rege - cattle network · rege agri 1999 25: 1-25 summary a field and literature survey was...

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Animal Genetic Resources Information, No. 25, 1999

Rege

AGRI 1999 25: 1-25

Summary

A field and literature survey was conducted todetermine the status of cattle genetic resourcesof sub-Saharan Africa and to identify cattlebreeds at risk and those which may havebecome extinct over the last century. Thispaper - in two parts - summarises preliminaryresults of the survey. The survey revealed thatsub-Saharan Africa is home to a total of145 cattle breeds/strains comprising twotaurine Longhorns, 15 taurine Shorthorns,75 zebu (Bos indicus), 30 sanga, eight zenga(zebu-sanga), nine breeds derived frominterbreeding of indigenous breeds/strainslocated in close proximity to each other, andsix systematically created composite breeds.Out of the 145 breeds identified from thesurvey, 47 (about 32%) were considered to beat risk of extinction. Risk categories usedwere: Critical (most severe), Endangered,Vulnerable, and Rare (least severe). Of thebreeds identified to be at risk of extinction, sixwere in the �Rare� category, 10 were�Vulnerable�, another 10 were �Endangered�and 15 were in the �Critical� category. A totalof 22 breeds (about 13%) previouslyrecognised in the continent have becomeextinct in the last century. This numberexcludes some populations which have losttheir individual identity due to admixturesinvolving two or more originally distinctbreeds.

Resumen

Se llevó a cabo un estudio bibliográfico y decampo para determinar cuál era el estado delos recursos genéticos ganaderos del Africasubsahariana y para identificar las razasganaderas en peligro así como aquellas que sehayan podido extinguir durante el últimosiglo. Este artículo, dividido en dos partes,resume los resultados preliminares delestudio. El estudio reveló que el Africasubsahariana alberga un total de 145 razasbovinas/estirpes, comprendiendo dos razastaurinas Longhorn, 15 Shorthorn, 75 zebu (Bosindicus), 30 sanga, 8 zenga (zebu-sanga),9 razas derivadas de cruzamientos entre razasautóctonas y estirpes estrechamenterelacionados y 6 razas compuestas creadas deforma sistemática.De los 145 razas identificadas en el estudio,47 (alrededor del 32%) se consideraron enpeligro de extinción, las categorías de riesgoutilizadas siendo las siguientes: crítica (mássevera), en peligro, vulnerable, y rara (menossevera). De las razas identificadas como enpeligro de extinción, seis se encontraban en lacategoría �rara�, 10 eran �vulnerables�, otras10 estaban �amenazadas� y 15 estaban en lacategoría �crítica�. Un total de 22 razas(alrededor del 13%) previamente reconocidasen el continente se han extinguido en el últimosiglo. Esta cifra excluye algunas poblacionesque han perdido su identidad individualdebido a mezclas entre dos razasoriginalmente distintas.

Key Words: Breed classification, Cattle,Endangered breeds, Extinct breeds, Phenotypicdiversity, Sub-Saharan Africa.

The state of African cattle genetic resources I.Classification framework and identification of threatened

and extinct breeds

J.E.O. Rege

International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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2African cattle genetic ressources

Introduction

The origins of indigenous cattle of Africa stillremain uncertain despite availablearchaeological, anthropological and historicalevidence (Epstein and Mason, 1984; Blench,

1993). It is generally accepted that the Africancattle populations arose from three mainphases of introduction from Asia through theNile valley in Egypt or via the Horn of Africa.

Subsequent migrations led to densepopulations of cattle in the East Africanhighlands, around the present-day Ethiopia

Figure 1. Distribution of cattle breeds in some African countries

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List of breed codes reportedin figure 1

1.Abigar2.Adwa3.Afrikaner4.Aliab Dinka5.Alur (Nioka, Blukwa)6.Ambo7.Angoni8.Angonia (Angone)9.Arado10.Arsi11.Aweli Dinka12.Azaouak (Tuareg)13.Baggara14.Baherie15.Bahima16.Bakosi17.Bakweri18.Bale19.Banyo20.Baoulé21.Baria22.Barka23.Barotse24.Barra do Cuanzo25.Bashi26.Basuto27.Biu28.Bonsmara29.Borgou30.Bovines of Tete31.Butana32.Caprivi33.Chagga (Wachagga)34.Damara (Herero)35.Danakil36.Djakore37.Djelli (Diali)38.Doayo (Namichi)39.Drakensberger40.Duruma41.Ethiopian Boran (Borana)42.Fellata (Bororo)43.Fogera44.Forest Muturu45.Garre (Gherra)46.Gasara47.Ghana �sanga�

48.Ghana Dwarf Muturu49.Ghana Shorthorn50.Giriama51.Gobra52.Goffa53.Guraghe54.Hammer55.Harar56.Horro57.Humbi58.Iringa Red59.Jem-Jem60.Jiddu61.Jijiga62.Kamba63.Kaokoveld64.Kapsiki65.Karamajong zebu66.Kenana67.Kenya (Improved) Boran68.Keteku69.Kigezi70.Kikuyu71.Kuri72.Kyoga73.Lagune74.Landim75.Liberia Dwarf Muturu76.Lobi77.Logone78.Lugware79.Maasai (Kenya)80.Maasai (Tanzania)81.Madagascar zebu82.Malawi Zebu83.Manjan�i Boina84.Mashona85.Maure86.Méré87.Mkalama Dun88.Mongolla89.Mpwapwa90.Murle91.Mursi92.N�Dama93.Nandi94.Nganda95.Ngaundere96.Nguni97.Nkedi

98.Nkone99.North Somali Zebu100.Nuba Mountain Zebu101.Nuer102.Ogaden103.Okavango104.Orma Boran105.Ovambo106.Pare107.Pedi108.Porto-Amboim109.Rana (Omby Rana)110.Raya-Azebo111.Red Fulani112.Renitelo113.Ruzizi114.Sabmuru115.Savanna Muturu116.Serere117.Shangan118.Sheko119.Shilluk120.Shuwa121.Singida White122.Smada123.Sokoto124.Somali Boran125.Somba126.Sudanese Fulani (Peul

Zebu)127.Sukuma (Tinde)128.Taita129.Tarime (Shashi)130.Teso131.Tonga132.Toposa133.Tswana134.Tuli135.Turkana136.Ugogo Grey137.Unimproved Boran

(Borana)138.Usuk139.Wakwa140.Watende141.Watusi142.White Fulani143.Winam (Kavirondo)144.Yola145.Zanzibar Zebu

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and Kenya. The humpless Longhorns arrivedin the continent approximately 5000 BC,followed by the humpless Shorthorns around2500 BC. Humpless Shorthorn cattle werehistorically distributed in almost all ecologicalzones. Isolated populations were recorded inSudan and Central Tanzania in historical timesand remnant populations still exist in Ethiopia.The humped zebu first arrived about 1500 BCand later in large numbers around 670 AD(Eptsein, 1971). The first zebu cattle inEthiopia are thought to have been broughtthrough Somalia by Semitic people fromArabia, and their subsequent interbreedingwith the taurine Longhorns are considered tohave produced the present-day sanga cattle,although recent (unpublished) evidence fromILRI work questions the �crossbred origin� ofthe sanga. The second introduction of zebucattle led to a major replacement of sangacattle from most parts of eastern Africa,emergence of intermediate zebu-sanga breedsin some cases, and separate evolution intodifferent strains in the diverse ecologicalzones. The zebu cattle further spread

westwards and southwards to become themajor group of cattle in the region borderedby latitude 20oN in northern Sudan, in thenorth, the western rain-forest barrier in thewest and the Zambezi river, latitude 15oS, inthe south.

Present-day African cattle can be classifiedinto four broad categories: the humpless Bostaurus, widely distributed in West and CentralAfrica; the humped Bos indicus (zebu),distributed widely in eastern and the dry partsof West Africa; the sanga, found mainly ineastern and southern Africa; and sanga x zebutypes (�zenga�) found in eastern Africa. Thetaurine (humpless) type has two groups,Longhorns (B. taurus longifrons) and Shorthorns(B. taurus brachyceros), both of which arerestricted to West and Central Africa.

In addition to the four broad groups ofAfrican cattle, there are more recentderivatives that have resulted either as aconsequence of close proximity of two or moreindigenous populations, sometimesaccelerated by deliberate crossing (e.g. theBorgou, Méré and Ghana Sanga of West

Figure 2. Kuri cattle.


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Africa), or as a product of efforts to createcomposite commercial breeds (e.g. theBonsmara of South Africa and the Mpwapwaof Tanzania).

There is very little information on thediversity in indigenous African livestockpopulations, both at phenotypic and geneticlevels. Indeed, not even the number of breedsof the various species is known. Workingestimates are: 100-150 indigenous cattle,50-60 sheep and 45-50 goat breeds in subSaharan Africa (Rege, 1998). Additionally, withvery few exceptions, there is no data on thepopulation sizes of the different breeds andtheir status, i.e. whether their numbers aredecreasing, increasing or stable.

About the Survey

Starting in 1992, the International LivestockCentre for Africa (ILCA), now theInternational Livestock Research Institute(ILRI), initiated activities aimed at determiningthe status of, and compiling information oncharacteristics of, indigenous African domesticruminant livestock, specifically cattle, sheepand goats. These activities consisted of:1) sending out mail questionnaires to scientists

in national programmes;2) field visits to assess the status of individual

breeds/populations identified fromquestionnaires;

3) requests for specific information fromcollaborating scientists;

4) conduct of rapid surveys in selectedcountries or of selected breeds/populationswithin a country; and

5) review of literature, especially thenon-conventional (grey) publications such asannual reports, proceedings of nationalmeetings (conferences, seminars), researchproject reports, etc.In addition to these sources, a substantial

amount of information was obtained fromfield expeditions conducted during acontinent-wide exercise to collect bloodsamples for molecular characterisation, toquantify between- and within-populationgenetic diversity at the DNA level, which ispart of ILRI�s overall programme on animal

genetic resources. Field visits includedinterviews with government officials, nationalscientists and farmers. The aim of theinterviews was to obtain, for eachbreed/population, indications of:1) major uses;2) trends (decreasing, increasing or stable) as

perceived by local communities, extensionpersonnel and scientists;

3) possible reasons for the perceived trends;4) phenotypic description of the breed; and5) levels of performance, where available.

Whereas the information on uses, trendsand determinants of trends, as well as breeddescription, was mainly obtained from fieldvisits and, to a lesser extent, mailquestionnaires, most of the quantitative dataon performance was obtained fromcomprehensive reviews of literature. Data onphysical measurements (e.g. withers height)were, in a few cases, obtained by measuringrepresentative animals on-farm or on-stationduring the field visits or through collaborationwith national scientists.

This survey represents a first attempt toassess the status of the ruminant geneticresources of sub-Saharan Africa. It does notconstitute the level of assessment required tomake decisions on conservation and use.However, it provides a basis for additional,targeted surveys. As this was a very broad-brush survey, the information is incomplete,and may even contradict facts unknown to us.We are aware of this but feel the publication ofthese results will provoke action, particularlyat national levels, that will help improve theinformation base on domestic Africanbreeds/strains. In the meantime, efforts areunderway to conduct in-depth breed surveysin pilot countries. One such survey, in Ghana,is already completed and will be publishedshortly. Additionally, activities on molecularcharacterisation of African cattle are wellunderway. Similar studies have also beeninitiated for sheep and goats.

Figure 1 shows the geographic distributionof cattle breeds in some African countries

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Breed Groups and Clusters

As has been alluded to, the survey recognisedfour broad categories of African cattle: thehumpless Bos taurus; the humped Bos indicusor zebu; the sanga; the zenga (sanga x zebuderivatives). Fifth and sixth categoriesincluded were the �recent derivatives� createdfrom interbreeding amongst indigenousbreeds, and the composite breeds developedfrom systematic crossing of two or morebreeds for specific purposes. The taurinecategory was further subdivided into twogroups � the Longhorns and theShorthorns - while the zebu and the sangawere divided into several groups and clusters.A group is defined here as a collection ofbreeds or strains considered to have acommon ancestry but not necessarilyinhabiting the same geographical area. Cluster,on the other hand, is used to refer to acollection of breeds or strains which belong tothe same category and, usually, group, andoccupy the same geographical area e.g. acountry and/or a defined ecozone within oneor more countries. Thus, the sub-category�Small East African Zebu� was divided intogroups represented by the AbyssinianShorthorned Zebu, The Somali Zebu, The TesoZebu, etc. Examples of clusters were theKenya cluster of zebus, the Tanzania cluster ofzebus and the Ovambo and southwesterncluster of sangas. Although the motivationbehind the �clustering� was purelypresentational convenience, an attempt wasmade to lump together only those breeds andstrains which, because of geographicalproximity have had a high likelihood ofinterbreeding and hence may have morecommon genetic background than otherpopulations with similar evolutionary historybut which have been more isolated. The termgroup is also used to refer to such broadcategories as the humpless Longhorn and thehumpless Shorthorn, members of which areconsidered to be genetically closely relatedand have not undergone the samedifferentiation as seen in the zebu or, to someextent, the sanga.

This paper, the first in a two-part series,provides a framework for the classification ofAfrican cattle breeds/strains on the bases ofhistorical evidence, phenotypic appearanceand geographical location, and identifiespopulations that may be threatened withextinction and those which may have becomeextinct in the last 100 years or so. The secondpaper (Rege and Tawah, 1999) describes thephysical characteristics and status of each ofthe existing breeds in terms of breeddevelopment as well as their distribution,main uses and known or speculatedevolutionary relationships among breeds.

Figures from 2 to 5 show some cattlebreeds.

Classification of Breeds

The taurine cattle

The humpless Shorthorns and Longhorns ofWest and Central Africa have lived in theirpresent niches for several millenia. Thestringency of this environment has supposedlycontributed to their small size and to the �lowproductivity� of these breeds compared tomost zebus found in the more arid areas of thetropics. Nonetheless, they have acquired ahardiness to the harsh climatic conditions andresistance to the various diseases endemic totheir environments. Notable among theseadaptations is their tolerance totrypanosomosis, the major disease limitingintroduction of non-native livestock into thevast humid and sub-humid areas of West andCentral Africa. Aboagye et al. (1994) and Regeet al. (1994a; b; c) have reviewed thedistribution and important characteristics ofthe Shorthorn cattle while ILCA (1979)summarised the attributes of the majortrypanotolerant populations of West andCentral Africa.

Table 1 summarises the classification of thehumpless cattle of Africa. There are twohumpless Longhorn breeds, the N�Dama andthe Kuri, both found in West Africa and14 humpless Shorthorn breeds widelydistributed in the humid and sub-humid zones

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Tab

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Table 2. Zebu cattle breeds of sub-Saharan Africa.

Continued ....

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Con

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2.

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11


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.... T

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w 2

.

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13


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of West and Central Africa. In addition there isone humpless Shorthorn breed in easternAfrica: The Sheko of Ethiopia.

The zebu cattle

Although zebu cattle are trypano-susceptible,in the absence of tsetse fly the large size andhigh production levels of many zebu breedsgive them a competitive advantage over thetrypanotolerant N�Dama Longhorn andShorthorns (Rege et al., 1994a;b). The zebubreeds or strains are abundant in the continentand exhibit a high level of resistance to harshenvironmental conditions, making them theonly type of cattle that can survive over a largepart of Africa.

The zebu is the largest single cattle type inAfrica. It is represented by some 75 breeds(Table 2). The highest concentration of thezebu is in eastern Africa and neighbouringcountries in south-central Africa which,together, have 61 breeds. West Africa has only

13 zebu breeds, principally inhabiting the drysavanna and sahelian belts. The East AfricanZebu can be divided into two majorsub-groups - the �Large� and the �Small� EastAfrican Zebu. The former has some 13 breeds,all restricted to the relatively drier parts ofSudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya,Tanzania and Uganda. The 49 Small EastAfrican zebu breeds are also principally foundin the same countries as their �Large�counterparts. However, a small numberinhabit south-central Africa (Zambia, Malawi,Mozambique) and Madagascar. Other thanZaire, the eastern border of which is inhabitedby �spill-over� zebu from eastern Africa, thehumid zone of Central Africa is devoid ofzebu.

The Small East African zebu is furthersub-divided into several groups or clusters: TheAbyssinian Shorthorned Zebu (represented by13 breeds/strains); the Cluster of southernSudan and vicinity (4); the Somali group (4);the Kenya cluster (10); the Teso group (4); theTanzania cluster consisting of the Tanganyika

Figure 3. Raya Azebo cattle.


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14

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n ca

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Table 3. The sanga cattle breeds of sub-Saharan Africa.

.... Continued...

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15


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.... T

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3.

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group (8) and the Zanzibar Zebu (1); theAngoni group (3); and the Madagascargroup (2).

The West African zebu consists of two maingroups: The Gudali group represented by twosub-groups (Sokoto with only one breed, andAdamawa with 3 breeds/strains); and theFulani group (with 6 breeds/strains). Inaddition, there are three other zebu breeds inWest Africa, the Azoauak, Shuwa and Maure,which do not belong to either the Gudali or theFulani groups.

The sanga cattle

Table 3 summarises the sanga cattlebreeds/strains of Africa. There are 30 sangabreeds/strains sub-divided on the basis oflocation into the sanga of eastern(12 breeds/strains) and sanga of southern(18) Africa. The sanga of eastern Africa consistof three groups: Nilotic sanga of southernSudan and south-western Ethiopia; theAbyssinian sanga of Ethiopia and Eritrea; and

the Ankole group with representatives inUganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania andDemocratic Republic of Congo (former Zaire).

The sanga of southern Africa arerepresented by six groups or clusters: theShona represented by the Mashona ofZimbabwe; the Nguni group(5 breeds/strains); the Zambia/Angolacluster (2); the Ovambo and south-westerncluster (5); the Setswana group (4); and theAfrikaner group represented only by theAfrikaner breed.

The zenga cattle

Several breeds have supposedly resulted fromcrossbreeding between the zebu and sangapopulations in the East African highlandswhere large concentrations of zebu (arrivingfrom Asia) initially occurred, providingopportunity for admixture with sanga cattle,then already resident there. The resultingbreeds have been classified into a separatecategory. The name �zenga� is suggested forthis category. Exclusively located in eastern

Figure 4. Afrikaner cattle.


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17


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Africa, some members are found inpredominantly zebu habitat, others in sangahabitat. Indeed, the location of the zengaforms a natural division between the �zebucountry� in the north and the predominantly�sanga country� in the south. Members of thezenga - a total of eight - are: the Arado, Fogera,and Horro (of Ethiopia); Jiddu (southernSomalia); Alur, also called Nioka (Nyoka) orBlukwa cattle (Democratic Republic of Congo);Nganda (Uganda); Sukuma (Tanzania); andBovines of Tete (Mozambique). The zenga cattleare summarised in Table 4.

Recent derivatives

There are several cattle breeds which havebeen formed as a result of the coexistence oftwo or more breeds in close proximity to eachother. In most cases this has been facilitated by

increased interaction among tribal groups and,sometimes, deliberate but non-systematicattempts to improve specific attributes. Agood example of the process, but one whichhas not produced a recognised, distinct breedor strain, is the crossbreeding between theKuri and zebu of the Lake Chad Basin (seeTawah et al, 1997) to produce a draughtanimal. Table 4 summarises breeds/strains inthis category.

Commercial composites

Sub-Saharan Africa is home to, at least, sixcommercial composite breeds with varyingproportions of exotic blood. Unfortunately,only two of them - the Drakensberger and theBonsmara, both of South Africa - are secure interms of numbers and existence of

Figure 5. Ankole cattle.


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Table 4. Zenga (zebu-sanga) cattle, recent derivatives and synthetic breeds.

.... Continued

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19


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programmes for genetic improvement. Theother four are the Mangan�i Boina ofMadagascar ( a synthetic dairy breed), theRenitelo, also of Madagascar (beef), theMpwapwa of Tanzania (dairy) and the Wakwaof Cameroon (beef). Details of these breedsare discussed in the second paper (Rege andTawah, 1999).

Breeds at Risk

As has been alluded to, one of the objectivesof the survey was to establish the status ofsub-Saharan African cattle breeds and toidentify those which are at risk as well asthose which may have become extinct in therecent past. In the absence of time-trendcensus data, it was not possible to providequantitative information on trends. However,the study results, mainly qualitative, togetherwith an assessment of pressures currentlyaffecting breeds, were used to drawconclusions regarding possible threatcategories of different breeds considered to beat risk. A total of 47 (32%) breeds/strains wereidentified to be at risk (Table 5). Four riskcategories were defined according to FAO(1992): Critical (most threatened), Endangered,Vulnerable, and Rare (least threatened). Out ofthe 47 breeds at risk, 15 (Pare, Mkalama Dunand Chagga of Tanzania; Bakweri, Kapsiki,Bakosi and Wakwa of Cameroon; GhanaDwarf Muturu or Shorthorn; Nkone ofZimbabwe; Pedi and Shangan of South Africa;Renitelo and Baria of Madagascar; andSengologa and Seshaga of Botswana) wereclassified in the �Critical� category, 10 were�Endangered�, another 10 were �Vulnerable�and six were �Rare� (Table 5). The remainingsix could not be definitively classified: Fivewere classified as lying somewhere between�Rare� and �Vulnerable� and one between�Endangered� and �Vulnerable�.

Extinct Breeds

Starting with the 145 breeds identified in thissurvey and working backwards, a review ofold literature dating as far back as 1902 was

.... T

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Table 5. Breeds of sub-Saharan African cattle considered at risk.

.... Continued

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21


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.... T

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Table 6. Breeds of sub-Saharan African cattle considered to be extinct.

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23


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done. Each breed or population appearing inthe old literature was followed progressivelyin subsequent publications. Of the breeds thatcould not be found in more recent literature, alarge number was due to change in breednames over the years. However, some breedswhich existed previously could not be foundin recent literature under any name. Todetermine what may have happened to these�missing� breeds or strains, clarification wassought from the locations at which they werelast reported. This process resolved some ofthe anomalies and helped to identify thosepopulations which, on the basis of informationavailable, had ceased to exist. Some of thesewere on record in the countries concerned asofficially extinct while the rest could only beconsidered to be extinct because local officialsand communities could not recall theirprevious existence or were certain that theyhad, through the years, disappeared as aresult of one reason or another. A total of22 breeds which existed at some point duringthis (20th) century could not be located andwere considered extinct (Table 6). Of theextinct breeds, only one (Gimira of Ethiopia)was a humpless Longhorn, eight werehumpless Shorthorns, four were zebu (one ofthem � the Baria of Eritrea � may have been azenga), while the remaining seven were sanga,although the classification of three of these,Bolowana, Sakalava and Hottentot, as sangawas not certain.

Acknowledgements

This survey would not have been possiblewithout the cooperation and, in several cases,direct involvement, of many persons andinstitutions. Our gratitude to the governmentministries, universities, national researchinstitutes, farmers organisations, includingbreed societies in Kenya, South Africa andZimbabwe, individual farmers, scientists andextension staff and, last but not least, ILRItechnical staff, particularly those who acceptedthe additional task of collecting data duringblood sampling field expeditions. Specialthanks to the several enumerators andresearch assistants who spent endless hours

extracting information from the grey literature.In the latter category I would like to thank,most especially, Yetnayet Mamo. Thismanuscript was diligently word processed byWagaye Wolde Mariam.

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Burton, R.F. 1961. The Lake Regions ofCentral Africa. 2 vols. New York.

Curson, H.H. 1934. Bechuana orMangwato Cattle. Farming in South Africa.September 1934.

Curson, H.H. and Thornton, R.W. 1936.A contribution to the study of African nativecattle. Onderstepoort Journal of VeterinaryScience and Animal Industry. Vol. 7, No. 2,October 1936.

Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1929.

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rege - cattle network · rege agri 1999 25: 1-25 summary a field and literature survey was...

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