Regents Review

Day 2Unit 3: Ecology

Unit 4: Cells and Cell Transport

21.Energy is transferred from one organism to another within a food weba. Food webs consist of

many interrelated food chains

b. Producers are found at the base, and make food from the sun; consumers are the organisms that eat other organisms to obtain the food they need

c. Herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, and decomposers all have specific jobs within the ecosystem

22.Decomposers are responsible for recycling materials in an ecosystem when they breakdown organic molecules from dead organismsa. Decomposers include

bacteria and fungib. Scavengers are

organisms that eat remains of organisms, they are not decomposers

23.Food chains always begin with a producer, progress with a series of consumers, and ends with decomposersa. Diagrams of food chains show the sequence of the

transfer of energy within an ecosystem

24.Only 10% of the energy progresses from one level of the food chain to the next level because energy is used in metabolisma. Plants hold the greatest amount of energy in a food

chain because they are the only organisms capable of capturing the energy from the sun

25.Plants hold most of the energy in the ecosystem and are at the base of an ecosystem’s energy pyramida. Energy transfer from one level of a food chain to

another is not efficient, therefore the amount of energy found in each level becomes less and less

26.If the population of one organism in a food web increases or decreases, it will affect all the other organisms in the food web with which it is linkeda. Population is a group of organisms of the same species

living in the same areab. If one population decreases, then the population that

feeds on it will slowly decreasec. If decomposers are removed from a food web

materials will not be recycled, and plant growth will be negatively affected

27.In symbiotic relationships organisms rely on each othera. Parasitism, one benefits the other is harmedb. Mutualism, both benefitc. Commensalism, one benefits and the other gets

nothing

28.When the population size is too large, competition for resources increases between members of the speciesa. Carrying capacity is the maximum number of

individuals the that can survive on the resources present in the area

29.Stable ecosystems have a complex food web and high biodiversitya. The more interconnections between different species

in an ecosystem, the more stable the ecosystem

b. Biodiversity is the presence of many different species with different niches in an environment

c. The higher the biodiversity, the more stable the ecosystem

30.Biomes are regions of the Earth with similar climatic conditions, plants, and animalsa. Climatic conditions that determine the type of biome

include temperature, rainfall, and day length

31.Climax communities develop in ecosystems over thousands of years through the process of ecological successiona. Organisms constantly change their environment,

creating changes that can lead to new organisms moving into the ecosystem

b. Water ecosystems (ponds and lakes) fill up over time to become marshes, then swamps, the dry land

c. Soil develops from exposed rock being worn down by pioneering organisms

32.Ecosystems containing climax communities will remain stable unless they are disrupted by a natural disaster or pollutiona. If a climax community is damaged it will rebuild

through succession

33.Cells are the smallest form of life, they perform all of the life functionsa. Nutrition is the process of taking nutrients into the

organismb. Transport is the process of moving material throughout

an organismc. Excretion is the process of removing waste material

out of an organismd. Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an

organism

e. Synthesis is the process of building larger molecules from smaller molecules

f. Digestion is the process of breaking large molecules into smaller molecules

g. Growth is the process of increasing the number and size of cells

h. Homeostasis is the process of an organism maintaining a balance (ex. Sweating)

i. Reproduction is the process of creating a new organism from a pre-existing organism

34.Bacteria are prokaryotic cellsa. Lacks a nucleus b. Lacks other membrane bound cell organelles.

35.The nucleus contains DNA (genetic information) in eukaryotic cellsa. Each human body cell contains 46 chromosomes,

which are condensed forms of DNAb. Each body cell contains a full set of chromosomes

(diploid), while the gametes (sex cells) contain half the DNA (haploid)

36.Organelles are specific parts of a cell that have a specific function

37.Organelles must work together to help the cell maintain homeostasisa. Chloroplasts are organelles found in autotrophic cells

that produce glucose in the process of photosynthesisi. Autotroph – organisms that are able to make their own

food.ii. Glucose is a simple sugar used to produce energy in all

cellular activities

b. Mitochondria are the organelles where aerobic cellular respiration occurs to produce ATP energy in cellsi. Glucose is broken down to help form ATP, the energy source

for the cellii. Found in both Animal and Plant Cells

c. Ribosome are organelles where Proteins are synthesized (created)

d. Endoplasmic Reticulum is an organelle that helps transports material around the cell

e. Glogi Bodies is an organelle that packages and ships materials throughout the cell

f. Lysosome is an organelle that digests and destroys old organelles and materials

g. Cell Membrane allows materials to enter the cell (glucose use in cell respiration)

38.The cell membrane is a selectively permeable boundary around a cella. It separates the inside rom the outside and only allows

certain things throughb. Plants have a rigid cell wall around the cell membrane

c. Receptor Proteins in cell membranes attach to specific moleculesi. Can receive messages and transfer them into cellsii. Nerve cells can receive nerve signals that attach to their

receptor proteins.

39.Animal and Plant Cells are very similar except for the following:a. Plant Cells have a Cell Wall – provides structure for the

plant cellb. Plant Cells have a rectangular shape, Animal cells have

a circular shapec. Plant Cells contain Chloroplasts (site of

Photosynthesis)d. Plant Cells contain one

large Vacuole (storing water, food, and waste)

40.Diffusion is the movement of particles across a membrane from a high to low concentrationa. Molecules continue to move = resulting in an

Equilibriumb. Does NOT need energy

(Ex. Perfume spreads through a room whensprayed)

c. Diffusion of water is called Osmosis

d. Large molecules cannot diffuse through the cell membrane because they are too big (ex. Protein and Starch)

e. Smaller molecules can diffuse through (Ex. Glucose, Oxygen, CO2)

41.A large surface area to volume ratio will allow for a faster rate of diffusion into a cell

42.Active transport is when membrane proteins use ATP energy to carry materials into and out of a cell and move materials from low to high concentrationa. Does not reach Equilibrium

43.Many of the cells inside the human body are differentiated (specialized) to carry out specific functions (jobs).a. Differentiated cells have the same DNA, but different

genes are being usedb. Some cells can have genes turned on or off by their

environment, changing the type of cell