Reformation and Reformation and Renaissance in Northern Renaissance in Northern

EuropeEurope

The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance

Kings, Commerce and ColumbusKings, Commerce and Columbus

Northern Renaissance Courts: Francis I of Northern Renaissance Courts: Francis I of France and Leonardo da Vinci; Henry VIII France and Leonardo da Vinci; Henry VIII of England and Hans Holbeinof England and Hans Holbein

Francis I’s Chateau de ChambordFrancis I’s Chateau de Chambord

The ReformationThe Reformation

Martin Luther: 1483-1546. 95 Theses or Martin Luther: 1483-1546. 95 Theses or complaints against the Church.complaints against the Church.

Reformation: split Western Christianity Reformation: split Western Christianity into the Catholic Church and the into the Catholic Church and the Protestant faiths.Protestant faiths.

Appealed to Germans who disliked the Appealed to Germans who disliked the Church’s taxesChurch’s taxes

Luther’s Challenge: 1520Luther’s Challenge: 1520

““Only scripture, only grace, only faith”: Only scripture, only grace, only faith”: rejecting Catholic doctrine not biblically rejecting Catholic doctrine not biblically based.based.Salvation only through grace, not worksSalvation only through grace, not worksIndividual’s direct connection to God Individual’s direct connection to God without priests’ intercessionwithout priests’ intercessionPope Leo ignored LutherPope Leo ignored LutherWhen threatened with excommunication, When threatened with excommunication, Luther burned the documentLuther burned the document

The Appeal of the ReformationThe Appeal of the Reformation

Peasants’ revolts bloodily put down by Peasants’ revolts bloodily put down by German rulers with Luther’s blessingsGerman rulers with Luther’s blessings

Faith accessible to common believerFaith accessible to common believer

Luther translated the New Testament into Luther translated the New Testament into GermanGerman

Hymns in German, not LatinHymns in German, not Latin

Simple worshipSimple worship

The Protestant EthicThe Protestant Ethic

Paradox: Merchants became rich yet Paradox: Merchants became rich yet condemned rich popescondemned rich popes

Wealth: sign of God’s “elect” for Wealth: sign of God’s “elect” for Calvinists.Calvinists.

Work and wealth; no pleasure-seeking Work and wealth; no pleasure-seeking activitiesactivities

CalvinismCalvinism

John Calvin (1509-64) SwissJohn Calvin (1509-64) Swiss

Forced to leave Catholic FranceForced to leave Catholic France

Predestination: God determines who will Predestination: God determines who will gain salvation.gain salvation.

Hard work and wealth: signs of electionHard work and wealth: signs of election

No dancing, drinking, dissent: “Blue laws”No dancing, drinking, dissent: “Blue laws”

Rigid and intolerant social disciplineRigid and intolerant social discipline

CalvinismCalvinism

The religion for which they sacrificed so The religion for which they sacrificed so much was a severe one. Calvinism frowned much was a severe one. Calvinism frowned upon 'dancing, dicing, cards and indecent upon 'dancing, dicing, cards and indecent songs.' Calvin's 'Blue Laws' required the songs.' Calvin's 'Blue Laws' required the host of a French public inn to keep a Bible host of a French public inn to keep a Bible on the premises should anyone wish to on the premises should anyone wish to read it and his customers were to be put read it and his customers were to be put out promptly at nine o'clock at night. out promptly at nine o'clock at night.

The Elizabethan AgeThe Elizabethan Age

The Reformation in England: Henry VIII The Reformation in England: Henry VIII requested divorce from his wife Catherine requested divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon; pope did not agree; Henry of Aragon; pope did not agree; Henry broke away from Church and founded broke away from Church and founded Anglican Church.Anglican Church.Anglican faith prevailed under Elizabeth IAnglican faith prevailed under Elizabeth IRepressed Puritans (Calvinists) who came Repressed Puritans (Calvinists) who came to Americato America

Religions in Europe after the Religions in Europe after the ReformationReformation

Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, southern Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, southern Germany, Austria, Hungary: CatholicGermany, Austria, Hungary: Catholic

Northern Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Northern Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Scandinavia: ProtestantScandinavia: Protestant

England, Scotland, Wales: AnglicanEngland, Scotland, Wales: Anglican

Ireland: CatholicIreland: Catholic

Northern Renaissance ArtNorthern Renaissance Art

Intense visual realism--Jan van Eyck: jewel-like Intense visual realism--Jan van Eyck: jewel-like detail and vivid colorsdetail and vivid colors

Oil on wood: better to reflect light than frescoOil on wood: better to reflect light than fresco

Altarpiece of Ghent; Marriage of Giovanni Altarpiece of Ghent; Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami (Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami ( symbols: dog, symbols: dog, fidelity, candle, light of Christ, fruit, fertility, fidelity, candle, light of Christ, fruit, fertility, mirror reflects artist)mirror reflects artist)

Mastery of light, color and pictorial space Mastery of light, color and pictorial space

Faith and Humanism in the Faith and Humanism in the Northern ArtsNorthern Arts

Matthias Grunewald’s Matthias Grunewald’s Crucifixion :Crucifixion : Bubonic plagueBubonic plague

Durer : Durer : Self- Portrait Self- Portrait

Pieter Bruegel : Painter of country Life: Pieter Bruegel : Painter of country Life: The Parable of the Blind, The Hunter’s The Parable of the Blind, The Hunter’s ReturnReturn

Genre paintings: scenes of daily lifeGenre paintings: scenes of daily life

Humanism in the NorthHumanism in the North

Erasmus: satire; opposed Luther’s viewsErasmus: satire; opposed Luther’s views

Montaigne: essaysMontaigne: essays

Thomas More: UtopiaThomas More: Utopia

Theater in Elizabethan AgeTheater in Elizabethan Age

Theater above all artsTheater above all arts

1576: Theater of London, later Globe1576: Theater of London, later Globe

Shakespeare: Shakespeare: Hamlet, Macbeth, OthelloHamlet, Macbeth, Othello and and King Lear.King Lear. Psychological epics Psychological epics

Blank verse: five stressed poetic line or Blank verse: five stressed poetic line or pentameterpentameter

HamletHamlet

Palestrina and the Counter-Palestrina and the Counter-ReformationReformation

Catholic reaction against the Reformation: Catholic reaction against the Reformation: Council of TrentCouncil of Trent

Palestrina: attuned to the changes in the Palestrina: attuned to the changes in the Church, who returned to religious Church, who returned to religious conservative musicconservative music

Purification of music; music based on Purification of music; music based on plainchantplainchant

Renaissance Theater in ItalyRenaissance Theater in ItalyFrom three to five acts; realistic From three to five acts; realistic Staging design and machinery; backdropsStaging design and machinery; backdropsPalladio’s Teatro OlimpicoPalladio’s Teatro OlimpicoCamerata: revived Greek tragedies and Camerata: revived Greek tragedies and incorporated Gabrieli’s music: opera was incorporated Gabrieli’s music: opera was born! born! Commedia dell’arte: comic theater with Commedia dell’arte: comic theater with invented dialogueinvented dialogue

Camerata FiorentinaCamerata Fiorentina

Opera started in Florence at the end of the XVI Opera started in Florence at the end of the XVI century by a group called Camerata fiorentina century by a group called Camerata fiorentina (literally, those who met in a chamber), (literally, those who met in a chamber), comprised of artists, musicians and writers of the comprised of artists, musicians and writers of the time. The very first opera seems to be the time. The very first opera seems to be the Euridice Euridice by Rinuccini and Peri, first performed by Rinuccini and Peri, first performed on the 6th of October 1600 to compliment Maria on the 6th of October 1600 to compliment Maria de Medici who was getting married to Henry V, de Medici who was getting married to Henry V, King of France. King of France.

Venetian MusicVenetian Music

Gabrieli: instruments that doubled choral Gabrieli: instruments that doubled choral voices: soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, voices: soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, bassbass

The different vocal parts united in a final The different vocal parts united in a final chord or cadences, which provided finality chord or cadences, which provided finality or resolution to the pieceor resolution to the piece

End of polyphony and Renaissance musicEnd of polyphony and Renaissance music

Palladio, Architect of VenicePalladio, Architect of Venice

Andrea Palladio: Country estates, Andrea Palladio: Country estates, classical styles that influenced architects classical styles that influenced architects into 19th centuryinto 19th century

Villa RotondaVilla Rotonda

Textbook for architects for two centuriesTextbook for architects for two centuries

Late Renaissance PaintingLate Renaissance Painting

Venetians preferred oil paint; more durable Venetians preferred oil paint; more durable than fresco in humidity of Venicethan fresco in humidity of Venice

Veronese’s Veronese’s Marriage at CanaMarriage at Cana

Giorgione’s Giorgione’s The Tempest The Tempest (mystery) (mystery)

Titian’s Titian’s Bacchus and Ariadne Bacchus and Ariadne

Parmigianino’s Parmigianino’s Madonna with the Long Madonna with the Long Neck Neck

MannerismMannerism

Exaggeration, distortion and Exaggeration, distortion and expressiveness in an elegant and expressiveness in an elegant and inventive play on Renaissance styleinventive play on Renaissance style

Tintoretto’s Tintoretto’s Last SupperLast Supper

Michelangelo’s Michelangelo’s RondaniniRondanini PietaPieta