reframing the skeleton & reframing progress with universities

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© 2012 IBM Corporation IBM University Programs worldwide, accelerating regional development (IBM Upw Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities ames (“Jim”) C. Spohrer, [email protected] ation Champion and Director IBM UPward ersity Programs worldwide, accelerating regional development) national Society of Systems Sciences ose State University, San Jose, CA, USA, Tuesday July 17, 2012 IBM Centennial Icon of Progress Alexandria/Egypt-Japan University of Science & Technology Smarter Planet T-shaped People

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IBM Centennial Icon of Progress. Alexandria/Egypt-Japan University of Science & Technology. Smarter Planet T-shaped People. Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities. Dr. James (“Jim”) C. Spohrer, [email protected] Innovation Champion and Director IBM UPward - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

© 2012 IBM Corporation

IBM University Programs worldwide, accelerating regional development (IBM Upward)

Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

Dr. James (“Jim”) C. Spohrer, [email protected] Champion and Director IBM UPward(University Programs worldwide, accelerating regional development)

International Society of Systems SciencesSan Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA, Tuesday July 17, 2012

IBM Centennial Icon of Progress

Alexandria/Egypt-Japan University of Science & TechnologySmarter Planet T-shaped People

Page 2: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

2 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Today’s Talk

Introduction: The Big Picture & Systems Thinking– Real World Systems (RWS): Natural Systems & Service Systems

– Some Reading: Gallis, Normann, Deacon, etc.

– Policymaking & Universities as Essential Institutions

Reframing the Skeleton (Boulding)– General Phenomena/Ecology

– Hierarchy Complexity/Evolution

– Specialization/Academic Silos – Slowing Progress

Reframing Progress With Universities– Bounded Rationality & Knowledge Burden

– {Innovativeness, Equity, Sustainability, Resilience}

– University as “Holistic Product-Service Systems”

• Rehearsing Rebuilding Society• Rewinding The Tape of Life (Gould)

Page 3: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

3 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Time

ECOLOGY

~14BBig Bang

(NaturalWorld)

~10KCities

(Human-MadeWorld)

sun (energy)

writing(symbols and scribes,

stored memoryand knowledge)

earth(molecules &

stored energy)

written laws(governance and

stored control)

bacteria(single-cell life)

sponges(multi-cell life)

money(governed

transportable valuestored value,

“economic energy”)

universities(knowledge workers)

clams (neurons)trilobites (brains)

printing press (books)steam engine (work)200M

bees (socialdivision-of-labor)

60

transistor(routine

cognitive work)

Evolution of Natural Systems & Service Systems

Unraveling the mystery of evolving hierarchical-complexity in new populations…To discover the world’s architectures and mechanisms for computing non-zero-sum

Page 4: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

4 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Co-Evolution (Michael Gallis & Associates)

http://www.scribd.com/doc/46259459/Co-Evolution

Page 5: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

5 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Quality of Life

Our World and Us

Planetary SystemsNatural Systems Service Systems

Has PartHas Part

Benefits Benefits

CarbonFootprint

(Choices)

Capabilities,Experience

(Choices)

Smarter Service Systems =Complex Systems

That Serve Customers Betterwater, electricity, transportation, education, healthcare, etc.

Page 6: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

6 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Normann: Reframing Business

Reframing Business: When the Map Changes the Landscape

Richard Normann Value-Creating Systems

Page 7: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

7 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Deacon: Incomplete Nature

Incomplete Nature: How Mind Emerged From Matter

Terrence W. Deacon Thermodynamics ->

Teleodynamics (purpose-driven system dynamics)

Purpose = map

Page 8: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

8 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Spohrer et al: Service Science and Policymaking

Three Frameworks for Service Research: Exploring Multilevel Governance in Nested, Networked Systems

Jim Spohrer, Paolo Piciocchi, Clara Bassano

Nested, Networked Systems

Page 9: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

9 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

University: Three Missions

Knowledge

– Transfer (Teaching)

– Creation (Research)

– Application (RWS Impact)• Commerce/Entrepreneurship• Governance/Policymaking

Nested Holistic Systems

– Flows

– Development

– Governance

Nation

State/Province

City/Metro

UniversityCollege

K-12

Cultural &ConferenceHotels

HospitalMedical

Research

Worker(professional)

Family(household)

For-profits

Non-profits

U-BEEJob Creator/Sustainer

Third Mission (Apply to Create Value) is about U-BEEs =

University-Based Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

Page 10: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

10 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

We Are All Part Of Nested, Networked Systems

Matryoska dolls:Origin Japanese

Page 11: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

11 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

I am nested in at least 10 systems

Level AKA ~No. People ~No. Entities Example

0. Individual Person 1 10,000,000,000 Jim

1. Family Household 10 1,000,000,000 Spohrer’s

2.Neighborhood Street 100 100,000,000 Kensington

3. Community Block 1000 10,000,000 Bird Land

4. Urban-Zone District 10,000 1,000,000 SC Unified

5. Urban-Center City 100,0000 100,000 Santa Clara

6.Metro-Region County 1,000,000 10,000 SC County

7. State Province 10,000,000 1,000 CA

8. Nation Country 100,000,000 100 USA

9. Continent Union 1,000,000,000 10 NAFTA

10. Planet World 10,000,000,000 1 UN

Page 12: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

April 20, 2012Service Systems, Natural Systems12 © 2012 David Ing

8 levels of living systems (Miller, 1972)

Supranational System

Society

Community

Organization

GroupOrganismOrganCell ... living systems theory (LST) asserts

that all of the great variety of living entities that evolution has produced are complexly structured open systems.

They maintain within their boundaries their thermodynamically improbable energetic states by continuous interactions with their environments.

Inputs and outputs of both matter-energy and information are essential for living systems. The total inputs are lower in entropy and higher in information than the total outputs. [....]

The eight levels of living systems evolved by a process of fray-out (see Figure 1) in which the larger higher-level systems developed increasingly complex components in each subsystem than those below them in the hierarchy of living systems. [....] Fray-out can be likened to the unraveling of a ship's cable

Page 13: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

April 20, 2012Service Systems, Natural Systems13 © 2012 David Ing

General System Theory: The Skeleton of Science (Boulding, 1956)

Two possible approaches to organization of general systems theory

suggest themselves, which are to be thought of as complementary rather than competitive, or

at least as two roads each of which is worth exploring.

The first approach is to look over

the empirical universe and pick out

certain general phenomena which are found

in many different disciplines, and to seek to build up

general theoretical models relevant to those phenomena.

The second approach is to arrange

the empirical fields in a hierarchy of complexity

of organization of their basic “individual” or

unit of behavior, and try to develop an abstraction

appropriate to each.

Page 14: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

April 20, 2012Service Systems, Natural Systems14 © 2012 David Ing

General System Theory: The Skeleton of Science (Boulding, 1956)

Two possible approaches

The first approach ...pick out

certain general phenomena ...

The second approach ... in a hierarchy of complexity

of organization ...

Some examples of the first approach ....

… the interaction of population can be discussed in terms of competitive, complementary or parasitic relationships ...

… “behavior” of each individual is “explained” by the structure and arrange of the lower individuals of which it is composed, or by certain principles of equilibrium or homeostasis according to

which “states” of the individual are “preferred”.

Some growth phenomena can be dealt with in terms of relatively simple population models .... At the more complex levels,

structural problems become dominant and the complex interrelationships between growth and form are the focus of

interest.

Communication and information processes … are unquestionably essential in the development of organization, both in the

biological and social world.

… may ultimately lead to something like a general field theory of dynamics and interaction.

This, however, is

a long way ahead.

Page 15: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

April 20, 2012Service Systems, Natural Systems15 © 2012 David Ing

General System Theory: The Skeleton of Science (Boulding, 1956) Two possible approaches

The first approach ...pick out

certain general phenomena ...

The second approach ... in a hierarchy of complexity

of organization ...

… more systematic, leading to a “system of systems”.

(I) … first level … static structure … level of frameworks.

(ii) … simple dynamic system with predetermined, necessary motions … level of clockworks.

(iii) … control mechanism or cybernetic system … level of the thermostat.

(iv) … “open system,” or self-maintaining structure … life begins to differentiate itself from not-life … level of the cell.

(v) … genetic-societal level … typified by the plant.

(vi) … “animal” level, characterized by increased mobility, teleological behaviour and self-awareness.

(vii) … “human” level … self-consciousness … different from mere awareness.

(viii) … symbolic images and behavior based on them … social organization.

(ix) … transcendental systems … ultimates and absolutes and the inescapable unknowables ...

One advantage … it gives us some idea of the present gaps in both theoretical and empirical knowledge.

Page 16: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

16 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)16

T-shaped professionalsdepth & breadth

BREADTH

DE

PT

H

(analytic thinking & problem solving)

Many culturesMany disciplines

Many systems(understanding & communications)

Deep in one d

iscip

line

Deep in one sys

tem

Deep in one cu

lture

Page 17: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

17 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Specialization has benefits

Adam Smith:Division of Labor

David Ricardo:Comparative Advantage

Page 18: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

18 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Knowledge: Individuals & Society

Herbert Simon:Bounded Rationality

Ben Jones:Burden of Knowledge

Page 19: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

19 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Technology has a cost

“The burden of knowledge”

Cesar Hidalgo:Societal Knowledge

Page 20: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

20 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

The limits of our individual knowledge

Page 21: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

21 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Resiliency: Capability to rebuild (and recycle) rapidly

China Broad Group:30 Stories in 15 Days

Page 22: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

22 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Four measures

Innovativeness

Equity

Sustainability

Resiliency

Page 23: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

23 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Sustainability/Resilience & Innovation: Local-p global-i supply chains

World as System of SystemsWorld (light blue - largest)Nations (green - large)States (dark blue - medium)Cities (yellow - small)Universities (red - smallest)

Cities as System of Systems-Transportation & Supply Chain-Water & Waste Recycling-Food & Products ((Nano)-Energy & Electricity-Information/ICT & Cloud (Info)-Buildings & Construction-Retail & Hospitality/Media & Entertainment-Banking & Finance-Healthcare & Family (Bio)-Education & Professions (Cogno)-Government (City, State, Nation)

Nations: Innovation Opportunities- GDP/Capita (level and growth rate)- Energy/Capita (fossil and renewable)

Developed MarketNations

(> $20K GDP/Capita)

Emerging MarketNations

(< $20K GDP/Capita)

Page 24: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

24 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Universities Worldwide Accelerating Regional Development

“When we combined the impact of Harvard’s direct spending on payroll, purchasing and construction – the indirect impact of University spending – and the direct and indirect impact of off-campus spending by Harvard students – we can estimate that Harvard directly and indirectly accounted for nearly $4.8 billion in economic activity in the Boston area in fiscal year 2008, and more than 44,000 jobs.”

Page 25: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

25 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Cities: land-population-energy-carbon

Carlo Ratti:Senseable Cities

Page 26: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

26 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

What improves Quality-of-Life? Service System Innovations

A. Systems that focus on flow of things that humans need (~15%*)1. Transportation & supply chain

2. Water & waste recycling/Climate & Environment

3. Food & products manufacturing

4. Energy & electricity grid/Clean Tech

5. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT access)B. Systems that focus on human activity and development (~70%*)

6. Buildings & construction (smart spaces) (5%*)

7. Retail & hospitality/Media & entertainment/Tourism & sports (23%*)

8. Banking & finance/Business & consulting (wealthy) (21%*)

9. Healthcare & family life (healthy) (10%*)

10. Education & work life/Professions & entrepreneurship (wise) (9%*)C. Systems that focus on human governance - security and opportunity (~15%*)

11. Cities & security for families and professionals (property tax)

12. States/regions & commercial development opportunities/investments (sales tax)

13. Nations/NGOs & citizens rights/rules/incentives/policies/laws (income tax)

20/10/10

0/19/0

2/7/42/1/1

7/6/11/1/0

5/17/27

1/0/2

24/24/1

2/20/247/10/3

5/2/2

3/3/10/0/0

1/2/2

Quality of Life = Quality of Service + Quality of Jobs + Quality of Investment-Opportunities

* = US Labor % in 2009.

“61 Service Design 2010 (Japan) / 75 Service Marketing 2010 (Portugal)/78 Service-Oriented Computing 2010 (US)”

Page 27: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

27 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Systems-Disciplines Framework: Depth & BreadthSystems that focus on flows of things Systems that governSystems that support people’s activities

transportation & supply chain water &

waste

food &products

energy & electricity

building & construction

healthcare& family

retail &hospitality banking

& finance

ICT &cloud

education &work

citysecure

statescale

nationlaws

social sciences

behavioral sciences

management sciences

political sciences

learning sciences

cognitive sciences

system sciences

information sciences

organization sciences

decision sciences

run professions

transform professions

innovate professions

e.g., econ & law

e.g., marketing

e.g., operations

e.g., public policy

e.g., game theory and strategy

e.g., psychology

e.g., industrial eng.

e.g., computer sci

e.g., knowledge mgmt

e.g., stats & design

e.g., knowledge worker

e.g., consultant

e.g., entrepreneur

stake

holders Customer

Provider

Authority

Competitors

resources

People

Technology

Information

Organizations

change History

(Data Analytics)

Future(Roadmap)

value

Run

Transform(Copy)

Innovate(Invent)

Observe Stakeholders (As-Is)

Observe Resource Access (As-Is)

Imagine Possibilities (Has-Been & Might-Become)

Realize Value (To-Be)

disciplines

systems

Page 28: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

28 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Manufacturing as a local recycling & assembly service

Ryan Chin:Urban Mobility

Page 29: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

29 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Self-driving cars

Steve Mahan:Test “Driver”

Page 30: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

30 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Regional Competitiveness and U-BEEs: Where imagined possible worlds become observable real worldshttp://www.service-science.info/archives/1056

Nation

State/Province

City/Region

UniversityCollege

K-12

Cultural &ConferenceHotels

HospitalMedical

Research

Worker(professional)

Family(household)

For-profits

Non-profits

U-BEEJob Creator/Sustainer

U-BEEs = University-Based Entrepreneurial Ecosystems, City Within City

“The future is already here (at universities),it is just not evenlydistributed.”

“The best way topredict the futureis to (inspire the nextgeneration of studentsto) build it better.”

InnovationsUniversities/RegionsCalculus (Cambridge/UK)Physics (Cambridge/UK)Computer Science (Columbia/NY)Microsoft (Harvard/WA)Yahoo (Stanford/CA)Google (Stanford/CA)Facebook (Harvard/CA)

Page 31: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

31 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

What is service science? A service system? The ABC’s?

Economics & Law

Design/ Cognitive Science Systems

Engineering

OperationsComputer Science/

Artificial Intelligence

Marketing

“a service system is ahuman-made system to improve provider-customer interactionsand value-cocreation outcomes,

by dynamically configuring resourceaccess via value propositions,

most often studied by many disciplines,one piece at a time.”

“service science isthe transdisciplinary study of

service systems &value-cocreation”

The ABC’s:The provider (A)

and a customer (B)transform a target (C)

Page 32: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

32 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

A Framework for Global Civil Society

Daniel Patrick Moynihan said nearly 50 years ago: "If you want to build a world class city, build a great university and wait 200 years." His insight is true today – except yesterday's 200 years has become twenty. More than ever, universities will generate and sustain the world’s idea capitals and, as vital creators, incubators, connectors, and channels of thought and understanding, they will provide a framework for global civil society.

– John Sexton, President NYU

Page 33: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

33 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Visit IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA

Upcoming Conferences– July 2012

• ISSS San Jose• HSSE San Francisco

More Information– Blog

• www.service-science.info– Twitter

• @JimSpohrer– Presentations

• www.slideshare.net/spohrer– Email

[email protected]

Page 34: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

34 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Thank-You! Questions?

Dr. James (“Jim”) C. SpohrerInnovation Champion & Director, IBM University Programs & open worldwide entrepreneurship research (IBM UPower) [email protected]

“Instrumented, Interconnected, Intelligent – Let’s build a Smarter Planet.” – IBM“If we are going to build a smarter planet, let’s start by building smarter cities” – CityForward.org“Universities are major employers in cities and key to urban sustainability.” – Coalition of USU

“Cities learning from cities learning from cities.” – Fundacion Metropoli“The future is already here… It is just not evenly distributed.” – Gibson

“The best way to predict the future is to create it/invent it.” – Moliere/Kay“Real-world problems may not/refuse to respect discipline boundaries.” – Popper/Spohrer

“Today’s problems may come from yesterday’s solutions.” – Senge“History is a race between education and catastrophe.” – H.G. Wells

“The future is born in universities.” – Kurilov“Think global, act local.” – Geddes

Page 35: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

35 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

IBM operates in 170 countries around the globe

IBM has 426,000 employees worldwide

2011 Financials Revenue - $ 106.9B Net Income - $ 15.9B EPS - $ 13.44 Net Cash - $16.6B

22% of IBM’s revenue in Growth Market countries; growing at 11% in 2011

Number 1 in patent generation for 19 consecutive years ; 6,180 US patents awarded in 2011

More than 40% of IBM’s workforce conducts business away from an office

5 Nobel Laureates

9 time winner of the President’s National Medal of Technology & Innovation - latest award for Blue Gene Supercomputer

“Let’s Build a Smarter Planet"

The Smartest Machine On Earth

100 Years of Business & Innovation in 2011

IBM’s Leadership Changes

55% of IBM’s Workforce is New to the company in the last 5 years

Page 36: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

36 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

AEIOU of sciences – service science

Abstract Entities – service systems– Learning to apply knowledge to compete & cooperate

Interactions – value propositions Outcome Universals – value-cocreation (or not)

– Increasing capabilities and quality-of-life for individuals

Cities compete & cooperate Universities compete & cooperate

Page 37: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

37 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Installation DeploymentIrruption

The Industrial Revolution

Age of Steam and Railways

Age of Steel, Electricityand Heavy EngineeringAge of Oil, Automobilesand Mass ProductionAge of Information and Telecommunications

Frenzy Synergy Maturity

Panic1797

Depression

1893

Crash

1929

Credit Crisis 2008

Coming period ofInstitutional Adjustment and Production Capital

1

2

3

4

5

Panic1847

1771

1829

1875

1908

1971

1873

1920

1974

1829

Crash

•Formation of Mfg. industry

•Repeal of Corn Laws opening trade

•Standards on gauge, time•Catalog sales companies •Economies of scale

•Urban development•Support for interventionism

•Build-out of Interstate highways

•IMF, World Bank, BIS

Source: Carlota Perez, Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages; (Edward Elar Publishers, 2003).

~250 years of infrastructure transformations

Page 38: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

38 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

~100 years of US job transformations

Source: US Bureau of Economic Analysis; McKinsey Global Institute Analysis

Page 39: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

39 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

We need better frameworks, theories, and models of…

Four I’s– Infrastructure

– Individuals

– Institutions

– Information

Four Measures– Innovativeness

– Equity

– Sustainability

– Resiliency

Societal Infrastructure(Technologies & Environment)

Individuals(Skills)

Institutions(Rules, Jobs)

Cultural Information(Quality-of-Life Measures)

Page 40: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

40 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Service systems entities learn to apply knowledge

L

LearningTo Apply Knowledge

Exploitation Exploration

Run Transform Innovate

Operations

Maintenance

Insurance

Incremental

Radical

Super-Radical

Internal

External

Interaction

Copy It

Invent ItDo It

March, J.G.  (1991)  Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning.  Organizational Science. 2(1).71-87.Sanford, L.S. (2006) Let go to grow: Escaping the commodity trap. Prentice Hall. New York, NY.

Page 41: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

41 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

California Human Development Report 2011:From meaning-of-life to quality-of-life…. http://w

ww

.measureofam

erica.org/docs/AP

ortraitOfC

A.pdf

Page 42: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

42 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

Imagining quality-of-life innovations…

Page 43: Reframing the Skeleton & Reframing Progress With Universities

43 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

What is the future? We can imagine many possibilities…

Kurzweilai.net