UDC 332.1(497.5)UDC 314(497.5)DOI: 10.2298/ZMSDN1448629LREVIEW SCIENTIFIC PAPER

REGIONAL ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CASE STUDY

OF SLAVONIA AND BARANJA (CROATIA)

JELENA LONČARUniversity of Zagreb, Science Faculty, Department of Geography

Marulićev trg 19/II, 10000 Zagreb, Republic of CroatiaE-mail: jloncar@geog.pmf.hr

VENI MARINKOVIĆUniversity of Zagreb, EU Projects

Trg maršala Tita 14, 10000 Zagreb, Republic of CroatiaE-mail: marinkovic.veni@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Slavonia and Baranja or Eastern Croatia is a physical-geo-graphical part of the Pannonian Basin and it is divided administratively into 5 counties: Virovitica-Podravina, Požega-Slavonia, Slavonski Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Sirmium (which make nearly 20% of the state). Regarding functional organization, Slavonia and Baranja is a part of Osijek nodal region but with interrelated influences of other regional centres like Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Vukovar, Đakovo and Požega. Analysis of this region consisting of 22 cities and 104 municipalities with 805,998 people (according to Census 2011) will be conducted according to several economic-geographic in-dicators: foreign trade exchange, number of employed people per 100 inhabitants, number of unemployed people per 100 inhabitants, economic structure of pop-ulation as well as the share of people employed in agriculture and industry as the most important sectors in the regional economy. Demographic problems will also be analysed, because the population is one of the most important factors of economic and social development. The main problems of the analysed region are depopulation, aging and rural exodus as well as the fact that every city or municipality, except one, had the decline of population comparing to previous Census of 2001. These processes are accompanied by spatial population po-larization which has also resulted in economic decline.

KEYWORDS: Slavonia and Baranja, regional problems, economic decline, economic perspective

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INTRODUCTION

Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin is a region with advantageous geo-strategic position along the pan-European transport corridors Vc, VII and X and with rich natural, cultural and historical resources. However, this region suffers from broad consequences of war, with large mine areas which cer-tainly limit the usage of natural and agricultural potentials. Because of that, Slavonia and Baranja is demographically and economically the most endan-gered region of Croatia.

That is why the implementation of regional development policies is of great significance. Regional development policy usually implies all deliberate activities implemented by government with the goal of changing spatial dis-tribution of economic and social phenomena like population, income, govern-ment incomes, manufacturing of different goods and services, transportation infrastructure, social infrastructure and political power [Hansen, Higgins and Savoie 1990). The golden age of regional policy in the world began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Up to that time, the regional intervention was mainly sporadic and of limited range, something like TVA project launched as a part of the American New Deal [Pavić 2003].

In Regional Development Strategy of Croatia, regional development pol-icy is defined as entirely adjusted agglomerate of goals, priorities, measures and activities aimed towards strengthening competition of regional and local units according to principles of sustainable development and decreasing re-gional inequalities according to degree of development. Regional development policy in Croatia is defined by specific laws and it is mostly focused on local level [Ministarstvo regionalnog razvoja..., 2010].

INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT

Analyses and microeconomic indicators show competency of the region for development of entrepreneurial infrastructure. As a consequence of insuf-ficient investments of local entrepreneurs and their weak networks, the entre-preneurial infrastructure is relatively weak in Slavonia and Baranja. The level of education is low and the investments in research and new technologies are fractional. Regardless of the tradition in industry and craftsmanship the lack of networks in business sector is obvious as well as non-connectivity between agriculture and tourism. Economic structure is extremely narrow, mainly fo-cused on agriculture. Besides agricultural fragmentation there are pending property issues. It is also necessary to intensify preparations for horizontal issues and organizations of common market. It is particularly important that the systems for collecting and tracking information and for identifying agri-cultural parcels are set up [Ministarstvo regionalnog razvoja..., 2010].

This part of Croatia shows certain weaknesses in stimulation of economy, although government stimulation measures represent strength in targeted area. The main cause of weak stimulation is an uneven development capacity of local and regional administration. In addition, there are high unemployment rate and negative demographic trends. The advantages of this region could be

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adequate management of natural, cultural and historical resources, cross-bor-der cooperation and possibilities of EU funds utilization. Insufficient eco-logical consciousness and lack of regional brands are weaknesses of the region [Ministarstvo regionalnog razvoja..., 2010].

POPULATION AS A FACTOR OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Population is a bearer of economic development, because it represents a manufacturing strength that drives and directs all activities in the region. There-fore, a comprehensive understanding of the current development trends and perspectives of Slavonia and Baranja is not possible without understanding and evaluating its demographic aspects [Wertheimer-Baletić and Živić 2003]. Regard-ing climate and environmental, traffic and geographic, demographic and socio-economic characteristics and processes, it is particularly important to note that this region clearly stands out in comparison to other Croatian regions. Its popu-lation advantages have always attracted people, although it was and still is rare-ly populated compared to the rest of Croatia [Wertheimer-Baletić and Živić 2003].

Results of low fertility, decline in birth rates, increasing mortality rates, emigration, adverse economic conditions and war are negative population trends and a pronounced population decline by more than 170,000 inhabitants in the last three decades (by 2011 Census only Dragalić in Slavonski Brod County had minimal growth of population in relation to 2001 Census throughout Sla-vonia and Baranja). Rural areas of Slavonia especially suffered. The process of “village senilization” progressed with emigration [Cifrić 2003]. In this way, the potential for the development of Slavonia and Baranja was reduced.

Fig. 1. Population of Slavonia and Baranja by counties, 1991–2011 Source: Census 1857–2001, Census 2011, www.dzs.hr

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AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS AS FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT

The present situation of Croatian agriculture in general, and thus the state of agriculture in Slavonia and Baranja as traditional agricultural area, is more than unenviable. The reasons for this are untended land, lack of trained and motivated farmers, and also too small and unregulated market [Petrač and Zmaić 2003].

“The development of the whole agricultural area mainly serves food in-dustry development. Namely, it is the so-called derived demand. However, agricultural products are also used in other industries: textile industry, animal feed, tobacco industry, pharmaceutical industry and wine and spirits industry. So, the agricultural development also depends on the exploration of other in-dustrial sectors [Baban and Ivić 2003]”.

As it can be seen in Table 1, the size of utilised agricultural land in Slavonia and Baranja counties is small, mostly up to 10 ha. The agricultural farm size is a factor which can stimulate or restrict the efficiency and effectiveness of agricultural activities [Petrač and Zmaić 2003]. In this case, size is a limiting factor and Croatian family farms are among the smallest in the EU.

Structure of the sowing is unsatisfactory because besides cereals, the share of industrial plants, vegetables, fruits as well as livestock breeding should also be growing. In addition, some parts of agricultural land are dangerous because of the mines, which is one of the reasons why they are not used [Baban and Ivić 2003]. Nowadays, agricultural sector of Slavonia and Baranja comprises around 7% of total employment in this region.

In order to meet the market requirements, it is assumed that farms should export in the markets with the perspective of successful business [Petrač and Zmaić 2003]. Farms in Slavonia and Baranja still do not have that power. The peasant labour force is insufficiently used, agricultural incomes cannot cover all and farm consumption needs to be supplemented by auxiliary tenure. Even the entire incomes of peasant families, through agricultural and non-agricul-tural work, often remain unsatisfactory [Zorzoliu 2012].

ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT

Eastern Croatia plays a significant role in Croatian economy [Baban and Ivić 2003]. However, demographic aging of society and rapid technological advances will influence the transformation of the economy along these paths and will increase competitiveness and provide important sources of growth and employment, at the same time addressing economic and social needs [Zor-zoliu 2012]. In Slavonia and Baranja employment in the secondary sector still dominates (31,951 employees), in low value-added industries and the low lev-el of technology. There are 20,206 employees in wholesale and retail trade, 17,998 in education and 16,817 in public sector. At the same time, counties of Slavonia and Baranja have a very low export and import share in the trade balance of Croatia with a maximum of 4.5% (Osijek-Baranja).

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Tab. 1. Agricultural households by the size of utilised agricultural land and number of parcels of utilised agricultural land up to 10ha in Slavonia and

Baranja by counties, 2003

County Number of agricultur-al households

Utilized agricultural land

Number of parcels of utilized agricultural

landVirovitica-Podravina

1,01–2,00 ha 2,622 2,816.35 7,1342,01–3,00 ha 1,475 2,890.37 5,2293,01–5,00 ha 1,888 6,296.67 8,6115,01–10,00 ha 2,034 12,805.08 13,382

Total 8,019 24,808.47 34,356Požega-Slavonia

1,01–2,00 ha 2,019 2,153.12 6,4512,01–3,00 ha 1,215 2,245.65 5,4273,01–5,00 ha 1,596 4,892.28 9,2385,01–10,00 ha 1,539 8,613.75 12,305

Total 6,369 17,904.80 33,421Slavonski Brod-

Posavina1,01–2,00 ha 3,217 3,266.52 8,8452,01–3,00 ha 1,991 3,588.33 7,3803,01–5,00 ha 2,297 6,736.27 10,7365,01–10,00 ha 2,055 1,1611.90 12,988

Total 9,560 25,203.02 39,949Osijek-Baranja1,01–2,00 ha 4,401 5,219.81 10,6352,01–3,00 ha 2,318 4,974.86 7,4003,01–5,00 ha 2,865 10,182.07 11,4955,01–10,00 ha 3,135 20,512.67 17,616

Total 12,719 40,889.41 47,146Vukovar-Sirmium

1,01–2,00 ha 2,583 3,089.62 5,9762,01–3,00 ha 1,311 2,838.43 3,8883,01–5,00 ha 1,722 6,125.93 6,2995,01–10,00 ha 2,269 15,357.66 1,1427

Total 7,885 27,411.64 2,7590

Source: Agricultural Census, 2003

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Fig. 2. Persons employed in legal entities (in different sectors) by counties, 2011

Source: Employment and Wages, Statistical Reports, 2011

In the region of Slavonia and Baranja only five municipalities have sig-nificant employment in the industry (60% of total employment), and these are: Đurđevac, Belišće, Strizivojna, Andrijevci and Oprisavci (where the majority of people are employed in the City of Slavonski Brod industry). In the major-ity of other regions the industrial employment is much smaller, which is as-sociated with general de-industrialization of Croatia as a whole. It is even worse that, apart from an insignificant development of new industries, the existing ones have disappeared. Nowadays, around 22% of employees work in the the manufacturing industry of Slavonia and Baranja.

Comparing competitiveness of Slavonia and Baranja with other parts of the Croatia, the region has the lowest level of competitiveness caused by the economic structure, while the proportion of certain activities is under the national average. This region is mostly specialized for agriculture, forestry and manufacturing industry. This is a narrow economic base oriented to one dom-inant activity – agriculture, which is very sensitive and dependent on the glob-al competitive environment. Other Croatian regions have considerably more heterogeneous economic structure (Strategy for Regional Development).

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Fig. 3. Share of employed persons in main sectors in the counties of Slavonia and Baranja, 2011

Source: Employment and Wages, Statistical Reports, 2011

Tab. 2. Values of development index for Slavonia and Baranja counties

Value of standardized indicators according to national average Index of group develoment

County *Average

income per capita

Average profit per

capita

Average rate of

un- em-ployment

Popula-tion

Share of educated people in

18-65 popu-lation

Index of develop-

mentGroup

2010–2012 2010–2012 2010–2012 2010–2001 2011Virovitica-Podravina 1.56% 11.93% 0.00% 17.17% 5.36% 5.56% <75%

Slavonski Brod-Posa-vina

0.00% 0.70% 2.71% 69.14% 47.64% 18.43% <75%

Vukovar-Sirmium 9.81% 3.76% 4.87% 50.30% 44.68% 18.73% <75%

Požega-Slavonia 14.02% 0.00% 64.66% 37.66% 37.06% 33.81% <75%

Osijek-Baranja 54.30% 38.27% 24.71% 59.46% 69.46% 46.07% <75%

Source: Ministry of regional development and EU Funds* All counties are in the category of aided regions

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The main characteristic of trade market in Croatia is the decline in the labor pool as a result of negative demographic development, emigration and aging workforce. The necessary policies which should be implemented need to consider the following issues: the increase of active population, the increase of employment rate, coherence of supply and demand as well as the increase of workforce mobility.

Also, for Croatia as a whole, high and long-term unemployment of 18.9% (in 2012) has been an unsolvable problem for Croatian government for several years. Main problems that government also have to cope with are: low per cent of active population, structural inconsistency of supply and demand of professional occupations, small number of flexible and adaptable companies and small utilisation of human potential and resources [Ministarstvo gospodarstva, 2014].

CONCLUSION

Slavonia and Baranja is a region with numerous economic and develop-mental advantages compared with other Croatian regions. Unfortunately, there are also numerous disadvantages preventing the full utilization of resources and capacities of this region. One of the biggest problems is depopulation and lack of young and educated people who are usually the “engines” of positive changes and bases for social and economic development and perspectives.

When talking about agriculture and industry, as traditional sectors in Slavonia and Baranja, it is obvious that without financial help from the state and EU cohesion and structural funds further restructuring and development of these fields as well as investments in new technologies and research, would not be possible. Both of these sectors have suffered from economic crisis for decades. Because of that, a specialized geographical production system should be developed to serve as a good basis for food industry and agro-food sector in general. Big part of this production could be used in tourist sector to a much larger extent than at present.

The unique identity of Slavonia and Baranja might become a significant resource and prospect for further development of the regional agriculture, tourism or economy in general. Also, the incentive for development of this region may be the entry of neighboring countries in the EU, because almost all Slavonia and Baranja counties are bordering with other countries. The entry of these countries into the EU would reduce the negative impact of na-tional borders and establish stronger regional cooperation, which is very im-portant for the development of border regions.

REFERENCES

Baban, Lj., and K. Ivić (2003). Diversifikacija kao bitna strategija razvitka poljoprivrede i pre-hrambene industrije Istočne Hrvatske. In: Štambuk, M. and Šundalić, A. (Eds.), Razvojne perspektive ruralnog svijeta Slavonije i Baranje. Institut društvenih znanosti “Ivo Pilar”, Zagreb, 209–219.

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Cifrić, I. (2003). Iskustva mješovite poljoprivrede: obiteljsko gospodarstvo u tranzicijskim promjenama i novim izazovima. In: Štambuk, M. and Šundalić, A. (Eds.), Razvojne perspektive ruralnog svijeta Slavonije i Baranje. Institut društvenih znanosti “Ivo Pilar”, Zagreb, 129–143.

Državni zavod za statistiku. (2003). Popis poljoprivrede (Agricultural census). Zagreb, R. Hrvatska. <www.dzs.hr>

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Državni zavod za statistiku. (2012). Robna razmjena RH s inozemstvom po županijama, gra-do vima i općinama (Foreign Trade In Goods Of The Republic Of Croatia By Counties, Towns And Municipalities). Priopćenje god. XLIX. Zagreb, R. Hrvatska. <www.dzs.hr>

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Hrvatski zavod za zapošljavanje. (2011). Mjesečni statistički bilten (Monthly Statistic Bulle-tin) <www.hzz.hr>

Mazilescu, R. (2012). Patterns of demographic development. Procedia – Economics and Fi-nance, 3, 1075–1080.

Ministarstvo regionalnog razvoja, šumarstva i vodnog gospodarstva (2010). Strategija region-alnog razvoja Republike Hrvatske, 2011–2013. (Strategy of Regional development of Republic Croatia. <www.mrrfeu.hr>

Ministarstvo gospodarstva (2014). Industrijska strategija Republike Hrvatske 2014–2020 (Indus-trial strategy of Republic Croatia, 2011–2020). Zagreb, R. Hrvatska. <www.mingo.hr>

Pavić, Ž. (2003). Uloga socijalnog kapitala u razvoju Slavonije i Baranje. In: Štambuk, M. & A. Šundalić (Eds.), Razvojne perepektive ruralnog svijeta Slavonije i Baranje. Institut društvenih znanosti “Ivo Pilar”, Zagreb, 147–161.

Petrač, B. i K. Zmaić (2003). Veličina gospodarstva u funkciji robnosti poljoprivrednih proiz-voda. In: Štambuk, M. & A. Šundalić (Eds.), Razvojne perspektive ruralnog svijeta Sla-vonije i Baranje. Institut društvenih znanosti “Ivo Pilar”, Zagreb, 195–205.

Wertheimer, A. i D. Živić (2003). Demografske promjene u ruralnim područjima Slavonije i Baranje od 1953. do 2001. godine. In: Štambuk, M. & A. Šundalić (Eds.), Razvojne per spektive ruralnog svijeta Slavonije i Baranje. Institut društvenih znanosti “Ivo Pilar”, Zagreb, 15–39.

Zorzoliu, R. (2012). Regional and sustainable development in Italy. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 514–522.

INTERNET SOURCE

Razvojna agencija Slavonije i Baranje. <www.slavonija.hr>

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APPENDIX

Share of employed and unemployed persons per 100 inhabitants and share of employed in sector of industry and agriculture in relation to all employed, in cities and municipalities of Slavonia and Baranja, 2011

County/Munici-pality/ Cities

Number of inhabitants

Employed in total

Emlpoyed persons per

100 inh.

Unem-ployed persons

Share of Industrial workers

Share of Agricultur-al workers

Virovitica -Podravina 84836 13986 16,4 11,6 24,4 8,2

Orahovica 5304 1310 24,6 9,2 27,5 15,6Slatina 13686 2608 19 13,8 23,8 8,4

Virovitica 21291 6919 32,5 9,8 27,2 2Crnac 1456 44 3 12,1 0 56,8

Čačinci 2802 299 10,7 11,8 46,2 21,4Čađavica 2009 133 6,6 14,2 27,1 15,8Gradina 3850 138 3,6 12,1 2,9 23,2Lukač 3634 254 7 11,9 2 5,9

Mikleuš 1464 59 4 16,8 15,3 0Nova Bukovica 1771 101 5,7 14,7 2 58,4

Pitomača 10059 998 9,9 9 22,2 7,1Sopje 2320 86 3,7 14,7 0 62,8

Suhopolje 6683 435 6,5 11,8 3,7 17,7Špišić Bukovica 4221 152 3,6 9,6 15,1 8,6

Voćin 2382 255 10,7 21,7 29,8 33,7Zdenci 1904 195 10,2 12,4 10,3 44,1

Požega-Slavonia 78034 13892 17,8 7,9 28,3 7Kutjevo 6247 878 14,1 8,7 23,7 45,7

Lipik 6170 1277 20,7 7,5 33,4 10,2Pakrac 8460 1526 18 7,7 25 2,75

Pleternica 11323 808 7 8,6 23,4 4,6Požega 26248 8382 31,9 7,4 31,5 2,9

Brestovac 3726 177 4,8 7,9 30,5 8,5Čaglin 2723 219 8 6,2 0 26,9Jakšić 4058 123 3 8,1 14,6 0,8Kaptol 3472 117 3,4 9,1 6,8 0Velika 5607 385 6,9 8,7 1,6 11,9

Slavonski Brod-Posavina 158575 25851 16 10,8 25,4 3,6

Nova Gradiška 14229 3069 21,6 11,6 10,4 6,8Slavonski Brod 59141 16797 28 9,5 27,2 2,4

Bebrina 3252 105 3,2 12,5 5,7 21,9

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Brodski Stupnik 3036 53 1,7 10,2 34 13,2Bukovje 3108 106 3,4 10,6 11,3 0Cernik 3640 166 4,6 13,2 2,4 0Davor 3015 162 5,4 10,5 27,2 0

Donji Andrijevci 3709 437 11,8 9,8 68,6 1,8Dragalić 1361 31 2,3 14,3 3,2 0Garčin 4806 252 5,2 10,7 2 35,3

Gornja Vrba 2512 663 26,4 10,9 0,6 0Gornji Bogićevci 1975 54 2,7 18,2 0 0

Gundinci 2027 122 6 7,9 53,3 3,3Klakar 2319 116 5 9 51,7 0

Nova Kapela 4227 375 8,9 10,4 33,3 14,9Okučani 3447 390 11,3 20,2 4,1 6,7Oprisavci 2508 322 12,8 10 62,4 0Oriovac 5824 853 14,6 10,6 60 9,1

Podcrkavlje 2553 44 1,7 12,6 0 9,1Rešetari 4753 237 5 13,4 49,8 0Sibinj 6895 439 6,4 10,5 8,2 0

Sikirevci 2476 80 3,2 7,3 0 0Slavonski Šamac 2169 143 6,6 8,8 19,6 0Stara Gradiška 1363 171 12,5 16,7 35,1 17,5Staro Petrovo

Selo 5186 194 3,7 14,1 3,1 3,1

Velika Kopanica 3308 143 4,3 7,9 28,7 0Vrbje 2215 25 1,1 17,1 12 4

Vrpolje 3521 302 8,6 8,6 4,6 0,7Osijek-Baranja 305032 70072 23 10,8 18,8 5,9Beli Manastir 10068 3797 37,7 16,5 34,3 15,8

Belišće 10825 1971 18,2 13,3 71,1 11,1Donji Miholjac 9491 2687 28,3 10,7 35,5 10,7

Đakovo 27745 5215 18,8 9,3 19,6 1,6Našice 16224 4593 28,3 13,7 19,9 6Osijek 108048 40031 37 8,1 12,2 1,5

Valpovo 11563 1757 15,2 10,9 30,4 5,9Antunovac 3703 240 6,5 9,3 14,2 22,9

Bilje 5642 418 7,4 9,1 13,9 10,8Bizovac 4507 381 8,5 9,8 6,8 15Čeminac 2909 104 3,6 10,5 8,7 5,8

Čepin 11599 822 7,1 9,1 33,5 2,9Darda 6908 1299 18,8 17 13,2 31,9

Donja Motičina 1652 15 0,9 15,6 0 0

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Draž 2767 455 16,4 14,9 4 13,2Drenje 2700 208 7,7 12,3 55,3 12,5

Đurđenovac 6750 911 13,5 15,8 60,2 8,2Erdut 7308 594 8,1 13,3 1,3 39,4

Ernestinovo 2189 276 12,6 10 58 2,5Feričanci 2134 240 11,2 16,2 46,7 29,2Gorjani 1591 73 4,6 11,1 0 24,7

Jagodnjak 2023 145 7,2 21,2 2,8 37,9Kneževi Vinogradi 4614 445 9,6 16,2 7,4 29

Koška 3980 211 5,3 13,9 1,4 39,8Levanjska Varoš 1194 98 8,2 12 0 27,6Magdalenovac 1936 216 11,2 11,7 0 25

Marjanci 2405 183 7,6 10,9 45,4 39,3Petlovac 2405 177 7,4 15,8 2,3 47,5Petrijevci 2870 358 12,5 8,7 56,1 2,5Podgorač 2877 185 6,4 17,9 0 55,1Podravska Moslavina 1202 24 2 13,2 4,2 4,2

Popovac 2084 68 3,3 17,9 8,8 1,5Punitovci 1803 115 6,4 12 0 47,8Satnica

Đakovačka 2123 180 8,5 12,8 11,1 8,3

Semeljci 4362 448 10,3 7,2 2,9 67,9Strizivojna 2525 505 20 10,5 75,8 7,7Šodolovci 1653 29 1,8 13,2 0 17,2

Trnava 1600 62 3,9 12,9 0 27,4Viljevo 2065 62 3 12,5 0 0

Viškovci 1906 252 13,2 10,9 0,8 0,8Vladisalvci 1882 111 5,9 12 47,7 0,9

Vuka 1200 111 9,25 10 17,2 0,9Vukovar-Sirmium 179521 30498 17 10,7 15,9 10,2

Ilok 6767 1230 18,2 7,1 15,8 23,7Otok 6343 358 5,6 11,7 3,9 31,3

Vinkovci 35312 12511 35,4 8,5 13,2 6Vukovar 27683 7552 27,3 9,9 17,1 9,4Županja 12090 2815 23,3 13,1 33,3 4,1

Andriješevci 4075 183 4,5 9,2 52,5 2,7Babina Greda 3572 169 4,8 13,5 14,8 3,6Bogdanovci 1960 43 2,2 11,2 0 32,6

Borovo 5056 154 3 12,7 4,5 1,3Bošnjaci 3901 153 3,9 15,2 2 26,8

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Cerna 4595 361 7,9 11,7 23,3 22,4Drenovci 5174 299 5,8 15,1 10 11,4Gradište 2773 151 5,4 14,1 4,6 2,6

Gunja 3732 359 9,6 20,8 37,6 18,9Ivankovo 8006 319 4 9,8 0,3 17,2Jarmina 2458 57 2,3 10,6 0 0Lovas 1214 319 26,3 7,3 41,4 31

Markušica 2555 91 3,6 12,8 1,1 8,8Negoslavci 1463 77 5,3 10 0 44,2

Nijemci 4705 600 12,8 8,9 0 34,3Nuštar 5793 409 7,1 9,2 9,3 1

Privlaka 2954 136 4,6 9,4 4,4 8,1Stari Jankovci 4405 230 5,2 10,9 6,5 30

Stari Mikanovci 2956 278 9,4 16,1 23,8 30,9Štitar 2129 126 5,9 14,7 41,3 1,6

Tompojevci 1565 82 5,2 8,8 0 15,9

Source: Croatian Bureau of Statistics, Zagreb

ПРЕГЛЕДНИ НАУЧНИ РАД

РЕГИОНАЛНИ ЕКОНОМСКИ И РАЗВОЈНИ ПРОБЛЕМИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ: СТУДИЈА СЛУЧАЈА СЛАВОНИЈЕ И БАРАЊЕ (ХРВАТСКА)

ЈЕЛЕНА ЛОНЧАРСвеучилиште у Загребу, Одсек за географију

Марулићев трг 19/II, 10000 Загреб, Рапублика ХрватскаE-адреса: jloncar@geog.pmf.hr

ВЕНИ МАРИНКОВИЋСвеучилиште у Загребу, ЕУ Пројекти

10000 Загреб, Република ХрватскаЕ-адреса: marinkovic.veni@yahoo.com

САЖЕТАК: Славонија и Барања (Источна Хрватска) физичко-географски су део Панонске низије, а административно се састоје од пет жупанија: Вировитичко-подравске, Пожешко-славонске, Бродско-посавске, Осјечко-барањске и Вуковарско--сремске (заузимају мало мање од 20% укупне државне територије). Што се тиче функционалне организације, Славонија и Барања део су Осјечке нодалне регије, али ту се преплићу и утицаји других регионалних центара попут Славонског Бро-да, Винковаца, Вуковара, Ђакова и Пожеге. Анализа овог подручја, које се састоји од 22 града и 104 општине с укупно 805.998 становника (према задњем Попису становништва из 2011) спровешће се кроз неколико економско-географских ин-дикатора: трговински биланс, број запослених на 100 становника, број незапосле-них на 100 становника, економска структура популације као и удео запослених у

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пољопривреди и индустрији као најважнијим секторима овог подручја. Демограф-ски проблеми такође ће бити анализирани у овом раду, будући да је становништво један од најважнијих фактора економског и друштвеног развоја. Главни проблеми анализираног подручја су депопулација, старење, рурални егзодус, као и чињени-ца да сви градови и општине, осим једне, имају забележен пад броја становника у односу на претходни Попис становништва (2001). Ови процеси праћени су прос-торном поларизацијом, која је резултирала и економским падом.

КЉУЧНЕ РЕЧИ: Славонија и Барања, регионални проблеми, економски пад, економска перспектива

PREGLEDNI NAUČNI RAD

REGIONALNI EKONOMSKI I RAZVOJNI PROBLEMI I PERSPEKTIVE: STUDIJA SLUČAJA SLAVONIJE I BARANJE (HRVATSKA)

JELENA LONČARSveučilište u Zagrebu, Odsek za geografiju

Marulićev trg 19/II, 10000 Zagreb, Rapublika HrvatskaE-adresa: jloncar@geog.pmf.hr

VENI MARINKOVIĆSveučilište u Zagrebu, EU Projekti10000 Zagreb, Republika Hrvatska

E-adresa: marinkovic.veni@yahoo.com

SAŽETAK: Slavonija i Baranja (Istočna Hrvatska) fizičko-geografski su dio Panon-ske nizine, a administrativno se sastoje od pet županija: Virovitičko-podravske, Požeško-sla-vonske, Brodsko-posavske, Osječko-baranjske i Vukovarsko-srijemske (zauzimaju malo manje od 20% ukupnog državnog teritorija). Što se tiče funkcionalne organizacije, Sla-vo nija i Baranja dio su Osječke nodalne regije, ali tu se isprepliću i utjecaji drugih regio nal-nih centara poput Slavonskog Brоda, Vinkovaca, Vukovara, Đakova i Požege. Analiza ovog područja, koje se sastoji od 22 grada i 104 općine s ukupno 805.998 stanovnika (prema poslednjem Popisu stanovništva iz 2011) provest će se kroz nekoliko eko nomsko-geo grafskih indikatora: trgovačka bilanca, broj zaposlenih na 100 stanovnika, broj nezapo sle nih na 100 stanovnika, ekonomska struktura populacije kao i udio zapo sle nih u poljo privredi i industriji kao najvažnijim sektorima ovog područja. Demografski problemi također će biti analizirani u ovom radu, budući da je stanovništvo jedan od naj važnijih faktora eko-nomskog i društvenog razvoja. Glavni problemi analiziranog po dručja su de po pulacija, sta renje, ruralni egzodus, kao i činjenica da svi gradovi i općine, osim jedne, imaju za bi-lježen pad broja stanovnika u odnosu na prethodni Popis stanov ništva (2001). Ovi procesi praćeni su prostornom polarizacijom, koja je rezultirala i eko nom skim padom.

KLJUČNE RIJEČI: Slavonija i Baranja, regionalni problemi, ekonomski pad, eko-nom ska perspektiva