Reforms in Church and Peaceful Revolutions

Matt HarringtonJuliette Jamieson

Farming in the Middle Ages

• Farming dominated peasants' lives

• Methods and equipment started very crude

• Land was owned by lords– Peasants allowed some

food from the land they worked on

– Fuedal system

Revolutions in Agriculture

• The three-field system: A method farmers used to disperse the strain on the land they would use to plant crops, circulating between several fields so as not to deplete the nutrients in any one field.

• New Method:• Became Widespread-

allowed for more food production.

New Equipment

• Heavy Plow- Able to cut through the thick and wet soil of Europe

• The Plow needed many oxen to move• Because many peasants were poor, they combined oxen

New Equipment Contd.• Plowhorse- New form of

power• Cross breeding made strong

horses• New Inventions allowed

horse usage to flourish• Horse Shoe • Horse Collar- Pulling from

the chest, not the neck• Horses ate more- drawback• Horses cost a lot but

increased production 30% on farms

Revival of Trade• Started

– with improvement in agriculture and a greater supply of food

– The Crusaders creating a greater demand for eastern goods; they helped revive east-west trade

• Revival of trade and town life was a sign of prosperity

• Growth of trade led to a revival of cities and towns

• This led to a decline in the manorial system of economics

• Manors no longer had to be self-sufficient

The Cistercians

• Cistercian: A monk or nun of an order founded in 1098 as a stricter branch of the Benedictines

• France• Founded by Beneditine

Monk– "Robert of Molesme"

Missionary Activities of the Church

• Helped fuse classical and Germanic cultures

• Ulfilas– Spent forty years with the

Visigoths– Translated most of the Bible into

Gothic• Germanic tribes (except for the Franks

and Anglo-Saxons) adopted the Arian form of Christianity

• Missionary named Patrick spread it to Ireland

• Pope Gregory the Great sent a Benedictine mission to England and Roman Christianity spread through England

Pope Gregory VII

• Pope Gregory was a very ambitious advocate for church reform

• He claimed unprecedented power for the papacy

• In 1075 he banned lay investiture and would excommunicate anyone taking part in it

• Henry IV (German emperor) was accused because he appointed his choice for the archbishop of Milan

• Henry declared that Gregory was a “false monk” and Gregory excommunicated him in retaliation

• Henry went to Gregory in 1077 at Canossa to ask for forgiveness

• Cost Gregory the support of German nobles

A church from the high middle ages

Pope Innocent III

• Innocent III was a lawyer and trained in canon law• He was so successful in avowing his “temporal and spiritual

supremacy” that many states acknowledged vassalage to him.• He excommunicated John of England when there was disagreement

over the archbishop of Canterbury, so that John had to become Innocent’s vassal and pay him an annual monetary bribe to capitalate him

• Innocent forced Philip Augustus (France) to make his divorced wife queen again• Innocent secured the election of his ward in the throne of the Holy Roman Empire

Innocent III

Monasticism• Monasticism is the term used to

describe the “numerous individuals who devote themselves full-time to the quest for salvation”

• The monks were usually the literate members of society, so they would transmit written copies of the Bible and other books

• Eremitic monasticism– Religious recluses

• Cenobitic monasticism– true monastic communities that have

sets of rules

• Dedicated to meditation and prayer

Works Cited• The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000

by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

• Butler, Chris. "FC63: The Agricultural Revolution in Medieval Europe - The Flow of History." Welcome - The Flow of History. Flow Of History, 2007. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. <http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/west/10/FC63>.

• High Middle Ages." OoCities - Geocities Archive / Geocities Mirror. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. <http://www.oocities.org/pmmcdonough/high_middle_ages.htm>.

• "The Medieval Church." History Learning Site. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_church.htm.

• "Medieval Farming." History Learning Site. Jan. 2001. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_farming1.htm.

• "Middle Ages, Church In The Early Middle Ages." World History International: World History Essays From Prehistory To The Present. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. http://history-world.org/midchurch.htm.

• "Middle Ages, Church In The High Middle Ages." World History International: World History Essays From Prehistory To The Present. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. <http://history-world.org/midchurchhigh.htm>.

• "Middle Ages, Monks and Monasticism." World History International: World History Essays From Prehistory To The Present. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. <http://history-world.org/monks_and_monasticism.htm>.