regents biology paired bases dna structure double helix 2 sides like a ladder bases match...
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
Paired bases DNA structure
double helix 2 sides like a ladder
Bases match together A pairs with T
A : T C pairs with G
C : G
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Regents Biology
Watson and Crick
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Regents Biology
DNA Replication Replication is semi-conservative (one strand
is old, one strand new) Each strand serves as a template (or
pattern) for the new strand
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Regents Biology
Copying DNA Matching bases allows
DNA to be easily copied
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
Making new DNA Copying DNA
replicationDNA starts as a double-stranded
molecule matching bases (A:T, C:G)
then it unzips…
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Regents Biology
Origins of Replication
Where DNA Replication starts
Differs between organisms Prokaryotes = 1 origin
of replication Eukaryotes = many
different origins of replication
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
DNA replication Strands “unzip” at the weak bonds
between bases
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Regents Biology
General Process of DNA Replication Step 1: Initiator Proteins
Bind to origins of replication to begin replication
Attracts other enzymes involved in replication process
Step 2: DNA Helicase separates the DNA
helix
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
DNA replication
DNA polymerase
Enzyme DNA polymerase adds new bases
DNA basesin nucleus
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Regents Biology
Step 3: Primase Builds a primer at the 5’ end of the new DNA strand
Step 4 :DNA Polymerase III builds the new strand of DNA in the 5’ to
3’ direction
3’ 5’5’
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Regents Biology
- Nitrogenous bases are located in the cytoplasm
- They enter the nucleus through the pores in the nuclear membrane
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Regents Biology
DNAPolymerase
Copying DNA Build daughter DNA
strand use original parent
strand as “template” add new matching
bases synthesis enzyme =
DNA polymerase
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
Problem… How can both strands of DNA be
replicated in a 5’- 3’ direction at the same time if they are antiparallel?
Answer: leading and lagging strands
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Regents Biology
Leading and Lagging Strands
Leading strand is synthesized continuously in the direction of replication (goes in the same direction as helicase)
Lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments the opposite direction of replication (opposite direction as helicase)
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
DNA Ligase
DNA Ligase Forms covalent bonds between
nucleotides to create a continuous strand of DNA
When DNA Polymerase I edits the DNA strand, DNA Ligase attaches the bases on one side of the DNA strand together.
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Regents Biology
DNA Ligase
DNA Ligase seals Okazaki fragments together Forms covalent bonds between
nucleotides to create a continuous strand of DNA
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
Thymine is added accidentally.
DNA polymerase cuts the damaged DNA.
The proper base is added.
Ligase joins the two spots.
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
New copies of DNA Get 2 exact copies of DNA to split
between new cells
DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase
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Regents Biology
Copied Chromosomes
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Regents Biology
DNA Replication Replicate the following DNA strand:
A – G – G – C – T – T – C – A – G – T T – C – C – G – A – A – G – T – C - A
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Regents Biology