Regional Material Flow Analysis of Construction SectorHiroki TanikawaVisiting Research Fellow, The University of Manchester, U.K.Associate Professor, Wakayama University, JapanNigel LawsonGeography, School of Environment and Development, The University of Manchester, U.K.Ver. 8th June 2005

Material Flow of Construction SectorAddition to Stock

Material StockMaterial InputMaterial OutputQuantification of these materials is quite useful.cause it needs long term planning for dealing with these huge materials.

Metabolism of City

Making Historical GISPaper Maps

1896 - currentAerial Photos

1920 currentOther Photos and Picture

1850 - currentAdding some attributes of Urban Morphology Types , Floors of each Building, Width of Roadways.3.2 km2.4 km7.7 km2

Old Trafford, Stretford Town Hall by GIS database19322001

Historical 3D GIS database Salford Quay and Old Trafford2004

Historical 3D GIS database Salford Quay and Old Trafford1990

Historical 3D GIS database Salford Quay and Old Trafford1980

Historical 3D GIS database Salford Quay and Old Trafford1972

Historical 3D GIS database Salford Quay and Old Trafford1953

Historical 3D GIS database Salford Quay and Old Trafford1932

Historical 3D GIS database Salford Quay and Old Trafford1908

Historical 3D GIS database Salford Quay and Old Trafford1896

Historical 3D GIS database Salford Quay and Old Trafford1849

For estimating Metabolism using Historical GIS databaseMaterial Intensity by material type by structure type by timeMetabolism pattern

for future estimationMetabolism of construction sector Material Stock / Flow

Material Mass, Intensity of building (Traditional Brick base Flat)*Concrete include Cement, Aggregate, Water

Output

Area:84 m2 * 2 floorsArea / NumberAggregate Sand &Gravel (ton)Concrete* (ton)Mortar* (ton)Steel (ton)Brick (ton)Wood (ton)Others (ton)

1) Traditional Piched Roofs1700.00.07.30.00.03.91.7Felt, Rockwool

2) Upper Floor840.00.00.00.00.01.70.8Plsdyrt Board

3) Concrete Grand Floor8416.18.10.00.30.01.00.1Rockwool,

9) External Wall: Cavity Wall325.50.016.416.356.73.5Rockwool, Plasterboad, Paint

5) Internal Wall2730.00.00.00.00.01.15.1Paint, Plaster Board

Total (ton)140.116.124.523.60.356.77.711.1

Density per total floor area (kg/m2)7829614614123384614

Area168

Material Mass, Intensity of building (Newly Medium Flat)*Concrete include Cement, Aggregate, Water

Output

Area: 160 m2 * 5 floorsArea / NumberAggregate Sand &Gravel (ton)Concrete* (ton)Mortar* (ton)Steel (ton)Brick (ton)Wood (ton)Others (ton)

Concrete Pillar15 (1500*15*45cm)0.031.40.011.90.00.00.0

4) External Wall7800.0191.546.80.049.10.09.6PlasterBord, Paint, Rockwool Insulation

5) Internal Wall26400.00.00.00.00.010.649.1PlasterBord, Paint

6) Low Pitched Roof1600.00.00.02.70.00.01.1Rockwool Insulation

2) Upper Floor8000.079.346.02.70.00.07.3PlasterBord

3) Concrete Grand Floor16030.815.40.00.50.01.90.1Rockwool Insulation

Total (ton)587.930.8317.692.817.949.112.467.2

Density: per total floor area (kg/m2)7353839711622611684

Adding Brick Finish material quantities to BRE table

Sheet1 (2)

Area: 160 m2 * 5 floorsArea / NumberAggregate Sand &Gravel (ton)Concrete* (ton)Steel (ton)Brick (ton)Wood (ton)Others (ton)

Concrete Beam (15m, 15*45cm)1536.45

External Wall: Brick (Inside, 40*15*15cm)7380159.408

External Wall: Brick (Outside, 15*5*5cm)4428039.852

Concrete Floor (10*16m, 15cm)5288

Concrete Grand Floor (10*16m, 30cm)1115.2

Total (ton)638.910638.910000

Density (ton/m2)798.63750798.6375000

Material Mass, Intensity of building (Traditional Brick-based Factory)*Concrete include Cement, Aggregate, Water, **NOT include material inside buildings13 m37 m7 m9 m

Output

Area:481 m2 * 1 floorsArea / NumberAggregate Sand &Gravel (ton)Concrete* (ton)Mortar* (ton)Steel (ton)Brick (ton)Wood (ton)Others (ton)

1) Traditional Piched Roofs4820.00.020.80.00.011.24.8Felt, Rockwool

3) Concrete Grand Floor48192.446.40.01.60.05.60.4Rockwool,

9) External Wall: Cavity Wall11700.059.158.5203.912.6Rockwool, Plasterboad, Paint

Total (ton)517.592.4105.579.31.6203.916.817.8

Density per total floor area (kg/m2)1,06119221916534243522

Area481

The Component parts of Typical Pavement Roads in EnglandSurface / Wearing Course* Binder CourseBase CourseSub-base: Lower LayerCappingSub-formation(Sub-grade)Soil/Compacted fillBituminous or CementBound Pavement Materials 900 Series of SHWCompacted Granular Foundation MaterialsUnbound Granular Materials 600 Series & 800 Series of SHWSub-base: Upper LayerPermitted Recycled ConstituentsMotorwayMaterialsMajor RoadResidential Road Recycled Asphalt5-10cm5-10cm5-20cm10-20cmPavementApp. 100cmResidential Road (Old)Highways Agency, Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works: Volume 1 Specification for Highway Works, 2004, UKDepartment of the Environment, Transport and the Regions Research Contract, MP0623, 1999, UKA Guild to Paving in Britain and Ireland, http://www.pavingexpert.com/aggs01.htmlBritish Standard*Asphalt weight ratio in wearing course: 4.85%**Quantities and structure will vary depending on the project location.Stone Block 10cm 245kg/m2Inert MaterialRecycled AsphaltCrushed SlagRCA (Recycled Concrete Aggregate) RA (Recycled Aggregate)Well burnt non-plastic shaleUp to 10% use of recycled material 600 series & 800 series allow 100% of recycled aggregates and wide range of secondary aggregatesTypical Width (M60): 33m = 3.5m * 6 lanes + Centre 4m + Side 4m * 2Typical Width (A56): 24m = 3.5m * 4 lanes + Centre 2m + Side 4m * 2Typical Width : 10m = 3m * 2 lanes + Side 2m * 2Up to 50% of hot asphalt, 100% of Cold process asphalt From SHW 2004

Asphalt 10cm 231kg/m2Concrete 25cm 553kg/m2Sand Gravel 30cm 492kg/m2Sand Gravel 30cm 492kg/m2Soil/Compacted Fill 100cm

Asphalt 10cm 231kg/m2Asphalt 10cm 231kg/m2Sand Gravel 20cm 328kg/m2Sand Gravel 20cm 328kg/m2Soil/Compacted Fill 100cm

Asphalt 2cm 46kg/m2Blick 10cmSand Gravel 15cm 164kg/m2Soil/Compacted Fill 50cm

Asphalt 2.5cm 58kg/m2Asphalt 7cm 162kg/m2Sand Gravel 15cm 164kg/m2Soil/Compacted Fill 60cm

The Component parts of Typical Railwayapp.20 cmRail track: 40*2 - 50*2 kg/m (PS standard, 1920)Sleeper: 20 cm * 12 cm * 215 cm, @70 kg per 60 cm, 117 kg/mBallast: thickness 20 cm , @4 cm Aggregate, 1.4 m3/m = 3.0 ton/m143.5 cm60 cm

ton / mAggrIronWoodRailway3.00.080.117

Historical Change of Material Stock #1The case study area is Salford and Old Trafford in Manchester, U.K, area 7.7km2, population circa 7,500. In 2004, Building Stock 299 ton/cap., Roadway 92 ton/cap., Railway 28 ton/cap.184918961908193219531972198019902004

Historical Change of Material Stock #2184918961908193219531972198019902004The case study area is Salford and Old Trafford in Manchester, U.K, area 7.7km2, population circa 7,500. In 2004, Aggregate and Stone Block is 28%, 24% of Concrete, 20% of Bricks.

Historical Change of Building StockThe material which support of lives is app.299 tons / capita.

Metabolism Pattern of Building on Historical Map1896timeMaterial MassHistorical Maps tell Newly, Enhanced and Demolished Buildings

Total material mass is accumulating, but the building built in each year is gradually demolished. This is the pattern of metabolism.1896190819322000

Metabolism Pattern of Building on GIS mapping Buildings built between 1849-1896, in 1896We can know the pattern of metabolism using historical GIS database.

Estimate the pattern of metabolism: BuildingEstimate these pattern by 9 time period of built year, and by 4 building types..

a1.053671699b27.0851701c0.03103297 Error^20.016222282Average year (x)y'=50%103.0201925

Estimate the pattern of metabolism: Demolition Rate of Built StockHigh Density ResidentialAverage of life span: 84 years

Change of Building Stocks in the near futureIn 2020, Demolition from Building is estimated 5800 tons per year.

Metabolism of City

Practical Application of Spatial / City-scale MFAFlood defense strengthening uses 2 million tons of aggregates per year in the UK. Demolition WasteManagement of Demand and Supply of Recycling Materials Heat Island Effect and Future Material StockUnderstanding changing patterns of urban massEfficient use of raw materialsMaximizing / Optimizing Recycling SystemsAssessing intensity of the Urban Heat Island Effect

Concrete 6 = Cement 1 + Sand 3 + Gravel 6 + Water Mortar 3 = Cement 1 + Sand 3 +Water External Wall used Brick instead of dense Block. Cavity wall, External Wall used Brick instead of dense Block.Residential Road: Cost: 11.50 pound / m2 (2003) *Overlay Wearing: 11.5 pound/m2Unit of Material Use; RoadwaysThe most commonly encountered layers are detailed below.... Sub-grades The sub-grade layer is essentially the existing ground, cleared of any organic material. This may or may not require preparatory work, depending on chosen paving type and existing ground conditions. Capping Layer An 'improvement' layer, usually laid over the sub-grade to strengthen or re-grade the existing ground. Only used on heavy applications and usually composed of crushed rock, hardcore or a cement-bound material up to 600mm thick. Sub-bases This is the load-bearing layer of the pavement. Typically constructed from crushed and graded stone. Essential beneath pavements subject to vehicular traffic, it may be omitted in certain other applications. Base Courses Most commonly, this is a layer of bound material, (cement-bound or bitumen-bound) at the bottom of the surfacing layer. Normally only used in heavy applications, notably public carriageways, it is sometimes referred to as the Road Base when used beneath a tarmac, asphalt or block paved surface. The term is also used to define a compacted soil layer tested as part of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) process to determine ground 'strength'. Wearing Course In a tarmac or asphalt pavement, the visible upper surface layer that carries the traffic. Also known as the surfacing or a 'carpet'.Bedding layer Also known as the "Laying Course". In an elemental pavement such as block paving or flags, this is the layer that carries the final surface layer. Usually this is a coarse grit sand, with a low clay content and with good drainage properties. Paving layer The final hard surface of an elemental pavement. This may be concrete or clay blocks, pre-cast concrete flags, natural stone or any other form of paving. http://www.pavingexpert.comBituminous;Granular;2.5-2.84.5-10%?

broad gauge 4 ft 8 Inch (1435 mm)In the UK, a Royal Commission in 1845 reported in favour of the 4 ft 8 in (1435 mm) gauge on the grounds that its network was eight times larger than that of the rival 7 ft in (2140 mm) gauge adopted principally by the Great Western Railway. The subsequent Gauge Act of 1846 (http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=60) ruled that new railways should be built at 4 ft 8 in (1435 mm), but nevertheless allowed the broad gauge companies to continue expanding their networks. After an intervening period of mixed-gauge operation (tracks were laid with three running-rails), the Great Western finally converted its entire network to the standard gauge in 1892.A popular urban legend traces the origin of the 4 ft 8 in (1435 mm) gauge even further back, pointing to the evidence of rutted roads dating from the Roman Empire. This legend is mostly false, however, except inasmuch that it shows a historical tendency to place the wheels of vehicles approximately five feet (1500 mm) apart.(Encyclopedia, http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Standard-gauge)1067 mmUKhttp://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=60http://www.railway.bham.ac.uk/isert.htmhttp://www.railresearchuk.org.uk/20cm4 cm, 3.http://www.nishitetsu.co.jp/train/koumu/senro_page_2.htmCmCmCmKg)CmCmCmKgThe figure below is the case study of estimating material flow of construction sector overtime. Case study area is Salford and Old Trafford in Manchester, U.K, 7.7km2, from the year 1849 to 2004. Material Stock increase 1 million tons in past 100 years. From recent statistics, app. 30 thousands are living there, so, the material which support of lives is app.98 tons / capita.Material Stock increase 1 million tons in past 100 years.Growth Curve

Using this formula, 50% demolish rate is the year of average life span of buildings.Future: This case is not thinking about newly building.

Applications:Understanding changing patterns of urban massEfficient use of raw materialsMaximizing recyclingAssessing intensity of the Urban Heat Island EffectAvailability of materials for flood containment and other civil engineering projects.