regenerative braking system by deepak chandra

7/21/2019 Regenerative Braking System by DEEPAK CHANDRA

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DESIGN OF REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYAAYA! BHOPA "M#P$

BACHEOR OF ENGINEERING

Wit% S&e'i()i*(tio+ i+AUTOMOBIE ENGINEERING

Submitted b,

DEEPAK CHANDRA

-.-/AU000-1.

U+de2 T%e Guid(+'e o3

M24# Bee+( Mi4%2(

A44t# P2o3e44o2Automobi)e E+5i+ee2i+5 De&(2tme+t!

RJIT! Te6(+&u2

Session: 2014-2015

Department of Automobile Engineering

RUSTAM! !"ST!TUTE #$ TE%&"#'#()* +,S,$, A%ADEM)*

TEA".UR-4/5005 M,.,

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%ERT!$!%ATE

Tis is to ertif8 tat te tesis entitle3 DESIGN OF REGENERATIVE

BRAKING SYSTEM; is being submitte3 in te partial fulfillment of te

reinstitute for a6ar3 of an8 Degree or Diploma,

Mrs, +eena Misra

Asst, professor

Automobile Engineering Department

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A%"#'ED(EME"T

! a=ail tis opportunit8 to e?tent m8 eart8 in3ebte3ness to m8 gui3e M24# Bee+(

Mi4%2(; Asst,.rofessor Automobile Engineering Department* for is =aluable

gui3ane* onstant reinforement an3 7in3 elp at 3ifferent stages for te e?eution

of te tesis 6or7,

! am also grateful to 99M2# G(u2(: S(;e+(; Asst, .rofessor Automobile

Engineering Department* for assisting me an3 gui3ing me trougout te tesis, ! am

also e?tent m8 tan7s to te supporti=e staffs of te Automobile engineering

3epartment for pro=i3ing me all te neessar8 failities to aomplis tis 6or7,

DEE.A %&A"DRA

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DE%'ARAT!#"

! ereb8 ertif8 tat te tesis entitle37DES!(" #$ RE(E"ERAT!@E +RA!"(

S)STEM; is being submitte3 in te partial fulfillment of te re3iploma,

DEE.A %&A"DRA

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A+STRA%T

Regenerati=e +ra7ing S8stem R+S is an effiient s8stem to re3ue =eile

emission an3 fuel onsumption, R+S is a s8stem 6i on=erts meanial energ8

to eletrial energ8 3uring bra7ing ation, !t 6ill beome an important s8stem for

future =eile su as 8bri3 an3 eletri ar,

en ri3ing a =eile* a great amount of 7ineti energ8 is lost 6en bra7ing* ma7ing

start up fairl8 strenuous, Te goal of our pro9et 6as to 3e=elop a pro3ut tat stores

te energ8 6i is normall8 lost 3uring bra7ing* an3 reuses it to elp propel te

ri3er 6en starting, Tis 6as aomplise3 6it a (enerator fitte3 6it rubber 6eel

6ose parameters 6ere optimie3 base3 on engineering* onsumer preferene* an3

manufaturing mo3els, Te resulting pro3ut is one 6i is pratial an3 potentiall8

=er8 profitable in te mar7et plae,

!n tis pro9et 6e use te eat energ8 b8 ligtening te 'ED 6i is lost b8

appl8ing bra7es, After appl8ing bra7e on te 6eel te 7ineti energ8 of 6eel is

transferre3 to te rubber 6eel attae3 to te generator 6i is ten transforme3 in

te eletrial energ8, Tis eletrial energ8 is use3 to ligtening te 'ED, e an

also use tis energ8 for oter purpose b8 storing in te batter8

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITE PAGES

RE%#MME"DAT!#" ii

%ERT!$!%ATE iii

A%"#'ED(EME"T i=

DE%'ARAT!#" =

A+STRA%T =i

CHAPTER 0 1,1 .ro9et !ntro3ution 1

1,2 at is regenerati=e bra7ing s8stemB 2

1,C o6 regenerati=e bra7ing 6or7s C

1,4 .roblem Statement 4

CHAPTER / 2,1 'iterature Re=ie6 5

2,2 !ntro3ution to o6 of Regenerati=e +ra7ing 5

2,C +ra7e /

2,4 +ra7es as an Eletrial (enerator /

2,5 D8nami an3 Regenerati=e Eletrial +ra7es

CHAPTER < C,1 %onstrution an3 #peration 10

C,2 Eletrial (enerator 10

C,C Regenerati=e +ra7ing Effiien8 14

C,4 $uture 6or7 15

C,5 %onlusion 1

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%&A.TER-1

INTRODUCTION

A regenerative brake is an apparatus, a evi!e "r s#ste$ %&i!&

a''"%s a ve&i!'e t" re!apture part "( t&e kineti! energ# t&at %"u'

"t&er%ise be '"st t" &eat %&en braking an $ake use "( t&at p"%er

eit&er b# st"ring it ("r (uture use "r (eeing it ba!k int" a p"%er

s#ste$ ("r "t&er ve&i!'es t" use)

$ig 1,1: Diagram of Regenerati=e bra7ing

RefereneF1G

Regenerati=e bra7ing soul3 not be onfuse3 6it 38nami bra7ing* 6i 3issipates

te reapture3 eletrial energ8 as eat, !n tat respet* 38nami bra7ing bea=es

mu li7e an eletromagneti bra7e* 6i emplo8s e338 urrent losses to pro3ue

te bra7ing effet, "one of tese meto3s of bra7ing are apable of ompletel8

stopping a =eile* an3 terefore are not a substitute for frition bra7es,

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at is Regenerati=e +ra7ing S8stemB

Regenerati=e bra7ing is use3 on 8bri3 gas>eletri automobiles to reoup some of

te energ8 lost 3uring stopping, Tis energ8 is sa=e3 in a storage batter8 an3 use3

later to po6er te motor 6ene=er te ar is in eletri mo3e,

Un3erstan3ing o6 regenerati=e bra7ing 6or7s ma8 re


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38namo, Tis generate3 eletriit8 is fe3 into a emial storage batter8 an3 use3

later to po6er te ar at it8 spee3s,

Regenerati=e bra7ing ta7es energ8 normall8 6aste3 3uring bra7ing an3 turns it into

usable energ8, !t is not* o6e=er* a perpetual motion maine, Energ8 is still lost

troug frition 6it te roa3 surfae an3 oter 3rains on te s8stem, Te energ8

ollete3 3uring bra7ing 3oes not restore all te energ8 lost 3uring 3ri=ing, !t 3oes

impro=e energ8 effiien8 an3 assist te main alternator

Intr"u!ti"n t" *"% Regenerative +raking "rks

E=er8 time 8ou step on 8our arIsbra7es* 8ouIre 6asting energ8, .8sistells us tat

energ8 annot be 3estro8e3, So 6en 8our ar slo6s 3o6n* te 7ineti energ8 tat

6as propelling it for6ar3 as to go some6ere, Most of it simpl8 3issipates as eat

an3 beomes useless, Tat energ8* 6i oul3 a=e been use3 to 3o 6or7* is

essentiall8 6aste3,

!s tere an8ting tat 8ou* te 3ri=er* an 3o to stop 6asting tis energ8B "ot reall8,

!n most ars itIs te ine=itable b8pro3ut of bra7ing an3 tereIs no 6a8 8ou an 3ri=e

a ar 6itout oasionall8 itting te bra7es, +ut automoti=e engineers a=e gi=en

tis problem a lot of tougt an3 a=e ome up 6it a 7in3 of bra7ing s8stem tat

an reapture mu of te arIs 7ineti energ8 an3 on=ert it into eletriit8* so tat it

an be use3 to rearge te arIs batteries, Tis s8stem is alle3 regenerati=e bra7ing,

3
http://www.wisegeek.com/why-is-perpetual-motion-considered-to-be-impossible.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-parts/brakes/brake-types/brake.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-parts/towing/towing-capacity/information/fpte.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/why-is-perpetual-motion-considered-to-be-impossible.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-parts/brakes/brake-types/brake.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-parts/towing/towing-capacity/information/fpte.htm


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At present* tese 7in3s of bra7es are primaril8 foun3 in 8bri3 =eiles li7e te

To8ota .rius* an3 in full8 eletri ars* li7e te Tesla Roa3ster, !n =eiles li7e tese*

7eeping te batter8 arge3 is of onsi3erable importane, &o6e=er* te tenolog8

6as first use3 in trolle8 ars an3 as subse


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"ne t&ir 21 t" 24 energ# is !"nsu$e uring brake) T&e

inventi"n "( Regenerative +raking .#ste$ is vie%e as a s"'uti"n t"

t&ese 4 pr"b'e$s, as it re!"vere %aste energ# an rest"re t"

be!"$e an"t&er ("r$ "( use(u' energ#) A't&"ug& %e rea'ie t&e

bene/!ia' an p"sitive e:e!t bring b# Regenerative +raking

.#ste$, but it sti'' &as its issue "r pr"b'e$ t" be s"'ve; "ne "( t&e$a


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$igure 2,1: Regenerati=e +ra7ing S8stem R+S

RefereneF2G

Te $igure 2,1 abo=e so6 te basi 3esign for R+S, R+S is an important

an3 useful s8stem to re3ue te en=ironment pollution an3 sortage of te fuel

resoures problem, Aor3ing to te onser=ation of energ8* energ8 annot be reate3

or 3estro8e3 but it an ange te t8pe of energ8, R+S is a s8stem 6i an on=ert

meanial energ8 to eletrial energ8, Tis s8stem is use3 in a =eile to reuperate

te 6aste energ8 3uring bra7ing an3 on=erting it to a useful energ8 for on=entional

83rauli bra7e =eile, Te 6aste energ8 6as pro3ue3 6en on=entional bra7e is

applie3,

!n R+S* te D% motor is use3 as a generator to reo=er 7ineti energ8 from

te 6eel of te =eile into eletrial energ8, Te on=entional 83rauli bra7e 6ill

ontinue to be use3 as an emergen8 bra7e, +eause te R+S is onl8 able to stop te

=eile in a relati=el8 long 3istane an3 time, Tis situation 6oul3 ause ai3ent to

our, Te R+S effiientl8 re3ues te 6aste energ8 an3 regenerate energ8 3uring

bra7ing as so6n in $igure 2,2,

ineti energ8 >6aste energ8

from 6eel

(enerate3 energ8 store3 in po6er

storage

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$igure 2,2: Energ8 on=ersion in R+S

RefereneFCG

"o6a3a8s* man8 mo3ern 8bri3 an3 eletri =eiles use tis Regenerati=e

+ra7ing S8stem R+S, E?amples inlu3e te 8bri3s su as To8ota .rius $igure a

&on3a !nsigt $igure b* an3 te @etri? eletri ma?i-sooter,

a b

$igure 2,C: mo3ern 8bri3 an3 eletri =eiles

a To8ota .rius

b &on3a !nsigt

RefereneF4G

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+rake

A brake is a evi!e ("r s'"%ing "r st"pping t&e $"ti"n "( a $a!&ine "r

ve&i!'e, an t" keep it (r"$ starting t" $"ve again) T&e kineti! energ# '"st

b# t&e $"ving part is usua''# trans'ate t" &eat b# (ri!ti"n) A'ternative'#,

in regenerative braking, $u!& "( t&e energ# is re!"vere an st"re in a

?#%&ee', !apa!it"r "r turne int" a'ternating !urrent b# an a'ternat"r,

t&en re!ti/e an st"re in a batter# ("r 'ater use)

+rakes "( s"$e es!ripti"n are /tte t" $"st %&ee'e ve&i!'es, in!'uing

aut"$"bi'es "( a'' kins, tru!ks, trains, $"t"r!#!'es, an bi!#!'es)+aggage !arts an s&"pping !arts $a# &ave t&e$ ("r use "n a $"ving

ra$p) ."$e aer"p'anes are /tte %it& %&ee' brakes "n t&e uner!arriage)

."$e air!ra(t a's" (eature air brakes esigne t" s'"% t&e$ "%n in ?ig&t)

N"tab'e e9a$p'es in!'ue g'iers an s"$e IIera /g&ter air!ra(t)

T&ese a''"% t&e air!ra(t t" $aintain a sa(e spee in a steep es!ent) T&e

.aab + 17 ive b"$ber use t&e ep'"#e uner!arriage as an air brake)

De!e'erati"n an av"iing a!!e'erati"n %&en g"ing "%n&i'' !an a's" be

a!&ieve b# using a '"% gear)

@ri!ti"n brakes "n !ars st"re t&e &eat in t&e r"tating part ru$ brake "r

is! brake uring t&e brake app'i!ati"n an re'ease it t" t&e air graua''#)

+rakes as an 0'e!tri!a' enerat"r

Regenerative brakes are a ("r$ "( #na$" generat"r, "rigina''#

is!"vere in 132 b# *ipp"'#te -i9ii) T&e #na$"Bs r"t"r s'"%s as t&e

kineti! energ# is !"nverte t" e'e!tri!a' energ# t&r"ug& e'e!tr"$agneti!

inu!ti"n) T&e #na$" !an be use as eit&er generat"r "r brake b#

!"nverting $"ti"n int" e'e!tri!it# "r be reverse t" !"nvert e'e!tri!it# int"

$"ti"n)

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Using a #na$" as a regenerative brake %as is!"vere !"in!ient %it&

t&e $"ern e'e!tri! $"t"r) In 173, n"be ra$$e atta!&e t&e %ires

(r"$ t%" #na$"s t"get&er) &en "ne #na$" r"t"r %as turne as a

regenerative brake, t&e "t&er be!a$e an e'e!tri! $"t"r)

It is esti$ate t&at regenerative braking s#ste$s in ve&i!'es !urrent'#

rea!& 31)3 e'e!tri! generati"n eE!ien!#, %it& $"st "( t&e re$aining

energ# being re'ease as &eat; t&e a!tua' eE!ien!# epens "n nu$er"us

(a!t"rs, su!& as t&e state "( !&arge "( t&e batter#, &"% $an# %&ee's are

eFuippe t" use t&e regenerative braking s#ste$, an %&et&er t&e

t"p"'"g# use is para''e' "r seria' in nature)

T&e s#ste$ is n" $"re eE!ient t&an !"nventi"na' (ri!ti"n brakes, butreu!es t&e use "( !"nta!t e'e$ents 'ike brake pas, %&i!& eventua''#

%ear "ut) Traiti"na' (ri!ti"nbase brakes $ust a's" be pr"vie t" be

use %&en rapi, p"%er(u' braking is reFuire, as %e'' as t" &"' t&e

ve&i!'e stati"nar#)

D#na$i! an Regenerative 0'e!tri!a' +rakes

%on=ert te eletri energ8 ba7 into eat b8 passing te urrent troug large ban7s of

=ariable resistors, @eiles tat use 38nami eletrial bra7es inlu3e for7lifts* Diesel-eletri

loomoti=es* an3 streetars, !f 3esigne3 appropriatel8* tis eat an be use3 to 6arm te

=eile interior, en te energ8 is meant to be 3issipate3 e?ternall8* large ra3iator-li7e

o6ls an be emplo8e3 to ouse te resistor ban7s,

Regenerati=e bra7es in eletri rail6a8 =eiles fee3 te generate3 eletriit8 ba7 into te

gri3, !n batter8 eletri an3 8bri3 eletri =eiles* te energ8 is store3 in a batter8 or ban7

of apaitors for later use,

Te main 3isa3=antage of regenerati=e bra7es 6en ompare3 6it 38nami bra7es is te

nee3 to losel8 mat te eletriit8 generate3 6it te suppl8, it D% supplies tis

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be mate3 tis mainl8 applies to loomoti=es 6ere an A% suppl8 is retifie3 for D%

motors,

!t is usual for =eiles to inlu3e a Iba7-upI s8stem so tat frition bra7ing is applie3

automatiall8 if te onnetion to te po6er suppl8 is lost, Also* in a D% s8stem or in an A%

s8stem tat is not 3iretl8 gri3 onnete3 =ia simple transformers* speial pro=ision must also

be ma3e for situations 6ere more po6er is being generate3 b8 bra7ing tan is being

onsume3 b8 oter =eiles on te s8stem,

A small number of mountain rail6a8s a=e use3 C-pase po6er supplies an3 C-pase

in3ution motors an3 a=e tus a near onstant spee3 for all trains as te motors rotate 6it

te suppl8 fre


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b

@ig3)2= Regenerative +raking .#ste$

a >a#"ut 1

b >a#"ut 2

RefereneF5G

0'e!tr"$agneti! brakes, a's" !a''e e# !urrent brakes, seek t" retar

$"ti"n "r !ause e!e'erati"n in a $"ving s#ste$) Un'ike !"nventi"na'

brakes, %&i!& "perate b# !ausing (ri!ti"n bet%een $"ving parts, in an

e'e!tr"$agneti! brake kineti! energ# is !"nverte t" &eat %it&"ut !"nta!t

bet%een t&e $"ving parts)

A t#pi!a' e'e!tr"$agneti! brake is !"$p"se "( a $eta' is! r"t"r

atta!&e t" a r"tating a9is an e'e!tr"$agnets "r per$anent $agnets

p"siti"ne t" generate a $agneti! /e' interse!ting t&e is!) T&e

e'e!tr"$agnet a''"%s !"ntr"' "( t&e braking a!ti"n b# var#ing t&e strengt&

"( t&e $agneti! /e'; t" pr"u!e a braking ("r!e, e'e!tri! !urrent is passe

t&r"ug& t&e e'e!tr"$agnets) As t&e $eta' is! r"tates insie t&e $agneti!/e', e'e!tri! !urrents, !a''e e# !urrents are inu!e insie it) T&"se

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!urrents t&en generate a $agneti! /e' in "pp"siti"n t" t&e "rigina' /e'

t&us !reating a ("r!e %&i!& a!ts t" e!e'erate t&e r"tating is!)

*eat is !reate in t&e is! as a ire!t resu't "( t&e e'e!tri!a' resistan!e "(

t&e isk $ateria' an t&e !urrent inu!e in it; t&is &eat represents t&e

kineti! energ# being issipate an is ana'"g"us t" t&e &eat generate b#

a !"nventi"na' (ri!ti"n brake)

+e!ause t&e inu!e !urrent is pr"p"rti"na' t" t&e spee "( t&e is!, t&e

braking t"rFue e!reases as t&e is! e!e'erates resu'ting in a s$""t&

st"p) 0'e!tr"$agneti! brakes "( t&is (as&i"n are t&ere("re unab'e t"

!"$p'ete'# st"p a $"ving part "r t" keep it sti'') A s$a'' (ri!ti"n brake

$ig&t be !"up'e ("r t&at purp"se) 09!epti"n is use t" s'"% an engine, as"n!e be'"% a !ertain spee engine spe!i/! t&e engine %i'' sta'')

Regenerative braking is n"t use %it& brakes "( t&is t#pe sin!e t&e

inu!e !urrent is issipate as &eat an is n"t pra!ti!a' t" re!"ver)

A si$i'ar t#pe "( braking is use in $"ern r"''er !"asters, %&i!& i:ers

"n'# in t&at per$anent $agnets are use instea "( e'e!tr"$agnets an

t&at t&e brakes are 'inear rat&er t&an r"tar#) T&is $eans t&at t&e brakes

reFuire n" e'e!tri!it# an t&at t&e braking ("r!e !ann"t be a


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!n still oter features of te in=ention* te regenerati=e bra7ing 3e=ie is an eletri tration

s8stem, A ba7 pressure =al=e is onnete3 to a ato3e of te fuel ell sta7, Te ba7

pressure =al=e protets te fuel ell sta7 from te ig airflo6 an3 pressure, A ontroller

ontrols a bra7e toror 6en te 3ri=er applies te bra7es to 3eelerate

te =eile, A po6er 3istribution 3e=ie su as a ig-=oltage bus 3istributes te po6er tat

is generate3 b8 te regenerati=e bra7ing 3e=ie, Te po6er 3istribution 3e=ie 3istributes

po6er 3iretl8 to one or more loa3s an3>or rearges te storage batter8 3epen3ing upon te

irumstanes,

en te 3ri=er 3epresses te aelerator* an internal ombustion engine generates po6er

from air an3 fuel tat is supplie3 to te engine, en te =eile is oasting or bra7ing to

re3ue spee3* te regenerati=e bra7ing 3e=ie generates po6er tat an be use3 to arge te

storage batter8 an3>or to po6er te loa3s, #ftentimes* te storage batter8 pro=i3es po6er to

te aessories at lo6er spee3s an3 6en te =eile is stoppe3 to impro=e fuel effiien8 of

te =eile,

A regenerati=e bra7ing s8stem for a batteriless fuel ell =eile, Te regenerati=e bra7ing

s8stem inlu3es a regenerati=e bra7ing 3e=ie tat is ouple3 to at least one 6eel of te fuel

ell =eile, Te regenerati=e bra7ing 3e=ie is preferabl8 an eletri tration s8stem, Te

regenerati=e bra7ing s8stem inlu3es a fuel ell sta7 tat inlu3es an ano3e flo6line 6it an

inlet an3 an outlet, Te fuel ell also inlu3es a ato3e flo6line 6it an inlet an3 outlet,

Te regenerati=e bra7ing s8stem furter inlu3es an air ompressor* a ba7 pressure =al=e

an3 a b8pass =al=e, Te b8pass =al=e is onnete3 to an outlet of te air ompressor* a

ato3e of te fuel ell sta7 an3 to te en=ironment, A po6er output of te regenerati=e

bra7ing 3e=ie is onnete3 to a po6er 3istribution 3e=ie tat is onnete3 to loa3s, Te

loa3s preferabl8 inlu3e fans* pumps* an air on3itioning ompressor* eaters* 12 =olt batter8*

an3 oter 3e=ies, Te bra7e tor


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Te air ompressor pressuries suppl8 air an3 outputs te pressurie3 air to te b8pass =al=e,

A ontroller is onnete3 to te ba7 pressure =al=e* te b8pass =alue* te ompressor* an3 a

=eile 3ata bus, Te ontroller mo3ulates te b8pass =al=e to seleti=el8 3i=ert te air to te

inlet of te ato3e flo6 line* to e?aust te air an3>or to 3iret te air to anoter 3e=ie,

During normal 3ri=ing 6en te =eileIs spee3 is greater tan ero an3 te =eile is not

aelerating or 6en te =eile is at onstant =eloit8* te regenerati=e bra7ing 3e=ie

pro3ues po6er an3 te loa3s 3issipate te energ8, During bra7ing an3 oasting* air an3 fuel

to te fuel ell sta7 are preferabl8 sut off an3 no fuel onsumption ours, As a result* te

output of te fuel ell sta7 is 0 7 3uring bra7ing an3 oasting,

&en riving "%n&i'' ete!te b# $"nit"ring ve&i!'e a!!e'erati"n an

t&e p"siti"n "( t&e a!!e'erat"r pea' t&r"ug& t&e ve&i!'e ata bus, t&e

regenerative braking evi!e p"%ers t&e an!i''ar# '"as) In a &ig&'#

pre(erre $"e, t&e !"ntr"''er runs t&e !"$press"r %it& &ig& air?"% an

&ig& pressure t" !reate an arti/!ia' '"ss) During t&is !"niti"n, t&e ba!k

pressure va've is eit&er !'"se "r partia''# "pene i( aiti"na' p"%er is

reFuire (r"$ t&e (ue' !e'' sta!k) T&e !"ntr"''er !"ntr"'s t&e ba!k pressureva've t" prevent t&e &ig& pressure air t&at is generate b# t&e air

!"$press"r (r"$ rea!&ing t&e (ue' !e'' sta!k) T&e !"ntr"''er $"u'ates t&e

b#pass va've t" regu'ate a !"$press"r '"a "( t&e air !"$press"r an t"

regu'ate t&e brake t"rFue "( t&e regenerative braking evi!e)

0'e!tri!a' enerat"r

An e'e!tri!a' generat"r is a evi!e t&at !"nverts $e!&ani!a' energ# t"

e'e!tri!a' energ#, genera''# using e'e!tr"$agneti! inu!ti"n) T&e s"ur!e "(

$e!&ani!a' energ# $a# be a re!ipr"!ating "r turbine stea$ engine, %ater

(a''ing t&r"ug& a turbine "r %ater%&ee', an interna' !"$busti"n engine, a

%in turbine, a &an !rank, "r an# "t&er s"ur!e "( $e!&ani!a' energ#)

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C"$paris"n "( D#na$i! an Regenerative brake

D#na$i! brakes Gr&e"stati! brakesG in t&e UH, un'ike regenerative

brakes, issipate t&e e'e!tri! energ# as &eat b# passing t&e !urrent

t&r"ug& 'arge banks "( variab'e resist"rs) e&i!'es t&at use #na$i!

brakes in!'ue ("rk'i(ts, Diese'e'e!tri!'"!"$"tivesan street!ars) I(

esigne appr"priate'#, t&is &eat !an be use t" %ar$ t&e ve&i!'e interi"r)

I( issipate e9terna''#, 'arge raiat"r'ike !"%'s are e$p'"#e t" &"use

t&e resist"r banks) T&e $ain isavantage "( regenerative brakes %&en

!"$pare %it& #na$i! brakes is t&e nee t" !'"se'# $at!& t&e

generate !urrent %it& t&e supp'# !&ara!teristi!s) it& DC supp'ies, t&is

reFuires t&at t&e v"'tage be !'"se'# !"ntr"''e) On'# %it& t&e eve'"p$ent

"( p"%er e'e!tr"ni!s&as t&is been p"ssib'e %it& AC supp'ies, %&ere t&e

supp'# (reFuen!# $ust a's" be $at!&e t&is $ain'# app'ies t"

'"!"$"tives %&ere an AC supp'# is re!ti/e("r DC $"t"rs)A s$a''

nu$ber "( $"untain rai'%a#s&ave use 3p&asep"%er supp'ies an 3

p&ase inu!ti"n $"t"rs) T&is resu'ts in a near !"nstant spee ("r a'' trains

as t&e $"t"rs r"tate %it& t&e supp'# (reFuen!# b"t& %&en $"t"ring an

braking)

Regenerative +raking 0E!ien!#

Te energ8 effiien8 of a on=entional ar is onl8 about 20 perent* 6it te remaining 0

perent of its energ8 being on=erte3 to eat troug frition, Te miraulous ting about

regenerati=e bra7ing is tat it ma8 be able to apture as mu as alf of tat 6aste3 energ8

an3 put it ba7 to 6or7, Tis oul3 re3ue fuel onsumption b8 10 to 25 perent, &83rauli

regenerati=e bra7ing s8stems oul3 pro=i3e e=en more impressi=e gains* potentiall8 re3uing

fuel use b8 25 to 45 perent Fsoure:&8bri3%ars,omG, !n a entur8 tat ma8 see te en3 ofte =ast fossil fuel reser=es tat a=e pro=i3e3 us 6it energ8 for automoti=e an3 oter

14
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-phasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motorshttp://www.hybridcars.com/related-technologies/hydraulic-hybrids.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-phasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motorshttp://www.hybridcars.com/related-technologies/hydraulic-hybrids.html


23/25

tenologies for man8 8ears* an3 in 6i fears about arbon emissions are oming to a

pea7* tis a33e3 effiien8 is beoming inreasingl8 important,

$UTURE #R

$uture 6or7 6oul3 onsist of a re3esign of tis mo3el to see e?atl8 o6 mu 3ata

6e ma8 be missing 6it te assumption tat 6e ma3e 6it lo6 prie* 6eigt an3 apait8,

Despite all te assumptions* 6e still a=e realie3 tat tis pro3ut an be =er8 mar7etable

an3 tat te 3eman3 is e?tremel8 large 6i means tis is a =iable 3esign tat 6ill 8iel3 a

ig return on an in=estment,

%#"%'US!#"

Te beginning of te 21st entur8 oul3 =er8 6ell mar7 te final perio3 in 6i internal

ombustion engines are ommonl8 use3 in ars, Alrea38 automa7ers are mo=ing to6ar3

alternati=e energ8 arriers* su as eletri batteries* 83rogen fuel an3 e=en ompresse3 air,

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Regenerati=e bra7ing is a small* 8et =er8 important* step to6ar3 our e=entual in3epen3ene

from fossil fuels, Tese 7in3s of bra7es allo6 batteries to be use3 for longer perio3s of time

6itout te nee3 to be plugge3 into an e?ternal arger, Tese t8pes of bra7es also e?ten3 te

3ri=ing range of full8 eletri =eiles, !n fat* tis tenolog8 as alrea38 elpe3 bring us

ars li7e te Tesla Roa3ster* 6i runs entirel8 on batter8 po6er, Sure* tese ars ma8 use

fossil fuels at te rearging stage -- tat is* if te soure of te eletriit8 omes from a fossil

fuel su as oal -- but 6en te8Ire out tere on te roa3* te8 an operate 6it no use of

fossil fuels at all* an3 tatIs a big step for6ar3,

Regenerati=e bra7ing allo6s for a =eile to reo=er its 7ineti energ8 6en bra7ing, Up to

no6* tere a=e been no s8stems tat full8 rel8 on regenerati=e* bra7ing* o6e=er tis paper

presents a meto3 to use regenerati=e bra7ing for all 7in3s of 3eeleration, Te energ8

gatere3 3uring te 3eeleration an ten be use3 again 3uring aeleration, Te propose3

s8stem allo6s a smoot bra7ing e?periene 6ile also 3ealing 6it full stop an3 emergen8

bra7e situations, Te smoot bra7ing e?periene is aie=e3 b8 ontrolling te onnetion

bet6een te generator an3 its loa3, $ull bra7ing is aie=e3 b8 using multiple generators*

ea onnete3 to te saft 6it a 3ifferent gear ratio, Tis setup ensures tat tere is al6a8s

one generator 6or7ing effiientl8 an3 terefore e?trating 7ineti energ8 from te s8stem,

Te o=erall goal 6as to 3esign te Regenerati=e +ra7ing S8stem 6ile 7eeping te

engineering* pro3uer an3 ustomer mo3els in e7,

Referenes

F1G +ra7e+8ire,om, an, 1C* 200K ttp:>>666,bra7eb86ire,om>

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F2G %ant6ell* atie, JRegeneration #=er=ie6,J Ro76ell Automation Allen-+ra3le8, Ma8

/* 2002, an, 1C* 200K ttp:>>666,ab,om>3ri=es>tepapers>Regen#=er=ie601,p3f

FCG %en* ason, J.anasoni Ma7es Eletri +i7e 6it Regenerati=e +ra7ing,J (imo3o,

ul8 /* 200, an, 1C* 200K ttp:>>gimo3o,om>50225/>panasoni-ma7es-eletri-

bi7e-6it-regenerati=e-bra7ing

F4G %ontinental %orporation, J!SAD an3 E&+ Ma7e %ars More Eonomial an3 More

En=ironmentall8 $rien3l8,J Mar 1/* 2002, an, 1C* 200K ttp:>>666,onti-

online,om>generator>666>om>en>ontinental>portal>temes>pressLser=ies>pressLrel

eases>pro3uts>automoti=eLs8stems>bra7es8stems>prL2002L0CL1/L/Len,tml

F5G (itlin* onatan M, JM'aren an3 $reesale partner up for regenerati=e bra7ing,J Ars

Tenia, "o=, 5* 200, an, 1C* 200K

ttp:>>arstenia,om>ne6s,ars>post>200111C-mlaren-an3-freesale-partner-up-for-

regenerati=e-bra7ing,tml

FG &8bri3%ars,om, J&83rauli &8bri3s,J April C* 200, an, 1C*

200Kttp:>>666,8bri3ars,om>relate3-tenologies>83rauli-8bri3s,tml

F/G Torrens* Riar3, JRegen +ra7ing,J 4D, "o=, C* 200, an, 1C* 200K

ttp:>>666,4fea>regen,tml

FG Tur* #7an* et al, JAppliation "ote on Regenerati=e +ra7ing of Eletri @eiles as

Anti-'o7 +ra7ing S8stem,J Ansoft* ''%, April 11* 200, an, 1C*

200Kttp:>>666,ansoft,om>ne6s>artiles>Regen+ra7ingAsA+S,p3f

regenerative braking system by deepak chandra

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