Reformation and

Counter-Reformation

Daniel W. Blackmon

AP European History

Coral Gables Sr. High School

The Condition of the Church (ca. 1400-1517)

Babylonian Captivity Great Schism Erasmus: Praise of Folly

Abuses

Clerical immorality Clerical ignorance Pluralism Simony Nepotism Sale of Indulgences Sale of Dispensations

Renaissance Popes

Worldly, dissolute, greedy for money Sixtus IV Alexander VI Julius II

Popular Piety

Brethren of the Common Life Thomas a Kempis Imitation of Christ

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Johann Tetzel and Indulgences October 31, 1517: The Ninety Five Theses

Martin Luther

Sola Scriptura Luther asserts no Biblical basis for

indulgences In debate at Leipzig in 1519, Luther denied

both the authority of the pope and the infallibility of a general council,

Martin Luther

On the Freedom of the Christian Man repeats “by grace are ye saved and not by works”

The Babylonian Captivity of the Church attacked use of the sacraments as a means to keep men from Scriptural truth and to control the means of salvation

Diet of Worms 1521

“Unless I am convinced by the evidence of Scripture or by plain reason–for I do not accept the authority of the Pope or the councils alone, since it established that they have often erred and contradicted themselves–I am bound by the Scriptures I have cited and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. God help me. Amen”

Confession of Augsburg 1530

Salvation is by faith alone “By grace are ye saved, and not be works, lest any man boast.”

Sola Scriptura: Authority rests with the Word of God as revealed in the Bible alone

The Church is the entire community of believers, not just the clergy

Confession of Augsburg 1530

There is a spiritual priesthood of all believers All vocations are equally valuable, whether

secular or spiritual, the idea to approach each vocation “as to God” (thus the Protestant Work Ethic)

Three Sacraments

Baptism Penance Eucharist

Rejects Transubstantiation Adopts Consubstantiation (Zwinglians reject both and adopt Memorial)

Social Implications of Lutheranism

City governments resented clerical privileges and immunities and had endowed preacherships to fill the void left by corrupt clergy.

These men gravitated toward Luther.

Luther and the Peasants

On Christian Liberty (1520) “A Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none.”

The Twelve Articles

Thomas Münzer nobles had seized common lands new rents on manorial properties new services on peasants imposed imposed unjust death duties

Luther and the Peasants

Admonition to Peace 1520 “Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of

Peasants “ 1525 Luther equates obedience to legally

constituted secular authority as obedience to God. Church is subordinated to state.

Luther and the Peasants

Government is established by God and lawful obedience is required. Luther equates obedience to legally constituted secular authority as obedience to God.

Luther and the Peasants

The Church is subordinated to state. Government is established by God and lawful obedience is required.

The rabbits capturing the hunters

Injustice

Luther and the Printing Press

Luther’s skill at language–Luther Bible is the basis for modern High German

Hymns, psalms, catechisms

Protestant Practices

Practices involved a more personal faith, importance of Scripture, end of elaborate ceremonies –all reforms advocated by Northern Humanists

Luther and Women

His own marriage was very happy and companionate

End of monasticism exalts the home Ended concubinage to clergy

Luther and Women

Home as a haven of peace–beginning of a clear separation of spheres

Women’s place is Kinder, Küche, und Kirche

Schools and education for women

Germany and the Reformation

Golden Bull left Germany as an aristocratic federation

Local rulers joined Luther for political, economic, and social reasons

Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty

Marriage of Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy in 1477

War with Louis XI over Burgundy ending with Treaty of Arras 1482

German princes began to resent Habsburg dominance

Habsburgs and France begin a series of wars, with Germany the most common battleground

Sack of Rome in 1527 by Imperial troops one consequence

Maximilian and Mary have Philip of Burgundy who married Joanna of Castile (Juana la Loca).

Their son Charles V (r. 1519-1556) inherits the Habsburg lands and Spanish empire.

Charles V subordinated revenues and soldiers from Germany and the Low countries to imperial interests

The Political Impact of Luther’s Ideas

It was assumed that a state required religious uniformity

Luther’s Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520) urged princes to confiscate ecclesiastical wealth, abolish clerical celibacy, indulgences, dispensations

The Political Impact of Luther’s Ideas

Attacks the financial exploitation of Germany German princes refused to enforce

condemnation of Luther in 1521

Reasons for a Slow Imperial Response

Theological differences become linked to political ambition and finances

Charles was distracted by his Flemish, Spanish, American and Italian territories, plus the threat of the Turks

Imperial Response

Turks besieged Vienna in 1529 Ferdinand (Charles’ brother) needed

Protestants against them

Hapsburg-Valois Wars

Charles V fought five wars with the Valois between 1521 and 1555

The key to French policy was to keep Germany divided

The Habsburg - Valois wars helped Protestantism

The Imperial Response

After the defeat of the Turks at Vienna, Charles turns on the Protestant princes.

Princes form the Schmalkaldic League in 1531

The League allies with France in 1552 and forces a peace

Peace of Augsburg 1555

Each prince determines religion of his territory cuius regio, eius religio Recognizes Lutherans and Catholics Churches were state churches and dissidents

had to leave

John Calvin (1509-1564)

Geneva 1541 “A city that was a church” model community

The Institutes of the Christian Religion 1559

Key Ideas

T Total Depravity U Unconditional Salvation L Limited Atonement I Irresistible Grace P Preservation of the Saints

Key Ideas

Predestination Sovereignty of God

Calvinism

Geneva Consistory –laymen and pastors Supervised conduct closely all municipalities did this, just not to this

degree Dancing, card playing, drunkenness,

quarreling, absence from sermons all could be punished.

Calvin and women

Exalted marriage Stressed husband’s authority and wife duty to

obey

Calvinism and Women

Marriage outlet for sexual urges, which they thought was stronger in women

Some well-to-do women took over the secularized role of welfare (schools, orphanages, dowries, provide for widows)

Protestant Work Ethic

Doctrine of Calling dignified all work and gave a strong economic activism to them

The Anabaptists: Left Wing of the Reformation

Class basis–peasants, artisans, laborers .Rejected infant baptism Only a few people receive an inner light

The Anabaptists: Left Wing of the Reformation

The Christian community and the Christian state are not identical

Accepted religious toleration

The Anabaptists: Left Wing of the Reformation

Each congregation independent Women accepted into the ministry Shared goods Pacifists

The Anabaptists: Left Wing of the Reformation

Rejected public offices Attracted the poor, unemployed,, uneducated,

esp. from depressed urban areas

Siege of Münster

Anabaptists gained control of the cit )Expelled non-believers and seized their

property Allowed polygamy (a lot more women than

men) allowed women to become priests City taken in siege and brutally sacked

Opposition to the Anabaptists

Zwingli, Luther, Calvin and Catholics all recognized that separation of church and state would lead to secularization of society

Legacy of Anabaptism

Baptists Quakers Congregationalism Separation of church and state Mennonites derive from Menno Simons

(1496-1561) an Anabaptist

The English Reformation

Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) married his brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon

Only child is Mary Lusted after Anne Boleyn in 1527, who

refused to submit without a ring Henry’s request for an annulment meant

reversing a previous dispensation.

The English Reformation

The Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533) king is supreme sovereign in England and forbade appeals to the Curia

Act for Submission of the Clergy (1534) required Crown approval for ecclesiastical laws

The English Reformation

The Supremacy Act (1534) king is the head of the Church of England

John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and Thomas More, the Chancellor, refused to take the oath of the Supremacy Act and were beheaded

The English Reformation

Anne Boleyn produced Elizabeth but not a male

)Beheaded for adultery 1536 Jane Seymour becomes queen, and gives

Henry Edward but died in childbirth

Dissolution of the Monasteries

Between 1535 and 1539, under direction of Thomas Cromwell, Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, and distributed the land to the upper classes.

Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)

Influence of Thomas Cranmer Book of Common Prayer 1549

Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558)

“Bloody Mary” Restored Roman Catholicism Married Philip of Spain Burned 282 Protestants at the stake Including Thomas Cranmer

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

England’s greatest monarch Brought stability to the realm Permitted economic and cultural growth

Elizabethan Settlement

outward conformity to the Church of England and uniformity in ceremonies

moderate Protestant direction Thirty Nine Articles

Elizabethan Settlement

Vernacular services Clergy could marry Episcopacy not abandoned, Services quite traditional in liturgy

Establishment of the Church of Scotland

King James V and his daughter Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1560-1567) were staunch Catholics

John Knox (1505?–1572) led the movement and convinced the Parliament to abolish papal authority

The Scottish Presbyterian Church

Knox establishes the Calvinist Church of Scotland

Book of Common Order (1564) the liturgy

Protestantism in Ireland

English viewed Irish as barbarians The Irish Parliament, which represented only

English landlords, severed from Rome and created the Church of Ireland

Protestantism in Ireland

Monasteries secularized Roman Catholicism was driven underground The Irish remain Catholic, and clergy are

national as well as spiritual leaders.

Lutheranism in Scandinavia

Swedish Gustavus Vasa (r. 1523-1560) led independence from Denmark, seized church lands and establishes a Lutheran church

Christian III of Denmark (r. 1503-1559) secularized church property and established a Lutheran church

The Counter-Reformation

The Council of Trent 1545-1563 Called by Paul III (1534-1549) Established Inquisition in the Papal States Made teenaged grandsons Cardinals

The Council of Trent

Gave validity in equal measure to Scripture and tradition as sources of religious truth and authority

Reaffirmed 7 sacraments

The Council of Trent

Reaffirmed transubstantiation Strengthened ecclesiastical discipline

The Council of Trent

Improved education and standards for entering clergy

Ended secret marriages (exchange of vows privately without witnesses)

New Religious Orders

Ursuline Order on nuns Founded by Angela Merici (1474-1540) Focus on education for women

Society of Jesus (The Jesuits)

Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Spiritual Exercises

Mobility Disciplined and obedient Education

The Congregation of the Holy Office

Authority over the Roman Inquisition Judicial authority over all Catholics able to

arrest, imprison and execute Led by the fanatical Cardinal Caraffa (later

Pope Paul IV)

The Roman Inquisition

Operated under Roman law Accepted hearsay evidence Not obliged to inform the accused of the

charges Used torture Index of Prohibited Books

St. Theresa of Avila (1515-1582)

“I saw a long golden spear and at the end of an iron tip I seemed to see a point of fire. With this he seemed to pierce my heart several times so that it penetrated to my entrails. When he drew it out . . .

St. Theresa of Avila

Founded 14 convents