regional capacity development and knowledge management for gender equality: ifad/ fao grant...
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REGIONAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR GENDER EQUALITY:
IFAD/ FAO GRANT PROGRAMME
Gender and rural microfinance: Reaching and empowering women
Linda Mayoux and Getaneh Gobazie
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What is rural microfinance?• Diversity of institutional forms
– Community-based, self managed savings and credit– NGOs– Specialist MFIs– Agricultural and commercial banks
• Diversity of financial products– Credit and leasing products– Saving and pensions– Insurance – Remittance transfers
• Diversity of non-financial services– Livelihood and business development services– Institution building
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Aims of this capacity development
• Give a clear understanding of gender issues in Rural Finance and possible ways forward
• Provide a forum for exchange of experience and ideas between participants on effective strategies and innovation
• Introduce additional resources and information available• Expand the network of institutions developing
approaches and innovations on gender and microfinance• NO BLUEPRINTS: different types of organisation,
products and services• Gender questions and issues to take forward to other
‘mainstream’ training
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Contents• Why is gender mainstreaming important in rural
microfinance? • Institutional dimensions of mainstreaming
gender equality and empowerment• Designing financial products: from access to
empowerment• Non-financial services, participation and macro-l
evel strategies: increasing empowerment
• Promoting an enabling environment: issues for funding agencies
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Why is gender mainstreaming important?
• Women are at least half the rural population• Poverty reduction• Economic growth• Financial sustainability of microfinance
providers
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Gender and micro-finance: evolution of
debates
Self- Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) and setting up of the Women’s World Banking network.
1985 Nairobi women’s conference and lobbying by women’s movements for access to poverty-targeted credit programmes and cooperatives .
Increasing targeting of women in rapid expansion of large minimalist poverty-targeted MFIs like Grameen Bank, FINCA and ACCION
1970s credit for women’s economic empowerment
1980s access to poverty-targeted credit
1990s femaletargeting for financial sustainability
2000 onwards split paradigms
Gender equality and women’s empowerment marginalised in both financial sustainability and poverty targeting debates.
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Rural Finance and empowerment:Potential virtuous spirals
WOMEN’S ECONOMIC
EMPOWERMENT
INCREASED INCOME
WOMEN’S ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
CONTROL OVER INCOME AND RESOURCES
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ACCESS TO MARKETS
ENTERPRISE GROWTH
WOMEN’S DECISION ABOUT SAVINGS AND CREDIT USE
SAVINGS AND CREDIT
REPAYMENT
HOUSEHOLD WELL-BEINGNutritionHealthLiteracyHappiness
HOUSEHOLD INCOME UNDER WOMEN’S CONTROL
WOMEN’S WELL-BEING
CHILDREN’S WELL-BEING
POVERTY REDUCTION
MEN’S WELL-BEING
WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS
WOMEN’S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
CONFIDENCE AND SKILLS (POWER WITHIN, POWER TO)
IMPROVED STATUS AND CHANGING ROLES
MOBILITY AND NETWORKS (POWER WITH)
POWER TO CHALLENGE AND CHANGE INEQUALITIES (POWER OVER)
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Questioning complacency
SAVINGS AND CREDIT
WOMEN’S DECISION ABOUT SAVINGS AND CREDIT
REPAYMENTbut!!!
??Women may givethe loan to men
??Men may take loan
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Questioning women’s economic empowerment
WOMEN’S DECISION ABOUT SAVINGS AND CREDIT USE
SAVINGS AND CREDIT
REPAYMENT
WOMEN’S ECONOMIC
EMPOWERMENT
INCREASED INCOME
WOMEN’S ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
CONTROL OVER INCOME AND RESOURCES
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ACCESS TO MARKETS
ENTERPRISE GROWTH
?Diversion of loan to other uses
??Incomes may be very low
??Men may control income
??All women’s incomeMay go for consumption
??Women may work from home with marketing by men
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Questioning women’s
well-being
??Men may withdrawtheir contributionto the household
??Women may foregoown consumption
WOMEN’S DECISION ABOUT SAVINGS AND CREDIT USE
SAVINGS AND CREDIT
REPAYMENT
HOUSEHOLD WELL-BEINGNutritionHealthLiteracyHappiness
HOUSEHOLD INCOME UNDER WOMEN’S CONTROL
WOMEN’S WELL-BEING
CHILDREN’S WELL-BEING
POVERTY REDUCTION
MEN’S WELL-BEING
??Women’s decisions may replicate gender inequality
??Girls may suffer
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Questioning women’s social and political empowerment
WOMEN’S DECISION ABOUT SAVINGS AND CREDIT USE
SAVINGS AND CREDIT
REPAYMENT
WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS
WOMEN’S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
CONFIDENCE AND SKILLS (POWER WITHIN, POWER TO)
IMPROVED STATUS AND CHANGING ROLES
MOBILITY AND NETWORKS (POWER WITH)
POWER TO CHALLENGE AND CHANGE INEQUALITIES (POWER OVER)
??Women may work from home
??May replicateand reinforceexisting roles
??Debt maydecrease confidence
??May divert attention fromwider change
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Microfinance and disempowerment:potential vicious circles
ALL ASSUMPTIONS MUST BE QUESTIONED
WOMEN’S ECONOMIC
EMPOWERMENT
INCREASED INCOME
WOMEN’S ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
CONTROL OVER INCOME AND RESOURCES
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ACCESS TO MARKETS
ENTERPRISE GROWTH
WOMEN’S DECISION ABOUT SAVINGS AND CREDIT USE
SAVINGS AND CREDIT
REPAYMENT
HOUSEHOLD WELL-BEINGNutritionHealthLiteracyHappiness
HOUSEHOLD INCOME UNDER WOMEN’S CONTROL
WOMEN’S WELL-BEING
CHILDREN’S WELL-BEING
POVERTY REDUCTION
MEN’S WELL-BEING
WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS
WOMEN’S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
CONFIDENCE AND SKILLS (POWER WITHIN, POWER TO)
IMPROVED STATUS AND CHANGING ROLES
MOBILITY AND NETWORKS (POWER WITH)
POWER TO CHALLENGE AND CHANGE INEQUALITIES (POWER OVER)
?? ??
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QUESTIONS SO FAR?
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WHAT IS WOMEN’S
EMPOWERMENT?
Wom
en:
Pow
er to
skills
resources
Wom
en
Power w
ithin:
confidence
aspirations
Men
Power to
Power within
ALLPOWER OVER
= BAD
STRATEGIES FOR MENto change
gender inequalitySTRATEGIES FOR WOMEN
to change gender inequality
GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GENDER MAINSTREAMING
POWER WITH
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STRATEGIC GENDER
FRAMEWORK
STRATEGIC GENDER
FRAMEWORK
EQUALITYof OPPORTUNITYnon-negotiable
EMPOWERMENT to make realisable and informed choices
EQUITY of OUTCOMES‘rich tapestry of life’
Personal difference and choice
Enabling environment to eliminate ‘power over’ requires not only removing discrimination but mainstreaming:- Intra-household
- Non-market - Informal processes- Participatory structures
Also attention to crosscutting inequalitiesbetween women:poverty, ethnicity, marital status, age, education, health status etc
‘Smart subsidy’Participatory empowerment process and targeted support for women. Involving men also in this change.
+
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Elements of a financially sustainable strategy
• Mainstreaming women’s language conceptually and in actuality
• ‘Walking the talk’: organizational gender policy• Participatory market research• Gender mainstreaming in non-financial services• Building on group activities for action learning• Macro-level focus and advocacy
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Organisational Mainstreaming
• Vision and institutional culture• Equal opportunity policies for staff• Recruitment, training and promotion
policies• Information systems• Using forms of communication accessible
to women
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Possible gender indicatorsCLIENT LEVEL• (all programmes) percentage of women clients who know and
understand the terms of the MFI’s financial services• percentage of women clients with enterprise loans who are
themselves working in the economic activity• (mixed-sex programmes) percentage of women accessing larger
loans and higher-level services; percentage of women in leadership positions in group-based programmes;
STAFF LEVEL• percentage of senior staff who are women, and gender equality of
pay;• existence of a written gender policy produced through a
participatory process with staff; staff aware of its contents and mechanisms for implementation.
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QUESTIONS SO FAR?
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Designing Financial Products
• loans• leasing arrangements• savings services• pensions• insurance• remittance transfer services
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Some types of loan and leasing products
• Longer-term credit or leasing arrangements to build assets
• Credit for investment in a variety of viable, profitable activities.
• Consumption loans to avoid resorting to moneylenders in slack and ‘hungry’ seasons.
• Households need loans to pay for children’s education and to meet social obligations
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Some innovations in loan products
• Client-focused loans• Loans for assets registered in women’s names• Loans for adolescent girls and changing the
dowry system• Loans for services benefiting women• Loan targeting of vulnerable and very poor
women• Consumption loans for men as well as women
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Designing savings and pension products
• Longer term savings for asset purchase• Short-term liquid savings for quick access• Pensions
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Some innovations in savings products
• Personal savings accounts • Pension Savings• Flexible individual savings• Children’s savings card• Graduation from grants to savings linked
to training and employment creation
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Demand driven product development
• Participatory market research• Financial literacy• Combining the two linked to application for
financial products
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QUESTIONS SO FAR?
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Increasing empowerment
• Mainstreaming empowerment in core services
• ‘Credit-plus’ non-financial services• Participatory approaches• Macro-level strategies
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Mainstreaming empowerment in core services
• Application process for products• Basic savings-and-credit training and
group mobilization• Extension services and business advice
sections
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‘Credit-plus’ non-financial services
• Microfinance and literacy• Microfinance and health- and HIV/aids-
awareness• Women’s rights training and legal aid
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Participation for empowerment
• Collective action on domestic violence• Internal learning system• Gender action learning system (GALS)• Supporting women’s property rights• Promoting women’s political participation
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Ways of meeting costs
• Mutual learning and information exchange within groups
• Implement a cross-subsidy• Encourage loans for service provision by
microfinance clients or larger private firms• Inter-organizational collaboration between
microfinance programmes and specialist providers
• Operational integration of financial and non-financial services
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Macro-level
• Promoting gender mainstreaming and an empowerment focus in all actors in the sector
• Consumer protection and regulatory frameworks
• Value chain finance and linkages with economic development policies
• Gender advocacy eg land and property rights, gender-based violence and women’s political participation.
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Promoting an enabling environment: some possible roles for funding agencies
• Facilitate and support collaboration among the various types of rural finance providers
• Promote and support monitoring and research on gender equality and empowerment
• Promote learning and capacity-building networks• Ensure that gender experts and women’s organizations are involved in
designing financial regulations and consumer protection legislation• Appraise the national training programmes• Mainstream gender in consumer protection• Promote intersectoral linkages among the financial, rural development
planning and other agencies working for gender equity
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CONCLUSIONS
RISKS• Microfinance may
disempower and benefits cannot be assumed
• Continuing marginalisation and resistance to gender mainstreaming within rural microfinance organisations and many funding agencies
• Need for sustained capacity-building and innovation
Slide 34
OPPORTUNITIES• Micro-finance programmes can
make a significant contribution to women’s empowerment and gender equality
• Gender equality and women’s empowerment are central to achievement of all other development goals.
• Current innovations in SPM, technology, participatory methods and macro-level linkages
How can micro-finance groups build on and strengthen women’s own strategies and collective action?
How can micro-finance support men’s role in change?
What sorts of financial products and and non-financial servicesare needed for empowerment?
What are the implications for organisations themselves?
What are the implications for macro-level policy advocacy?
Questions
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QUESTIONS?
• Genfinance website: www.genfinance.info
• Oxfam Novib’s WEMAN website www.wemanglobal.org
• Rural Finance (search on gender) www.ruralfinance.org
• Microfinance Gateway www.microfinancegateway.org/
Useful websites