REFERENCINGREFERENCING

APAAPA(American Psychological Association)(American Psychological Association)

WHY IS WHY IS REFERENCING REFERENCING

IMPORTANT AND IMPORTANT AND ESSENTIAL?ESSENTIAL?

WHAT DO YOU DO TO WHAT DO YOU DO TO PREPARE TO WRITE PREPARE TO WRITE AN ESSAY? HOW DO AN ESSAY? HOW DO YOU ORGANIZE YOUR YOU ORGANIZE YOUR INFORMATION?INFORMATION?

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: TOPICTOPIC: : FEMALE LEADERS: THE IMPORTANCE FEMALE LEADERS: THE IMPORTANCE

OF FEMALE ROLE MODELSOF FEMALE ROLE MODELSThings to talk aboutThings to talk about::

-Women see more for themselves than what their -Women see more for themselves than what their present situation allows.present situation allows.

-How to promote/foster leadership in women.-How to promote/foster leadership in women. -Schools often discourage individuality.-Schools often discourage individuality. -Female leaders of our past.-Female leaders of our past. -Qualities and contributions of these past leaders-two -Qualities and contributions of these past leaders-two

books.books. -The need for strong, independent, successful females -The need for strong, independent, successful females

that girls can look to for guidance and leadership.that girls can look to for guidance and leadership. -Individuality is important to foster in young girls.-Individuality is important to foster in young girls. -Leadership camps can be used to foster leadership -Leadership camps can be used to foster leadership

skills in girls.skills in girls. -A teacher’s role is important in fostering leadership.-A teacher’s role is important in fostering leadership. -Can explore the feminist message in here.-Can explore the feminist message in here.

Smith, P. L. & Smits, S. J. (1994) Smith, P. L. & Smits, S. J. (1994) The Feminization of The Feminization of LeadershipLeadership? ? Training and DevelopmentTraining and Development. 48(2). pp. 43-46.. 48(2). pp. 43-46.

p. 43-More women are breaking into top corporate slots, and more p. 43-More women are breaking into top corporate slots, and more are successfully launching their own companies. Meanwhile, are successfully launching their own companies. Meanwhile, popular notions of successful leadership now encompass popular notions of successful leadership now encompass characteristics traditionally associated with women.characteristics traditionally associated with women.

p. 43-Do women exercise leadership differently than men do? And p. 43-Do women exercise leadership differently than men do? And if so, will “feminine” leadership succeed where “masculine” if so, will “feminine” leadership succeed where “masculine” leadership does not?leadership does not?

p. 44-Before the 1970’s, few researchers considered the role p. 44-Before the 1970’s, few researchers considered the role gender plays in the exercise of leadership. Nor did leadership-gender plays in the exercise of leadership. Nor did leadership-development programs consider the particular challenges female development programs consider the particular challenges female executives face.executives face.

p. 44-Not surprisingly, studies indicate that many women who p. 44-Not surprisingly, studies indicate that many women who achieve top-level positions in large corporations tend to perceive, achieve top-level positions in large corporations tend to perceive, think, value, and behave in ways similar to men.think, value, and behave in ways similar to men.

p. 45-It takes time for people to build confidence in themselves and p. 45-It takes time for people to build confidence in themselves and for role models to exert a lasting influence. This study’s findings for role models to exert a lasting influence. This study’s findings suggest that the presence of more women in leadership roles could suggest that the presence of more women in leadership roles could itself create a momentum that inspires and helps other women itself create a momentum that inspires and helps other women assert themselves as leaders.assert themselves as leaders.

REFERENCE LISTREFERENCE LIST BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY- A list of sources you have - A list of sources you have

referredreferred to when completing your piece of to when completing your piece of work.work.

REFERENCESREFERENCES: (AKA Works Cited, etc…)-: (AKA Works Cited, etc…)-A list of sources you have A list of sources you have usedused when when completing your piece of work.completing your piece of work.

For all work in my course I would like a For all work in my course I would like a list of REFERENCES, not a bibliography.list of REFERENCES, not a bibliography.

NOTENOTE: A reference list appears at the : A reference list appears at the ENDEND of your work or essay.of your work or essay.

REFERENCING FORMATREFERENCING FORMAT

Always alphabetical by authors last name (if no Always alphabetical by authors last name (if no author by organization)author by organization)

1st line is never indented, rest of lines are 1st line is never indented, rest of lines are indentedindented

references are single spaced, DO NOT references are single spaced, DO NOT DOUBLE SPACEDOUBLE SPACE

Leave one line between each referenceLeave one line between each reference DO NOT number your references (1, 2, 3, etc…)DO NOT number your references (1, 2, 3, etc…) Use standard font and letter size (Eg: 12 font, Use standard font and letter size (Eg: 12 font,

Times New Roman)Times New Roman)

REFERENCESREFERENCES

Canadian Psychological Association. (2014) Canadian Psychological Association. (2014) Advancing Advancing Psychology for allPsychology for all. Retrieved from. Retrieved from

http://www.cpa.ca/sections/aboriginalpsychology

Davis, C. et al. (n.d.). Effects of aerobic exercise on Davis, C. et al. (n.d.). Effects of aerobic exercise on overweight children’s cognitive functioning: a overweight children’s cognitive functioning: a randomized controlled trial. randomized controlled trial. Research Quarterly for Research Quarterly for Exercise and SportExercise and Sport. 78 (5), 510-519.. 78 (5), 510-519.

Salinger, J. D. (1951). Salinger, J. D. (1951). The catcher in the ryeThe catcher in the rye. Boston: . Boston: Warner Books.Warner Books.

NOTENOTE: Introduction and : Introduction and conclusion are normally always conclusion are normally always in your own words (no sources in your own words (no sources used with a few exceptions). used with a few exceptions). Most references will be seen in Most references will be seen in body paragraphs.body paragraphs.

In-Text CitationsIn-Text CitationsReferencing a Direct Quote that is 3 lines or lessReferencing a Direct Quote that is 3 lines or less::

With the society turning for the bad as days pass, the teens are With the society turning for the bad as days pass, the teens are getting into all sorts of trouble with drugs and alcohol. “Thirty getting into all sorts of trouble with drugs and alcohol. “Thirty years ago, drugs were something that older people never talked years ago, drugs were something that older people never talked about and nor did they ever see” (Wang, 2013, 43). Alcohol about and nor did they ever see” (Wang, 2013, 43). Alcohol was small thing that the good people such as churchgoers was small thing that the good people such as churchgoers never touched, but they preached about it. Every town has a never touched, but they preached about it. Every town has a town drunk. In today's society teens see alcohol and drugs at town drunk. In today's society teens see alcohol and drugs at least once a day or more. “Thirty years ago drugs were a little least once a day or more. “Thirty years ago drugs were a little harder to find, teenagers did not have access at the time” harder to find, teenagers did not have access at the time” (CBC, 2013, 1). So, today they face more peer pressure to (CBC, 2013, 1). So, today they face more peer pressure to where now it is illegal and thirty years ago it was legal and not a where now it is illegal and thirty years ago it was legal and not a problem. problem.

In-Text Citations CONT…In-Text Citations CONT…Referencing a Direct Quote that is over 3 linesReferencing a Direct Quote that is over 3 lines::

Also, teenagers are under much pressure for their studies, because if they Also, teenagers are under much pressure for their studies, because if they

don't pass, they don't get jobs, and things take turn for the worse. don't pass, they don't get jobs, and things take turn for the worse.

With the world economy in crisis, you have to do really, really well in With the world economy in crisis, you have to do really, really well in your educational degrees, to even have a look in for a job. It's really your educational degrees, to even have a look in for a job. It's really taking a toll on teenagers these days, and bad thing is, they can't do taking a toll on teenagers these days, and bad thing is, they can't do anything about it, and neither is there and option. (Zergani, 2013, anything about it, and neither is there and option. (Zergani, 2013,

14)14)

Adults say that when we become their age, it's the hardest part of life. But I Adults say that when we become their age, it's the hardest part of life. But I

think they're wrong, the teenager year of one's life is the hardest. The think they're wrong, the teenager year of one's life is the hardest. The

transition from a kid to an adult is way harder, than being already and adult, transition from a kid to an adult is way harder, than being already and adult,

but getting different responsibilities. but getting different responsibilities.

In-Text Citations CONT…In-Text Citations CONT…Referencing when you have reworded a source into your own Referencing when you have reworded a source into your own words:words:

It's all not so bad about being a teenager though. Now you It's all not so bad about being a teenager though. Now you don't have to have your parents take you to somewhere you don't have to have your parents take you to somewhere you want to go, and somewhere you couldn't go before. You can want to go, and somewhere you couldn't go before. You can go with friends and have fun, which you couldn't because all of go with friends and have fun, which you couldn't because all of you were too little to know what fun is! You can now go to you were too little to know what fun is! You can now go to amusement parks, parties etc. with friends, or even alone. It's amusement parks, parties etc. with friends, or even alone. It's a very enjoyable time of life, if you do the right stuff, and put a very enjoyable time of life, if you do the right stuff, and put thought into what you are doing. But with all good things, must thought into what you are doing. But with all good things, must come the bad. During this age, you are old and hopefully come the bad. During this age, you are old and hopefully smart enough to understand what is good for you, and make smart enough to understand what is good for you, and make decisions without consulting others. But with that comes risk, decisions without consulting others. But with that comes risk, and nowadays, fun stuff are usually bad stuff. (Khoury, 2013)and nowadays, fun stuff are usually bad stuff. (Khoury, 2013)**Every paragraph is a new start. If you have 3 paragraphs that are from same source you must put an in **Every paragraph is a new start. If you have 3 paragraphs that are from same source you must put an in text citation at the end of every paragraph***text citation at the end of every paragraph***