refugees, idps, and humanitarian assistance adapted from cis presenter bryan schaaf bureau of...
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Refugees, IDPs, and Humanitarian Assistance
Adapted from CIS Presenter Bryan Schaaf
Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
U.S. Department of State
•All Slides Unclassified
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The State of the Displaced (as of end 2010)
• 43.7 million people forcibly displaced, the highest number in 15 years. This includes;
– 15.4 million refugees
– 27.5 million internally displaced
– 837,500 asylum seekers
• Largest numbers of refugees are in Pakistan (1.9 million), Iran (1.1 million) and Syria (1 million).
• 7.2 million refugees in long-running situations across 24 countries.
• Refugees and asylum seekers gravitate to urban areas and IDPs to rural areas. Refugee returnees in both rural and urban areas.
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Environmental Issue One: Land
• Refugee camps often located on marginal land
– Prone to floods, droughts, breeding ground for mosquitoes.
– Having qualified site planners is critical.
– Short term versus long term planning
• Refugee camps never meant to be permanent, but often exist for decades.
• Additional land must be negotiated.
• Access to land for agriculture often restricted
– Denied in Kenya, granted in Uganda.
– Implications for food security.
• Lack of formal land tenure systems
– Both a development and humanitarian issue.
– A source of conflict in many countries, but no one UN Agency is responsible for land tenure.
• Ex: Land, shelter, and solutions in Haiti.
• Ex: UNHCR assistance in mediating land disputes for returnees to the DRC.
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Environmental Issue Two: Water
• Why is water a critical issue?– Promotes public health, reduces patient visits
to health clinics.
– Reduces social burden on women and children as well as protection risks.
• What causes water programs to fall short?
– Lack of technical input/capacity, especially in remote and isolated areas.
– Lack of community involvement.
– Lack of preventative maintenance.
– Lack of ongoing monitoring and evaluation.
– Lack of long term strategic planning.
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Kenya: What does this picture tell you?
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Kenya: What Does This Picture Tell You?
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Environmental Issue Three: Sanitation
• Sphere Standards for Sanitation
– Number: Maximum 20 people/latrine working toward one latrine/family as soon as possible.
– Protection: Separate latrines for men and women, no more than 50 meters from dwellings.
• Complicating Factors
– Topography: Terrain may not be conducive to digging latrines
– Ownership: Land-owners may resist latrine digging on properties that have become IDP sites.
– Natural Disasters: Flooding can destroy latrines, cause health hazards.
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Chad: Is This An Acceptable Latrine?
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Tunisia: What Does This Picture Tell You?
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Environmental Issue Four: Fuel• Nearly half of the world’s population –
about 3 billion people – cooks their food each day on polluting, inefficient stoves
• Why is this a problem for: – For refugee health?
– For refugee protection?
– For the environment?
– For relations between refugees and their host communities?
• Interventions– Fuel Efficient Stoves (FES)
• USAID Evaluations in Darfur, Kenya
– Ethanol Stoves (Ethiopia)
• Project Gaia
– Solar Power (Kenya)
• EDP Foundation
– Reforestation (Chad)
• UNHCR
1 month supply of wood in Dadaab 500 – 1,000 Kenyan Shillingsillings
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What Does This Picture Tell You?
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Fuel (Cont.)
• Current Initiatives– Fuel and Firewood Initiative (Women’s
Commission)
• Objective: Develop and disseminate guidelines concerning safe access to cooking fuels and to encourage rigorous field testing of alternatives to wood.
– Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves
• Objective: Save lives, improve livelihoods, empower women, and combat climate change by creating a thriving global market for clean, efficient cooking solutions.
• Future Opportunities– Costing/Replicating alternative energy sources
– Improving evidence base for fuel efficient stove uptake/usage
– Expanding partnerships with universities, foundations, private sector.
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Getting Started in Humanitarian Assistance
• Help Wanted: Advocates, diplomats, policy makers, and IO/NGO staff.
• Consider volunteering/working with:
– NGOs that protect/assist conflict victims overseas; or
– NGOs that have offices in the United States (e.g, that integrate resettled refugees.)
– The American Red Cross offers trainings on disaster response.
• Be familiar with humanitarian principles/standards. Knowing languages very helpful.
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Online Resources
Humanitarian Jobs Blog
Relief Web
Interaction
International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA)
Humanitarian News and Analysis (IRIN)
OCHA Online
World Humanitarian Day (August 19th)
Sphere Handbook