regents earth history reference
TRANSCRIPT
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Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g
Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
Density at 3.98C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
New York State Fossil
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cm
2010 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 20092010 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination inPhysical Setting/Earth Science.
The Univers ity of the St ate o f New York T HE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12234 www.nysed.gov
Reference Tables for
Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
Eccentricity =distance between focilength of major axis
Gradient =change in field value
distance
Density =mass
volume
Rate of change =change in value
time
Equations
RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE
DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)
Carbon-14
Potassium-40
Uranium-238
Rubidium-87
C14
K40
U238
Rb87
N14
Pb206
Sr87
5.7 103
1.3 109
4.5 109
4.9 1010
Ar40
Ca40
Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data
Properties of Water
Average Chemical Compositionof Earths Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere
MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram C)
Liquid water 4.18
Solid water (ice) 2.11
Water vapor 2.00
Dry air 1.01
Basalt 0.84
Granite 0.79
Iron 0.45
Copper 0.38
Lead 0.13
ELEMENT(symbol)
CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE
Percent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume
Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0
Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88
Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48
Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49
Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18
Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11
Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33
Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42
Nitrogen (N) 78.0
Hydrogen (H) 66.0
Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0
Eurypterus remipes
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Genera
lized
Lan
dscape
Reg
ionsof
New
York
State
Appal
achi
anPla
tea
u(U
pla
nds)
InteriorLowlands
GrenvilleP
rovince
(Highlands)
NewE
ngla
ndProv
ince
(Hig
hlan
ds)
At
lanticC
oastalPlain
Alle
ghenyPlateau
Erie-OntarioLowlands
(Plains)
TugHill
Plateau
Adirondack
Mountains
LakeErie
LakeOntario
Interior
Lowlands
St.La
wren
ceLo
wland
s
ChamplainLowlands Huds
onHighlands
ManhattanProng
TheCatskills
TaconicMo
untains
Hudson-Moha
wkLowlands
Newa
rkLo
wlan
ds
M
ajorgeographicprovinceboundary
Landscaperegionboundary
S
tateboundary
In
ternationalboundary
Key
N S
W
E
0
20
40
0
20
40
60
80
K
ilometers
Miles
10
30
50
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Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition 3
Genera
lize
dBe
droc
kGeo
logyof
New
York
State
modifiedfrom
GEOLOGICALSURVEY
NEWY
ORKSTATEMUSEUM
1989
NiagaraRiver
GEOLOGIC
PERIODSANDERASINNEWY
OR
K
CRETACEOUSa
ndPLEISTOCENE(Epoch)weaklyconsolidatedtounconsolidatedgravels,sands,andclays
LATETRIASSIC
andEARLYJURASSIC
conglomerates,redsandstones,red
shales,basalt,anddiabase(Palisadessill)
PENNSYLVANIAN
andMISSISSIPPIAN
conglomerates,sandstones,andsh
ales
DEVONIAN
limestones,shales,sandstones,andconglomerates
SILURIAN
SILURIAN
alsocontainssalt,
gypsum,
andhematite.
ORDOVICIAN
limestones,shales,sandstones,anddolostones
CAMBRIAN
CAMBRIAN
and
EARLYORDOVICIAN
sandstonesanddolostones
moderatelytointenselymetamorphosedeastoftheHudsonRiver
CAMBRIAN
and
ORDOVICIAN
(undifferentiated)quartzites,dolostones,marbles,andschists
intenselymetamorphosed;includesportionsoftheTaco
nicSequenceandCortlandtComplex
TACONIC
SEQUENCEsandstones,shales,andslates
slightlytointenselymetamorphosedrocksofCAMBRIA
N
throughMIDDLEORDOVICIAN
ages
MIDDLEPROTEROZOIC
gneisses,quartzites,andmarbles
Linesaregeneralizedstructuretrends.
MIDDLEPROTEROZOIC
anorthositicrocks
}}
}
}
}
Dominantly
sedimenta
ry
origin
Dominantly
metamorp
hosed
rocks
LO
NG
ISLAND
SOUND
Intenselymetamorphosedrocks
(regionalm
etamorphisma
bout1,000m.y.a.)
N S
W
E
0
20
40
0
20
40
60
80
Kilometers
Miles
10
30
50
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0
40
80
120
160
1
80
160
120
80
40
80
40
40
0
80
20
60
60
20
ArcticCircle
(66.5
N
)
TropicofCancer
(23.5
N
)
TropicofCapricorn
(23.5
S
)
AntarcticCircle
(66.5
S
)
Equator
20
60
100
140
20
60
100
140
20
0
40
80
120
160
1
80
160
120
80
40
20
60
100
140
20
60
100
140
20
EquatorialCou
nte
rcurren
t
EastAustralia
C.
An
tarc
tic
Cir
cum
po
lar
Curren
t
North
Atlantic
C.
Antarctic
CircumpolarCurrent
NOTE:Notallsurfaceocea
ncurrentsareshown.
Nort
h
Ameri
ca
Sou
th
America
Anta
rctica
Austra
lia
N
orth
P
acific
O
cean
An
tarc
tica
Africa
Asia
E
urope
Surface
Ocean
Curren
ts
Africa
PeruC.
NorthEqua
toria
lC
.
SouthEquatori
alC
.
SouthernOcean
ArcticOcean
Indian
Ocean
SouthE
qua
torialC
.
WestAustra
liaC.
India
Green
lan
d
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Equ
atoria
l
Cou
ntercu
rren
t
Flo
ridaC.
KuroshioC.
Oyashi
oC.
Kamch
atkaC
.
NorthPa
cificC
.
Alaska
C. C
alifo
rniaC.
Brazil
C.
Beng
uelaC.
South
Equa
to
rialC
.
Falkland
C.
Gui
nea
C.
North
Equatorial
C.
Gul
fStre
amC.
CanaryC.
Labra
dor C
.
West G
reenla
ndC.
Eas
tGre
enla
ndC. N
orweg
ianC
.
North
Equato
ria
lC
.
EquatorialC
oun
tercurren
t
Agul
hasC
.
South
Pacific
Ocean
South
Atlantic
Ocean
Warmc
urrents
Coolcu
rrents
Key
4 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition
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Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition 5
Peru-ChileTrench
Hawaii
HotSpot
SanAndreas
Fault
Juan
de
Fuca
Plate
Philipp
ine
Plate
Ale
utian
Trench
Yellowstone
HotSpot
NorthAmerican
Plate
African
Plate
Cocos
Plate
Caribbean
Plate
Mid-A
tlant
icRidge
Canary
Islands
H
otSpot
South
American
Plate
Galapagos
HotSpot
Nazca
Plate
Antarctic
Plate
Indian-Australian
Plate
Pacific
Plate
FijiPlate
East
Pacif
icRidge
Antarctic
Plate
Arabian
Plate
E
urasian
Plate
Eurasian
Plate
Iceland
HotSpot
EastAfricanRift
Mid
-Indian Ridge
Southe
ast
India
nR
idge
Sou
thwes
tInd
ian
Rid
ge
Sco
tia
Plate
Sand
wich
Pla
te
Mid-AtlanticRidge
EasterIsland
HotSpot
St.Helena
HotSpot
Bouvet
HotSpot
Key
NOTE:Notallmantlehotspots
,plates,and
boundariesareshown
Complexoru
ncertain
plateboundary
Relativemotionat
plateboundary
Mantle
hotspot
Diverg
entplateboundary
(usually
brokenbytransform
faultsalo
ngmid-oceanridges)
Converge
ntplateboundary
(subd
uctionzone)
s
ubducting
plate
overriding
plate
Transformplateboundary
(transformfault)
Tec
ton
icPlates
Tasman
HotSpot
Mar
iana Trench
Tonga
Trench
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Erosion
Weath
ering&Erosion
(U
plift)
Me
tamor
phism
MeltingSo
lidific
ationM
eltingWea
thering
& Eros
ion
(Uplift)
Metamorphism
Weathering& Erosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/o
r Pressure
H
eat
and/
orPressure
Me
ltin
g
Ceme
ntation
andBurial
Com
paction
and/or Deposition
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHICROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
PARTICLEDIAMETER(cm)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1000
500
50
100
10
510.5
0.1
0.05
0.01
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earths Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(relativebyvolume)
MINERALCOMPOSITION
Quartz(clear towhite)
CHARACTERISTICS
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE
TEXTURE
Pumice
INTRUSIVE
(Plutonic)
EXTRUSIVE
(Volcanic)
ENVIRONME
NTOFFORMATION
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGNEOUSROCKS
non-
crystalline
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
lessthan
1mm Fine
BasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1mmto
10mm
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10mmor
larger
Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Dunite
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
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Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition 7
INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Rounded fragments
Angular fragmentsMostly
quartz,
feldspar, and
clay minerals;
may containfragments of
other rocks
and minerals
Pebbles, cobbles,and/or bouldersembedded in sand,silt, and/or clay
Clastic
(fragmental)
Very fine grain
Compact; may split
easily
Conglomerate
Breccia
CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Crystalline
Halite
Gypsum
Dolomite
Calcite
Carbon
Crystals from
chemical
precipitates
and evaporites
Rock salt
Rock gypsum
Dolostone
Limestone
Bituminous coal
. . . . .. . . .
Sand
(0.006 to 0.2 cm)
Silt(0.0004 to 0.006 cm)
Clay(less than 0.0004 cm)
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Fine to coarse
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Fine
to
coarse
crystals
Microscopic tovery coarse
Precipitates of biologicorigin or cemented shellfragments
Compactedplant remains
. . . . .. . . .
Bioclastic
Crystalline or
bioclastic
FOLIATED
Fine
Fineto
medium
Mediumto
coarse
Regional
Low-grademetamorphism of shale
Platy mica crystals visiblefrom metamorphism of clayor feldspars
High-grade metamorphism;mineral types segregatedinto bands
Slate
Schist
Gneiss
COMPOSITIONTEXTUREGRAINSIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME
TYPE OFMETAMORPHISM
(Heat andpressureincreases)
MINERAL
ALIGNMENT
BAND-
ING
MAP SYMBOL
Foliation surfaces shinyfrom microscopic micacrystals
Phyllite
GARNET
PYROXENE
FELDSPAR
AMPHIBOLE
MICA
QUARTZ
Hornfels
NONFOLIATED
Metamorphism ofquartz sandstone
Metamorphism oflimestone or dolostone
Pebbles may be distortedor stretched
Metaconglomerate
Quartzite
Marble
Coarse
Fineto
coarse
Quartz
Calcite and/ordolomite
Variousminerals
Contact(heat)
Various rocks changed byheat from nearbymagma/lava
VariousmineralsFine
Anthracite coalRegionalMetamorphism ofbituminous coal
CarbonFine
Regional
or
contact
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification
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PLEISTOCENE
PLIOCENE
MIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
PALEOCENE
LATE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
EARLY
LATE
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
Elliptocephala
Cryptolithus
Phacops Hexameroceras Manticoceras
Eucalyptocrinus
Ctenocrinus
Tetragraptus
Dicellograptus Eurypterus
Stylonuru
B LA EC D G HF I J NK M
CentrocerasValcouroceras Coelophysis
(Index fossils not drawn to scale)
EraEon
PHANERO-
ZOIC
P
R
E
C
A
M
B
RI
A
N
ARC
HEAN
PROTEROZOIC
LATE
LATE
MIDDLE
M
I
D
D
L
E
EA
RL
Y
E
A
R
L
Y
0
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
4600
Million years ago
CENOZOIC
MESOZOIC
PALEOZOIC
QUATERNARY
NEOGENE
PALEOGENE
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONIF-
EROUS
DEVONIAN
Period Epoch Life on Earth
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
580
488
444
416
318
299
200
146
1300
Million years ago
NY RockRecord
PENNSYLVANIAN
HOLOCENE
65.5
251
1.8
5.3
0.010
23.0
33.9
MISSISSIPPIAN
Humans, mastodonts, mammoths
55.8
Large carnivorous mammalsAbundant grazing mammals
Earliest grasses
Many modern groups of mammals
Mass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, andmany land plants
Earliest flowering plantsDiverse bony fishes
Earliest birds
Earliest mammals
Mass extinction of many land and marineorganisms (including trilobites)
Mammal-like reptiles
Abundant reptiles
Extensive coal-forming forests
Abundant amphibians
Large and numerous scale trees and seed ferns(vascular plants); earliest reptiles
359Earliest amphibians and plant seedsExtinction of many marine organisms
Earths first forests
Earliest ammonoids and sharksAbundant fish
Earliest insectsEarliest land plants and animals
Abundant eurypterids
Invertebrates dominantEarths first coral reefs
Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms)Earliest fishes
Earliest trilobites542
Abundant stromatolites
Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied
marine organisms)
Extinction of many primitive marine organisms
Firstsexuallyreproducingorganisms
Oldest known rocks
Estimated time of originof Earth and solar system
Sediment
Bedrock
Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids
Earliest dinosaurs
Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts
Evidence of biologicalcarbon
Earliest stromatolitesOldest microfossils
Oceanic oxygenproduced bycyanobacteriacombines withiron, formingiron oxide layerson ocean floor
Oceanic oxygenbegins to enterthe atmosphere
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Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition 9
Grenville orogeny: metamorphism ofbedrock now exposed in the Adirondacksand Hudson Highlands
Advance and retreat of last continental ice
Sands and clays underlying Long Island andStaten Island deposited on margin of AtlanticOcean
Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins
Intrusion of Palisades sill
Initial opening of Atlantic OceanNorth America and Africa separate
Pangaea begins to break up
Catskill delta formsErosion of Acadian Mountains
Acadian orogeny caused by collision ofNorth America and Avalon and closingof remaining part of Iapetus Ocean
Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins
Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston deltaforms
Taconian orogeny caused by closingof western part of Iapetus Ocean andcollision between North America and
volcanic island arc
Widespread deposition over most of New Yorkalong edge of Iapetus Ocean
Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean
Erosion of Grenville Mountains
OF NEW YORK STATE
Mastodont
Beluga Whale
Cooksonia
Bothriolepis
Maclurites Eospirifer
MucrospiriferAneurophyton
CondorNaples Tree Cystiphyllum
Lichenaria Pleurodictyum
PO RQ S T U V W X Y Z
Platyceras
Time Distribution of Fossils(including important fossils of New York) Important Geologic
Events in New YorkInferred Positions ofEarths Landmasses
ESC/BW/TN (20
BRACHIOPODS
GASTROPODSCO
RALS
CRINOIDS
AMMONOIDS
VASCULA
RPLANTS
TRILOBITES
NAUTILOIDS
The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time ofexistence of a specific index fossil (e.g. Fossil lived at the endof the Early Cambrian).
BIRDS
B
M
A
E
C
D
G
H
F
I
J
L
K
N
P
Q
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
PLACODERMF
ISH
R
A
Alleghenian orogeny caused bycollision of North America and
Africa along transform margin,forming Pangaea
119 million years ago
DINOSAURS
MAMMALS
GRAPTOLITES E
URYPTERIDS
359 million years ago
458 million years ago
232 million years ago
59 million years ago
O S
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12.813.1
9.912.2
3.45.6
3.0 basaltic oceanic crust2.7 granitic continental crust
DENSITY (g/cm3)
0 2000 4000 6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
DEPTH (km)
TEMPERATURE
(C)
1000 3000 5000
6000
ATLAN
TICOCE
AN
NORTH
AMERIC
A
MOHO
INNER
COR
E
(IRON &
NICKE
L)
ASTHENOSPHERE(PLA
STIC
MANT
LE)
EARTHS CENTER
STIFFER
MANT
LE
MEL
TING
POINT
MELTIN
G
POINT
OC
EAN
PA
CIFIC
LITH
OSP
HERE
}
RIG
IDMANTL
E
CRUST
7000
MID-ATLAN
TIC
RIDGE
OUTERCO
RE
(IRON
&NIC
KEL)
4
3
2
1
0
PRESSURE
(millionatmospheres)
PARTIAL MELTING
INTE
RIOR
TEMP
ERATUR
E
CASCADES
TRENCH
Inferred Properties of Earths Interior
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24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
87
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
EPICENTER DISTANCE (103 km)
P
9 10
S
TRAVELTIME(
min)
00
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition 11
Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time
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1
33
28 24
2118
141210
7 5
3
11
46
810
12
14
161921
23
2527
29
2
3628
221814
12 8
6
31
13
68
11
13
151719
21
2325
27
0
20
1816
1412
10 8 6
4 2
0
24
68
1012
14
16
182022
24
2628
30
2018
1614
12
10 8
6 4
20
2
46
810
12
1416
1820
2224
26
2830
3
2922
1713
9
64
11
46
9
11
131517
20
2224
26
4
29 20
15
117
42
14
6
9
111416
18
2022
24
5
24
1711
7 5
21
4
7
91214
16
1821
23
6
19
13 9
5 2
1
4
71012
14
1719
21
7
2114
9 5
2
1
4710
12
1517
19
8
14 9
5
1
248
10
1316
18
9
2816
10
6
225
8
1114
16
10
17
10
523
6
911
14
11
17
1051
2
69
12
12
1910 5
1
37
10
13
1910
5
04
8
14
19
10
41
5
15
18
9 3
1
12840
4855
6166
71
7377
7981
83
8586
8788
88
8990
9191
9292
92
9393
2
11
2333
41
4854
5863
67
7072
7476
78
7980
8182
8384
85
8686
0100100
100100
100100
100
100100
100100
100
100100
100100
100
100100
100100
100100
100
100100
20
1816
1412
10
86
42
02
4
68
1012
14
1618
2022
24
2628
30
3
13
2032
3745
51
5659
6265
67
6971
7274
7576
77
7879
4
11
2028
36
4246
5154
57
6062
6466
6869
70
7172
5
111
20
2735
3943
48
5054
5658
6062
64
6566
6
6
1422
2833
38
4145
4851
5355
57
5961
7
10
1724
28
3337
4044
4649
51
5355
8
613
19
2529
3336
4042
45
4749
9
4
10
1621
2630
3336
39
4244
10
2
814
1923
2730
34
3639
11
17
1217
2125
28
3134
12
1
611
1520
23
2629
13
5
1014
18
2125
14
49
13
1720
15
4
9
1216
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C)
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C)Dry-BulbTempera-ture (C)
Dry-BulbTempera-ture (C)
Dewpoint (C)
Relative Humidity (%)
12 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition
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Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition 13
Key to Weather Map Symbols
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
Fahrenheit(F)
Water boils
Room temperature
Water freezes
Temperature
Freezingrain
Haze
Rain
FogSnow
Hail Rainshowers
Thunder-storms
Drizzle
Sleet
Smog
Snowshowers
Air Masses
cA
cP
cT
mT
mP
continental arctic
continental polar
continental tropical
maritime tropical
maritime polar
Cold
Warm
Stationary
Occluded
Present Weather Fronts Hurricane
Tornado
30.70
30.60
30.50
30.40
30.30
30.20
30.10
30.00
29.90
29.80
29.70
29.60
29.50
29.40
29.30
29.20
29.10
29.00
28.90
28.80
28.70
28.60
28.50
1040.0
1036.0
1032.0
1028.0
1024.0
1020.0
1016.0
1012.0
1008.0
1004.0
1000.0
996.0
992.0
988.0
984.0
980.0
976.0
972.0
968.0
One atmosphere
Pressure
inche(in of Hg
Kelvin(K)
Celsius(C)
millibars(mb)
196
+19/
.25
28
27
12
Station Model Station Model Explanation
*Hg = mercury
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Gamma rays
X rays
Ultraviolet Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
Visible light
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength
(Not drawn to scale)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
DRY
60 SWET
DRY
S.E.
N.W.Winds
30 S
0
60 N
30 N
WET
DRY
S.E.Winds
N.E.Winds
N.E.
S.W.Winds
DRY
Tropopause
Polar front
Polar front jet stream
Subtropicaljet streams
Polar front jet stream
WET
Sea Level
Altitude
TemperatureZones
Mesopause
Mesosphere
Stratopause
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Temperature(C)
100 0 100
90
55 15
Pressure(atm)
AtmosphericPressure
0 20 40
Concentration(g/m3)
WaterVapor
km mi
Thermosphere(extends to 600 km)
0 1.0
40 25
80 50
120 75
160 100
0 0
Tropopause
14 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition
Planetary Wind and MoistureBelts in the Troposphere
The drawing on the right shows the
locations of the belts near the time of an
equinox. The locations shift somewhat
with the changing latitude of the Suns
vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,
the belts shift northward in the summerand southward in the winter.
(Not drawn to scale)
SelectedProperties of
EarthsAtmosphere
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Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition 15
Solar System Data
Celestial
Object
Mean Distance
from Sun
(million km)
Period of
Revolution
(d=days) (y=years)
Period of
Rotation at Equator
Eccentricity
of Orbit
Equatorial
Diameter
(km)
Mass
(Earth = 1)
Density
(g/cm3)
SUN 27 d 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4
MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4
VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2
EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5
MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9
JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3
SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7
URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3
NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8
EARTHSMOON
149.6(0.386 from Earth)
27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3
Characteristics of Stars(Name in italics refers to star represented by a .)
(Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.)
Color
Surface Temperature (K)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
Luminosity
(RateatwhichastaremitsenergyrelativetotheSun)
20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000
Blue Blue White White Yellow
2,000
RedOrange
Sirius
Spica
Polaris
Rigel
Deneb Betelgeuse
SUPERGIANTS(Intermediate stage)
(Intermediate stage)GIANTS
BarnardsStar
ProximaCentauri
Pollux
Alpha Centauri
Aldebaran
Sun
Procyon B SmallStars
MassiveStars
WHITE DWARFS(Late stage)
MAINSEQUENCE
(Earlystage)
40 Eridani B
30,000
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12
silver togray
black streak,greasy feel
pencil lead,lubricants
C Graphite
2.5 metallicsilver
gray-black streak, cubic cleavage,density = 7.6 g/cm3
ore of lead,batteries
PbS Galena
5.56.5 black tosilver
black streak,magnetic
ore of iron,steel
Fe3O4 Magnetite
6.5 brassyyellow
green-black streak,(fools gold)
ore ofsulfur
FeS2 Pyrite
5.5 6.5or 1
metallic silver or
earthy redred-brown streak
ore of iron,jewelry
Fe2O3 Hematite
1 white togreen
greasy feelceramics,
paperMg3Si4O10(OH)2 Talc
2 yellow toamber
white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur
2 white to
pink or gray
easily scratched
by fingernail
plaster of paris,
drywall
CaSO42H2O Selenite gypsum
22.5 colorless to
yellowflexible in
thin sheetspaint, roofing KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Muscovite mica
2.5 colorless to
whitecubic cleavage,
salty tastefood additive,
melts iceNaCl Halite
2.53 black to
dark brownflexible in
thin sheetsconstruction
materialsK(Mg,Fe)3
AlSi3O10(OH)2Biotite mica
3 colorless
or variablebubbles with acid,
rhombohedral cleavagecement,
limeCaCO3 Calcite
3.5 colorless
or variablebubbles with acidwhen powdered
buildingstones
CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite
4 colorless orvariable
cleaves in4 directions
hydrofluoricacid
CaF2 Fluorite
56 black to
dark greencleaves in
2 directions at 90mineral collections,
jewelry(Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al)
(Si,Al)2O6
Pyroxene(commonly augite)
5.5 black to
dark greencleaves at
56 and 124mineral collections,
jewelryCaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3
Si6O22(O,OH)2
Amphibole(commonly hornblende
6 white to
pinkcleaves in
2 directions at 90ceramics,
glassKAlSi3O8
Potassium feldspar(commonly orthoclase)
6 white to
graycleaves in 2 directions,
striations visibleceramics,
glass(Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 Plagioclase feldspar
6.5 green to
gray or browncommonly light green
and granularfurnace bricks,
jewelry(Fe,Mg)2SiO4 Olivine
7 colorless or
variableglassy luster, may form
hexagonal crystalsglass, jewelry,
electronicsSiO2 Quartz
6.57.5 dark redto green
often seen as red glassy grainsin NYS metamorphic rocks
jewelry (NYS gem),abrasives
Fe3Al2Si3O12 Garnet
HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHINGLUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME
Nonmetallicluster
*Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur
C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = silicon
Ca = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium
= dominant form of breakage
Metallicluster
Either
FRACTURE
CLEAVAGE
Properties of Common Minerals