2006-2007 Regents Biology

Circulatory Systemin Animals

Regents Biology

Supplies in fuel (sugars)

digestive system oxygen

respiratory system

Waste out CO2

respiratory system

Need to pick up & deliver the supplies & wastes around the body circulatory system

Feeding the Need for Energy

Regents Biology

Circulatory system Made up of 3 parts

organ heart

tissues & cells blood

red blood cells blood vessels

(vascular system)arteriesveinscapillaries

Regents Biology

Circulatory systems All animals have:

muscular pump = heart tubes = blood vessels circulatory fluid = “blood”

open closed

hemolymph blood

Regents Biology

Vertebrate circulatory system

heart

lungs

body

2 part system

arteryto body

arteryto lungs

vein from lungsto heart

vein from bodyto heart

AV

SL

AV

Regents Biology

Circulation of Blood in Mammals 2 part system

Circulation to lungs blood gets O2 from lungs brings O2-rich blood back

to heart Circulation to body

pumps O2-rich blood to body

picks up nutrients from digestive system

brings CO2 & cell wastes from body to heart

heart

lungs

body

Circulationto lungs

Circulationto body

Regents Biology

Stops along the way… Lungs

pick up O2 / clean out CO2

Small Intestines pick up nutrients from

digested food

Large Intestines pick up water from

digested food

Liver clean out worn out

blood cells

Regents Biology

More stops along the way… Kidneys

filters out wastes (urea)

excess salts, sugars & water

Bone picks up new red

blood cells Spleen

picks up new white blood cells

Regents Biology

Mammalian Heart 4-Chambered heart

atria (atrium) thin wall collection chamber receive blood

ventricles thick wall pump pump blood out

rightatrium

leftatrium

rightventricle

leftventricle

Regents Biology

AV

SL

AV

Heart valves 4 valves in the heart

flaps of connective tissue prevent backflow

AV valve between atrium & ventricle keeps blood from flowing back

into atrium when ventricle pumps “lub”

Semilunar valves between ventricle & arteries prevent backflow from

arteries into ventricles “dub”

Heart murmurleaking valve causes

hissing sound blood squirts backward

through valve

Regents Biology

Electrical signals

allows atria to empty completely before ventricles contract

stimulates ventricles to contract from bottom to top, driving

blood into arteries

heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses signal also transmitted to skin = EKG

Regents Biology

Measurement of blood pressure

High Blood Pressure (hypertension) if top number (pumping) > 150 if bottom number (filling) > 90

Regents Biology

Blood vesselsarteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

artery

arteriolesvenules

veins

Regents Biology

Arteries: Built for their job Arteries

blood flows away from heart thicker walls

provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood

elastic & stretchable maintains blood

pressure even when heart relaxes

Regents Biology

Major arteries

pulmonaryartery

pulmonaryartery =to lungs

aorta carotid = to headto brain & left arm to right arm

coronary arteries

to body

Regents Biology

Coronary arteries

bypass surgery

Regents Biology

Veins: Built for their job Veins

blood returns back to heart thinner-walled

blood travels back to heart at low speed & pressure

blood flows because muscles contract when we move squeeze blood through veins

valves in large veins in larger veins one-way valves

allow blood to flow only toward heart

Open valve

Blood flowstoward heart

Closed valve

Regents Biology

Major Veins

pulmonaryvein =

from lung

superiorvena cava = from upper body

pulmonaryvein = from lung

inferiorvena cava = from lower body

Regents Biology

Capillary: Where all the action is Capillaries

very thin walls allows exchange of

materials across capillary O2, CO2, H2O,

food, waste diffusion

Regents Biology

Blood & blood cells Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells

plasma fluid dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more

cells red blood cells (RBC)

transport O2 in hemoglobin

white blood cells (WBC) defense & immunity

platelets blood clotting

Regents Biology

Blood Cell production ribs, vertebrae, breastbone & pelvis

Stem cells “parent” cells

in bone marrow

mature into many different types of cells

white bloodcells

red bloodcells

white blood cells

Regents Biology

Red blood cells Small round cells

produced in bone marrow lose nucleus & mitochondria

more space for hemoglobin iron-containing protein that transports O2

last 3-4 months (120 days) filtered out by liver ~3 million RBC destroyed

each second replaced by 3 million more

produced each second

5-6 million RBC in tiny drop of human blood

5 liters of blood in body

5-6 million RBC in tiny drop of human blood

5 liters of blood in body

Regents Biology

Hemoglobin Protein which carries O2

O2O2

O2

Regents Biology

Blood clottingfibrin protein fibersbuild clot

emergency repair of circulatory system

plateletsseal the hole

chemicalemergencysignals

Regents Biology

Cardiovascular disease Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis

deposits inside arteries (plaques) develop in inner wall of the arteries,

narrowing their channel increase blood pressure increase risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage

normal artery hardening of arteries

Regents Biology

Cardiovascular health Genetic effects Diet

diet rich in animal fat increases risk of CV disease

Exercise & lifestyle smoking & lack of

exercise increases risk of CV disease

bypass surgery

Regents Biology

Cardiovascular health (U.S. 2001)

Heart Disease 696,947

Cancer 557,271

Stroke 162,672

Chronic lower respiratory diseases 124,816

Accidents (unintentional injuries) 106,742

Diabetes 73,249

Influenza/Pneumonia 65,681

Alzheimer's disease 58,866

Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome & nephrosis

40,974

Septicemia 33,865

Regents Biology

Heart DiseaseHeart disease death rates 1996-2002Adults ages 35 and older

Regents Biology

Women & Heart Disease

Heart disease is 3rd leading cause of death among women aged 25–44 years & 2nd leading cause of death among women aged 45–64 years.

Risk factorsSmokingLack of exerciseHigh fat dietOverweight

Death rates for heart disease per 100,000 women, 2002

2006-2007 Regents Biology

Any Questions??