referencingguidelines-v1.13

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Guidelines on referencing inacademic writing


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Copyright Bradford College 2008

All rights reserved.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of

research or private study, as permitted by the

Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this

publication cannot be reproduced, stored or

transmitted in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise without prior permission.

Version 1.13 (03 September 2008)

Note that some pages have deliberately been leftblank in order that the pagination follows

publishing conventions when printed double-sided.


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Contents

Acknowledgements .. v

Section 1: Referencing

1.1 Why do we reference? 1

1.2 The Harvard System ... 1

1.3 Plagiarism ....... 1

Section 2: Including references in the text

2.1 In-text referencing .. 3

2.2 Referencing sources .... 4

2.3 Direct quotations . 5

2.4 Secondary sources .. 8

2.5 Common conventions ..... 9

Section 3: Spacing and alignment of text

3.1 Text alignment and spacing 11

3.2 Paragraph spacing ... 11

3.3 Long quotations .. 12

Section 4: Reference lists

4.1 Constructing reference lists..... 13

4.2 Example of a reference list . 15

4.3 Books .. 16

4.4 Journal articles 18

4.5 Government publications .... 18

4.6 Conferences .... 18

4.7 Theses and dissertations . 194.8 Newspaper articles or magazines 19

4.9 Cartographic material . 19

4.10 Video, film or broadcasts .... 20

4.11 Course notes .... 20

4.12 Electronic sources ... 21

Section 5: Summary

5.1 Examples of referencing . 23


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Acknowledgements

In order to avoid confusion, individual references have not been given for each of the points

made, and examples given, in these Guidelines. However, the information in this document

has been adapted from a variety of sources, which include:

Bradford College (2007)Brand Guidelines. [Online]. Bradford: Bradford College.Available: http://college1.bradfordcollege.ac.uk/misc/brand%20guidelines.pdf [20

March 2007]

British Standards Institution (1990)BS5605:1990.Recommendations for citing and

referencing published material. Milton Keynes: British Standards Institute

Curtin University of Technology (2005)Harvard Referencing (Leaflet No.32). [Online].Sydney, Australia: Curtin University of Technology Library and Information Service.

Available: http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/harvard.pdf [20 May 2005]

Dhann, S. (2001)Referencing the Harvard System.[Online]. Exeter: University of Exeter:Department of Lifelong Learning Study Skills Series. Available:

http://www.education.ex.ac.uk/dll/studyskills/harvard_referencing.PDF [20 May 2005]

Edge Hill (2003)References and bibliographies: a guide to the Harvard system ofreferencing. [Online]. Available:

http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/tld/student/7steps/harvard.htm#2 [20 May 2005]

Holland, M. (2004) Citing References. [Online]. Bournemouth: Bournemouth University

Academic Services. Available: http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/academic_services/

documents/Library/Citing_References.pdf [20 May 2005]

Leeds Metropolitan University (2004a) Quote, Unquote: The Harvard Style of referencing

published material. [Online]. 4th

edition. Leeds: Leeds Metropolitan University.Available: http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/lskills/open/sfl/content/harvard/downloads/

harvard_2004.pdf [15 May 2005]

(2004b)A Guide to Harvard Referencing. [Online]. Available:

http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/lskills/open/sfl/content/harvard/index.html [15 May 2005]

Maney, A.S. and Smallwood, R.L. (1996)MHRA Style Book: A handbook for authors,

editors, and writers of theses. 5th

edition. London: Modern Humanities ResearchAssociation, revised edition published asMHRA (2002) MHRA Style Guide. [Online].

London: Modern Humanities Research Association. Available:

http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/download.shtml [10 May 2005]

Pears, G. (2004) Cite them right! [Online]. Newcastle upon Tyne: Northumbria University.

Available: http://www.unn.ac.uk/central/isd/cite/cite1995.htm [16 May 2005]


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Taylor, A., Turner, J. and Collier, J. (2004)References. [Online]. Reading: University of

Reading. Available:http://www.rdg.ac.uk/studyskills/study%20guides/references%202.htm [16 May 2005]

Thames Valley University (2005) Guidelines on reference listing - the Harvard system.[Online]. Ealing: Thames Valley University. Available:http://www.tvu.ac.uk/lrs/guides/harvard.html [16 May 2005]

University of Bristol (n.d.) Study Skills Manual: Section 3: Plagiarism and Referencing.

[Online]. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sps/downloads/study_skills/3.doc [24 May 2005]

University of Huddersfield (2002)Harvard Referencing. [Online]. Huddersfield: University

of Huddersfield School of Education and Professional Development. Available:

http://efn.hud.ac.uk/studyskills/referen.html [20 May 2005]

University of Sheffield Library (2005a)Harvard Referencing Guide HSL-DVC1. [Online].Sheffield: University of Sheffield. Available: http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc1.pdf [20 May 2005]

(2005b)Harvard Referencing Guide HSL-DVC2. [Online]. Sheffield: University of

Sheffield. Available: http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc2.pdf [20 May 2005]

I am grateful to those who have contributed suggestions for inclusion in these Guidelines.

Stephen Newman


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Section 1: Referencing

1.1. Why do we reference?Part of the skill of academic writing is demonstrating that you have looked

critically at the theories and ideas of others working in your field of study and used

these to construct your own debates and discussions. The details of references areprovided to enable the reader to check the evidence upon which your arguments

are based or to follow up further lines of enquiry. At times, your tutors will use

your list of references to check the sources identified.

We strongly advise you to record all the information required to reference a source

appropriately at the time of reading. We know from bitter experience that there is

nothing more irritating than wanting to use a quotation for which you have anincomplete reference.

1.2 The Harvard System

There are many referencing systems in operation and many variations of each ofthese systems. Sometimes it can be difficult to identify just how to reference. At

the College we have adopted the Harvard System (sometimes known as the author-

date system) of referencing and the following sections aim to explain this in termsof including references in the main text and compiling reference lists at the end of

assignments. At first you may struggle with referencing but, with experience and

the support of your tutors, you will become more confident and competentthroughout your course. Note that publishers of books and journals often have

their own system of referencing which, even if based on the Harvard System, will

differ from the recommendations here.

1.3 Plagiarism

It is your responsibility to acknowledge the source of these ideas both in the main

text and in a reference list at the end of the text. If you do not do this, you could

open yourself up to accusations of plagiarism, since appropriating the work ofothers without due acknowledgement is a serious form of academic deception.

Please remember that plagiarism is not just copying work from other people; it alsoincludes using other peoples ideas without acknowledging them.


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Section 2: Including references in the text

2.1 In-text referencingIt should be remembered that all statements, opinions, conclusions, and lines of

argument taken from another writers work should be acknowledged, whether thework is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. Failure to do so may lead to

accusations of plagiarism.

It is important to use quotations and references in a way that enables you to bemost economical with the words allocated to complete your assignment.

Remember that all quotations are included in the word count and that extensive

word-for-word quotations may not be the best use of the words available to you.

It is also important to remember that the reader should be able to find the fullreference of your citation in your list of references, using the information you

provide in the assignment. This should include the author/editors name(s) and the

year of publication. We advise you to add these to your list of references when youinclude them in the assignment to avoid omitting them.

You must follow the conventions shown accurately. Which words are in italics,and where spaces, commas and full stops are inserted, are all important aspects of

correct referencing. Note that direct quotations as a whole, or any words or

phrases within a direct quotation, should not be marked in bold or italics unless theoriginal source shows those styles. Section 2.5 gives further detail about this.

The examples given in this booklet try to show the conventions we have adopted.

Please be aware that there are many interpretations of the Harvard system ofreferencing, so the examples may differ from those used elsewhere. Of course, it is

unlikely that the examples cover every possible situation, so be prepared to use

common sense as well. Your tutors will support you if you would like clarification

of any point.


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2.2 Referencing sourcesIf you are paraphrasing or summarising the ideas of an author you could include a

reference to this in the text in a number of ways. The most common ways of doing

this are illustrated below. Note that the page number(s) should be given where youare drawing attention to a specific point or argument, rather than to the work as awhole.

In a recent study Smith (1986, p.21) argued that children are

literate by the age of three.

A recent study (Smith 1986, p.21) argued that children are


Children are thought to be literate by the age of three (Smith

1986, p.21).

If two authors are involved, both are given

In a recent study Smith and Jones (1986) argued that ...

Smith and Jones (1986, p.27) have argued that

If there are more than two authors, you should only include the first authors nameand then use the abbreviation et al. to indicate there are other authors/editors:

In a recent study Harrison et al. (1986, p.54) argued that

However, you must include all the names in the list of references.

If the work is anonymous then Anon. should be used.

This was apparently not the case before about 1995 (Anon.

1999, p.14).


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If the reference is to a newspaper article with no author the name of the newspaper

(italicised) can be used instead on Anon..

More people than ever seem to be using home delivery

services (The Times 1996, p.6).

If you refer to someone who has not contributed to, or authored, a work but is

referred to in someone elses work it is good practice to mention the persons name

as well as citing the source author.

Hammond, in an interview with Marshall (1999, p.67),

stressed the part that psychology plays in advertising.

You would list the work that has been published (in this example, by Marshall) inthe reference list.

If there is more than author with the same name they would probably be

differentiated by the year of publication. Only where there is more than one author

with the same name and the same year of publication would their initial(s) beincluded in the in-text reference.

argued this is the theory, as I believe it (Wallis, L. 1995,

pp.78-79). This, however, was contested later in the same year

(Wallis, S.R. 1995).

2.3 Direct quotationsAll direct quotations must also include the page number of the source. This may be

done in a variety of ways and the examples below show the most common

methods. Note that the bibliographic details are given close to each other and thequoted text.

who argue that their study demonstrates that children are

literate by the age of three (Smith and Jones 1986, p.63).

Smith and Jones (1986, p.63) argue that their study

demonstrates that children are literate by the age of three.

Smith and Jones (1986) argue that their study demonstrates

that children are literate by the age of three(p.63).


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Electronic sources, such as references from the Internet, are more difficult as most

electronically accessed material is not paginated. To avoid confusion, you shouldindicate that you are citing an on-line source. For example,

In a fascinating article, Moody attacks the widespread use

of acronyms, but regards some Internet acronyms, such as

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) as serviceable for file

titles and related uses, where space is limited (Moody

1996, online).

When, in the main body of your document, you are citing material taken from a

published CD-ROM, follow the guidelines given above for citing Internet sources,but identify the digital source as a CD-ROM rather than on-line. For example:

Between 1986 and 1992, perhaps as many as 1650 cattle

exported from the United Kingdom were affected by so-

called mad cow disease, according to calculations made

by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Forster

1997, CD-ROM).

Make sure you know the gender of the author you are referencing. This prevents

you from using the wrong pronoun when referring to their work.

Conventions for punctuating direct quotations vary but again you should follow the

guidance below for your assignments at the College.

Quotations of less than one line may be inserted into the text set in invertedcommas. For example:

The strong argument put forward by

Harlen (2002) that processes are the ways

in which children will accept science as

a promoter of thought (p.26) can also be

seen in the work of others (Reiss 1996;

Naylor and Keogh 1998).

It has been argued that processes are

the ways in which children will accept

science as a promoter of thought

(Harlen 2002, p.26); this view can also

be seen in the work of others (Reiss

1996; Naylor and Keogh 1998).

Full stops should be outside the quotation marks, even if the quotation ends with a

full stop in the original. You should change the case of the initial letter from upper

to lower if appropriate, so that it makes sense as part of the sentence in which it is

quoted.


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Quotations of more than one line should be indented both left and right, and single-

spaced. Do not put quotations in bold or in italics unless the original uses them.There is no need to use inverted commas at the start and end of the quotation. For

example:

As Burgess (1984) stated:

Gaining access is an essential phase in the research

process, for access is a prerequisite; a precondition

for research to be conducted. (p.45)

This being so, maintaining registration of any appropriate

libraries, and

Lengthy quotations should be avoided as they take up valuable wordage and may

lead to accusations of plagiarism if your assignment is made up of long quotes

joined together with one or two of your own sentences. However, at times you may

wish to use a quotation that includes some of the aspects to which you wish to refer

but where not all of it is relevant. In these cases you should insert three full stops toindicate some of the text has been omitted. For example:

When choosing the focus for research, practitioners would do

well to follow Hopkins advice to

Choose a topic that is important to you or one that

you have to be involved with anyway in the course of

your normal school activities. (1985, p.47)

or,The Education Act in 1980 introduced the notion of parents as

clients with the intention

that parents could make choices on the basis of informed

judgement and exert pressure on schools to achieve

high standards. (Gloveret al. 1998, p.97)

If it is unclear in a quotation what is being referred to, it is usual to insert the name

or focus in square brackets as follows:

A dramatic response from them [the victims] may often

be seen as an indicator of future bully/victim problems.

(Sewell 1999, p.56)

Note that a reference in parenthesis after a long quotation should be placed outside

the full stop and without a full stop of its own.

Note too that the length of the quoted passage, and the use to which it is put,

should be fair to the original author(s).


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2.4 Secondary sources

There may be occasions when it is difficult to find the original source of a

quotation or a reference and you need to use a secondary source, which is where

one author refers to the work of another. Wherever possible you should try toaccess the original source but, if it proves impossible, you should clearly indicatethat you have not read the original piece of work and reference it as shown in the

examples below.

Zeichner and Tabachnick (1991, p.3) refer to Zeichner and

Listons (1990) work to give details of four traditions of

reflective teaching, although they note that

It has been argued that there are four traditions of reflectiveteaching (Zeichner and Liston 1990, cited in Zeichner and

Tabachnick 1991, p.3).

as was pointed out by the Confederation of British

Industry [CBI] in their response (CBI 1989, cited in Bluck

et al. 1994, p.39).

Remember, however, that such references rely on the author giving an accurate

reflection of the contents of the original work and that often authors interpret (or

misinterpret) what they are reading to support their own arguments. It is also not

unusual for authors to give an incorrect page number for quotations they use so bevery wary of citing these.

Please note that secondary referencing should be used sparingly. Excessive use ofsecondary referencing is likely to be penalised.


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2.5 Common Conventions

Two common conventions that you may need to use are:

et al. is an abbreviation meaning and others. This is used when referencing asource by more than two authors in the main text. All authors must belisted in the list of references.

[sic] means so or thus, and is used when there is a mistake in the original

text. It indicates that you have accurately quoted the original text and notmade the error yourself. When you use direct quotations, you must

reproduce the authors words exactly, including all italicisation, spellings,

punctuation, and errors.

Here are some examples:

the teacher could of [sic] prevented this

wrote that the school Principle [sic] demanded high

standards

though the issue was highlighted thus:

Sometimes in removing part of [sic] longer section of

text to shorten it you will need to insert a new word to

retain the sense of the quotation. (University of Bristol

n.d., online)

Another commented that it was

perhaps unsurprising that the women were happy to

take only 75 per cent of the equivalent male wage.

(Smith 2002, p.84, emphasis in original)

though her research suggested the most devotedworkers

were the women (Smith 2002, p.54, emphasis added).

You should avoid using the abbreviations below but they are useful for you to

know if you find them when reading the work of others.

ibid. (from the Latin ibidem meaning in the same place). If two (or more)

consecutive references are from the same source then the second (orothers) can sometimes be referenced in this way.

op. cit. (from the Latin opere citato meaning in the work cited). It is used afteran authors name to mean the same work as last cited for this author. This

is not used in the Harvard system.


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Section 3: Spacing and alignment of text

Text in an assignment and in the reference list should normally be left-justified, not

left- and right-margin justified.

The main body of the text should have double line spacing. Long quotations

should be single line spaced and indented on the left and the right margins. The

reference list is single spaced with a hanging indent, with a blank line betweeneach reference.

Paragraphs can be separated in one of three ways. Be consistent throughout the

assignment.

3.1 Text alignment and spacing

The text in this section is double line-

spaced and justified only on the left-

margin. It lines up only on the left

margin. Use these settings for the text

your assignments.

The text in this section is single

line-spaced and justified on bothmargins. It lines up on the left and

right hand sides. Do not use these

settings for the text in your

assignment.

This text is single-spaced with a hanging

indent. This is the style for your

reference list.

3.2 Paragraph spacing

This text is single-spaced but

without a hanging indent.

This is an example of leaving an extra

blank line between the two paragraphs.

In this example the first line of each

paragraph is not indented.

This is an alternative method of

separating paragraphs, namely indenting

the first line of the new paragraph.

If you choose this method, use it

consistently throughout your assignment.


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A third possibility is to combine the

two methods shown above by leaving a blank

line and indenting the first line of each

paragraph.

Again, be consistent throughout the

piece of work.

3.3 Long quotations

Where you use a long quotation, the attribution and the spacing between the text and

the long quotation also need to be correct, as shown in the example below:

Creswell (1994) provides an even more detailed definition. For him,

quantitative research is an

inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing atheory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and

analysed with statistical procedures, in order to determine

whether the predictive generalisations of the theory hold

true. (Creswell 1994, p.1)

Advocates of such methods base their faith on the assumption that

quantitative methods

Note that the spacing of the first and of last lines of the long quote is consistent with

the double line-spacing of the main body of the text. If the sentence after the longquotation is the start of a new paragraph you would need to apply the style you have

chosen to mark a new paragraph.


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Section 4: Reference lists

4.1 Constructing reference lists

A list of the references you have used should always be included at the back of

your assignment, before any appendices or additional material. We require a list ofall sources to which you make reference or which you cite in your assignment.

When constructing a list of references you should include all sources that have

been referenced in the text. The only time you do not need to reference sources iswhen the information is common knowledge or public domain. For example, you

would not need to include a reference if you stated in an assignment that the

National Curriculum is statutory in English state schools. However, if you werereferring to a specific part of the National Curriculum then you would need to

include the reference. You must reference all direct quotations, that is when youcopy another authors material word-for-word, and you must reference ideas which

have been paraphrased from another authors work, that is when you take their

ideas and put them into your own words. This also includes tables and illustrationstaken from the work of others.

The list of references should be in alphabetical order using the authors surnameor, in cases where there is no named author(s), the other relevant and appropriate

details. Do not separate books, journal articles, and electronic sources into separate

groups of lists. An example of a reference list is provided within these Guidelinesand you should follow the punctuation and presentation as shown.

You should note that the line spacing of a reference list is single spacing, with a

single blank line between each reference. Note too that the second and subsequentlines of each reference are indented on the left-hand margin.

In order to present your reference list correctly and accurately you will need to record

certain information at the time of reading the material. Get into the habit of doing the

following whenever you access a source.

Forbooks record: The authors or editors name and initials (and the name of the author(s) of the

chapter(s) concerned if it is an edited book). (It is often helpful to record full

names so that you remember whether the author is male or female.)

The year the book was published

The title of the book (and the title and page numbers of the chapter if it is an editedbook)

If it is an edition other than the first

The place in which the book was published

The name of the publisher.


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Forjournal articles record: The authors name or names

The year in which the journal was published

The title of the article

The title of the journal The page number(s) of the article in the journal

As much information as you can find out about the journal, including the volumeand issue numbers.

Forelectronic resources record as much of the following as are available: The authors name or names

The date of the resource used

The title of the resource

The edition if it states that it has been rewritten and not just revised

The place of publication

The name of the publisher The date you accessed the resource

The electronic address or email

The type of electronic resource (email, discussion forum, www page, CD-ROM,etc.)

The page numbers from which you copied any information.


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4.2 Example of reference list

References

Barnes, R. (1995) Successful study for degrees. 2ndedition. London: Routledge

Blair, A. (1997) Interview. In: Six Oclock News. TV, BBC1. 1997 February 28.

1823hrs.

Brock, A. (1999)Into the enchanted forest. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books

Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2000)Research methods in education.

5th edition. London: RoutledgeFalmer

Cramer, I. (1999) Interactive storymaking for contextualised language learning.

In: Tosi, A. and Leung, C. (eds.)Rethinking language education: from amonolingual to a multicultural perspective. London: CILT, pp.180-195

Department of Health (1996) Choice and opportunity: primary care: the future.

Cm. 3390. London: Stationery Office

Dunne, M. (2004)Education beyond the classroom: Lifelong Learning. Bradford

College: McMillan School of Teaching, Health and Care

Great Britain (1990)National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990.London: HMSO

Lang, P. (1995) Preparing teachers for pastoral care and personal and social

education: To train or educate?, Pastoral Care in Education, Vol.13, No.4,

pp.18-23

Lemmond, E.H. (1990) A study of library networks by type. In: Genaway, D.C.

and Hogan, T.H. (eds.) (1990)IOLS'90: proceedings of the 5th Integrated

Online Library Systems meeting, New York, May 2-3, 1990. New York:

Learned Information, pp.137-62

Napier, A. (1993a) Fatal storm. Sydney: Allen and Unwin

(1993b) Survival at sea. Sydney: Allen and Unwin

Wragg, T. (2003) The Notion of the Teacher, TheTimes EducationalSupplement, 12 February, p.15

Young, C. (2001)English Heritage position statement on the Valletta

Convention. [Online]. Available:

http://www.archaeol.freeuk.com/EHPositionStatement.htm [24 August 2006]

Zeichner, K.M. and Lister, D.P. (1987) Teaching Student Teachers to Reflect,

Harvard Educational Review, Vol.57, No.1, pp.23-48


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4.3 Books

Use the title page of the book to find most of the information needed (i.e. the cover

page within the book rather than the front cover).

Books with one author:

Authors surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first).

Place of publication: Publisher

Barnes, R. (1995) Successful study for degrees. 2ndedition.

London: Routledge

Brock, A. (1999)Into the enchanted forest. Stoke-on-Trent:

Trentham Books

Books with more than one author:

All of the authors surnames, with their INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title.

Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher

Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2000)Research

methods in education.5th edition. London:

RoutledgeFalmer

Books with an editor:

Authors name, INITIALS. (ed. or eds.) (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not

the first). Place of publication: Publisher

Tosi, A. and Leung, C. (eds.) (1999)Rethinking language

education: from a monolingual to a multicultural

perspective. London: CILT

Contribution to a book:

Contributing Authors surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title of

contribution. In: Author or editors surname, INITIALS. (ed. or eds. if relevant).

Title of book. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher, pages of the

contribution.

Cramer, I. (1999) Interactive storymaking for contextualised

language learning. In: Tosi, A. and Leung, C. (eds.)

Rethinking language education: from a monolingual to a

multicultural perspective. London: CILT, pp.180-195


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Books by the same author

If the reference list includes more than one work by the same author a long dash

should be substituted for the name after the first occurrence



Books by the same author in the same year

To distinguish these from the citations in the text of your assignment, a letter is

usually added to the date. The references are then listed as follows:



Books with an anonymous or unknown author:

Anon. (Year of publication)Name of publication. Place of publication: Publisher

Anon. (1985) The University Encyclopaedia. London:

Roydon

Secondary referencing (See also Section 2.4)

When you list a secondary reference in your list of references you need to make it

clear that you have not read the original work but have only seen it referred to inanother authors work. Therefore you must also give the details of the work you

consulted. You cannot include details of the original study on their own, as you

have not read it.

Zeichner, K.M. and Liston, D.P. (1990) Traditions ofReform and Reflective Teaching in US Teacher

Education (Issue Paper 90-1). East Lansing, MI: NationalCenter for Research on Teacher Education. Cited in:

Tabachnick , B.R. and Zeichner, K.M. (eds.) (1991)

Issues and Practices in Inquiry-Oriented Teacher

Education. London: The Falmer Press, pp.1-21

Confederation of British Industry (1989) Towards a skills

revolution: a youth charter. London: CBI. Cited in: Bluck,

R., Hilton, A. and Noon, P. (1994)Information skills in

academic libraries: a teaching and learning role in higher

education. SEDA. Paper 82. Birmingham: Staff and

Educational Development Association, p.39


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4.4 Journal articles

Authors surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication of the journal) Title of article,

Title of Journal,Volume number, issue number (if relevant), Month of publication

(if given), page number(s)

Lang, P. (1995) Preparing teachers for pastoral care and

personal and social education: To train or educate?,

Pastoral Care in Education, Vol.13, No.4, pp.18-23

Sometimes there may not be an issue number and the month may be replaced by a

season. Use the information available.

4.5 Government Publications

Command Papers

Command Papers are presented to Parliament by command of Her Majesty.

They include White Papers (statements of government policy) and some GreenPapers (putting forward proposals for consideration and public discussion). The

prefix of the reference number has changed over the years the most recent

include Cmd., Cmnd. and Cm.

Name of issuing body (Year of publication) Title of paper. Reference number. City

of publication: Publisher

Department of Health (1996) Choice and opportunity:

primary care: the future. Cm. 3390. London: StationeryOffice

Acts of Parliament

Country of origin (Date of publication) Title of Act. City of publication: Publisher

Great Britain (1990)National Health Service and Community

Care Act 1990. London: HMSO

4.6 Conferences

Published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):

Author/Editor(s) surname, INITIALS. (ed(s). if relevant) (Year of publication)Title of conference proceedings including date or place of conference. City of

publication: Publisher.

Martensson, N. (ed.) (1984)Industrial robot technology:

proceedings of the 7th International Conference on

Industrial Robot Technology, Gothenburg, 2-4 October,

1984. Gothenburg: IFS


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Paper from published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):

Authors surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title of paper. In:

Author/Editor(s) surname, INITIALS. (ed(s). if relevant) Title of conference

proceedings including date or place of conference.City of publication: Publisher,page numbers of paper in conference proceedings.

Lemmond, E.H. (1990) A study of library networks bytype. In: Genaway, D.C. and Hogan, T.H. (eds.) (1990)

IOLS'90: proceedings of the 5th Integrated Online

Library Systems meeting, New York, May 2-3, 1990.

New York: Learned Information, pp.137-62

4.7 Theses or dissertations

Authors surname, INITIALS. (Year of completion) Title of thesis or dissertation.Award for which thesis or dissertation was submitted. Awarding institution.

Sewell, K. (1999) Factors Affecting One Secondary

Schools Efforts to Combat Bully/Victim Problems.

Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of York

4.8 Newspaper and magazine articles

These should be referenced in the same way as books and other journals.

Authors surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title of article, Title of

newspaper or magazine, Date of publication, page number.

Wragg, T. (2003) The Notion of the Teacher, The Times

Educational Supplement, 12 February, p.15

If the name of the author is not known the author should be shown as Anon..

Anon. (2003) The Notion of the Teacher, The Times

Educational Supplement, 12 February, p.15

4.9 Cartographic material

Originators surname, INITIALS. (may be cartographer, surveyor, compiler,

editor, copier, maker, engraver, etc.) (Year of publication) Title, Scale. (should

normally be given as ratio). Place of publication: Publisher

Mason, J. (1832)Map of the countries lying between Spain

and India, 1:8,000,000. London: Ordnance Survey


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4.10 Video, film or broadcast

Video or film

Title. (Year for films, the preferred date is the year of release in the country ofproduction.) Material designation. Subsidiary originator (Optional but director is

preferred, First name and Surname) Place of production: Organisation

Macbeth. (1984) Film. Directed by Orson Welles. USA:

Republic Pictures

Birds in the Garden (1998) Video. London: Harper Videos

Programmes and series

Title of the programme or series, Episode number if relevant. (Date) Transmitting

organization and channel, full date and time of transmission.

The Archers. Radio, BBC Radio 4, 1995, 1 September,

1200hrs.

Newsnight. TV, BBC2, 1995, 30 August, 2200hrs.

Yes, Prime Minister, Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast

(1986) TV, BBC2. 1986, 16 January, 2000hrs.

Contributions

Individual items in a programme should be cited as contributors

Blair, A. (1997) Interview. In: Six Oclock News. TV,

BBC1. 1997, February 28. 1823hrs.

4.11 Course Notes

Occasionally you may wish to quote or reference your course notes or distancelearning material provided by your tutors. You should use this method sparinglyand you will be penalised if this is your main source of texts. These should be

referenced in your assignments with the authors name and the date of publication

of the materials as follows:

Authors surname, INITALS. (Year of publication)Module name or name of

distance learning material. Bradford College: School

Dunne, M. (2004)Education beyond the classroom: Lifelong

Learning. Bradford College: McMillan School of

Teaching, Health and Care


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If the author is unknown list the College as the author and put Author as thepublisher to indicate they are the same.

Bradford College (2004)Education beyond the classroom:Lifelong Learning. Bradford: Author

It is not appropriate to reference or quote things your tutors say as these cannot be

verified.

4.12 Electronic Sources

Electronic journal article

With the increasing use of the world-wide web and electronic databases of journalswe no longer have to solely rely on printed journals. The conventions for

referencing journal articles in this way are very similar to those in the previoussection but you need to indicate that the source is electronic.

Authors surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication of the journal) Title of article.Title of Journal [Source Electronic or CD-ROM]. Volume number, issue number(if relevant), page number(s). Name of electronic source and identification or

access number of the article [access date]

Skargren, E.I. and Oberg, B. (1998) Predictive factors for1-year outcome of low back and neck pain in patients

treated in primary care: Comparison between the

treatment strategies chiropractic and physiotherapy.

Pain [Electronic], Vol.77, No.2, pp.201-208.

Available: Elsevier/ScienceDirect/ 0304-

3959(98)00101-8 [8 February 1999]

World Wide Web page

Authors surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title of the article. [Online].

Name of URL [access date]

Young, C. (2001)English Heritage position statement on

the Valletta Convention. [Online]. Available:

http://www.archaeol.freeuk.com/EHPositionStatement.

htm [24 August 2006]


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A note of caution about listing URLs:

Be sure to reference the correct URL. Many Web sites, particularly index sites,contain frames. This is where the screen window displayed in your Web browser is

divided into a number of vertical and horizontal sections; one or more of these may

remain on your screen as you move about the site. When you click on a hyperlinkto another site, these frames remain, so that it will look as if you are still in the firstsite. Also, the URL displayed in your browsers address box will continue to show

the address for that first site. You need to reference the new site.

For example, suppose you are researching castles as a learning topic. A goodsource of information is Ted Monks site, Castles on the Web. The URL for this

site is: http://fox.nstn.ca/~tmonk/castle/castle.html

This site links to more detailed information about particular castles. Suppose youclick on the link forEdinburgh Castle. A picture of this castle, with accompanying

text, will then be displayed on screen, but in a frame; it looks as if you are still atthe Castles on the Web site. In fact, you are viewing an Internet document createdby the Department of Geography at the University of Edinburgh, with a completely

different URL: http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/tour/castle.html

So, the correct full reference (with the hyperlink removed) is:

Edinburgh University, Department of Geography (n.d.)

Edinburgh Castle. [Online]. Available:

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/tour/castle.html [16

March 1998]

Although the image on this page bears a copyright of 1994, there is no date given

for the text, either for copyright or for site revision. If what you are citing is that

text, then the only valid date can be the date on which material was accessed;

hence n.d. is given instead of a publication date.

InMicrosoft Internet Explorer, you can find out the true URL for a Web page by

right-clicking with the mouse anywhere on the frame background. When the

context menu appears, left-click with the mouse on the menu item properties. The

resulting screen message box will display the required URL.

CD-ROM/DVD Sources

Listing of CD-ROMs and DVDs follow the same conventions but you need to

indicate the source.

Authors surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title. [Type of medium CD-

ROM/DVD] Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Millies Maths House (1992) [CD-ROM] Dublin: Iona

Software Ltd.


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Section 5: Summary

5.1 Examples of referencingNote that some of the examples listed are fictitious

Books

In-text example

(Line spacing not shown.)Reference list example

Single author In a recent study Smith (1986,

p.21) argued that children areliterate by the age of three.

A recent study (Smith 1986,

p.21) argued that children are


Children are thought to beliterate by the age of three (Smith1986, p.21).

Smith, J. (1986)Issues in Child Development.

London: Collins

2 authors In a recent study Smith and Jones

(1986) argued that ...

Smith and Jones (1986, p.27)

have argued that

Smith, P. and Jones, K. (1986) Psychology and the

Law. Milton Keynes: Open University Press

3 or more authors In a recent study Harrison et al.

(1986, p.54) argued that

In their influential workThe

History of British Education,Harrison et al. (1986) argued that

a substantial minority of

Harrison, B., Legge, K. and Amey, L. (1986) TheHistory of British Education. London: Routledge

Anonymous

author

This was apparently not the case

before about 1995 (Anon.1999,

p.14)

Anon. (1999) Fear over pay deal, The Times

Educational Supplement, 21 May, p.27

Multiple works by

same author

University research (Brown 1982,

1988) has indicated that

Brown, P. (1982) Corals in the Mediterranean Sea.

London: Collins

Brown, P. (1988) The effects of tourism on coral.London: Macmillan

Multiple workspublished in the

same year by the

same author

In recent reports (Napier 1993a,1993b)

Napier, A. (1993a) Fatal storm. Sydney: Allenand Unwin

(1993b) Survival at sea. Sydney: Allen

and Unwin

Order alphabetically by title

Article or chapter

in a book witheditor or editors

It has even been argued (Harrison

1989) that

Harrison, B. (1989) Issues emerging from the study.

In: Trafford, J. (ed.)Roles and Relationships in

Teaching Practice. Sheffield: University of

Sheffield Division of Education, pp.71-77

Different editions Cohen et al. (2000, pp.15-17)

highlight key aspects of this kind of

educational research

Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2000)Research methods in education.5

thedition.

London: RoutledgeFalmer


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Cited authors amounts to a skills revolution

(CBI 1989, cited in Blucket al.1994, p.39).

Confederation of British Industry [CBI]

(1989) Towards a skills revolution: a

youth charter. London: Confederation of

British Industry. Cited in: Bluck, R.,

Hilton, A. and Noon, P. (1994)Information skills in academic libraries: a

teaching and learning role in higher

education. SEDA Paper 82. Birmingham:Staff and Educational Development

Association, p.39

Print journals

Article Bengtsson (1993, p.206) argues that

Bengtsson, J. (1993) Theory and Practice: twofundamental categories in the philosophy of

teacher education,Educational Review, Vol.45,

No.3, pp.205-211

Anonymousarticle

It has been suggested (Anon. 2004,p.46) that

Anon. (2004) The development of teaching,Journal of Teacher Development, Vol.6, No.3,

pp.45-51

Newspaper article (Judd 1997, p.4) Judd, J. (1997) Trainee teachers learn basics, TheIndependent, 27 June, p.4

Newspaper article no author

as reported in The Times (Anon.2001, p.16)

in The Times (22 January 2001) it

was stated that

Anon. (2001) Pay deal in trouble, The Times, 22January, p.16 or

The Times (2001) Pay deal in trouble, 22 January,

p.16

Electronic

CD-ROMs with

no page numbers

Between 1986 and 1992, perhaps as

many as 1650 cattle exported from

the United Kingdom were affectedby so-called mad cow disease,

according to calculations made by

the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries

and Food (Forster 1997, CD-ROM).

Forster, W. (1997) Statistical Summary. London:

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [CD-

ROM]

Full text from an

electronic

database

In their article Skargren and Oberg

(1998) argue that

Skargren, E.I. and Oberg, B. (1998) Predictive

factors for 1-year outcome of low back and neck

pain in patients treated in primary care:Comparison between the treatment strategies

chiropractic and physiotherapy. Pain

[Electronic], Vol.77, No.2, pp.201-208.

Available: Elsevier/ScienceDirect/ 0304-3959(98)00101-8 [8 February 1999]

Full text from anelectronic

database no

author

The internet has had a huge impacton the Australian economy (Internet

economics and policy 2002, p.350)

Internet economics and policy: an Australianperspective (2002)Economic Record

[Electronic], Vol.78, No.242, pp.343-358.

Available: ABI/Inform [5 May 2005]

CD-ROM noauthor

(Millies Maths House 1992) Millies Maths House (1992) [CD-ROM] Dublin:Iona Software Ltd.

Internet

Document on

WWW

In his article, Young outlines

the position taken by one

such body (Young 2001,online).

Young, C. (2001)English Heritage positionstatement on the Valletta Convention. [Online].

Available:http://www.archaeol.freeuk.com/EHPositionSta

tement.htm [24 August 2006]

Document onWWW no article

title and no author

(Curtin University of Technology

2004, online)

Use the name of the company or

organisation and year, followed by online

Curtin University of Technology (2004) [Online].

Available: http://www.curtin.edu.au [8 May

2005]


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Document onWWW organisation named

but no individual

author(s) named and

no date

(Edinburgh University n.d., online)

Use the name of the company or

organisation and n.d., followed by online

Edinburgh University (n.d.)Edinburgh Castle.

[Online]. Edinburgh University, Department ofGeography. Available:

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/tour/castle.html

[16 March 1998]

Government

publications

Acts of Parliament TheNational Health Service and

Community Care Act1990 marked aturning point in the

Great Britain (1990)National Health Service and

Community Care Act 1990. Chapter 19.

London: HMSO

Command Papers

(e.g. White Papers

and Green Papers)

The subsequent White PaperChoice and opportunity: primary

care: the future (Department of

Health 1996) set out the position

Department of Health (1996) Choice andopportunity: primary care: the future. Cm.

3390. London: Stationery Office

Other sources

Personal

communication,e-mail

It was confirmed that an outbreak

occurred in London (Savieri 1999).

Savieri, S. (1999) Personal communication, 24

April

Films and video

recordings

(Macbeth 1984) Macbeth (1984) Film. Directed by Orson

Welles. USA: Republic Pictures

Birds in the Garden (1998) Video. London:

Harper Videos

referencingguidelines-v1.13

Documents