Blalock,G. & Gertler, P.J. (2003). Technology from foreign direct investment and

welfare gains through the supply chain. Mimeo, Cornell University.

Blomstrom, M. (1989). Foreign Investment and Spillovers.London: Routledge.

378

Blomstrom, M., & Kokko, A. (1995). Policies to encourage inflows of technology

through foreign multinationals. World Development,23(3), 459-468.

Blomstrom, M., & Kokko, A. (1997). How foreign investment affects host countries’

development by helping to improve productivity growth and exports. World

Bank Policy Research Working Paper.Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Blomstrom, M., & Kokko, A. (2000). Multinational corporations and spillovers. In

Blomstrom, M., Kokko, A. & Zejan, M. (Eds.), Foreign direct investment: Firm

and host country strategies (pp. 101-133). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bogdan, R. C., & Bicklen, S. K. (1982). Qualitative research for education: An

introduction to theory and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Bonoma, T. V. (1985). Case research in marketing: Opportunities, problem, and a

process. Journal of Marketing Research, XXII(May), 199-208.

Bowie, P. (2001). A Vision Realised. Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk.

Brewer, J., & Hunter, A. (1989). Multimethod research: A synthesis of styles(2nded.).

Newbury Park, LA: Sage Publications.

Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (1976). The future of the multinational enterprise.

Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Buckley, Peter; Newbould, Gerald; & Thurwell, James (1988). Foreign Direct

Investment by smaller UK firms. London, U.K.: MacMillan Press.

Burns, R. (1994). Introduction to research methods (2nd ed.).Sydney: Longman

Cheshire.

Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2005). The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique

& utilization. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.

Campbell, John (1995). Outsourcing in maintenance management: A valid alternative

to self-provision. International Center of Excellence for Maintenance

Management. Toronto: Canada.

Campbell, D. T., &Fiske, D.W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the

Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.

Cantwell, J. A. (1989). Technological innovation and the multinational

corporation.Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Cantwell, J. A. (1991). The international agglomeration of R&D.In M. C. Casson (Ed.).

Global research strategy and international competitiveness.Oxford: Basil

Blackwell.

Cantwell, J. A. (1995). The globalisation of technology: What remains of the product

cycle model?Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19(1), 155-174.

379

Cantwell, J. A. (1999). Introduction. In J. A. Cantwell (Ed.), Foreign direct investment

and technological change, Vol. 1: Theories of technological

change.Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Cantwell, J. A., & Mudambi, R. (2005). MNE competence-creating subsidiary

mandates. Strategic Management Journal, 26(12), 1109-1128.

Capannelli, G. (1997). Buyer-supplier relations and technology transfer:Japanese

consumer electronics. International Review of Economics and Business, 44(3),

633-662.

Capannelli, G. (1999). Technology transfer from Japanese consumer electronics firms

via buyer-supplier relations. In K. S. Jomo, G. Felker & R. Rasiah (Eds.),

Industrial technology development in Malaysia: Industry and firm studies(pp.

191-230). London and New York: Routledge.

Carayannis, E. G., (1999). Knowledge transfer through technological hyperlearning in

five industries. Technovation, 19, 141-161.

Carrillo, J. (2001). Foreign direct investment and local linkages:Experiences and the

role of policies.The case of the Mexican television industry in Tijuana.Paper

presented for UNCTAD.Mimeo,Geneva: UNCTAD.

Carson, D., Gilmore, A., Perry, C., & Gronhaug, K. (2001). Qualitative marketing

research. London: Sage Publications.

Caves, J. R. (1974). Multinational firms, competition and production in host-country

markets. Economica, 41,176-193.

Caves, R. E. (1996). Multinational enterprise and economic analysis(2nd

ed.).Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.

Chandler, A. D. (1977), The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American

Business, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

CIA World Factbook. Oil Production in Malaysia.

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2173.html.

Accessed 10 May 2010

Clark, K. B., & Fujimoto, T. (1991). Product development performance: Strategy,

organization and management in the world auto industry. Boston, Mass.:

Harvard Business School Press.

Coe, D., & Helpman, E. (1995). International R&D spillovers. European Economic

Review, 39(5), 859-887.

Cohen, W. M. , & Levinthal, D. A., (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on

learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1),128-152.

380

Conner, K. R., & Prahalad, C. K. (1996). A resourced-based theory of the firm:

Knowledge versus opportunism. Organization Science, 7(5), 477-501.

Contractor, F. J. (1990). Contractual and cooperative forms of international business:

Towards a unified theory of modal choice. Management International Review,

30(Special Issue), 31-54.

Contractor, F. J., & Sagafi-Nejad, T. (1981). International technology transfer: Major

issues and policy responses. Journal of International Business Studies,12(2),

113-135.

Cooper, D. R., & Emory, C. W. (1995). Business Research Methods(5th ed.). Chicago:

Irwin, USA.

Corbett, Michael F. (1997). Outsourcing: The new partnership. Journal of Business

Strategy, July/August.

Cortes, M.& Bocock, P. (1984).North-South technology transfer: A case study of

petrochemicals in Latin America.Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins

University Press for the World Bank.

Crabtree, E., Bower, J.,& Keogh, W. (1997). Conflict or collaboration: The changing

nature of inter-firm relationships in the UK oil and gas industry. Technology

Analysis & Strategic Management, 9(2), 179-191.

Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches.

London: Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods

approaches(2nd ed.).Thousand Oaks: SagePublications.

Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative

inquiry:Theory intopractice, 39(3), 124-130.

Cypher, J., & Dietz, J. (2004). The process of economic development.London:

Routledge.

Dahlman, C. J., Roos-Larson, B., & Westphal, L. E. (1987a). Managing technological

development: Lessons from newly industrializing countries. World

Development, 15(6), 759-775.

Dahlman, C. J., & Fonseca, F. V. (1987b). From Technolgical Dependence to

Technological Development: The case of the USIMINAS steel plant in Brazil.In

J. Katz (Ed.),Technology generation in Latin American manufacturing

industries. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

DeCarolis, D. M., & Deeds, D. L. (1999). The impact of stocks and flows of

organizational knowledge on firm performance: An empirical investigation of

the biotechnology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 953-986.

381

De Ruyther, K., & Scholl, N. (1998). Positioning qualitative market research:

Reflections from theory and practice. Qualitative Market Research: An

International Journal, 1(Nov.), 7-14.

Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological

methods.New York:Praeger.

Deshpande, R. (1983). "Paradigms lost": on theory and method in research in

marketing. Journal of Marketing, 47(Fall), 101-110.

Dicken, P. (1992). Global shift: The internationalization of economic activity. London:

Paul Chapman.

Dicken, P. (2003). Global Shift: Reshaping the global economic map in the 21stcentury.

London and New York: The Guilford Press.

Dodgson, M. (1991). The management of technological learning. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Dogan, M., & Pelassy, D.(1984). How to compare nations. Strategies in comparative

politics. London: Chatham House Publishers.

Dosi, G., & Egidi, M. (1991). Substantive and procedural uncertainty: An exploraton of

economic behaviors in changing environments. Journal of Evolutionary

Economics, 1, 145-168.

Driffield, N. L., & Noor, A. H. M. (1999). Foreign direct investment and local input

linkages in Malaysia. Transnational Corporations, 8(3), 1-25.

Driffield, N. L., & Love, J. (2003). Foreign direct investment, technology sourcing and

reverse spillovers. The Manchester School,71(6), 659-673.

Drucker, P. F. (1999). Management challenges for the 21stcentury. New York:

HarperBusiness.

Dunning, J. H. (1988). Multinationals,technology and competition. London: Allen and

Unwin.

Dunning, J. H. (1992a). Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Essex:

Addison-Wesley.

Dunning, J. H. (1992b). The competitive advantage of nations and the activities of

transnational corporations. Transnational Corporations, 1(1), 135-168.

Dunning, J. H. (1993). The determinants of international production. Oxford Economic

Papers, 25(3), 289-336.

Dunning, J. H. (1996). The geographical source of the competitiveness of firms: Some

results of a new survey. Transnational Corporations, 5, 1-29.

382

Dunning, J. H. (2000). Globalization and the theory of MNE activity. In Hood and

Young (Eds.), The globalization of multinational enterprise activity and

economicdevelopment. London: Macmillan.

Dunning, J. H. & Narula, R. (1996). The investment development path revisited. In

Dunning, J. & Narula, R. (Eds.), Foreign direct investment and governments:

Catalysts for economic restructuring (pp. 1-41). London: Routledge.

Dunning, J. H., & Narula, R. (2004). Industrial development, globalization and

multinational enterprises: New realities for developing countries. In Dunning, J.

H. & Narula, R. (Eds.), Multinationals and industrial competitiveness (pp. 38-

70). UK: Cheltenham.

Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., & Lowe, A. (1991). Management research: An

introduction. London: Sage Publications.

Edwards, C. (1990). Protection and policy in the Malaysian manufacturing sector. In

Policy assessment of the Malaysian Industrial Policy Studies (MIPS) and the

Industrial Master Plan (IMP). Volume 3,December. Report prepared for

UNIDO and the Government of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.

Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of

Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.

Ekeledo, I., & Sivakumar, K. (1998). Foreign market entry mode choice of service

firms: A contingency perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing

Science, 26(4), 274-292.

Embleton, P. R., & Wright, P. C. (1998). A practical guide to successful outsourcing.

Empowerment in Organizations, 6(3), 94-106.

Erramilli, M.K. (1990). Entry mode choice in service industries. International

Marketing Review, 7(5),50-62.

Ernst, D., Ganiatsos, T., & Mytelka, L. (1998). Technological capabilities and export

success: Lessons from East Asia.London: Routledge.

Evans, P. (1998). Transnational corporations and Third World states: From the old

internationalization to the new. In Kozul-Wright & Howtorn (Eds.),

Transnational corporations and the global economy (pp. 195-227). London:

Macmillan Press.

Fagerberg, J., & Srholec, M. (2005). Catching-up: What are the critical factors for

success? Background papers for the UNIDO Industrial Development Report

2005. Vienna: INIDO.

Fagre, N.& Wells Jr., Louis,T. (1982). Bargaining power of multinationals and host

governments. Journal of International Business Studies, 13(2), 9-23.

383

Feagin, J. O. A., Orum, A. M., & Sjoberg, G. (1991). A Case for the Case Study.

Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

Federation of Malaysia Manufacturers. (2007). FMM Directory 2007, Malaysian

Industries. Kuala Lumpur: Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers.

Felker, G. & Jomo, K. S. (2003). New approaches to investment policy in the ASEAN

4. In K. S. Jomo (Ed.) Southeast Asian paper tigers? From miracle to debacle

and beyond.London: Routledge.

Freeman, C. (1987). Technology and policy and economic performance: Lessons from

Japan. London: Pinter.

Fong, C. D. (1986). Technological leap: Malaysian industry in transition. Oxford:

Oxford University Press.

Gabriel, C. (1990). The validity of qualitative market research. Journal of Marketing

Research Society, 32(4), 507-519.

Gale, B. (1981). Petronas: Malaysia’s National Oil Corporation. Asian Survey, 21(11),

1129-1144.

Ganiatsos, T. (2000). Global component outsourcing in developing countries’

electronics and automotive industries. Paper submitted to the UNCTAD expert

meeting on the relationship between SMEs and TNCs to ensure the

competitiveness of SMEs, 27-29 November. Geneva: Mimeo.

Gatignon, H.& Anderson, E. (1988). The multinational corporation’s degree of control

over foreign subsidiaries: An empirical test of a transaction cost explanation.

Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization,(4)2, 305-335.

Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J., & Sturgeon, T. (2005). The governance of global value

chains. Review of International Political Economy, 12(1), 78-104.

Girma, S., Greenway, D., & Wakelin, K. (2001).Who benefits from foreign direct

investment in the UK? Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 48(2), 119-133.

Giroud, A. (2000). Japanese transnational corporations’knowledge transfer to Southeast

Asia: The case of the electrical and electronics sector in Malaysia. International

Business Review, 9(5), 571-586.

Giroud, A. (2001). Buyer-supplier transfer and country of origin: An empirical analysis

of FDI in Malaysia. Bradford University School of Management Working Paper

2001/09. Bradford: Bradford University.

Giroud, A. (2003). Transnational corporations, technology and economic development:

Backward linkages and knowledge transfer in South East Asia. Cheltenham:

Edward Elgar.

384

Giroud, A., & Scott-Kennel, J. (2006). Foreign-local linkages in international business:

A review and extension of the literature. Academy of International Business

Conference, 23-26 June, 2006.

Gomes-Casseres, B. (1990). Firm ownership preferences and host government

restriction: An integrated approach. Journal of International Business Studies,

21(1), 1-22.

Gomes-Casseres, B. (1997). Alliance strategies of small firms. Small Business

Economics, 9, 33-44.

Gorg, H., & Ruane, F. (1998). Linkages between multinationals and indigenous firms:

Evidence for the electronics sector in Ireland. Trinity Economic Papers Series

Technical Paper, No. 98/13. Dublin: Trinity College.

Grant, R. M. (1996a). Prospering in dynamically-competitive environments:

Organizational capability as knowledge integration. Organization Science, 7(4),

375-387.

Grant, R. M. (1996b). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic

Management Journal,17(Winter Special), 109-122.

Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage. California

Management Review, 33(3), 114-135.

Gross, R. (1996). International technology transfer in services. Journal of International

Business Studies, 4th Quarter.

Guba, E., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. InY.S.

Lincoln (Ed.), Handbook of Qualitative Research.Newbury Park: Sage

Publications.

Gulati, R. (1999). Network location and learning: The influence of network resources

and firm capabilities on alliance formation. Strategic Management Journal, 20,

397-420.

Gummesson, E. (1988). Qualitative methods in management research. Bromley:

Chartwell-Bratt.

Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. (2000). Knowledge flows within multinational

corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 21(4), 473-496.

Hahn, C. A., Watts, C. A. & Kim, K. Y. (1990). The supplier development program: A

conceptual model.International Journal of Purchasing and Materials

Management, 26(2), 2-7.

Halbach, Axel J. (1989). Multinational enterprises and subcontracting in the Third

World:

Astudy of inter-industrial linkages. Working Paper 58, Multinational Enterprise

Program.Geneva: ILO.

385

Hamel, G. (1991). Competition for competence and inter-partner learning within

international strategic alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Special

Issue), 83-103.

Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (1994). Competing for the future. Boston, Mass.: Harvard

University Press.

Handfield, R., Krause, D., Scannell, T., & Monczka, R. (2000). Avoid the pitfalls in

supplier development. Sloan Management Review, 41(2), 37-49.

Hansen, M.W., Petersen, T., & Petersen, B. (2006). Danish investment in developing

countries: A global value chain perspective. Copenhagen: Copenhagen

Business School Press.

Hansen, M. W., Petersen, T., & Petersen, B. (2009). MNC strategies and linkages

effects in developing countries. Journal of World Business, 44, 121-130.

Hansen, M. W., & Schaumburg-Muller, H. (Eds.). (2006). Transnational corporations

and local firms in developing countries – linkages and upgrading. Copenhagen:

Copenhagen Business School Press.

Haskel, J. E., Pereira, S. C., & Slaughter, M.J. (2007). Does inward foreign direct

investment boost the productivity of domestic firms?The Review of Economics

and Statistics, 89(3), 482-496.

Healy, M, & Perry, C. (2000). Comprehensive criteria to judge validity and reliability

of qualitative research within the realism paradigm. Qualitative Market

Research. An International Journal, 3(3), 118-126.

Hedges, A. (1985). Group Interviewing.In R. Walker(Ed.),Applied Qualitative

Research. Aldershot: Gower.

Hennart, Jean-Francois. (1982). A theory of multinational enterprise.Ann Arbor:

University of Michigan Press.

Hennart, J. (1988). A transaction costs theory of equity joint ventures. Strategic

Management Journal,9, 361-374.

Hennart, J. (1989). Can the “New Forms of Investment” substitute for the “Old

Forms”? A transaction costs perspective. Journal of International Business

Studies, Summer, 211-233.

Hennart, J.-F. (1991). The transaction costs theory of joint ventures: An empirical study

of Japanese subsidiaries in the United States. Management Science, 37(4), 483-

497.

Hennart, J.-F. (1991). The transaction costs theory of the multinational enterprise. In C.

Pitelis and R. Sugden (Eds.),The Nature of the Transnational Firm. London:

Routledge.

386

Hennart, J.-F., & Park, Y. (1993). Greenfield versus acquisition: The strategy of

Japanese investors in the United States. Management Science, 37, 1054-1070.

Hennart, J.-F., & Reddy, S. (1997). The choice between mergers/acquisitions and joint

ventures: The case of Japanese investors in the United States. Strategic

Management Journal, 18(1), 1-12.

Hernandez, Zenaida (2004). Industrial policy in East Asia: In search for lessons.

Background paper prepared for the World Development Report 2005:A Better

Investment Climate for Europe.

Hernon, P. (1991). The elusive nature of research in CIS. In C. P. McClure, & P.

Hernon(Eds.), Library and information science research: Perspectives and

strategies for improvement. Ablex Publishing Corp., USA.

Hertner, P., & Jones, G. (1986). Multinationals: Theory and history. London: Gower.

Hill, C. W. L. (2003). International business: Competing in the global marketplace.

New York: McGraw-Hill.

Hill, C., Hwang, P., & Chan, K. (1990). An eclectic theory of the choice of

international entry mode. Strategic Management Journal, 11(2), 117-128.

Hines, P. (1994). Creating world class suppliers: Unlocking mutual competitive

advantage. London: Pitman.

Hirschman, A. O. (1958). The strategy of economic development. New Haven, CT:

Yale University Press.

Hirschman, E. C. (1986). Humanistic inquiry in marketing research:Philosophy,

method, and criteria. Journal of Marketing Research, 23(August), 237-249.

Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Hoskisson, R. E. (1999). Strategic management:

Competitiveness and globalization (3rd Ed.). Cincinnati: Southwestern College

Publishing.

Hobday, M. (1995). Innovation in East Asia: The challenges to Japan. Cheltenham:

Edward Elgar.

Hobday, M. (1995). East Asian latecomer firms: Learning the technology of

electronics. World Development, 23(7), 1171-1193.

Hood, N.& Young, S.(1979). The economics of multinational enterprise. London:

Longman.

Howells, J., (2002). Regional system of innovation? In D.Archibugi, J.Howells,

&J.Michie (Eds.) Innovation policy in a global economy. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

387

Hoskisson, R. E., & Hitt, M. A. (1988). Strategic control systems and relative R&D

investment in large multiproduct firms. Strategic Management Journal,9, 605-

621.

Huberman, A. M., & Miles, M. B. (1998). Data management and analysis method.

InY.S. Lincoln (Ed.), Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials,

Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Humphrey, J. (2001). Globalization and supply chain networks: The auto industry in

Brazil and India. In G. Gereffi, F. Palpacuer and A. Parisotto (Eds.),Global

Production and Local Jobs. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.

Humphrey, J., & Schmitz, H. (2001). Governancein global value chains. IDS Bulletin,

32(2), 19-29.

Humphrey, J., Lecler, Y., & Salerno, M. S. (2000). Global strategies and local

realities: The auto industry in emerging markets. London: Macmillan.

Hunter, M. G. (2004). Qualitative Research in Information Systems: An Exploration of

Methods. In M. E.Whitman& A. B.Woszczynski(Eds.), The Handbook of

Information Systems Research.Ideal Group Publishing, USA.

Hussey, J., & Hussey, R. (1997). Business research: A practical guide for

undergraduate and postgraduate students. London: Macmillan Business.

Hymer, S. (1976). The international operations of national firms: A study of direct

investment. From Hymer’s PhD thesis, 1960. Cambridge: MIT Press.

IDE (Institute of Developing Economies) (1994). The role of Japanese direct

investment in developing countries: India, Indonesia, and Taiwan. Tokyo:

Institute of Developing Economies.

Iguchi, C. (2007). Effects oftransnational corporation subsidiaries on the development

path of local Malaysian suppliers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,School of

Business. Department of Economics, University of Reading. United Kingdom.

Iguchi, C. (2008). Determinants of backward linkages: The case of TNC subsidiaries in

Malaysia. Asian Business & Management, 7, 53-73.

Ismail, M. N. (1999). Foreign firms and national technological upgrading: The

electronics industry in Malaysia. In K.S. Jomo, G. Felker and R. Rasiah

(Eds.),Industrial Technology Development in Malaysia (pp.21-37). London:

Routledge.

Itami, H., & Numagami, T. (1992). Dynamic interaction between strategy and

technology. Strategic Management Journal, 13(Special Issue), 119-135.

Ivarsson, I., & Alvstam, C. G. (2009). Local technology linkages and supplier

upgrading in global value chains: The case of Swedish engineering TNCs in

emerging markets. Competition &Change, 13(4), 368-388.

388

Ivarsson, I., & Alvstam, C. G. (2004a). International technology transfer to local

suppliers by Volvo Trucks in India. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale

Geografie, 95(1), 27-43.

Ivarsson, I., & Alvstam, C. G. (2004b). International technology transfer through local

business linkages: The case of Volvo Trucks and their domestic suppliers in

India. Oxford Development Studies, 32(2), 241-260.

Ivarsson, I., & Alvstam, C. G. (2005).Technology transfer from TNCs to local suppliers

in developing countries: A study of AB Volvo’s truck and bus plants in Brazil,

China, India and Mexico. World Development, 33(8), 1325-1344.

Ivarsson, I., & Alvstam, C. G. (2009). Local technology linkages and supplier

upgrading in global value chains: The case of Swedish Engineering TNCs in

emerging markets. Competition & Change, 13(4), 368-388.

Jabbour, L., & Mucchielli, J.-L. (2007). Technology transfer through vertical linkages:

The case of the Spanish manufacturing industry. Journal of Applied Economics,

X(1), 115-136.

Javorcik, Beata S. (2004). Does foreign direct investment increase the productivity of

domestic firms? In search of spillovers through backward linkages. The

American Economic Review, 94(3), 605-627.

JICA and PDC (2001). “Study on strengthening supporting industries through

technology transfer in Malaysia”. Tokyo: The Materials Processing Technology

Centre, Sinko Research Co. Ltd.

Johnson, C (1982). MITI and Japanese Miracle, Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Johnson, H. (1970). The efficiency and welfare implications of the international

corporation. In C. Kindleberger (Ed.),The International Corporation.

Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Johansson, J. K., & Yip, G. S. (1994). Exploiting globalization potential: U.S. and

Japanese strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 15(8), 579-601.

Johnson, J. H. Jr. (1995). An empirical analysis of the integration-responsiveness

framework: U.S. construction equipment industry firms in global competiton.

Journal of International Business Studies, 26(3), 621-635.

Jomo, K. S., & Edwards, C. (1993). Malaysian Industrialization in Historical

Perspective. In K. S.Jomo (Ed.). Industrializing Malaysia: Policy, Performance

and Prospects. London: Routledge.

Kanapathy, V. (1997) Labour market issues and skills training: Recent developments in

Malaysia. Paper presented at the PECC-HRD Task Force Meeting, Montreal,

May 30-31.

389

Kaplinsky, R., & Morris, M. (2002). A Handbook for Value Chain Research. Institute

of Development Studies. http://www.srp-guinee.org/download/valuechain-

handbook.pdfa accessed 20 March 2008.

Kaufman, A., Wood, C. H., & Theyel, G. (2000). Collaboration and technology

linkages:

A strategic supplier typology. Strategic Management Journal, 21(6), 649-663.

Kale, P., Singh, H., & Perlmutter, H. (2000). Learning and protection of proprietary

assets in strategic alliances: Building relational capital. Strategic Management

Journal, 21, 217-237.

Khanna, S. (1984). Transnational corporations and technology transfer: Contours of

dependence in Indian petrochemical industry. Economic and Political Weekly,

19(31/33), 1319-1321.

Kim, H. K& Ma, J. (1997). The role of government in acquiring technological

capability: The case of t.e petrochemical industry in East Asia.In M. Aoki, H.

K. Kim, & M. Okuno-Fujiwara (Eds.), The role of government in East Asian

economic development. Comparative institutional analysis(pp. 101-

133).Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Kim, L. (1997). From imitation to innovation. The dynamics of Korea’s technological

learning. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.

Kim, L., & Nelson R. R. (2000). Technology, learning and innovation: Experiences of

newly industrializing economies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kobrin, S. J. (1988). Trends in ownership of U.S. manufacturing subsidiaries in

developing countries: An interindustry analysis. In F.J. Contractor and P.

Lorange (Eds.), Cooperative strategies in international business. New York:

Lexington Books.

Kogut, B. (1988). Joint ventures: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. Strategic

Management Journal, 9, 319-332.

Kogut, B. (1991). Joint ventures and the option to expand and acquire. Management

Science, 37(1), 19-33.

Kogut, B.,& Singh, H. (1988). The effect of national culture on the choice of entry

mode. Journal of International Business Studies, 19 (Fall), 411-432.

Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1992). Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and

the replication of technology. Organization Science, 3(3), 383-397.

Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1995). Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation

of organizational capabililties. Organization Science, 6(1), 76-91.

Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1996). What firms do? Coordination, identity, and learning.

Organization Science, 7, 502-518.

390

Kohn, Tomas O. (1997). Small firms as international players. Small Business

Economics, 9(1), 45-51.

Kokko, A. (1994). Technology, market characteristics, and spillovers. Journal of

Development Economics, 43(2), 279-293.

Kokko, A., & Blomstrom, M. (1995). Policies to encourage inflows of technology

through foreign multinationals. World Development, 23(3), 459-468.

Konings, Jozef. (2001). The effects of foreign direct investment on domestic firms:

Evidence from firm-level panel data in emerging economies. Economics of

Transition, 9, 619-633.

Kotabe, M., & Murray, J. Y. (2004). Global sourcing strategy and sustainable

competitive advantage. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(1), 7-14.

Kotler, Philip (1994). Marketing management: Analysis,planning, implementation and

control (8th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Krause, D. R. (1997). Supplier development: Current practices and outcomes.

International Journal of Purchasing and Material Management, 33(2), 12-19.

Krause, D. R., & Handfield, R. B. (1999). Developing a world-class supply base.

Center for Advanced Purchasing Studies. Tempe, Arizona.

http://capsresearch.org/ReportPDFs/DevelopAll.pdf.

Krause, D. R., Handfield, R. B., & Scannell, T. V. (1998). An empirical investigation

of supplier development: Reactive and strategic processes. Journal of

Operations Management, 17(1), 39-58.

Lall, S. (1978). The pattern of intra-firm exports by U.S. multinationals. Oxford

Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 209-222.

Lall, S. (1979). The international allocation of research activity by US multinationals.

Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 41, 313-331.

Lall, S. (1980). Vertical inter-firm linkages in LDCs: An empirical study. Oxford

Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 42(3), 203-226.

Lall, S. (1990). Building industrial competitiveness in developing countries.

Development Center Studies, OECD: Paris.

Lall, S. (1992). Technological capabilities and industrialisation. World Development,

20(2), 165-186.

Lall, S. (1993). Introduction. In S. Lall (Ed.),Transnational corporations and economic

development(pp.1-30). London and New York: Routledge.

Lall, S. (1996). Learning from the Asian Tigers. London:Macmillan.

391

Lall, S. (1996a). The investment development path: Some conclusions. In J. H.

Dunning & R. Narula, (Eds.),Foreign Direct Investment and governments:

Catalysts for economic restructuring. London: Routledge.

Lall, S. (1998). Exports of manufactures by developing countries: Emerging patterns of

trade and location. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 14(2), 54-73.

Lall, S. (2000). Technological change and industrialization in the Asian newly

industrializing economies: Achievements and challenges. In L. Kim and R. R.

Nelson (Eds.), Technology, learning and innovation: Experiences of newly

industrializing economies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lall, S. (2003). Foreign direct investment, technology development and

competitiveness: Issues and evidence. In S. Lall and S. Urata

(Eds.),Competitiveness, FDI and technological activity in East Asia.

Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Lall, S., & Wignaraja, G. (1998). Mauritius: Dynamising Export

Competitiveness.Commonwealth Economic PaperSeries, no. 33. London.

Lall, S., &Mortimore, M. (2000). Competitiveness, restructuring and FDI: An

analytical framework. In The competitive challenge: Transnational

corporations and industrial restructuring in developing countries. Geneva:

UNCTAD.

Lall, S., & Narula, R. (2004). FDI and its role in economic development: Do we need a

new agenda? European Journal of Development Research, 16(3), 447-464.

Lan, P. (1996). Role of international joint ventures in transferring technology to China.

Journal of Euro-marketing, 4(3), 129-152.

Lauridsen, L. S. (2004). Foreign direct investment, linkage formation and supplier

development in Thailand during the 1990s: The role of state governance.

European Journal of Development Research, 16(3), 561-586.

Lecraw, D.J. (1993). Outward direct investment by Indonesian firms: Motivation and

effects. Journal of International Business Studies, 24(3), 589-600.

Leonard-Barton, D. (1995). Wellsprings of knowledge. Boston, Mass.: Harvard

Business School Press.

Levitas, E., Hitt, M. A., & Dacin, T. M. (1997). Competitive intelligence and tacit

knowledge development in strategic alliances. Competitive Intelligence Review,

8, 20-27.

Lewis, M. W. (1998). Iterative triangulation: A theory development process using

existing case studies. Journal of Operations Management, 16, 455-469.

392

Liebeskind, J. P., Oliver, A. L., Zucker, L., & Brewer, M. (1996). Social networks,

learning, and flexibility: Sourcing scientific knowledge in new biotechnology

firms. Organization Science,7(4), 428-443.

Lim, C. P. (1994). Heavy industrialisation: A second round of import substitution. In K.

S. Jomo (Ed.), Japan and Malaysiandevelopment:In the shadow of the Rising

Sun. New York: Routledge.

Lim, L. Y. C., & Fong, P.E. (1982). Vertical linkages and multinational enterprises in

developing countries.World Development, 10(7), 585-595.

Lim, L. Y. C., & Pang, E. F. (1991). Foreign direct investment and industrialisation in

Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand.Paris: OECD.

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park: Sage

Publications.

Lin, S. Y. (1994). The Malaysian economy, 1957-91: An overview. In Malaysian

Development Experience Changes and Challenges. Kuala Lumpur: National

Institute of Public Administration.

Lundvall, B. A. (1988). Innovation as an interactive process: From user-producer

interaction to the national system of innovation. In G. Dosi (Ed.),Technical

Change and Economic Theory (pp. 349-369).London: Pinter.

Lundvall, B. A., & Johnson, B. (1994). The learning economy. Journal of Industry

Studies, 1(2), 23-42.

Lundvall, B. A., Johnson, E. S., & Dalum, B. (2002). National systems of production,

innovation and competence building. Research Policy, 31, 213-231.

Lundvall, B. A. (1992). Introduction. In Lundvall, B. A. (Ed.),National systems of

innovation: Towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning.London:

Pinter.

Macleod, C., & Hockey, L (1989) (Eds.). Further research for nursing: A new guide for

the enquiring nurse. (Education for care series) Scutari: London.

Madhok, A. (1997). Cost, value and foreign market entry mode: The transaction and

the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 39-61.

Malaysia. (1986). Fifth Malaysian Plan 1986-1990. Kuala Lumpur: Government

Printers.

Malaysia. (1996). Seventh Malaysian Plan 1996-2000. Kuala Lumpur: Government

Printers.

Malerba, F. (1992). Learning by firms and incremental technical change. The Economic

Journal, 102, 845-869.

393

Malhotra, M. K. (1993). Marketing research: An applied orientation.Englewood Cliffs,

New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Mansfield, E. (1985). Howrapidly does industrial technology leak out? Journal of

Industrial Economics,34(2), 217-223.

March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning.

Organization Science, 2, 71-87.

Markusen, J. R., & Venables, A. J. (1999). Foreign direct investment as a catalyst for

industrial development. European Economic Review, 43, 335-356.

Marshall, A. (1890/1916). Principles of economics: An introductory volume (7th ed.).

London: Macmillan.

Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1995). Designing qualitative research (2nd edn.).

Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1998). Designing qualitative research (3rd

edn.).Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Martin, Will. (2002). Outgoing resource dependence: Theory and evidence.

Development Research Group, World Bank, January.

Master, H. (2000). Database marketing segmentation for strategy formulation in

Australia industries.PhD thesis, University of Southern Queensland.

Mathews, John A. (2002). Competitive advantages of the latecomer firm: A resource-

based account of industrial catch-up strategies. Asian Pacific Journal of

Management, 19, 467-488.

Mathews, John A. (2006). Catch-up strategies and the latecomer effect in industrial

development. New Political Economy, 11(3), 313-335.

Mattoo, A.; Olarreaga, M., & Saggi, K.(2004). Mode of foreign entry, technology

transfer, and FDI policy.Journal of Development Economics, 75, 95-111.

Maykut, P., & Morehouse, R. (1994). Beginning qualitative research: A philosophical

and pratical guide. London:Burgess Science Press.

McDaniel, C. J., & Gates, R. (1993). Contemporary marketing research. New York:

West Publishing Company.

Mefford, R. N., & Bruun, P. (1998). Transferring world class production to developing

countries: A strategic model. International Journal of Production Economics,

56, 433-450.

Meyer, K. E. (2003). FDI spilloversin emerging markets: A literature review and new

perspectives. DRC Working Papers no. 15, London Business School.

394

Mutalib, M. I. A. (2004). Challenges in chemical engineering education and research in

oiland gas industry. Platform(Petronas magazine), Jul-Dec 2004.

MIDA (2007) Ministry of Industrial Development Authority. Retrieved 15/12/2008,

from

http://www.mida.gov.my/env3/uploads/Publications_pdf/Profit_%20MalaysiaP

etrochemical/Petrochemical_July07.pdf

MIDA/UNIDO. (1986). Medium and long-term industrial master plan, 1986-1995.

Kuala Lumpur: National Printing Department.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of

new methods.Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded

sourcebook.(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry). (1986). First industrial master

plan, 1986-1995. Kuala Lumpur: MITI.

MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry). (1996). Second industrial master

plan, 1996-2005.Kuala Lumpur: MITI.

MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry). (2005). Third industrial master

plan, 2005-2020. Kuala Lumpur: MITI.

MITI (2009). SME annual report 2008: Rising to meet global challenges. Kuala

Lumpur: Percetakan Jiwabaru.

Moha, A. (1999). Small and medium enterprises in Malaysia: Policy issues and

challenges.Vermont: Ashgate.

Mohrman, S. A., & Von Glinow, M. (1990). High technology organizations: Context,

organization, and people. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management.

6,261-280.

Moran, T. (2000). The product cycle model of foreign direct investment and developing

country welfare. Journal of International Management, 6, 297-311.

Moran, T. (2001). Parental supervision: The New paradigm for foreign direct

investment and development. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International

Economics.

Morgan, J. (1993). Supplier programs take time to become world class. Purchasing,

115(2), 61-63.

Mowery, D. C., & Oxley, J. E. (1995). Inward technology transfer and competitiveness:

the role of national innovation systems. Cambridge Journal of Economics,

19,67-93.

395

Mowery, D. C., Oxley, J. E., & Silverman, B. S. (1996). Strategic alliances and

interfirm knowledge transfer. Strategic Management Journal, 17(Winter

Special),77-91.

Mukerjee, D. (1986). Lessons from Korea’s industrial experience. Kuala Lumpur:

Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS).

Mzenda, V. M., & Buys, A. J. (2006). The ambivalence of technology transfer through

foreign direct investments. PICMET 2006 Proceedings, 9-13 July. Istanbul:

PICMET.

Naoum, S. G. (1998). Dissertation research and writing for construction students.

Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.

Nakamura, M. (1991). Japanese direct investment in Asia-Pacific and other regions:

Empirical analysis using MITI survey data. International Journal of Production

Economics, 25, 219-229.

Narula, R. (2004). Understanding Absorptive Capacities in an Innovation Systems

Context: Consequences for Economic and Employment Growth in MERIT

Research memorandum 2004-003.

Narula, R., & Dunning, J. H. (2000). Industrial development, globalization and

multinational enterprises: New realities for developing countries. Oxford

Development Studies, 28(2),141-167.

Narula, R., & Lall, S. (2004). Foreign direct investment and its role in economic

development: Do we need a new agenda? The European Journal of

Development Research, 16, 447-464.

Nelson, R. R. (1990). On technological capabilities and their acquisitiion. In R. E.

Evenson and G. Ranis (Eds.),Science and technology: Lessons for development

policy(pp. 71-80). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Nelson, R. R. (2008). Economic Development from the Perspective of Evolutionary

Economic Theory. Oxford Development Studies, 36(1), 9-22.

Nelson, R. R., & Pack, H. (1999). The Asian miracle and modern growth theory. The

Economic Journal, 109, 416-436.

Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. (1982). An evolutionary theory of economic

change.Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.

Neuman, W. L. (1994). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative

approaches (3rd ed.).Boston:Allyn and Bacon.

Nobel, R., & Birkinshaw, J. (1998). Innovation in multinational corporations:Control

and communcation patterns in international R&D operations. Strategic

Managenent Journal, 19(5),479-496.

396

Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation.

Organization Science, 5(1), 14-37.

Noor, H. M. A. (1999). Tehnological effort: A study of its influencing factors in MNCs

and local firms in the electronics and electrical industries in Malaysia,

unpublished PhD thesis, Cardiff Business School, University of Wales.

O’Brien, L. (1993). Malaysian manufacturing sector linkages. In K. S. Jomo

(Ed.),Industrialising Malaysia: Policy,performance, prospects. London:

Routledge.

Okposin, S. B., Abdul Hamid A. H., & Boon, O. H. (2005). The changing phases of

Malaysian economy. Subang Jaya, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications.

Oman, C. (2000). Policy competition for foreign direct investment: A study of

competition among governments to attract FDI. Paris, OECD.

One Petro, (2005).Enhanced Oil Recovery in Malaysia: Making It a

Reality.http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=SPE-

95931-MS&societyCode=SPE. Accessed 1 May 2009.

Osland, G. E., Taylor, C. R., & Zou, S. (2001). Selecting international modes of entry

and expansion.Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 19(3), 153-161.

Pack, H., & Saggi, K. (1997). Inflows of foreign technology and indigenous

technological development. Review of Development Economics, 1, 81-98.

Pack, H., & Westphal, L. E. (1986). Industrial strategy and technological changes:

Theory versus reality. Journal of Development Economics, 22, 104.

Parkhe, A. (1993). ‘Messy’ research, methodological predisposition, and theory

development in international joint ventures. Academy of Management Review,

18(2), 227-268.

Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation research methods. Beverly Hills: Sage

Publications.

Pearce, R. (2001). Multinationals and industrialisation: The bases of ‘Inward

Investment’ policy. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 8(1),

51-73.

Peroz, C., & Soete, L. (1988). Catchingup in technology: Entry barriers and windows

of opportunity.InG. Dosi et al. (Eds.),Technical change and economic

theory.New York: Columbia University Press.

Perry, C., & Coote, L. (1994). Process of a case study research methodology: Tool for

management development? Paper presented at the the Australian and New

Zealand Association for Management (ANZAM) Conference, Victoria

University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.

397

Perry, C. (1997). Case Study Research. USQ external notes for 55504 Research

Methodology, University of Southern Queensland, Distance Education Center,

USQ, Toowoomba.

Perry, C. (1998). Processes of a case study methodology for postgraduate research in

marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 32(9/10), 785-802.

Peteraf, M. A. (1993). The cornerstones of economic advantage: A resource-based

view. Strategic Management Journal, 14(3),179-191.

Petronas (2010).Petronas Chemical Group Berhad Prospectus 2010. Bursa Malaysia.

Petronas (March 2005). Revenue in five-year financial highlights. Retrieved August

2007. http:

petronas.com.my/internet/corp/centralrep2/nsf/petronasannualreport2005.pdf.

Pietrobelli, C. (2000). The role of international technology transfer in the

industrialization of developing countries. In M. Elena, D. Schroeder (Eds.),

Technology transfer (pp. 209-234). Aldershot: Ashgate.

Pinsonneault, A., & Kraemer, K. L. (1991). Survey research methodology in

management information systems: Anassessment. Retrieved Jan 30, 2008.

http://www.crito.uci.edu/research.archieve/pdf/urb-022.pdf.

Polanyi, M. (1966). The tacit dimension. New York: Anchor Day.

Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage:Creating and sustaining superior

performance. New York: Free Press.

Porter, M. E. (1986). Competition in global industries: A conceptual framework. In M.

E. Porter, (Ed.), Competition in global industries (pp. 15-60). Cambridge,

Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.

Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard

Business Review, 68(3), 79-91.

Radosevic, S. (1999). International technology transfer and catch-up in economic

development.Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Rasiah, R. (1995). Foreign capital and industrialization in Malaysia. London:

Macmillan.

Rasiah, R. (2002). Systemic coordination and human capital development: Knowledge

flows in Malaysia’s MNC-driven electronics cluster. Paper presented at the

United Nations University Institute for New Technologies. Discussion Paper

Series #2002-7.

Rasiah, R. (2010). Technological catch up in the integrated circuit industries: towards a

regulatory framework for Malaysia. Paper presented at the Khazanah National

Chair Lecture Series, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 13 October 2010.

398

Rasiah, R. & Gachino, G. (2005). Are foreign firms more productive, and export and

technology intensive, than local firms in Kenyan manufacturing? Oxford

Development Studies, 33(2).

Reinert, E. (2007). How rich countries got richer and why poor countries stay

poor.London: Constable.

Reuber, G. L., Crookell, H., Emerson, M., & Gallais-Hamonno, G. (1973). Private

foreign investment in development. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Riege, A., & Nair, G. (1996). Criteria for judging the quality of case study research.

Working Paper No. 2, Department of Marketing & IB, QUT, Brisbane.

Rodriguez-Clare, A. (1996). Multinationals, linkages, and economic development.

American Economic Review, 85, 852-873.

Rodrik, D.(2004). Industrial policy for the twenty-first century.Unpublished paper for

UNIDO, Harvard University.

Root, F. R. (1987). Foreign market entry strategies. New York: AMACOM.

Root, F. R. (1994). Entry strategies for international markets. Washington, D.C.:

Lexington Books.

Romer, P. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98,

71-102.

Roth, K., & Morrison, A. J. (1990). An empirical analysis of the integration

responsiveness framework in global industries. Journal of International

Business Studies, 21(4), 541-564.

Rothwell, R., & Dodgson, M. (1991). External linkages and innovation in small and

medium-sized enterprises. R&D Management, 21(2), 125-137.

Rugman, A. M. (1981). Inside the multinationals: The economics of internal

markets.New York: Columbia University Press.

Rugman, Alan M. (1986). New theories of multinational enterprise: An assessment of

internalization theory. Bulletin of Economic Research, 38(2), 101-118.

Saggi, K.(1999). Foreign direct investment, licensing, and incentives for innovation.

Review of International Economics, 7(4), 699-714.

Saggi, K.(2002). Trade, foreign direct investment, and international technology

transfer:

A survey. The World Bank Research Observer, 17(2), 191-235.

Saggi, K.(2005). The impact of foreign direct investment on linkages and technology

transfer. http://www.redeconomia.org.ve/docs/pub136200583722.pdf.

Accessed 1 May 2009.

399

Sako, M. (1994). Supplier relationship and innovation. In M. Dodgson&R. Rothwell

(Eds.),The Handbook of Industrial Innovation(pp. 268-274). Aldershot: Edward

Elgar.

Saleh A. S., & Ndubisi, N.O. (2006). An evaluation of SME development inMalaysia.

International Review of Business Research Papers, 2(1), 1-14.

Salleh, I. M. (1992). Small and medium scale industrialisation: Problems and

prospects. Kuala Lumpur: ISIS.

Santoro, M. D., & Gopalakrishnan, S. (2001). Relationship dynamics between

university research centers and industrial firms: Their impact on technology

transfer activities. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26, 163-171.

Sarmidi, M. R., Aziz, R., Hussain, M. A., & Wan Daud, W. R. (2001). Overview of

petrochemical industries in Malaysia. ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering,

1(1), 7-16.

Schmitz, H. (2004). Local Enterprises in a global economy: Issues of governance and

upgrading. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Scott-Kennel, J., & Enderwick, P. (2001). The degree of linkages of foreign direct

investment in New Zealand industry (Mimeo). Wellington: Victoria University

of Wellington.

Scott-Kennel, J., & Enderwick, P.(2005). Economic upgrading and foreign direct

investment: Exploring the Black Box of the IDP. Transnational Corporations,

14(1), 105-137.

Shell. (1985). The Story of Shell in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Shell.

Shin, J. S. (1996). The economics of the latecomers:Catching-up, technology transfer

and institutions in Germany, Japan and South Korea. London: Routledge.

Siegel, S. (1956). Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral science.New York:

McGraw-Hill.

Singer, H. (1950). The distribution of gains between investing and borrowing

countries. American Economic Review(Papers and Proceedings), 40, 473-485.

Smeet, R. (2008). Collecting the pieces of the FDI knowledge spillovers puzzle. The

World Observer. March.

SMIDEC (2002). SMI Development Plan (2001-2005). Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan

Nasional Malaysia Berhad.

SMIDEC (2006). SME Performance 2005. Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional

Malaysia Berhad.

400

Smith, M. E., Thorpe, R., & Lowe, A. (2002). Management research: An introduction.

London: SEAG.

Spender, J. C. (1996). Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm.

Strategic Management Journal, 17(Special Issue, Winter), 45-62.

SPSS (1999). SPSS Regression Models 9.0. SPSS Inc.: Chicago.

SPSS (2001).SPSS User’s Guide. SPSS Inc.: Chicago.

Stake, Robert. E. (1994). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks: Sage

Publications.

Stevens, Paul (2003). Resource impact: Curse or blessing? A literature survey. Journal

of the Centre of Energy, Petroleum, and Mineral and Law Policy (13), Article

13-14,http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/journal/html/Vol13/article13-14.pdf.

Accessed 27/2/2009.

Stobaugh, Robert B. (1971). The international transfer of technology in

theestablishment of the petrochemical industry in developing countries.

Research Report no. 12, United Nations Institute for Training and Research:

New York.

Supapol Atipol, B. (1995). Transnational corporations and backward linkages in Asian

electronics industries.New York: United Nations ESCAP.

Svensson, R. (1998). Three empirical models for the entry mode choice in foreign

direct investment.Applied Economic Letters, 5(4), 201-204.

Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and

quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Tashakkkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2003).Handbook of mixed methods in social

and behavioral research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Tavares, A., & Young, S. (2005). FDI and multinationals: Patterns, impacts and

policies. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 12(1), 3-16.

Tavares, A., & Young, S. (2006). Sourcing patterns of foreign-owned multinational

subsidiaries in Europe. Regional Studies, 40(6), 583-599.

Teale, J. (1999). Influence of service quality on relationship development and

maintenance in the Australian financial service industry: An in-depth study.PhD

thesis: University of Southern Queensland.

Technology Business Review (2000). An Industry’s Titan. How a Titan was Formed

from a Simple Handshake. Volume 21, 86-96.

Technology Business Review (2007). A Decade of Excellence Between BASF and

Petronas, Volume 28, 106-107.

401

Teece, D. J. (1977). Technology transfer by multinational firms: The resource cost of

transferring technological know-how. The Economic Journal, 87, 242-261.

Teece, D. J. (1981). The multinational enterprise: Market failure and market power

considerations. Sloan Management Review, spring, 3-15.

Terpstra, V., & Sarathy, R. (1994). International Marketing(6th ed.).

Foxworth:Dryden.

Tsai, W. (2002). Social structure of ‘cooperation’ within a multinational organization:

Coordination and intraorganizational knowledge sharing. Organization Science,

13(2), 179-190.

Tsoukas, H. (1989). The validity of idiographic research explanations. Academy of

Management Review, 14(4),551-561.

UNCTAD (1999). World investment report 1999: FDI and the challenge of

development. New York and Geneva: United Nations.

UNCTAD (2000). World investment report 2000: Cross-border mergers and

acquisitions and development.New York and Geneva: United Nations.

UNCTAD (2000a). The Competitiveness Challenge: Transnational Corporations and

Industrial Restructuring in Developing Countries. New York and Geneva:

United Nations Publication.

UNCTAD (2001). World investment report 2001: Promoting linkages. New York and

Geneva: United Nations.

UNCTAD (2004). World investment report 2004: The shift towards services. New

York and Geneva: United Nations.

UNCTAD (2005). World investment report 2005: Transnational corporations and

internationalization of R&D.New York and Geneva: United Nations.

UNIDO (2005). Capacity building for catching up: Historical, empirical and policy

dimensions. UNIDO.

UTM (University of Technology Malaysia) (2006). Fundamentals of the Petrochemical

Industry.Kuala Lumpur: UTM City Campus.

Vernon, R. (1966). International investment and international trade in the product life

cycle. Quaterly Journal of Economics, 80(2), 190-207.

Vernon, R. (1998). In the hurricane’s eye: The troubled prospects of multinational

enterprises. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Von der Mehden, F. R., & Troner, A. (2007). Petronas: A national oil company with an

international vision. The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice

University.

402

Von Hipple, E. (1988). The Sources of iInnovation. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

Von Tunzelmann, G. N. (1995). Technology and industrial progress: The foundation of

economic growth. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.

Wang, Y., & Blomstrom, M. (1992). Foreign investment and technology transfer: A

simple model.European Economic Review, 36, 137-155.

Watts, C. A., & Hahn, C. K. (1993). Supplier development programs: An empirical

analysis. International Journal of Purchasing Materials Management, 29(2),

11-17.

Wells, L. T., Jr. (1983). Third World multinationals: The rise of foreign direct

investment from developing countries. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Whitman, M. E., & Woszczynski, A. B. (2004). The handbook of information systems

research.USA:Idea Group Publishing.

Wilkins, M. (1998). Multinational corporations: An historical account. In R. Kozul-

Wright &Rowthorn (Eds.),Transnational corporations and the global economy

(pp. 95-133). London: Macmillan Press.

Williamson, K., & Bow,A. (2000). Analysis of quantitative and qualitativedata. InK.

Williamson(Ed.),Research Methods for Students and Professionals:

Information Management and Systems. Centre for Information Studies. Charles

Sturt University: Wagga Wagga.

Williamson, O. (1975). Markets and hierarchies: Analysis and anti-trust implications.

New York: Free Press.

Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (1983). Mass media research: An introduction(2nd

ed.). California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Winter, S. G. (1987). Knowledge and competence as strategic assets. In Teece, D.

(Ed.), The competitive challenge. Cambridge, Mass.: 159-184.

Wong, P. K. (1991). Technological development through subcontracting linkages: A

case study. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.

Woodcock, C. P., Beamish, P., & Makino, S. (1994). Ownership-based entry mode

strategies and international performance. Journal of International Business

Studies, 25(2), 253-274.

World Bank (1998). World Development Report: Knowledge for Development.

Washington D. C.

Yin, R. K. (1989). Case study research: Design and methods (Revised Ed.). Thousand

Oaks: Sage Publications.

403

Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods (2nd

Ed.). Thousand Oaks:

Sage Publications.

Zahra, S. A., Ireland, R. D., & Hitt, M. A. (2000). International expansion by new

venture firms: International diversity, mode of market entry, technological

learning and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 925-950.

Zander, U., & Kogut, B. (1995). Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation

of organizational capabilities: An empirical test. Organization Science, 6, 76-92.

Zikmund, W. G. (1997). Business Research Methods. Fort Worth: The Dryden Press.