,

/V- 72--5

/0

Regm1 Rasearch (PriVAt e) Ltd . IS :;11: 0034- 34BX

.. .. 3di too By

Hf,h" sh c . itegm:1

". Contents

1 . Chaut eriya l)el aml' r CCZI Shnh ' s Venture . . ;;..: 2 " T tJ3 Jagannfl..t h. Temple

... ~~ ' From Kc thm.!"InQu 1;0 D: rJoolil16 •

4 , Two Royal · Oreers fo r G-:rhwal

. 5 . '· Subedare · in Be-stern : no '··Weste r r. Na pal

6. A Speciel ~vy in the Bcstern Tarel Region

7, Scbadule or Cash So.le ries in KnmflP"l

• •

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Regmi Hu8eaTch (!'riv(:ta ) Ltd , .

l£zi mpc t. Aat~odu . -NepBl

. ," fe lephoner , *:- f197C: .. . J . '.' ••• .

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••• 1

• 1 . , .. ... 2

••• 12

.,,, , 12

• " " . , . ••• 14

1

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Chautarl ya na.lamarden Shah's Venture

On As hadh Sua i 4, 1843 (June 1786), nearly ten months after Bah.adur Sp.ah became Regent for 1ing Ran Bahadur. Challtariya nalama r den 3 ha.h , Prithvi l'I arayan 5hah ' s oro t her and Bahadur Shah ' s uncle, was granted an Ijara for the d i stricts of Bare and parss, i n the central 'rar ai region . The ijar a was valid fo r a f ive -year period from 1843 to 1847 vikraattl~ '

Payment s stipulated by l)alamarden Shah during the five-year peri~d were as f ollows : _ -'1:1' ';

Vikratna Year , Und Reveru8 ~ hjr .B.evepues Total

' 843 RS 28 , 50 1 Rs 1 ~ .893: a "'42 . 391 1844 Rs 29 , 00 1 RS 1 3_, 89~ RS, 42 ,894

i

1845 RS 29 , 00 1 Rs 1 } , ~93 ~: 42 ,89'4 .

1846 Rs 29,001

1847 ;' -

Rs 29 , 002

An advance payment of Ra 5 . 001 Dalamardan Shah on the very day t he Ijar adar wae issued.

Rite . vol. 25, pp . 142-46.

Rs 13, 893 :ts '42 ,894

Rs 13 .893 Rs 42 . 89 5

was ootaioed from Ghautariye letter appointing him as

Chautari ya Dalam8rdar, Shah was unable to operate ttl=! ijara . For three yea!'s,- 1843 th..-.oough 1845 Vikram&. he t r ied to do so , but quarrelle d ,.,'ith the Ghe.udharis, Kanugoyes, ar,d othQr local functio naries . The met ter Wf:8 refeITeClto the. royal ; \ palace , which i ssued an 'order pe rmitti~ them to auspen.c pe.ymcwts t o the Chaut ariye.. . .

The si tuBtion r emained uncl:6nged ;for more than t en years . Only iD. Kartik 1855 (october 17 98) was chautariya Dale.mardan Shah's s on , I\..ulachana r a Shah, permitted to r e cover aI"rtds.rs o f pa yment due to M s fat he r during that thre e-ye.ar perio d (1 8 43 t hrO ugh 1845 Vikrama) .

RRC , Val. 52 , pp . 67-69. ****

The Jags nnath Temple

I

on Sh r ews •• Baa i 3, 1855 (July 1798) , the inhabita nts of the Thak: and Theni areas were given the following oPtions in connect ion with supply o f fir ewood f or the constru ction of a J agannath temple being built by king Ran Bahadur in kBtbmaridu:_

1:'.:.:.;;

.~~:~~:' ~

3

pOint where the dDl ~ 3' of .Be~f:pn'and Pano uti- olund with each ether . Thence to Choukot, ;:; cos, ascen'aln~ 8 low ridge and q uitting the l.~vel country thus far t r pvarsed . and all 'Of whi c h ls highly cultivate o , yi .;:ldin g autumn crops' 'Of rice and spr ing on,;,s 'Of whe a t . .

.2nO st (J gk;I t o Kelapan'i, .ai:est , 6 cos .

J\s0:3nd the large rlcge 'O f "jdesi"o ane coru to the mountain village 'Of Ph~lbl. ri, whi ch is somewhat las3 thDn one cos from ~u18p&ni . Thence along the ridge 2~ cos to Syampatl , another small village 'Of ,t>[,r m,ties . '1' he n ce to Sal.a nobe ; an a cos . Sehncho is a third Small hill v illage. a nd , it 'Ove rlooks the glen 'Of l!..a shi i<. r..r no (m the Id't . 'Ihen re t o Kanpur , a Parba ttia village , cl'Ose to which is t ha haltl~ place, a t a tank ca.ll ad l.elapani. dlstSI, t · f r om r ltbya ' ho t l b" cos . ~ . .' .

. 3rd stage t o Ji'>.anga jholi , so...rth r:aa l.J , 6~ cos. . . . . . This stae!:8 runs along 1; he salDJ ridg!3 of' Bat8S1a. Bu t '- U '

1's ~re 'called Tonnel. H.!llf a cos t o the bil l village of Bohat1a . a nd anot 'oo r hal f , CO$ to thb.t o f Gimt i , b oth' inhabitad ' by friu rmis . The nce ~ cos to Pob.r~" anotoor Similer villag"e of LUr(llis . T ho nce to Chaps 1her , about 3/4 cos, a fou t h "II~l'J!I.i vill egEt· ... ; _ Xhence t o Ga rcha , anotoor hnm lr:rt of M Clrmis , di s t a nt f'rom thtf" l ast r athe r l e.ss thar.2. -00-8; , :.J co,:::' , !;lg,-tu_ p r .i;ng:3 OM to tb.3 cescent into the Bi.s1 or ·VBla 70 f DUmja , on tbe b n nka of the Ros! a nd Sun Cost . l.'he Bias1 is low, ho t and m£I :k. r ious, but f~ rtila in ri ce, trianguler in sbar (: , <.onc a bout a m.1.le in gr.~ati::;st wid t h . TOO Bar , Pipal , Sarunl and ~~>ctr tr3€'s g r ow here , anc lErge , Dhanases (l;luCf.: ros Homrai ) an: ::. ... "m eet::.ri5 tbe f ruit of the -" 'Pip,a!. 'fttil , Sun .Co a l, a t j)lm j 8, flo ... s fr.:oly over r ~iJ~ £' bed of san'c!:, and' ~:s, abOut, ,40 'Y.HdS ' l?ro~_d ~d ontl , f.90t , caep,,' This r1vor , i f t he ' Milanchl. be r~gr r.dud es its romtast f l;eder _ ar1.so-s ' •. , ,-, - I , from the <:la s t e r n a i d) of "Go::J s inthan, the' 'gt"Oct SnGW " }.Ittt1k •. -: J ove r l o oking the :vall,oy Of. Nepal~ I;lpd i s;, th.,:l A: r s t of t he "seva n cosil (sapt <..os i) of the Nepalase . .Othars co'nt .,m d t hat t hetzue ~un

, coai ' 1s t hat ; whi ch a riSeS at l..alir.gch.ok eaat Of 'KutL - 'rherc .' : 'a~ ' .. sovaral , Upper fe~ge~s of the Sun (;osi whl .ch ' forni l!' cEf! lta,

;(of ~rhnps 30- cos , i:i'1 ttJ,er way , b"et)i<:e n . -Kllanchi , :k~11ngch6k and 'pall'a~~! where the :fe J6~ ' s a re -. a l l ' uru.ted':. ,From 1JUir..ja-," Y.hi ch ;t i es a l .1,:tt ler ~e).ciw pal'lalghA , procceo along, t'b9" r igtit bllliJ{' o f t ha · r iver SUIl ~91.' :to Jhi'l !'ga . jb·ol1, .. bY t~e'~~d" g~p:~'r' tb8 ri1/er 2 ' cas , t he -r oad' 1ope:ded. by hu~ mas~es ' of' rock. :-ll'1nt' ba1't 1J:l the

-'i",ate r~ , ; _. - . ': . . " " , -,. - " ' ' -'1 ~)"::: '~.

, · 4th . stag~ to ~itel~pntii r:ast -, 4 COs!.~~'1 " , .. ' , ,-' " ," - . "', ,,'.' ..

, L3av1:ng ' t'he' ,:ri v e r ,' 'on ~oo l e ft' you vseanc. :t ~~ r i't%e ' of-S~1 dhak and t'ra~el ' alo ng i ~s ,_ Si de , far: ftoc m, t 00 'top , t o" ~ H;e·.- vqla~\e 'of Dbenhe , 'inhabi-kd ' by MUniii-S . It ig .1l!: " c<?S f r6:tn ;JhS.riga'- j hol '1'. Thence hal f _' cOS 1 to ' J~pah a villB8€n:1'f~'loIU~i!3~ "rh 'DC'" ce!5oondi~ agai n t o the ,~ 1f,d of: ~rur Sun cosi -Fu' p-ro coo d 'a~ODg ' '!;~~Tigltt , bankL' f or one cos t o · eha.,y6npulllh<:-d J. -. -or the base of t h'a -ehnyanpur r anee . Thence an ascont of one cos t o too top of (;hsy8.npur ' . wMre standS the Pows or small Dh&nnasalc of Sital-pat i , t he' halt ing pl ace, a nd which 1s closa to the village ~of Choupur.

4

Two 'co,s alo ng the heights -of Gho..yanpur bring you to th.:t confluenoo pf the Tamb& (;:)81 a1Xl Sun COSi , wl'Ere the united hvers, o'f naerly t:qu, 1 8i :c;~, t.;foro th.o.ir junction, ar., passed a t Sellaghat, a littl<: bo l otl t~ S&r'bnm or junvtiC'n. The Tambe Cosi, or s.;!Qpnd ,1.;051 o=~ the 1~t.Opnl'~S0, h::ls, its 80urca a t the base of Phallak, e hlIDBlayan p~ay. situated soma t0n cos perhaps enst ot the hUt! pass. which is on the grer- t e£ st~rn high r oad from :f,.atbmandu to IeSSEl. From Seliaghut the read makes a rapid aScent of ond cos to the high level or v1ateau of " Gu.moun1a , one cos along which conc-ucts you to Bh":,laiyo, whi ch is only another nape for tbB aare j.llatoau~ From. Bhalaiyode.nra, on;3 cos to Betiani vi;l.lege, still aloni~ th!3 platc~u. Th{'!DC~ ODI.! cos along the same -high l &vd to tbiJ ' halting p)./ C~ or Liang­liane whi ch is a 1ar6G villBe8 Hell inhabitod c:tiSfly by NO .. 8rs . S0I!li:f Perbatiss also d;,ell there, 0.00 therQ j.s pldn"t;y of, cultiw',tion an~ we.ter on-too flat top of this low ridge, which is noither mountain nor plain. T he rice called foull by the' Newars grov,'s we-ll, and w~at, lUld geqerally ,all -,,00 field ana garden, produce of the valley of Nepal. -

6th stage' -to !'j::-,rk.atia, South ~e,st, t:~ cos • .

One Bnd half cos along t h.e pl ataau of Liang- liang you coru to B hir apatti. ,ht~ vine; t t,(; oopchu , <"nc h~l.llt t.s l i bIens onu thG left, by whic h there is en:.th<lT r ,o<:: d. us..c ' chidfly in the mId soason. Thence at holf a coS you dO;j$cvnd slightly to wLc: i hOOla, a sm(lll hill stream , and passing it malic t~ grGF. t E'scent of HiliapLni and reach Lamagaon after orw COS Of climbing-. Cl08-e to tthl village of Lamugaon i s another called sahi " inhabited by Parueti.ss. TtL;nciJ one cos to . the ,Lllhu , l.~ola. a Slight desoont. Thenco · a smell nsccnt to .tIho.lll- cvnra or t hi:: 11081" s . .

r1dge,: _half "a cos along, which lJrintjs you to too village of N1eslia,or ~flrk(,tia, -:; he haltirlF pl.ce ~ The Likbu. 1.ho18 1s the ttdrd Cosi of the Ncpalasd. It is a l E!rge unfordable river which is crossed by -8 br1dge. but is snaller than tha Sun Cosi or Tamba cosi. It co~s ni.wr.ly due south _ tram the SJ)QW8 et Rhell Jolungali, and foms ons of tha ~eYqn chief feaders of tne g:r(ls t Cosi.

, _, 7:th st88e to Baj-hisol.l.Qia, ,.sast. - ' COS. ,

,S1;i11 along i 'ha Beer's ric.bc 1. qq,s to 'too s'~all village of Ia~hia, and (loother half cos to th~ v1+1~aof Chuplu. Thence qui t ,tbe- ridge and by a Slight c..03scunt reach Phadi lsJlola. et 1~ cos. ,E'twdi h.hola is _8 SI;l811 fO;l~6er.,of tbe-_ l>iol.4ng. Pass , the $,tream and 8scehd-tng slightly for ope cos rJach the halting plnca which is a Village of goad size, where plenty of provisi ons may be bad ..

8th SMge to Bungnruu h.O.t, E&st, 4 Cos.

Alon& the same low rl{,g G to t6.e" villaga of ,881118n1,c10se to which you .o8me ' successively to ,ths ,'iUIBBDs .ot'c Ch11ounia and -20k ha lia and AiSialu, all within-·,thiJ COmp~3S of I d 's than one -'cos • .BeyonO Als ialu, 1 .{ cos, Is a small POllO, the water of

?:~":-.~" ,. .~.:-.i. -:,":':. '::~:', ... ' ".-,

',.- ~r''::: F-: ..

-:-::...

'"

..- .-

".'

6

t~ tribos ~spectivaly innf.L iting ther:.: the llra nt,ls o.W'dlling fI"Q:l.l ,the"; DUd- Cosl t o the '.run; &.u c1 the Linl,;us · froe the ilrun t o tho Tamor, ~ .,T9a:.country botween thl? grof'.t v~lley ~ tho , Due. Ccs1 1..s ~t_: .BG eDpeol~lly \lE:lSi L"llE teC afta r the tri t ,\.i"::3 inhab.ltinf.; 1 t. But the Newar s ('.nc. J'tun::ls c- f Ne jJru. }Jr0.y~r Flr o:1 thl) -ch;loif '. r acas da wlllng the re. Of all thoase tribes t he 1'e",'ars a r c by much too most ady~nced .. in civil:ization. They baVg letters and l1terature,- and are well skilled in the use ful anci fine arts. ' Their ag~lture Is unrivalled; tM~r :.towns; temples and lmaB:6S of- the~ 8odS, are beautiful for materials and workm~~p; , ~ they are a steady; iniuatrious ~ople equally 8ki.l~d . 4:~ ,t:Iendlcraf~s, commerce and the puJ.ture of t .he ear;h . The rest of' 'the highland tribes or people ~~ f.1c!4.e t l a.zy _, rac!3's ~ who have ~o l~t,f; ,~rs or 11 tera~"L;Te , llP ·:~o.wn.;:; , no" ten:ples .J;l,or ~maa:es of tile ~S, j DO commerce ' .. DO haJ1,dicrafts· • . All C:;,r e ll in ~~;L rude villages . 9r:. pamlets. Some are· fixed, . others migrlltkory,' ~t1;vatora .pe:rpetually 9haIlgipg th~i.r abodes as

. a.oo~ ae ;t"my ~v.e rai8e~ a crop or- two amid the .~shes: of .the . '-' burn~ forest. '-PP ~Ot!!8, again, prefer the r.~ar1ng of. ~h~ep

.to. agricul:t;\1I-e, .n th w~ ob la tter they, se}..9-9IP ~~dcqit .• _. Such ,are ~be. Gu~~_ • . ~ho!,e ... vast flocks _ of shpep, .9~p.8t1.;tute. a1.,l, their wealth. f .bs M~8 ~d MS8?rS ~re f~~a4 c}ol.ltivator~i ; the kirabtis and Limbus, for the most Pat't, migratory ones; and t he Iapchae pt' 'S1kim ~~~'+l.. mON completely so • . ~~ . II1gre you BO eastward the more the s eve r al tribes resemble the Bhotias of ,T,.bert, whose . reli~on and , manners prevail : greatlY' IjUIlODS .!1li the trr9,i~ .~t pf; the w;t.lley 01 Nepal, though · mQ8t'~ of th;elJ1 , have a nld~ . p;r1es:t;bgod} and re+igion of their . 0'A'll , -1--n{l~P9pdeht_ 01_ t ,be T . ____ , . . _ .... - , <' .' "

." 11t·tJ. .Sts88 t9; S,C?I~, ·.80u;th-Wt, i ~ .g~~ ' ~ " ' ., .•• ' ,'-c·, " .... .. . . ~ . . - -- .. ' , / . ., ., . ~ .' . . ~a!'~,P6 . ~9R-4a.f :wJiicb is ;i.J;~ el·:r · lof1;Y, .. IfOU ascend fOT

2 cos. t ,hrpq.,;b. ~~vy t,or~lIt ~y a oeQ road exceedingly s .teep. tc th~ t ~:r.an1;i.j ,vA~llgl? of lI~~P~" which 1s s i ,t':la1;ed jus~ over · the brQV:':9:t· the v.~~t hill of . Hacpika, . the · oPY.Qsl te s~\'le · of· whip);!.. _ however 1e: far less steep~ GoiD8". half a ebs' a:lOD8 the ~ 8houlder

' o'tithe -hill you' then descend for half a cge r to ' the village of Sol", ·the ' hal.tiD~(pla08. , ,:.. , j.. " .

' .. , ' , " .\ . . , ,.~ . , , 12"tb stage to rempkhu, :Bast, -"2~ ! coin ;

J. 1 - -:_ • .. .. - ,r , " .. .,.. : ' . •. ' .• ' _ .~ '. ' , ~. '~ ·,C ._

- :' . . ' ~:r '~ An~ ~~f 'de8ceDt: of · o~" cos .1'e8da .to:! ~cbt ·JCbola, .c; a ·' Bma] J 8tJ'9'. · 1tMOIl '~ you;'asceDi the r1·dge,~ -o :t:.bmiktnJ'· via '. GWfalu4, ;1fJtitlanU ,village. Situated fl8IIi:r l ·t%!! ' b.%!!e~. ~' Tben,ce . .­tbe l(~eu't'1.·.ty :~tor,·\ tbe ,· . b1.1:li ls ' steep all i' ::tbe l wily t'O . too he'tin:g .pla~J'1 Wb;1C-,:wl'S':; about bsl.Y' way ,to ttw,~ Itld:l " tore. am '1%.": 008':1' . t'rpIii l-GWai~'lt! .:, " umekbu ; .1'$.. a : KirB'nti '~ w.lug$. ' l~ ' Gwalung but· ..... n.r. ' "". . .

' · r· •. . " ' , . " . " , " .

; '13~~ ,$t&ge : .~o :k~a · ~o,I?~Q· ~ itlla.e ,t ... ,' .4Co,?: '· l».8~,Dd ' ttalf 's cos to the sapsU; Kbola~ a petty streain~

wbicb bOwever .tbe llrantiS esteem sacred. Cross it aDd commence ~ceDding tbe .gre-at ,m:IWltaln Tyam Aye. Climb 'for ODe cos by e bad road to the n ·) ]as9 of 1I.he wa, and another cos equally severe to Chaltheva bb.aDj8nB. or t h.e ridge t end than make an easy descent of one and half cos to khika maccha , the halting place.

7

It is a village of K1re ntis in whic h 8 -mint for coining copper is e stablishe d by t he ' II"<l rt&.r of Nepal . T be lo' orkmen a r t:! Banras ( Bandyas) of the v li!l ley of Nepal . of whom there 'may be 50 or 60 . There ls also a TakSari or mint master . and a squad ot 25 soldiers under a jemader.

14th' Sta'ge to Jinikheseng , East, 5 cos .

After ~ cps Qf ' toler ably sesy t r ave l l ing you come to' ~ Jukya Khol a , a petty str eam, whi ch pe.ssed , you a r riv", inhal! a mile a t ,Pakrl, a vil lage si tuatad 3t the "base of tbe kho¥.an ridge . The nce Slightly desca nding for half a COS r eac h Pikhue Khola . Cr os s it aDd Dscend "the ~~ll ot _ ab~tan1 _for one COS a nd -r"d6Ch MUTkiahul ak. a post station ot" tb.e:~Gowrnment c l ose to t!1&' 66th mile stone of ~he great ,military' road ~ef.l~1pg from Kathmanou nofl rly to the fro ntier . .Tm noo '.B dascent ~ o~ .. one :.oos t o ~he Khesang kho la" , one . of t ha irurumerable small m6un ta:1n strO:) a.mS· cross thE! khol a and esc" nd th-J r1dgo of ThBkl-1a for haJ.f e- cos t o Bansk1m and 'Powegeon, - two smcl:" conjunct ,.vlI1ages ."of Kiront1S . Thence along tbe ri dga of l.h:)s~ng for .1X cos to Jinikhe8~g . a large kir~nti villag..: , toe heaci of- whic h is Bal"bhaora Rai , a~d whence there ls s- very fi ,na vi~,w of the snows .

.' 15tb-' Stage to J era1 tar. South ~ast, 5-% cos . . - . . ,

Descending s1 1gl:'!t l y f or 1~ cos :roach ysk\i, ~ill:age ~ aDd the n descending ~ore abruptly for one .co.s , com~, to ~he .. Gho.ngaria }(hola , a -small s trecm . cross i t a nd proceed along the ~~rly. l e ve l base of the Yaku ricig~ for two cos and a half ,to Jaraitar, a large Village i nhabited by Xirantis , khes. and brahmans, end situate d at" t he opci nirig o'f 9.n e xtens ivo e nd cultivated flat running along the r ight bank of the ArUn river •. . and T,Bis.Pd aome 30' or' 40 cubits e bove t he l~ vel · of it-s bed '. Such -an el evat e d n.,at i s ?slled in tha l.has tongue 8 Tar, w,l;1 e:rG-8S_,8 low f'l'at or ' one oni the leve l of the ri,ver is t e rmed a Biasi. EV~ry ' great rlve~.' has t,l6re and. , there T~s or<Aiasl.s . 9r'·hQth.

"' T~nt's ' ,' 'frou boing rais')c. are usua lly t on r..ry fill" rre~, .. ouJj _. ,' _ some cno be wal11rribt. t lJ(. - i ron thi:: nc j nc cnt · o.ouX:l'~cin; aOc-' then th3Y wi l l pro( uce ricQ us w31l as Bi~si s . If not - constan~ly ' irrigo.ble, wheat. barl ..:;y , .,..1 ll~ts , pula ;;, ell( .. co:tton are grown in the m. Too el eV'e t1on o f -'rars ls - to o inconsiGerable t o exempt t hi:tt!l from mf' l arifl , t hu ugh the y aroj usually rQ,ther co::r;e whole s oCl6 t.ben .. t he . l ower an; .. ofto~ swampy Bias1s. Jaraitar ~tt · .an 'extensive ona , be i ng ' 1); , cos ' wicla " " and', . as : i~ S~iC i ._ l?ev~.ral. m1l~~ 10D8~ r • f olLowing' the river. ' The soil 1.6 rot! but : f ertile, anc. "tba wh91e of it ' 1s unt!er ,- cult1~tion . Tile vil.lnge 1.8 1Sf'£l:' f or , the "', mouni:a1~ -, en(; has S(J rilO 50 t o 60 h<?uses, s ome o f ' whicb. are - : ".: p~8"" as a caravansary -here c~ ~la(. Db.aramse l s · or Paws , .an '- one or two mor d . Thd' sit", o f t~ v1.llng'~ is higher than the rest of t he Tar. ,TOO PinuS ,10ngi,fo11a P. lIO unC. S in, J ar fLitar ana poacocks ' are very numer ous: Als o jun~la f owl a ne lal1cb.os (GallC!P .. ~sis melanol o.uc .. o.s ): .

' . .

•

8

16th stage t o PakbPr i bcs, South ~as t, 2~ cos .

Proceod l D8 ha lf n co s y Ol:' CC I;l~ t 'J th6 f ,-, rry of :the Iorun,

whi'ch i s a l a r ge rive r risi~:: in Bh:)t , passing t he Him8chal

above Hetb1e , s n(. f ormine t h..:. l.ldn ur cnch of th ,; Dr~~, r ,Cosi .

-I t i s als o "the contarLlinal lit:lil; e f h.irfmt :ln~ L!.in..luen . I t

.,.; is paS96( at LigueghElt by .... o~.t. an{. i s thare very repi c and

deap, -and some 30 t o 40 ye.r ds ..... i d<L 'l'h;jDCa ( o wn t be left bank

Of the Arun for 1 cOS t o M8%""mf'., a villagu I nh:,L i t ell hy

Kirentl s ano IambUS, b~lng on the common frontier of ho th

t ribes . Th9nca qui tt1ng the l..run you I'8a ch thl3 iotengmo kh"l a

in ~ cos, ana crosSing it procaoL bolt a cos along the

mountain a l Cs (man jh) t o GhaI'l! li..hnrak, which i s t he D 2IllO of

a sma1.1 vil1.ag<:: , rule a l so of a c..: l c".:. r c t i)L. lron c inv , tho wor kors

of whic~ dwell all ova the l ine of ' r oed . It. vast qu -~nti ty of

--fine - iron is prOCUI" clt. . -T his miw , l ik(; all other s in Nepal,

Is the 'propar1:;y of t ha goveI'D l".a nt . . Iron and c opper aoounC. in

Napal . Most of tha irl)U Is cOnsum03c:. in tha I:lat.. El ZiD<)S f or the

army or o t herwlSe wi t hin the countr y . But Q eOi'l l of t be

c opper Is exporto a ane. f or ms a gooe. part of tm pica cur"ency

of too plains on this si (..~ tha Ganges . Too Nopnl l:ilsJ;." a r.e. very

military. khas , Maghar , Gurung enC !J van br ahma ns , o,i x c-Jp t · thoso

o f · the priesthooCl , co nstCln"Cly ~:eE'r 3i "->3erms o f homv m£DufactUT;'; ;

a nd the larse arwy of the St~t ,.: i s f tU'niohec wi t!). rruSkcts ,

swor ds , and lthukri s f r cm nntlv:} ore . rhus much ~ ir6n is consuCQc

s o t hat noDe is a xpor wL , a t liJust none in the unwrought s t e t.;;,

P08Sibly because from c2f act i va smeltino tha~ ore becomes hardan~(

by the aoc988ion of fUmes o f ohorcoal, a no is thus r ende r od

unfit f or thos u useS t o which 80ft t ,rOD is api'lieo. From Ghorli

Kharak, BD escont of qunrto r c;)s t o ·Pakha.ri .)as , the halting place,

whiqh is a Gurung villG.Ei:l , 1n.r\ <cI Lut -s o'(;t ter ec:. ., acoor c i ng t o the

wont of t hat tribe .

17th Stqg3 t o Dhankut <. , South Eas t, 2~ cos,

Aft e r a sever ,; ascent of a c os and half e ,,'ice fl at - t opped

mountain is gaineC , whence t harc i s a f ine Vi0W o f the plains ,

and on the t op o f which i s 8 snall la.k.:: . very deep , and a bout

half a co S in circumferenoe . ·Its neme is Hi l i s . and. t he wa t e r

I s cleor anc· swoet, Thenc.:: a stedp descent of pnG cos brines

y ou t Oi Dhankuta, distant from Acthmcndu 7B stan~ar~ e os by t hG

great military r oaa , ea raCoro dc on the mile stons. a t .. Dhaokut a.

Dbankuta i s tba l argest and most i.t:lport ant ple co ill:_.iaa·tarn Nap'Al, · and too head -quarter s of t he civil and, o1li·t8r'y~ .

aCm'n1stra t or of al.l the country east of the . Du~ · c.:o51 < ~.o i.

the Sikim frontier, exoe pting only what is under tht;f inf~ri.or

and suuordlnete office ·stc.tLmdc. a t Il8.fll., who has a s aparat e

dis trict·, bounded t owa r cs uhankuta by t he 'r.smor ri ve r ~ Bi j ayap,u-,

Chayanpur, fIlanjh-Kirant anc a groa t port of the LiElU uan are

aubj e ct · t o · Dhankuta . where usu~lly rc siG~s a .Raji _or Minister

of · the first r ank , who likewisG COmiaDQS the troops stationed

the r e . - Af'ter cufray1n~ . tl:ia .l oCel · ox~nses , he remits &JlIlually

nine lakhs ot r e venuo t o k £lt -ru;;.anG u. Tow~dS the plains the .

juriSdict10n of Dbankut c exttm c!s ·o.yer the ~lt BijayaJ)J.r

pri·ncipall~l' ana· towp, r ds the jbi.y..s, ov~ tQe co~try of

·lUrnnts an~ Limbus. But oo th ,·:t~ :,latter. t r .ibe s are pOQr a t once .. - .- ' "

, ..

9

anC impatie nt of c ontrel, so that too Nu pel Govarnmant is conte nt w1 th El. lax gen~rE.l st:., .... Il!.iSSion ~ ,8 light :revenue levied ana. paie through t h8 Rnis' or native heads of ttioSd tribes. And this is the reason ' why only nin.J lakhs are r ami tted from Dhankuta t o l.atbmanuu. 'Tb;.: pr asont Gave'rnor o f Dhankuta is a colon.al . ,s n c. ' Lr ot hGr to t -he Premier Jang Ba.haC::ur Konwar. Ther e is a cant oIllllidDt, a pOWLar n:..anufectory, r.: parn C.0 g raum a t Dhankuta, whel'3; the Sri Jang r6girru:.int, . 500 strorJ6, is DOW sts.t Llned. The pl'aca owes it s orie iD to t -Q.'e .Gdrkhali dynasty, anc is therefo I'_e r ace,nt; but it is 't7:0 wing f as t into a town, the pakka hous:eS La ing alreacy nutiiarous, nnt too " trL(;eSmen a nd crl',ftSrwD atru nc.ant , active anc.: ' skilful. Provis i ons a r e pl.:mtiful a nt: cheap, and th.3 wor kers in Kari:.Ja . (mixed mutal ) a r e coleb:rete(~ for the "e xcellen'ce of their COmIu(Hl! ti8s-, many of which find sale So far off as ~athmanGu. The K!rant1s, and LimbUS, who constitutet ·the soldiery or militia of the former Bijoyt:urstare , pay t o the Ghorka Government annually· ln lieu of all othe r · tux (.: s anc. clEims n rupees per house or family. The houses or families are lar~ , so that 8~ch ca n culti'<ieto a great exta nt of grounC. But how much ( er little) s eaver.they

. may raise, each f amily is fro >,;. un paY!li:}nt of the ·annual fixed assess ment, which .the Rais a;.,cVi:; n0t·icec. collect and Celivar. The Ra is also ac;. lil1ni star Polic';! 6Dl: Justice among their own poople in all or~lnary caSes. Capital crimes are referred to the govern9r of ·.LlharJrut a, who must have .the IUrbar's senction f or aVtl ry s ;:mteoce of t o!: th or confiSCBticin~ ' Db.ankuta overlooks Bij oypur, the ol~ capital ' of the Eastem :t!a.kwe.irl ,or Bijaypur principali tYi which st::.ods on the Skirts ' of··the Terai of Moran8.1 ~ !.Jut within the hil ls ; BOl 'no part ·of t 'he l o ll' ·.lanes (Maa hes) ls su1ject tc the Gov",rnor of .;hankuta. ,. Tbe .. M89-b.e~ is admini.st ... 'r Gc I;y SuLe hs, 'J f ... ·noe ther,j a r e s even f or the whole .

18th Stege t o Bbai nsic tur, sout ~ east, 6 cos . . . -.!, ! ', . . -

A sharp descent of ono , ca s brings you to ~ tne ,ba nkS \9f the Tamor, which is a ' l a r g(;! rivdr, t hough less tha n ttJ:. .&run. lit 'ls never forGcbla ant is croSSec in boats. It is VEfr,y deep, rapid, but not .cle~r, anc about 30 cubits · wide between the bot w0E:ther .. banks. This is the saventb ant:. lest of tile ' great feGoers . of ·. the cost, ,w.hich i1; JOins a t·Tirb·eni; e ' hQ.l.y place of pilgrimage, 8·0 cal.lee ' troe 1 tspeing the point of .union of the thre E: riwrs,. Trunor, J,.r...n en·a Sun Cos!. ,The Tamor . rises trom tha\' Western . aspect of 1.ang cha l?-I! junga .. · we :· J...

crossed the ~amor in a .boat, end then proceeded half .. s, COB ' down its left bank. Thance·, ·quitlng tbe rivar, ' you- skirt the base of the Maol bfll 'for ,and cos t o 'the Tanktluda nadi,. a · small h:1,llstream~ crOBS 1 t to Marnaga tar, ano than travel through this

., ,tine extensl ve flat f or two cos. The whole i.~. ·c:ul~i vable, and t ,h3 mast part cultlVEi t ed by Denwars am ·Manjhls, ano It .. is.·,

~s~tuated on the banks of the 'tamer, to which .the winding of-the z:~ Eigain brings you~ , ~itting tbe T~ you advan~ a quarter of a co,s 1;0 the R~ua. lihola, which foraa d , ·you Rr.oceed .. 8l.ori:g the base. of the . TerUn n 6&e f or' 1~ coS to ano~her Tirb'en1 and: place of". pilgrimaee, wher.;: the ·Cherwa ·anc Telia rlverla join tile Tamor at Cherw8 ghat. A greft fa~r is annual : y beld at Cherw8, to

I C

whi ch t r ader s go ev~n fro~ KathwenLU. Th~nce proco~6ine a ~ cos you r e£ch the Ile.l tlng pIllC..: or l:!h.aiDSia t ar. The tar mey be ~ cos wide and one oos l ong . It I s very hot anG malarious , Doo i s i nbai> l t et: .ly t oo Joienjhi tribe .

19th Stet,'I.l t o Lekshmipur, E_i'. _s. 5 cos .

A quar ter COS o f sl.i~ ht D.sc~nt br ings y ol.! t o t he Na we KooI A, a muder&t~-siz0C s t r f;l Lm, which i s E';SCe nC6G f or 3 cos by a very bad r oad ~het cross~s thl;! lloulccr y iJ~L. of t n.:, r i Ver m£i 1:l.Y, times . Thenoo quitt ing t he l!..hola you COlIll!li:lDce t he Sovare asc,9tlt of Laka hm1 churia , whi ch 1s climbad i ncessantly till YO_U',J-(1f, cb the ruHUn€; pl ac<.l neer too hill t op . -LekshL.J.pur I s a large fln ( nour~.ahing vilLt,o of Li ml us , wher~ [mD ane. ci0oJ(; s abounc . and thG cllIOO. t a is fine ane the wa t e r c,) lc - a great relicf aftar th.) burning Tars r e c olntly tra ver s ed .

20th s t aga t o Ibhant; . East . 3 coS .

Aft e r a slight Ca st:...:nt o f 1i: cos you come t o Pok har i a Khe l n , a small s t rea m wnic h is ~t once cr ossed . The nce a Sl ibht asc~nt of o ne cos up t ho ri~g~ e f Hongi, along tho t op o f whi c h ano the r belf co~ ' briA6s you t o t~ halting pl~c~ , which i8 e Kbas vi.llhgt:) · of large shG.

21s t S~l' gv t o Khonc.r anr, E(!st , 4 COB.

11. Slight as w nt o f }.: cos t o th~ vill. ~·u " f Muld , i nhaLitad by Khas. Trenca a g r uE t t..j5 cent of on C! COS t o liok alia biasi, or t he Magpie ' s glen , which i s wate rer.. by the Doo fuel , a sIl1ll.11 str~ac . croSS ±t ano osc""'~ th.:: r l(;ga o f Ti!rl~a a sho r t "lILy , and tha n skirting nl.ong its Io'Bist . (manjh") f or 1 ~ cos c O!a~ t o t he LawS Khul a . 800t ter c t the i -num,;:"rr-Lol;:t str ct31ille t s o f t_h~ hills. cross it and pro cecc. f or t% -- cos &long t hc bt $d .of t JlO ri dge of Khe.n6r aIlg t o the village o f t~a3 S I" C!~ DADe, which is too halt ing- place all "'; a Small villcee of vrnhma ns .

2;2nd Stage t o Ilem , Eest , 5 cos .

. Dcacen d the .lI..heQrlr a ng r icgti f or hall a cos ant. CO!llo3 t o f.\ ;;r..:c.l l s tream cal led t oo Rat1a Khcla . cras s it an c. t hen make s ' ~avero ascent o f o ne c os up t o the r i dge of Gol Elkharak , whe nce Karphol-: , t he great ridge. diV1d i ne- Nttilal from SHim, is vi Sible . Thence an equally ~ltfic~t ~ cscent of 1 c os t o t he llam Ah01e , a s~l stre~m . T hence , Oros slne th~ str a r,m, C",ake tha sever a aSCGnt

. Of Tilkiani ridge f o r 1% cos . TboJ nce skirt along tile s i d", of " . t he ' h111 '(manj h) f or t cos t n the halting place Q.r . llam. which

i s 8 smal l t ort GuSien~~ t o guer C t he eastern fro ntier 'ot . .Nepal . The Cbate.l a in i s a Captain am. h£s 100 s oldier s UnGe r him, 1fi th 8 artil lor ymGn and one Cfl.! , t on of small ce l i bra . This of'flcer is also t h-a Civil s.ut h0r i ty of t he ar rona i oome n t a nd r aiSes t he extraordinary r <.; vc nuas th(,r .;o f to ~et t he l ocal ez pensQ5 , s ilnd i~ the tJel ance , if 81.y , t o 1athIJandu . Tbe land r e venue i s wholly assignee: t o hiS t r oops in pay.

11

23rd.Stage'~O ·Godhek, Eest, 2 cos.

After a steep d~soont of one cos you come to the Jogmai or Mai river, a small s tr;;;eI!l, "ihich PUSS'~( , you camrenCE/ the steep ascant of God hak, Bnt:. cantinuG esct: nd1ng t o tho halting place, which is a small villf'.p; o f b rahmans helf way up ~he hil~.

24th stage t 'Q: Si ddhi""North-bas t ', I . COS . . . , -,

Detained nuch by 1"&1n t OGsy and yest er 'day , and ' there f or e made short marchc:s. Lea.ving ' OOdhak .Bsc'Cmded by' a yery bad-road 1 086ed with - C!;H15,e vegetation fo',r 1~ ,coj3 to K.al;'phok cho~i. a fro ntier 'GorkhD~ post, where ~ sol'l~s ~w~ys reside . Thence one cos along th~ ridge or -Lekh t o; sUdung, which is but another name " for th0 ric.ge. Thence a slight" ce scuilt of one cos to the Slddhi Khol a , 'n small strep.ILl, o n the banks of which Wcl halt<;)c on a ccount of the,. r uin. ~

25th St agG t o the English Chouki , N. £: . -~k cos .-,

GrOSSed the Siddhi stream and pro caeoec 1 ~ COs of slight ascent a nd skirting the mountain bases t o Thaplia,. T hence half a COS of descent t o the s~ll streaulet of Scchideu. ' Thence a quarter cos over low hills to the Mechi river , The M:t)chi is t he present bound&ry of N~pal en( Sikim. It is -a ' small stroan which rise s in too Singclel a h ric. t:.'B , a sp-ur or :h.arphok. GroSsed it a nd eScond(; c- the hill of . Ne!;;;Ti~ Ly '~ "-very Lad road a no severe ascent of 1 % c')s t o the top . ThGnc~ a ~v(;jre desee"nt o f one cos to tr~ s~ller Rangb ha ngl c:.Dstant' 000 ' cos . Thenre 8 steep asce nt of ond COS tc }!ee,T'i hot, ;nn old f ort in ruins. ThencG El pe.inful ::dsc.:;nt of ~ cos t o the Balason river. It is e moda~' t(: siZ>OlC str23f.C. , larger thatr the Muchi . Thence half a cos 01' r Ether unoven trcvo1l1'ng to 't oo hf:lting place .

26th stage t o Darjaling, .t.orth 4 cos.

A sever e asc.;. nt of _O D0 c68, enc. " than aIi. €i~sY' -half cos along a ri dge , brought us t o the Co~pa~ 18 , higp r qae , along which we travelled f or 2~ cos t o Jellapabar ano HrirQert hill

- " .., I •

et Dar jeling. ~ . .

- ~ Tot·~i~ cos 100 ' At 2~ m11dsper cos ':... m.il -s 25', -.

, . " - ':', ~ ,' ., ' ;,

. Lh.hola, a .treamle·~ _merely. RangbhaD8.

j -.-, : ':' . , " :

Thence a loD8 the _ glen- to : the gref..t

*******

12

Two Ro lal orders for Garhwsl

I

Royal order to Harshac.ev& Joshi: "Y';u ar8 hereby ordered to do faithfully what lies iD our interests. 'lie sh&ll e,Tsnt you possession of the l ares given to you by Prhtip 8hah and Lalit Shah."

Friday, Cha1tra Sudi 2 . 1860 Regmi Research Collection, Vol. 19. p. 181.

II

Hoyal or6er to Gadadhar hhatudl and 1.rishnadetta 1hatuc.i; "YoUr father 1aio down his 11fe in our cause. You are now ordered to i;rinb your men and obey the orders of our Bbardars faithfully • .De truB to our cause, and .... e ahr.J.l reconfirm your ancestral lanos and offices."

Friday, '-Chattra Sudi 11, 1860 Regm1 nesearch collection, Vol. 19. p. 18'· .

•• *it. Subedars in E&s tern a na western Nepal

I

In Vikrama 185e (A, D. 1797) f\alllL:b hadra Thapa Bm1 .L:hsmu Thaps were Joint su-obas i1i the J.!"uD_'l' ista regioJl in 8 2stern l'I epaL '£heir jurisdiction a iel Jlot exte~ ' to the Tared region of Norang, where Gurbhu Khawb. s and DaShar Elth Khatri ;.rer e Ijaraders.

'On Baisakh ilad! 1, 1655 , tre po s t of SubLa f or tr.E: j .rtU'.­

Tista region, 'was abolished. Inar€. S ii.nha hani was t heI, apwir,ted as Subedar to sc'iminister thAt region. , He h.-d two comp€.nies under him , namely, the ~hlvacial Company and the Gorak h Compcny, with a total of 282 men.

The "hie f function of subeda r Indrs t> imbe karki was to ass1.gn rice_lands end cash reve nues in the region to there 28? men, ~'end transmit t!).e stipulatetl amount (not, ~ntloneC:) t o kathma.ndu. All existing sou..~ces 01" revenue in the re g ion l;ere placed unt'.ier his j urisdiction, with the exception of l.Jharlllfl c.hikar,

.' Ralyanedhan, oarshl\in-tlhet, 000 po.kerana 16m3.,

: lri3truCtio'DS to Subeder Ifidra SimhaKarki included the folJ.owing: "1)0 not let con.plaints rel£tln6 to assib uments, or caSes ano complaints reletin5 to the ryots, the palace. In case anyone Submits a complaint against yo u , we Shal l give both sides El hearing, a nd inflict appropriate punishlliElr.t on whoever c94.fil:~es , hill guilt •• -. In1;l3re~t osh~_ll be:- che.r geci at commercial rates in case instalments £Ire not paid in time. Dig irrigation channelS ano. convert lanes into rioo'-f.i,~ldS. !<e claim all kale;PSn.iar la.ncs in that region with peop.la from .both the bills and the plains who bav9 gone to the \>ioglan."

Ba1sakh BOOi 1, 1855 RRC, Vol. 52, pp. 25-26.

II

Ramabhe..dra. --Thapa 8I1Q··' (;hmlll. -Thapa' ti~\: Origina lly been appointed as joint Sube6ars -.o:t: the t~ar , t'.}:a-'riSta IOOunt aln r egi on , 11 replacil18 subba Jl!lnE·cr:: l l'.fl<::.W: s, on j'IG:Ji"· li tla i 30. 18;3 (JanUe " Y 1791 wit h. the ,;3-hivaaal <.o mper,y .and t ~ GoC'skh (;ompsny unce r t oolr command. '£!',ey wer e , o!,rdnte d B"J.ti10rity t o collect revenue from pre scribe d sour ce.~' in tIBt region 6nd .use ti'e procee C: s t o pay too hha.n,~;:!s 'o r the troops .. . .

mw . Vol. 25, pp . 341- 42.

III

The Sume day (balsakh rladi 1, 1855) . ii.rjun lI..a rki was appointed Subeda r of the two' co;~pEni~ s s tctione6 in ,~c hham. namely , t he s ri RanFl j llll8 Company a nt t he ~ ri ilepumard~n Company. The pos t waS previ ou s ly h .ld by .dc lllshyu U .atri. _The t wo cOOl'panios previously ccmpri s;J(: 217 masl';e t-men, whi ch was lat e r incre[ sed to 300. Otp.(:IT arrani 0me-nts and instructions were the same as those i s sued to SUbbGL r I rJdre S,imha KurU in the j',rWl_Tista region.

RRO, V~. 52,. pp. 27_28. ,

IV

. . ",

On ::;hre.wan BF,di 3. 1855 . SUbe6ars in the N 'gions west of the Marsyangdi rive r we r e or6 cred to prciceed to h:u.maqo along with Sardar i>.ngad (Khaw£ls ) bl oIlt, wLth 'rqusket-men and o.thar ranks (lajima) es stipula t ed by thtHIl. _. ' ,

( 1 )

( 21

(31

( 41

subdoar Jabsr L~ma of th~ She r Luljung Company in JE'jnrkot ,!/[la o r de r erl to take elon g with bim 182

' muskl:; tman, in a.idi tiop to <?~~r ranks.

JJ' jun k r.. rki ' s ,son was' ordere d to tak~ ' nlp!lti'-with, him 150 muske ttlltln of t~ Shet rumart;an !,::ouipen.y. one of the two compa nias s t a tioned in Achham.

, ". , SUbedar il hotu was order ed to take along with: him one of the fo ur companies stntion~d inDo~il , consi~ting

'of 101 musk0t men, in addi tion to other rank~. . , - , --,

'l'he ~sub e(jar of the Ranabam ,Gomp,s.ni :in ' 'bajhaqg_B~jura was ordored to -take alonc; with him the entire company, consisting of ,101 IlUske t-m:tn. in addition to other ranks '. ' --", -

MC, Vo l; 52~ pp. 30-32 . ***** . , ;.. special" r.eyx iz: the pas tern Terai Region

On ~h:ra.wan 13.<::o. i 3. 1855 , o· special lav,Y was :i,mpOfl~4 .)1n " , the J<...oshi-'rista regi on of th3 :ra rei fo ,r --f1na ncing too t:o',nstruction of -, the J-ae;a~ath t e ,,1pl? in h.u thmandu. ;~cc01"dlng :to:.:.a",,-PGyal O,1"der t o too Chauahc ris. lanuowDdrs, a ll(; othe r people o f , that re~o'n,

.' ,

14

the i nhabitants of t he hill a nd mounta in r egio ns of t he kingd o m wer e providi ng Jhera l abor for t ranspo rting timber , st ones , bri cks , ~tc . The orue r a dued . fI.>j .;i caUSa of the e,Tlls t di s t a nce , you will suf fe r cODs16eraole hf.r ashi ps if we e mpl oy you in t he same manner; ono t ht:l e xpenses t oo wil l ba ve ry high . "

The r at es of th~ speci el levy we r a ~s f ol lows : -

1 •

2 .

4 .

Descr i ptio n

Ryots

• Ijc r a Mouj a

Bi r te , Jagir , bekb-bunyod c nd ot her t ax- f r ..l9 l a nds Ija r as f or cus t oms dutios ( as u ) . pcst.urage ( k ~,s c. ru , rf i) . timber ( ~M.1r , ·s al) , (' nd ot her revenues (me hr.l e t )

5 . BlDo!uments of (.; h<.u dhcr is P.DO

Rat e

1 anna in ea ch r upee ptl l d ll S l a oo t£x .

1 annc in ecch rupee 'o f t re I jar c .

5 ennos pe r b i ghc .

1 e nnn i n tJ e c h rupee of the i j ~ re .

konugoyes Rs 4 8Qch .

6 . House bol (';s o f occup r: tl0nt,1 Cf s t a s (k t' ti y~ ri ) in blrta , j t~t;' i r , bek h_ bunyCd and o t her t ax- free l 'nds 4 unnns ~ach .

RRC. Vol . 52. pp . 36-38 . *****

Schedul e of Cos h Snl c r i es in Kum£:un

Roy a l oner to Lhcutc.riyr. b r,m 5hah: no Sched u.l e of sal e r i es for" t oo SLlnrled of Rumoun bes been prescri bed so f nr . m.~ · is , t her e fo r e , prescribed :-

t hat compani es

schedule

Rank I:!2.:. scl ar;v ( per month )

Subedar 1 RS . 30 .

JF2 mae.ar 4 Rs . 60.

Maj o r 1 Rs . 10-8 .

AJitan 1 R3 • 10-8 .

l!.O te 1 Ra . 10 .

Front -~isan 1 Rs . 7- 8 .

RO i,r Nisan 1 Rs. 6-8 .

Hnwalc.U'

iwelder

Soldi ers

Pipn J, mUi .".r

PipO

Tt::b81Yl'

T(l.sy(~

f/i !lrfya

. Bhttriw('.l

S r rki

'. "

15

8

8

65

1

12 _ ..... 1

2

2

2

2 .. "

1

T ote l

itS . 56 .

Rs . ,48 .

Rs . 425 .

Ra . 5.

_ · .Ra . 42 .

ItS . 5.

Rs . 8 .

ks . 5. •

Rs . 8 ,

- liS-, 7 .

RS. 6.

Hs . 759 per month , or

Rs . g , OOO per yaur .

For six compElni..::s : itS 90.00 x 6 = Hs 54 , 0.00.

"Disbu,rse s nlE:ri t;:s Bccor c) in,,-, to trJ.s scht:d"ule colle cted ' in }.um.!:lun ev~ry yi.J (x . "

from' rovenues

Snrowc.n i1nd1 3, 1855 . HRC , Vol . 52 , pp . 29-30. .

*********,tt .. * , , -

. . -

. ---"

/V- 9..z -.!

10

Regmi ResearCh (Private) Ltd . ISaN: 0034-34&

Haem' Research Series Year 20, No. 2

I , "" " " " _ - ]03.:~~T!!And.u: · February . .. 1988

Edited By

Mahesh C. Re~1

Cpntents

1. Gork~11 AdminiStration in Garhwal

. 2. - The Ge.dimubarakh Levy •

3 .•. - -;The Belll. "and f'Bl..J:6 JoUnts • i_ . :

4. ", "Subedal-' "Dir-gha" _S'~ Adh1kB.r1 of 'Jaje.rkot

·5 .• : .Revenues trQlI1 Jllha'r_:Bbot , ,

" . ."' " .. , . . '.;:

6;;· . . . Dambar Shah, ~1Sb1'ia: Shah, snd Rudni Shah · ' .~" ', " . - .", :

............ '. , ~ Mp! aes:earcJ;l (Pi-IV't?te) Ltd.

,ras'1mpat, ~t~du, Nepal . ,

Telephone: 4-11927 .. . ~

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(For privat'e stud,t anc;l research Olfl-y; Il.?t meapt ':for. -public sale, d1Stributi~ and display).

(

GorkheJi Administration in Garhwal

By

Dr~ St.dva Prasnd Dabaral

;"'''', pp. •

Part V: am.,;'t 1847-pre.kns han,

The system of local f,dmini'stretiol1 in the state of Garh underwent a complete transfonr.ation after- the -establishment of Gorkhali rule. Garh bed been an independent _state, It was ruled by a Ring through El. Coun:cil-of Minist'3rs. The king'S advi,sors included D:lwan, Datd:nri. we.zlr, Fou.zdar, Nygi, flnd the Royal Preceptor (Dhr'rmE,dhiki!.ri). It w'e"s not possible for th9 tlng to act against the advice of the Council of Ministers or against ancient traditions in important matters. Affinities based on kinship, languoge, end social a nd relilgious tradi tioDS had tl~d toge ther the king, the ministers. state officials, and the corrmon people in a _bond of u,nj,:ty. , o:r~at bond _ was snapped with the establ1shment of Gorkhali rule in Garh. 'i'he stete thereafte r became no more than a terrltory"conquered by the Gq~khali empire. Its existence' as a1separate and independent state came to an ,end. The administration run on the orderS of the Nepal ,PF,1l'ce1brougtr- 'G6rkhal1 "appointed b'y tl".e king of Nepal . The 118w syste;m, no for the former ministers and stateofficHll.s'. na','s ~nisters and officials, Shishrnm Win the favor of the ~orkha11s'. ot; D::Ion Valley. In the Villages, in retaining their positions. were appointe d f,S DBfd&ris~

DUrtng t he rule of the l:ings 0 f Gerhwal, any person could please the king End ottein high positions of stete according to his cepacity. ~erit waS the sole criterion for appOintment in such positions. - Able Lrahmans ond Rajputs were appOinted in the COlUlcil of iol1nlsters or in the army. Accordine: to available evidence, on the other hend. · n1l important poSitions were reserved for the Gorkhalis under GorkhaJ.i ru.le. Oorkhali officials looked upon ,tbB Gerhwe.lis with contempt and distrust eQi denied them importa nt positiOns in ' the ad'ni:1D1stration and the army.

The Subbas, Naib subbas, cnd military commanders appointed by the Nepl:tl palace in Garhwal were not in favor of mainta1nJ.ng the prestige of the erstwhile minist()rs, officials, and otb3r respectable people. Since these persons no lone:er occupied any official poSition, the Gorkhalis did not consid~r it n~oe8sary to take tt:eir advice. They were. !Xl doubt, allowed to retain their jagirs at the time of the conquest, but SUbsequently many such jagirs were reassigned to the army. Many jagil's were abolished in 1811 by jjahadur Bhandari and Dasbarath k,hatrL

17

EVen~ tho:ugh ' the , former minist~rs, offic1a1s,and other respect!;;ble p~ople ,at Garhwa.l had extended their cooperation to the Gorkhalia

, _.~ .:!-frte,T; the:-oonque~t, the Gorh.hali administrators regarded them . as supportElrs of the displaced royal family, and, therefore,

hllmiliated, exploited, and cppres~~d them. Many prominent Garhwalis we~e killed or b nDishad, · and many others left tne c:ountry o.f their own ecool'd tc escape a similar fate.

Under the nirlite.ry rule of the Gorkhalis, scholars_ and a rUsts lost t ,heir employment . Many Brahmans who had attained, high pOSit-iOns because of their ability and experience,

-~or :who .depended on astrclog:!, medicine, priestly function.~, : etc. for the;l..r liwlil"!ood, '!Iere compell ad to leave their motherland. ~ Si·nc.e 1; he ... enUre Himalaya!). region had passod into the control

" of the Gorkha.1is, these BrarJ,mBns b.ad to take refuge in the courts of Manratta or Raja 8thsni rulers. , ~ven now their descendants are found at di:t ·~·erent ple;)3s in . Centr~ India, Rajasthan, and SaW"ashtra. 1.1".£.8 and Rajput families ;who depended for their livelil"!oc:,: on agrirul ture arid animal husbandry., remainoo in their villagee, but, many high-status Hajput families of tha capi~al ~ere pompeiled to take r~fuge in the .territories of the East India company.

-The posts. 0 f Det~e.n, Wazir. Negi, and Dharmadhikar were

aboliShed, but that of Defderi wa s retained. ~ke the Turks and pathanS who bad ", stablished their empires in northern India, the Gorkhali eonqucrcrs were only mill t ·ary men. They lacked the knowledge needed to compile records o·f Isms and revenues in different £arkhe8.. Tl1f::! Turks and Patbans had employed the fUnctio.naries · ef the Hindu kings tor ,thnt purpose; the Gorkhalis Similarly made ne change in the functions of the Dafdari. A land grant to "':; be temple of Kamaleshwara, made in 1868 .... i.itrJ;lms (A.D~ 1811) was Signed not only by Bakshi DaSb.arath Kbatri· ,and Sub~dar .t. .. ~iav Bhandari, but also by Dafdari llriabnana,rrla h.Pandudi. It l~ POSSible that :the parganna-level Dafaaris in all the three revenue divisions . of Garhwa! remained in tbair posts' as iD tha capital. i.. royal order of 1869 Vikrama ·shows that Erishnensnda, Gajadhpr, llril'!hnadatta and: Harsba.pat1 oc~ied the post of Dafdar1 oetween 1861' and 1867 Vikrema (A.D • . 1804-.1810). Their aPPOintment was rdconf1.rmed in 1869 Vikr.ama (A.D. 1812).

The reve·me divisions o-f' Langur, Chandpur, and Srinagar . were le~ unchanged, with a Fouzdar for ·each. The Fouzdar also

functior::ae'd as a· judge. SUi.)se:quently, three big ··Pouzdari units we~ creeted for Rawain, Nal (noon Valley), and Salan, and three . small units "for Jaunpur, Banger, })awalgr,rh, Nagpur, Chfln'dpur, Lo.bha, and Badhen. ,

,., Ea·cb, iouzQari uni 1; was divided into a numb!3'r of In . . h9.tb l.umaun and Garhvel, .high_caste , Brahmans ~:pd d'8;spr~be,d their holdings (tha.t) 85 garkb.a·. Unaer · Go;:kih~:Li

, .:, ~

18

8 group cl. oontr olled by these that-ho l ders t o be called According to Pr aser, synonymous It l s sai d that the began during rule of the Bust I ndia Company , but Temple document of 1868 V1krama (,: ... D. 18 11) mentions

~~~nOf ~agpur. This smws tha t e g roup of several pt:r ](ha3 . • as pergannl:!;. Garh~.nl. 1s sa16 to have comprise d 84

In A. D. and their constitueDt pettia were toore wer e 16 pargnnnas and 48 pat t le in he (;! s - Gl::tngo region Cha n;tll1 and Pldhl-G~rhwal) . subs~qu9ntly . G~rh~al was divided into two districts. Garhwal distri ct compris~d the Cis-Genga r~81on and tha Tram~-Ganga CUttnr-1.os hl n nd 'l'ehri-Garhwal) r egions, while the di s trict of Doon in the pl£lns reg10n comprlse6 the five pargapnes of SDbelpu~. aascnt~pur ~ Santor, 1alyanpur, n nd SaWldl.

The Go rkh£l1 rule rs ~'1 t ctioned threa DE' ttelions of tro:>ops i n GBrhwal, eBch battBli o n consisting of fivG compan1 a s . The revenues of Garhwal we re appropriated fo r payment of emoluments to these troops. .During tha tine of the kings of Ga rhwal. revenue-yi~lding villages belonged t o the following ca t egories ;

(1) Vishu- Priti , if t he revenue was assigtad to e temp~e.

( 2) Kha l sa , if the raven~ W I3S c.:r ;:di t ea t o the state treasury­

(3) Sirkari, if the r avenue was used t o meet the ID xPenses of the roya l fami ly .

(4) Jagir , if the r evenue was used t o meet a part or the whole of the emoluments of ministe rs , state offici a l s , pro[l,ir.ent person s , :"' cholars a nd artists i n r e c cgni tion o f their distinguished - s~rviceS.

(5) FOUEdari, if the r evanue was of the Fouzdar of the -"'~!'l oxpanses, or Gmol~nt

placed'· a t to ID.:l o t troops ,

UDder Gor khall rule , Vi s hnu- Priti vi llages t o continue UDder the juri sdiction of the but they wer ( renamed as or bad no more any king, of assigning villages t o tholm not arise .

th~ disposal adll!in1strativQ and of llimse If.

were a llowed temples ,

Garb:wal

othor wer e placed in t hi:r s a me category as Fouzdarl apportion3d ElOOng t he fift een compani (,ls an(! their,

• t 1B' ~~~~.:!!~'n

The cOlllIl.sncer of 0 ach c ompany was 8r anted o ne like the F ouzdar un6er Garhwali rule , where he reve nues and appropria t ed his e lDOlument s as wel l es of the troops under bis c ommand . Hecsu6a Wr,r was co ntinuirlg on tha western front, t~ commander a nd his troops usually oould no t stay in too Villages asSigned t o them. }'or tnat r eason, tooy aPPOinted agents t o collect t he revenue . These £l€;ents we re prominent pa r sons of the concer ood vill egas and we re known 8S k,em1ns.

,9

Revenue was collected or Sevanas dUrillB . the rule of the Garhwali tirl8S two tems were then synonymous. Ramap~tl 1nandudl sent six l~tters to ~all Rawat of Dhangu. l.ali Rawat has been addressed as Kami n in three of these letters, and in the other three. ,Sixteen letters addressed to Jitu Rawat Gujru by the King and ministers of Qarhwal between 1827 and 1861 Vikrama refer to them as S(.yans. Nos~ of the h.amins and PI of the Garhwall period tried to retain their poa! Gorkhal1 rule.

Kamins ep}Xlintad to collect the revenue in each village under trnir , while the sayane appointed a prominent local person ns predhan of the villcgEl. The mil! te.ry .~ommel\der .. could appoint and diSmiSS I!..am1ns at his discretion. LAmina exe rci::.ed a sirnilFr authority over the Saven{)8 appointed by them, and the latter over village pradbena.

Under Gorkha11 rule I the ta,,,,,,, ena -Pradhnn C3me to have 6ef1n1 te meanJ.llgs. .~:~,~ , I Bhaktablr Thapa, addressed Kali Rawfl_t of Dhangu Cl as Kamin. The revenut:l records show that there we re sayenes in each village of the garkha.

Mmi ns, Sayanes I f!n6 villege Prad bam consti tut",d the bedrock of the Gorkhel1 revenue administration. They realised the1r impo r te.nce and took full adva ntage of it. Once any person attein<ad these important positions, be triad his best to retain it within his family. For tbat reason. these positions were OOld at the tima of the commenccment of British rule by too Same families that ru~d occuph, d tbam under the Gorkhal1s.

In 1815, during the last days of Gorkhcli rule in Garhwal, the post of hsmi n in d1ff'er~r't occupie d by Brabmans and Rajputs. as will show. No person belonging to a community was ever appointed to that post .

- !!arsanna , . Ajmar

2. Uda1pur

3. Salan

4. Borasyun

5. Dewalgerh 6. Painkh&nda

7. lulpir1

8. :kuthll

9. Nagpur

Brahman

4

2

,

Rajput

3 8

4' ,8

3 2

2 , ,0

Total

3 8

45 20

3 2

3 , ,0

20

10 Choprakot . 5 5

11. Dhanpur - 1 1 12 . Chandpur 1 4 5 13 . Badhan 5 5 14 . Da8suli 1 3 4 15. Pinkandi 1 4 5 16 . Lobba 3 3

Tot a l 10 11 3 123

(TO be cont1~ad) •

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21

The Qadimubarakh Levy

I

The following royal order was Sent "to the Cbief administrative officers of t~e following territories on Aswin Bad! 11,1652 (September 1795):

(1) Ajit Lama, Su~,ba of Dullu.

(2) Blrabhanjan Sht:lhi..Subedar of Bajhang Bajura.

(3) Vansha Khatrl , Subedar of Achham.

(4) BhimSen Bokatl, Amalidar of Simta.

(5') Basant BOkatl, Subba of Iailekh.

(6) Bhayaharan Thapa, Subba of Jumla.

" The Ga,d!mubarakh levy has been imposed and collected everywhere in our territories. However , it had not been imposed in that territory. Elsewhere, we sent Tahasildars to collect the levy. In the territory under your jurisdiction, however, the people have suffered great hardships." If, therefore, we send another Tabas!Jdaf there. this will impose additional hardships on the people, and also cause difficulties for you. If the Gad1mubarakh levy is collected 'through you, the people will remain happy, there will be no oppression, and collections uill not be misappropriated.- We are, therefore. writ~ to you along with the Schedul e of rates • . C_o~lect, ._the levy accordingly through conciliatory measures Without-haraSSing the people. Submit separate statements of collections made from jafirdars and the common people through two or four respons lbleocai people. You will be held liable if a subsequent scrutiny of the accounts of collections reveals any discrepancy.

"We had sent you orders previously r egarding the construction Of . forts. Complete the work as quickly as possible. Report to ·uS whatever information you may' have heard or acquired from the south and the west.

"Do not disburse a Single rupee on the orders of any bhardar, other t han royal orders. In case you are removed from your post in a paiapi, do not leave out any arrears on the pretext that your successor will collect the amount.

"Collection will be adversely affected in case ' there are two }'or that reason, you will yourselves collect the levy."

RRC, Vol. 23. pp. 153-55

•

22

II

In Bhirkot, Kulanidhi 'r iw."ui collected a sum of Rs 6 , 000 as Qadimubarakh levy without authorization from Kathmandu. He paid a part of the amount as bribes to some kajis, and appropriat~ the balance for himSelf. Kula.nldhi T iwari was alse found guilty of falsely accusing Kalu Pailde" of treason. Foe these two affanses, he WHS degraded to a lowest caste and banished from the Kingdom.

The- kajis who had been bribed by Kulanidhi T,iwari were made to pay back twice the amount, plUS Rs 100 each as baksauni. Thus a kaji who had taken a bribe of Rs 400 paid ~, 800, while one who had taken a bribe of Rs 600 paid back Rs 1,200 , plus the baksauni. SUbba Prabal Rana was found to have taken a bribe of Rs 500 , so he wcs ordered to pay back a total amount ofRsl,100 .

Bhadra Badi 11, 1853. RRC, Vol. lA. p. 14.

Other References

In

,.. Imposition of Gadimubarakh levy in Mahottari, .E'algun Sudi 13,1851.

RRC, Vol, 1A, p. 193.

2. ImpoSit1on . of Gad:i.r.1 ubara.~h l e vy in Saptari , Falgun Sudi 13. 1851. RRC, vol. 1~, p . 193.

3. Imposi tipn _ of Gadimubarakh levy in._Mo::..--a.ng, Falgtin Sudi 13,1851. RRC, Vol. lA, pp 192-93.

4. ImpOSition of Gadimubarakh levy in ch1twan, . Falgun Sudi 13, 1851.

HRC, Vol. 1A, pp 191-92.

5. ImpOSition of Gadimunarakh levy in Bhadgaun, l"algun Sudi 1 3, 1851. RRC, Vol. lA, pp 189-90.

6. ImpOSition of Gadimubarakh levy in Kathmandu, Falgun Sudi 13, 1851. _ .RRC. Vol. lA, pp. 186-88.

7. Imposition of Gadi j;iubarakti -levy in Kumaun, Ashadh Badi 13, 1853. a.l:lC , vol. lA , pp 37-39

Vol. 23, pp 89-92 HRS, 1973, pp 49-53.

23

8. "Collection of Gadimuw.:rakh Levy" , Shrawan Badi 101 1853, RRC, Vol. 23 . p. 92 , Trans . in .!-teg ,1i ~search Series year 17 . n o . 10 , Gctooe r 1985 , p . 151.

9 . _Impos ition of GadirlUbarakb levy in DaHekh , K:a~·tik Badi 11 . 1853 . RRC, Vcl. 1A , p . 56.

10 . Imposit ion of GadiIilub<:!.rakh levy in -laihang and Baj ura. Shrawan Sud! 2, 1855. RRC, Vcl. 1A, p . 195.

11. Execption to Monasteries in Lahottari from payment of Gadimubarakh levy, Baisakh Bad! 14 , 1857 . RRC, Vol. 1A , p . 185 .

12 . Imposition of Gadl.mubarakh l evy in Dolakha, 1·1agh Bad! 5 , 1857 , RRC , Vol. lA . pp . 176-77 •

• 13. Imposition of Gadimub~rakh levy in LamjUng.

Baisakh Sudi 7 , '1859 . RRC, Vol. 1A , p . 1 51.

14. APPOintment of e;nplo,iTees tc collect Gadimubarakh levy 1n Sindu- Dudhkos i regio!] , Baisakh Sudi 7. 1859 . RRC , Vel. lA , p . 150 .

1 5 . I mposition of Gadimubarakh levy in Sindhu-Narsyangdi ~gion , Baisakh Sudi 7, 1859 (Apr il 1802) . imc, VoL 1A, pp . 152- 55 .

16. Imposition of Gadimubarakh levy in Chharka , Bai sakh Sudi 7, 1859 . RRC, vol. lA, p . 155 .

17 . Disbursement of Gadimubarakh revenues f r om Bhadgaun , Jestha Sudi 2, 1859. RRC , Vol. 1A, p. 156 .

18 . Imposition of Gadimubarakh levy in Doti , Jestha Sudi 8, 1862 . RRC,c. vol. 6, p . 20.

19. " Gadimubarakh l evy in .BadegatUl (Lali tpur)" , Jestha Sudi 15 , 1859 . RRC, Vol. 24, pp . 534-36 ; (Regroi Seri es , Year 19, No . 2, February 1Q87 ,

20 AppOintment of Tar a nidhi Sedhain to collect Ga dimubarakh levy in Sapteri and Hahottari, Aswin Badi 1 , 1860 . RRC , Vol. 5 , p . 434.

24

21. Royal order to 'raranidhl Se.dna in r egarding repayment of loans to Sahu Dl' a.rika das wit h Gadimubarakh revenues of Saptar! and .1l1ahottari .

RRC , Vol . 5, pp . 425-26.

22 . " Gadimuba rakh Revenue 1847 I" RRC ! Vol. 16, pp . 332-33~ , trans . in Regm1 Research ser~e3, year 13, no. 3, Harch 1981. p . 48 •

• '*******

The Benl arid Palpa j·,ints

cl

Royal order to the trade r s of Palpa: We have issued or der for ,the-minting of Raisa coins at Beni. The Taksari (Chief

the Mint) has sent pais a c oins there for circulation . The rupee is in circulation ev~rywhere in our territories .

ordered to use t hese 16- ganda rupees . You talk of' a (thek ). A the k 1s possible only in respec t to , not in respect to ca.sh . Do not , _ therefore,

a thek , but use coins according to the practice prevalent in our territories .

Tuesday, Falgun Sudi 9 , 1853 . RRC. vol. 25 , p . 322 .

II

Royal order t o Jitaram Ne~ar , . Ija rada r of Taksa r (Mint) a t Beni: we have sent sawples ·of cOins t o be mint ed there : . -

Denominat ion Wei ght

Fai sa 2 t o l as • .

Adha- paisa 1 t Ol.a.

~ ,

Chhakani tola .

Dam 28 ms:sas .

t he t he

,

" MLlt these coins according to the sSlllpl es f r om Baisakh Badi 1., 1863 without any change in the alloy . . Conduct t ransac t:LOnS a t t he re. te of 32 paisa fo r each rupee. " ..

· •. Wednesday . ., Chaitra Slidi 6 , 1862 ESQ, Vol . 6 , pp . 753- 54 .

25

III

Petition of Harshs. Nar ayan of Palpa : "l'ly ,grandfather, Fouzdar Manlraj had brought dies for minting Gorakhpuri paisa coins -f:rom.- Gor~.hJlur and sta:;·te d minting these coins. The former

, King of Palpa had waived minting fees subjec't to a limit of Rs 1,200 (a year ?).

"Subs equently, -t he matter was referred to His i'lajes ty through General (Bhim.sen ·l~lapa). A royal order was then issue d reconflrrdng t hat concession on an inheritable basis.

," However , that royal order wa.s destroye d when my house caught fire on Chai tra Sud! 2, 1885 . I then reported the matter to hajl Bakhtwar Simh8. Thaps."

The following r oyal order was then issued on Sunday, Falgun Badi la, 1888:

" we hereby reccnfirm the waive r of feeS on the minting of pa~sa coins subj ect t o a limit of liS 1,200. Have coins minted at the J.;int accordingly with full assurance."

RHO, vol. 45, pp. 37-38 .

*********

Subeda r DLgha Simha 4dhikari of Jalarkot

Royal cI'G.er to llirgha Simha Adhikari:

" \I,e hereby appo int you Subeda r of the Rana Shnrdul Company of Jajarkot. replacing Subedar Jabar Lama. The c ompany comprises 235 man. including 191 fusiliers . Usa t he income from rice-landS to pay the ir emoluments (khangi) according to the prescribed schedule (raibandi) . Howeve"t , income from the following Sources shall not be used fo r that purpose •

. (1 )

(2 )

(3)

(4)

(5 )

(6 )

Three Bhansars (Kirana. Kapas. I·lain).

Saune:fagu 18 vies.

Nan i'!ela i l e vies.

l'rea sure-troves (Kalyanadhan).

Panchakhnt fines and penalties.

Cinnabar , lead, and copper mines.

' " "_Do not increase the rattts of collection. Procure settlers from different areas and make the territory populous. Convert lands into rice-fields where irrigation channels can be constructed. A.~sign snch lands · to the Company and keep the soldiers satisfied. Do not let complaints relating to emoluments reach the royal palace .

Bbadra Sudi 5, 1856. RRC, Vol. 23, pp. 374-75.

*****

26

Revc:tua s from Juhar- Bhot

Pra o/iaus Ref e renc: e

" Revenue Collect ion in Juhar - Bho"t. l.umaun ." Regmi Research Ser.1es, Year 17. No. 10, October 1985. pp . 145- 46 .

I

R~yal order to Vijaya Sihlha Budha:

The Fouzdar and the Dafdari of Kumaun shall not visit Juh8r- Bhot to collect revenuoS other than the prescribed thekbandl, such as f anchakhnt, halyanadhan, and Ibarmadhikar, You are orde red t o collect l~venUd from such sources , bring the pr oceeds personally to the r oyal palace e very year, and obtain cl~arance.

Rartik Badi ".1868 RRC. Vol . 40, p . 291.

cl Royal Ord8 j' to bha rda rs , aIDal is , and Ch2uki5 at different

gha t s up t o Juhar- Bhot:

We have arderad Vijaya Simha Hudhn to come ,to kantlpur once every year with revenues f r om s ources other than the tbekbandi: Permit him - t o come here · alon~ with his brothers and nephews . . . Do not ·C8il,Se a ny obstruction .

Kartik Badi 11, 1868 . RRC , Vol. 40, p . 291 .

HI

Revenu~s from J~lhar-Bhot had been aSSigned as emoluments to the f ol lowing five cOI~panies of KumaUD:

1. GauribtlX Company .

2 . Gorakhbux Company . 3 . Shwnshere Jung Company .

4 . lshwaribux Company. 5 . Samarsher Company .

However . their emol uments could no t be paid in full because the revenue assessed for Juha r-Bhot could not be collected in f ull. .

27

(m Marga Sudi 15 , 1868, Chautarlya Bam Shah Hastadal Shah we r e ordered to the from (1) taxes , and

and Subba with revenues from the

t o garkhas those co~"~.ie m&e t the Shortfall, if any, left even thereafter with revenue from othe r s ources.

RRC, Vcl. 4tJ~ p . 318. ( To be cnntinuedJ

...***

PRmbar Shah . Krishna Shah . and Runra Shah

By

Dinesh P.aj !'ante

(GOJ."8.kb8 Ko It!hasa . Part If pr . 112-141, c ondensed) .I:e.mhar Shah ascended the throne of Gorkha on the death of his f a ther, Rama Shah . The Sen vamshawali . in the possession of t he Bir Library, shOaS t ha t IBmbar Shah wa s a l so known as Uddhawa Shah. His wife was Gangavatl , daughter of Bhogn Halls .

Soon after he ascended the throne (some time between Shrawen 18., 1693 a nd Kal'tik 27. ' 699 V1.krama), Dambar Shah invaded 'fanahu • . King Tula Sen of f ana hu then fled t o RiSing , which f orme d a part of his kingdom.

In his inscription of Falgun 1693 at the KriShna Ter.tple of Patan, King Siddhinarasimha Ma.l.la has mentioned that enemy troops had occupied s fort while he was engaged in a rel~ious function, but that be had repulsed them. King Pratapa Malla, in an insc'r j ption of Palgun 27 , 1705 , at the Kr:Lshna Temple of XBthmandu, has claimed that he had destroyed the f orces of King Dambar Shah and occupied a fort of King Siddhinarasimha Malls of Patan. It i s clear that both these inscr iptions refer to the same event. In other wordS, King Dambar Shah had come t o the aid of King Siddhina rasimha Malls of Patan in the conflict with King Pratapa Malls of Kathmandu.

On the basis of this evlf,enqe, we may conclude that IBmbar ~hah had ascended the throne Some time bef ore Falgun 1695 .

A letter written by Dambar Shah on Jes tha 16, 1706 has been found. A manuscript of Hitopadesha , prepared during the reign of his successor, Krlshna Shah, on Balsakh 23, 171 6 , has also been fO lmd. Dambar Shah t hus appears t o have died Some time between these two dates . According to the VamshBwali , he , died in 1699 Vikrama.

As mentioned a bove, ~bar Shah was s ucceeded by his s on, Krlshna Shah, who died Some time rye tween Shrawan 3, 1716 (the date mentioned in a manuscript prepared during his retgD .) and 1723 (the date mentioned in an i nsc ription of his e uccessor, Rudra Shah at the Gorkba Palace) . He was succeeded by his son , Rudra Shah .

28

ACCO ',"ding to t he Gork ha Raj avamshawal. i, Rudra Shah conque red i·lajhawa. which had once been conquerea by Rama Shah bu t had later been accpted by Lamj ung .

In the Vikrama, year 1728 El Gorkh$!l f orce led by rolurari Shah w.a·~- gen~ !!l.ong with -th os e of Patan and Bhakts'Pur to help Shutihs "Sen gain the thrvne of hakwanpur. -

A stone i nscription found at Liglig shows that Ru~ra Shah wa s a live on }lalgun 5 . 1730 Vikrama . 'rhe colophen of a manuscript of the Brihat- samhita , dated Eoush 16 , 1734 Vikrama . mentioned his Son , Prithvip.:tti Shah , as King . It 18 thus evident that Rudru Sha h diet! some time be t ween .fo'algun 5. 1730 and Pousb 16. 1734 Vikrarna .

.; ~ .... * • .

Collection of UJ'lsuthorized Taxes in Pot i

A delegat i on from Doti visited Kathmandu wi t h complaint that De~~ Singh Bh~tta and nam~kanta · Jais i were· collecting taxes in excess of tee raibandi schedule fixed by Puran Sha hj • Particulars of such unau t ilO:"ized col l ections were as fol lous: -(1) A lev.Y of 8 8nr..p.$ on ea ch household in addition t o the prescr i be d thek payments .

(2)

(3)

A now l evy. known as a t 3 annas f e r abal , for aim a.nd chahar.

A n ew l evy , kaown as one rupee for ahel , for sim and zh<' har .

ardhakapali , on each hous ehold 2 annas f or doyain , and 1 a nnB

on each household at f or doyam, a nd 8 annas

(4) A t ax of 1 arul& on e8ch buffalo , c ollected during 1864 and 1865 Vikrarro.a.

One snna fro~ each bousehol d (eTu_manu ) in to. provisions (l'!l8Dachamal). · . (5 ) addit ion ,

A r oyal order wlls iSsued to Sardar Jagadeva l3ha ndar i on ~{arga Sudi 3, 1866 (November t'80~) t o investiga te the complaint in the presence of panchas t rus t ed by the people, namely , BikraJI She;li , Shlvaram Kadyal, Jolan Singh JUs t a , Nag Bogati and Ra jwars Nirmal Dev and Bajairam Bhatta . If the complaint waS found true , the S~dar was ordered to have the exces s col lectionS refunded to the peopl~ , .. and sen d Deva Singh Bhatta and RamakantB Jeis! t o Kathmandu in f etters.

RRC , Vol. 40, pp. 145-47.

29

An Embassy to Kabul

In Baisakh 1853 (April - V~y 1798), King Ran Bahadur sent an embassy to Kab 'll. The embassy comprised Subedar Arjun ~b.a.88 t Subedar Rajab Ali Kas3mtri, Subedar Mardan Thapa and Laxmapati Fande.

On Baisakh Sud! 13, 1855, Chautariya Bam Shah of Kumaun received the following in.structions:_

(2 )

(b)

(0 )

Sub€dar l'lardan Thapa , accompanied by seven soldiers, shall proceed to the Sikh K~gdom through Langur, Latghat. and the Doon Valley in Garhwal. Send orders to local authorities in Garhwa~·to arrange for an escort.

Subedar Arjun K<?rki, accompanied by seven soldiers, shall proceed t G ·Kallur t hro!lgl,1 Sirmur. Two soldiers shall come back to repo ( t that they have re~Qhed Slrmur, and two more shall si~ilarly come back from Kallur.

Elephants ' sent along wgh Subedar Arjun karki shall be held up in Kumaun unt :il he comeS back along with Laxmapati" PandA and proceeds to Kabul.

RRC, Vol. 23,. p. 330

****

A Birta Grant to Renganath Pandit "

Royal ,order to Guru Pandit Raj Ranganath Panditju~"ln the Vikrama year 1, _ 1861 t eur father, RazI.. Bahadur Shah , had granted rice-lands and gardens ea~t ' of the- main road at Narainhiti as Kush-Birta Bitalah on a tax-free basis to Guru Brajanath Pandit Raj. The grant was unjustly withheld for some time. \-Je now hereby issue this order under the royal seal granting these lands ·to you as Sar;)angama.fi- - 13irta - Bitalab. Rnjoy these lands f rom generation to generation and bless us. Any person wbo confiscates land granted by himself or by others Shall be reborn as a · worm living in hnmon excrement for 60,000 years . "

Tuesday, Shrawan Badi 30, 1863.

Regmi Research Collection, Vol. 6, p. 844.

**** Feur Documents on the Kan,o;ra Campaign

I

Kartik Sudi 10, .1864 The Subedar and other officers and men of the Sri

Arjunban Company were informed that the fami lies of men leaving for hangra under the command of Subba Kirtibir Rana had been e xempted from J!!.lara, both, and begar oblii7,a tions.

Regmi Research Collection, Vol. 6, p. 1056.

30

II

Kartik Sudi 10 . 1864

Royal order to the Subedar and othe r officers and me n o f the Sri Hanumandhoj Company :. " You huve been f',eputed to the front . Reconfirm existing tenants on your r i ce-lands if they ~the Qhardam-theki and gDiukhane taxes , and also provide loans, and obtain such loans from the~ . If they do not do so , reallot the lands on adhiY3 basis to other persons whO are wi lling to provide lOans ."

Regmi Res earch Collection. Vol. 6, p . 105_5 .

III

N8 rga 'Sudi 5. 1864

Local amaJis , and officials and milit ary per sonnel to rO';lnd up Jhura labor in different a reas

to grant exe.::pt ion f r om Jhara . oat h , and to soldie:-s (S i n,hi) , ban€Lda rs I

and porters (bha riya accompanying BhaJ6,haran Thapa t o K.angra .

Regmi Resea rch COllection, Vol. 6 , p. 1066 .

IV

People belonging to a rmS-bearing castes and communities throughout Jurola were ordered to proceed t o Kangra along with t heir , .. eapons on Jhprn baSis under the command of Sa rdar Ga:1dhnr.f. and j oin Kaji Amar Simha ___ Thapa in Kangra within the month of l<lagh. "We have i ssued ordel's that dhek r es shall be pr ovided _ with emoluments (bnli- lrharch&) according to their performance. "

Regmi Research Collection, . Vol. 6, pp . 1078-79.

This royal or der w(\s sent -t o Bajhang , Ba,i ura, and four other places in the far- western hill region on the same date .

*********

- - - . -

Regmi Research (Priva t e ) Ltd. ISSN: 0034-348X

Katb ma ndu : lfarcb 1988

Edited By :

Mahesh C. Regmi

Contents

1 • Ran Bahadur Shah ' a Expenses in Danaras

2 . Land Taxation in Bara and Parss

3. Gorkhali Adminis tration in Garhwal

4. The ChhyagSing Tax

.'!. : .•

lC- ... ***********

Regmi Research ( Private) Ltd. Iazimpat , Kathmandu, Nepal

-Tel ephone: 4-11 927

Page

• • • 31

• •• 38

• •• 39

• • • 45

(For prlva te study and research only, no;; meant for public sale , distribution and diSPlay ) .

,

31

Ran Bahadur Shah I ~i ~y.pen~l e3 in Banaras

(Continued f r olt 't h13 July-_ ..... w;ust 1<? B7 issue) .

Niscellaneous Expenees in .3anaras I

In Banaras , Ran Bahadur Shah stayed at the house of i'lahant Nischal Gir i for a1::c.ut fl.ur months . The rent amounted t c Rs 238, of which Rs 15 wa s paid in BaI:a ras . while t he be lance of RS 223 was paid from t i":e revenues of Bl:!.ra and :Paras in A. D. 1805 .

" Qrder t o I jaradar J hak t i balla bh Padhya- regarding Payment of Rents t o hshan t Niscr.sl Girl " , Baisakh Sudi 4, 1862, IUlG .• Vcl. 20 , p. 166 . •

Rart.Bahadur e ruploy e d Su r y a mani JUshra t o ceremonies on his behalf a~d offered a ritual Ra 250,. ,The 8.ll10unt -was paid f rom the revenue dis trict in A. D. 1805 .

per form . religious offering of of Rautahat,

" Order to J al i m }{hawas Rp,g:lrding Payment t o Suryamani M!Shra", Baisakh Bud! 3, 1662 , RRC , Vol. 20, p . 165.

Supply of Bleuhants I

Gn F:agh Sudl 9 , 1859, ~odar Ja~si and other Darogas of the (Morang) Hattisar were o]'de ~~e d to supply elephant s fo r me e ting Ran Bahadur :.:3hah ' s _ eX"j.Ienses in Benaras.

"Order to .lBroga I8fJc.dBr .Jalsi leg2.rding Sale of Elephants" tiJagb SUdi 9 , 1859, RRC , Vol.. 20, p . 5 .

. II vn Chai tra Sudi 15 , 1859 , the Darogas were ordered t o

ha nd over one elephant t l · sa;'1.U fiarilt rishnadas as a g ift t o ~ahu Dwarikadas.

" Or der Regarding Gif t of Elephant t o Sahu Dwarikadas " , Chaitra Sudi 15. 1859, RRC, Vol . 20, p . 53 .

III

On 3hrawan Sudi 3 . 1860 twu elephants we re Similarly sent to Ran Bah&dur Shah in Banaras f or a ritual gif t during a s olar eclipse .

"Or de r t o !)a.roga Sukha dev l 'adhya Regarding SUPPly of Elephan t t o Banaras", 3hrawan Sudi 3, 1860. RRC, Vol. 20, p . 115 .

32

Repayments to the hritish Gcvernment

I n Banares, Han Bahadu':'''~Ic.s supplied with larl'{8 Sums of money · to meet his exigencies;! bi the bri tish Indian government.

C. V. lltchison ,

, , I'_uthwndu::!·iary !lajbhandari,

No information is available ab(,ut the 8f.10Wlt thus borrowed. In any case. the government of i1iepal appears to have taken over t hese debts. In hagh 1859 , for instance, it borrowed a sum of :as , 5 , 000 f r om sahu ,{arikrlshna D"!-s fo r repayment to the British government through Captain Knox, the B:dtlsh Resident at Kathmandu. The :::;f~hu was later reimbursed from the income of the s ndimubum'W levy collect ed in i>lorang in CCDD&ctlan with the coronation ceremony of King Girban .

Referere es

1. Chittaranjan HepaH, op . ~ p . 138.

2 . Royal o.~dE'J" regardinl{ :~emi ttance of revenues from Morang to Captain Knox, J.iagil S'ldi 9, 1859 (January 1803), ,REQ, Vol. 20 , p. 1.

On Shrawan Sud! 1 , 1864, Subba Achal Thapa, Ijaradar of Septari and Mahctta r i , was ordere-d to l'e'1l1t a sum of 8 , 000 Fatna rupees to pay bac k loans obtained by Ran Bahadur Shah f r om the Brit ish, in -Banaras . .....:, .. . RRC, Vol . 20 , p. 464.

. On l?algWl Sudi 1 . 1865. Subba .:1a ghav Siinha Khadka o f saptari and I'Jshottari was ordered to t ransmit a sum of Rs 10. :; from r evenues stipulated for the Vikrama -year 1866 _to rerey debts incurred by Ran Bahadur Shah in Banara.s ~ ,

RRC , ·Val. 36 , p . - 221.

Loans from Jayaram Gir i

On Ha i sakh Sudi 11 , 1862 (ji,ay 1865), 'Shakti Ballabh Pudt!y~ , Ijaradar of Ban'. and f a rsa, was or de red t o _ disburse a sum of Rs 2995- 9 , inclusive of the· p rincipal and interest , t o Jayaram Gi ri f r om. Ijar a revenues due from those dist r icts fo r the Vikrama year 1862 . The ~0ney had been bo r rowed by Ran BabJ;i.dur Shah in .danaras.

RRC , Vol. 5, -p." 580 • .

. 33

Ran Ba HE dur ha d borro· .. ,ed Q SWTl of n.s 15,000 from the f irm of I<La.hant Jay" ram Gir l E n d ,J-l.',I E'." dfr1. In t erest was .s tipulated at the rate of 21.: pe rce r. i; a .~,on th, that ls, at 30 per cent a year . In A:l)r' ).l 1805 , or(!ers were sent t o the Ijara.Q.ars of i1o rang. and ,'1.autaha t tc. 're p&y the principal amount. al9ng 'wit h inter est totall i ng as 1500 f .or a ,f C'ur-month poriod . · . . ..:.. .: .

Re ferences ', . '..

1. Royal or der t o Ijaradnr Sar 'F .\;¥U'i of Horang , Ba1sun Badi 14, 1862, BB.Q.. Vol. 20 p. 149.

2. do to l)as harat h Kbat ri and Runra ~1.inha Klaa:dka in Morang , Jestha Sudi .6,. 1862, Rfl.C. Vol. 20, p . 190'.

do t o I ,ia l'adar Jali~ l<.ha\.'8s of 1862, HRQ.. Vol. 20, p . 150 .

;eut~hat , Baisakh Badi 14,

4. do t o J ayaram Gi rl lruli'!,l ) Giri. J estha Badi 8 ~ 1862 , BBQ., Vol. 20, p . 150.

Loans Prom Sa-nn Dwarikadas , . In Banaras , Ran Bahadur borrowed large sutos ,of money from Sahu Dwa rika das to meet his expenses . The l as t such loan appears to ha ve been o~tained in }o'ehruary 1804 , El. few days before he returned t o Kathmandu. I t at::lounted to Rs 60 , 001 with interest at 2 pe r cent a month .

Chittaranjan Nepali, QE. cit. r . 68.

Re·' ·swents t o Sahus ,Dwa rikadas and Harikrishnadas

. 'rara,nidh! riHclhain bad ben aPPOinted to c ollect ,the

,

jp=Id1rnubarakh levy in the districts of Sapt art and Hahottari. (RRC, vol. 5 , p • . 434) . . : - !" , '

" On As win Badi 1,1860 , the f ollowing roya l order ' wns ' sent to 'raran!dhi Sedhain. .

I ncome from the CAdhi~ur1kh l evy collected in the d1strict3 of saptari and hahot tari f or t he yea r 1859 Vikra ma , and reven""::?~ from other sources e.eluding Khan~i lands, . Jiad .been 'app~prbted to pay ba ck loans incurred by Our father' f r our 3ah.u Th .. arikades 10 Banaras . 8S well as thos e obtained' by the 'l'osakhana thro~l Sahu Harikr1!-1hnadae. I t seems you ha ve not yet remitted these funds t o SShu. Harikrishnqdas . He, is, therefore, . e omplaining repeat"edly t o the palace . Whe-re do you. keep the mo!)(~y , s inqe yOU send i t neither to the ialaee nor to t he' Sahu? As soon a s you receive this or de ;', make payments t .o tlle Sahu as s tipulated by you . ()therw.1Se , troops (tHanga) will be sent to collect the money f r om you by forC?e ." ' " Rege! Research Collection, Vol. 5, p . 425- 26

, '

34

.. sabu Harikrishnedas gra_.nJ!tcLliara for Saptari and !'iahottari

On Magh Sud! 9. 1859 (Junuar$ 1&03), Kathmandu informed Sahu Dwo.rikadas that Sahu Harikrishnadas had been granted a three- year ijara for revenue collection in Saptari and Hahqttari in order to payoff his loans. as well as loans supplied to Ran Bahadur SlJB.h in Banares .

References

1 . Royal order t o sahu lNarikadas. Hagh Sud1 9. 1859. llaQ.. VoL 20, p . 2.

2 . Information to Cheudharis and othe'r r,_mctionaries regarding do., Magh Sudi 9, 1859 (naQ. Vol. 20, p. 2) and Chaitra 8ud1 15. 1859 (P.RC, VeL 5, p. 378).

Sahu Harikrishnadas did not operate the ijara himself, but des~~ted a nominee, Subba Dadhira.m _Pedhya, for that purpose. Dadhlram, in turn, granted a one-year sub-ljara to h is own son.

References

1. Regulations for Septari and l',i\hottari districts in the name of Subba Dadhiram P<:.dhya on behalf of Sanu Harikrishnade:"l Aswin Badi 30, 1859 , aqc, Vol. 24, pp . 626-30.

2. Royal ords_r to ::lubba rndhiram Padhya, Chaitra" Sudi 15, 1859, .&iQ. Vol. 20, p . 22.

Sahu _H&r1kr1ehnadee' ~ nominee was- replaced as ljaradar of 8aptari and K3.hattari by Nain Simha Khans (1862-64 Vikrama and Achal "Thapn (1865-67 vikrama) .

RHC, vol. 20, p. 279:

Revenue frOm Transit Duties

On Magh 3udi 9, 1859. top-rankin~ bhardars, who owned landS under b:i,.rta and jag1r tenu.,·es in Saptari district, were informed that transit duties (sair) on goo~ , prod~ce4 in state-owned (Khalisa) lands and o ther areaa-: had.. been included in tne ijara of Sahu Hariki'1.ehnadns. They were authorized t o collect 'such duties only on cotnIllodities produced in their own birta and Jagir lands.- These bhardars were as . fol~ows:-

1- Chautarlya Bam Shah .

2. ChautariyB Sher1 Bahadur Shah.

3. Na.dho Shahi.

4. 'Kaji De.modar l'ande .

5: Ka..ii' Bakhtwar Simha .

6. Kaji . Subud4hi Iiliadka.

7. Kapardar Bh.ot.~ Punde. • 8. Sub;:dar Hikmat Sii!1ha. Thar a.

ll&:. -< vol. 20, p. 4.

1. Cn J<1arga Badi -3, -1 867, Subba of Norang on KrisnnacUls. REte,

35

Chandrabir 'l:ha-~, wf!.s -_~ppointed basis , succeeding Sahu dart

pp. 618-626 ~ ., -

2 . On N.2gh Sun! 3, 1867. Devencra :C'[',dhya and Shashidhar p c,dhya were ordered to rea lize [',r i'ears of revenue and tranSmi t the proceeds -~o S2.llU Her!krts bnad:l,S .

RRC, Vol. 38 , pp. 118-1S .

3 . A similar order was sent t o }2 ~i Hal~ir Rane nnd Ba rdsI' Ga,ja 8imha Khatr! in lIiorang on the same date .

RRC, Vcl. 38, p. 719.

Addit ional ae payments to ,3ahu jarikriShnadas .

Royal order to Har ikrishnadns on saturday , Poush Badi 1,1 865 (December 1808).

" During his residence at Banaros, our father hed obtained a loan from the firm of l)"<Jarika dcs and signed a bond on }l;agh Sudi 5, 1857 . Because (your ijaro) for revenue collection in Septar! and Mahottnri ended in the year 1861 Vikrama, and the necessary documents remained ~ your landS , the following amounts, inclusive- of princ ipnl, irite'r est, and remittance_ charges (hundiwan) still remain due (to the firm of' Dwarikadas), the total being Rs 62,934 cnd 14 annes. We her.eby order that the amoWlt be realized froH pC\ytnents due under the ijc.ra for /.lorang for the years 1866 !l.nd· 1867 Sarnvat, but that no interest sha ll be paid from today. O;) t ein ::.~epayment within two .vears . Amounts as follows shall be debitted f rom your accounts when these are submitted for the yee.r 1866 Vikrama .

1. furing the period from hagh cl ' ldi 5 , 1857 t("l A.swin B&di 30, 1859 , bonds had been signed for loans totalling Rs 50, 843 , out of which a Sum of liS 11,914 and 2 anuas was re:rnid from the ij a ra f("lr Sa"Ptarr and Jl{ah()ttari for the yea r 1860 Vikrama. Balance: [ls 38',928-10.

2 . Interest on these loans had been stipulated at the rate of Rs 1:...8 (pe'r ,month). It has now been ID'J t"ually agreed that the rate will he ·10 percenl', (a yenr) . Interest at this rate for the period of Six ye8.rs and two . months f rom Kartik Badi 1,_ 1 ~59 to {<largo Sudi 15, 1865: Ra 24,000- 4.

~, Vol. 36, pp . 194- 96 .

References

1. Royal order t (; Ijaradar Shaktiballabb Fadhya of BaI'll and Parsa. Baisakh Badi 9, 1860, ~, Vcl., 20 , p . 32 •

2. .

do. to Subba RituVBrr.f'. ?a d!lyn ~ lJaisakh Badi 5, 1860, ~; , VcL 20, p. 32 : and StrSl.wan Sudi 3, 1.860, .BRQ., Vcl. 20, p . 11 6.,

36

Ran Bahadur Shah had aIRo o btained loans f r om Gajaraj Hishra . the Nepal! a gent in Be.oaras. D.lr ing 1860-62 Vikram£ , revenues from Bara , Par sa. and Ra'..l, t ahat wer e partly used t o repay him a to t al amoW1t of Us 38.325 , inclusive of his s alary_ .

Loans from SBhu Harikrishnadas

There 1s also evidence that the government of Nepal borrowed money from Sahu Har1kr1shn8d8~ t o finance its own expens es . ~o informat i on is available a bout the amount Ba borrowed . Partial r epayment of thes e loans was made on the f ollowing dates :-

Jestha Sndi. 15 . 1859 May 1802

MaRh §Udi 9 . 1859 January 1803

References

as 15 , 000 f r om revenues of J.lo rang .

ils ' 2 , 000 from revenues of Saptari and Mahottari .

1. " urde r t o S.ubh,s Sr ikr ishna Faduya. Subba Ra j aSimha Khatrl, and o t her offic ials nf I-Iorang Regarding Repayment of Loans Due t o Sahu Har ikris hnadas ll

, Jostha Sudi 15 , 1859 , MC, Vol. 24 , pp . 545-46 .

2. " Order t o Subba Dinana t h Pndhya and Othor Officials of Sapt a ri and Mahottar i Hegarding dO .", Hagh Sudi 9, 1859 , RRC. Vol . 20 , p . 1.

The Salami Leyy

In the yea r 1860 and 1861 Vikrams. , a spec ial Salami levy was c ollected from top- ranking ~1hardars of the government of Nepal "to repay l oans incurred by our f a t her during his f our­yeur residen ce in Banaras . " Tile names of the ,highest- ranking bhardars, a nd t he amount collected from each, are given below on a selective bas iS :

- , 1. Chautar iya Bidur Sh<lI\ - Rs 551 • • • • , 2 . Ka ji Balawant Ran. • ••• Rs 500~

3. Kai i Jaspau • ••• Rs 500~

4. I(a j i Sarvajit Pande • ••• Rs 500~

5, Kaji Narashimha • ••• ns 500~ 6. Kaji Ranadhir Simha • • • • Rs 500~ 7, Sardar Bi rabhadra Pantha • ••• Rs 272~

8 . Sardar Ranajung • ••• Rs 272X 9 , Sardar Jagaji ~ Pande • ••• Rs 272~

1 0 .

11.

12 .

1 3 .

For 1,

2.

3· 4 . 5 . 6 .

7. 8 .

9. 1 0 .

11,

1 2 .

13. "

14.

15.

16.

2 .

37

Sardar PaFashuram Sardar Bhotu ,

Kapardar Raghav Si'1h;l Thadka

Khajanchi Kalidas

tb~ l~ar 1861 Vi~ramiil , ,

Chautariya Prena Shah

Chautariye Sh~r -Bah3dur

Ka,ii Dalabhanjan Pande

Kaji Bhimsen 'rhapa

Ka,;!

Kaji

Kaji

"I'riohuwan

Jah8r Sir,ma •

NahBr S.iinha

1.aj1 Ambar Simha

Sardar Rana.i it Ka!1,<:&.r

Sardar Aj ambar.!antha Sarda;r' Bqhadur, ,BhB.ndal' i

Sardar Indra Simha

Sardar. H .. USya Baniya

Saresr Angad

Kapardar Bhotu Pande

Khejanchi TJdaya Girl

RRC, Vol . 19, p. 185 .

Shah

• •••

· .. -. • • • •

• • • •

• •••

• •••

· .. '"' • •••

• ••••

• •••

• •• 0 ,

• • • •

• • • •

• • ••

• ••• ~" ' - -' • • • •

• •••

• •••

• •••

Jl.9 272% Jl.9 272U Jl.9 283

Rs 128

Ra 551 Rs 551

" ' Jl.9 500~ as 5(10~ Ra 500~ Rs 500~

' Ra 400 -

Rs 500:6 " '

Rs ' 272%

Ra 272%

Ra ?72·~

-ns '272~

Jl.9272%

R<i ' 272% Rs 283'

-_ .;&$ 1.28

-- , .. -

In Garhwal, a r oyal order was ,issued on ·.Qha1tra >-Badi .8, 1863 imposing the Salami levy for pay~ off the . debts inc~ed by Ran Bahadur Shah during his residence at Bariaras •

• RRC, VoL 5 . p. 151.

land Taxat ion in Barn and Parsa

A.. royal order was issued .on Bhadra Dadi 1 2 , 1848 fixing

the rates of land tax in specified Pargannas of Ears and Par Sa

distrfc t as fol l ows:

Crop

1. Paddy (Fabs)

2 . do . 10111e

3. do . Third yea r of oultivat i on (doaal)

4. thakar.1 5. ;ah!i! 1b land 6 . 1mb. crops .. .. .. 7 . Cot ton

-,-' . -8. Tobacco, , 9. fu ri ( .::.-tlrdcn)

10. ~otiynr1 por hou.:ohold)

Sidhmas

3-4 0-1 0

1-8

0-12 '.- -'- ' ..

3"0

4-8

1-4

2- 8

RB/AnnaS pe r h ighs

Naurangiya

3-4 0-1 0

1-12

1-8

0-14 .... , 3~(j ..

1-4

2- 8

Other areas

3-8 0-10

. ',- .

1-1 0

0-14

2-12

4-8 1-4

3-9

Per'qu.18i.te3 of · lOcr.l functionaries :-' ..

1 • • • • ,. ' __ ~,,"arp2!l7''' l!_~~a. .-.. ; .! ....... , ';

2 onnas 0 b.~a . 2. hokaddam • •• • • , . . . ., ~~ .. . .... .

, .. Gur - n or bbedabh':- rD • •• 2 annas a bighn. .. ..

RllC • Vol. 19 . 'pp. 446-48 .

On "Large Ra.di 9 . 1666 . a royal" order was 1ssued prescribinr,­

the rotas of taxes on landS cultiva,t ,ed ~y, Pr:Q.Oapatl ~ in

three mouj o.s (Belahi , Soknrpun. nnd Tilc thl) inhthe par ganna

of Pilk.':l.rl in Saptarl . distr1c t • -The re. tea per blr,ha were . a s

tollows:- - , .

CroP .&U.!l ~a.nnnas)

t. 1-1 0

2 .' Maduwa .. '. ,u . 1-7 • ,J" '-' ' I ,~- .J

,.' '_t., ! _~ddy .(on new . -.landa Ql"kh1:la) , 1-10,

-, -- ~ . 4-• . ~do . (ciri·'ol'd ..

lands Or' paha) 2-10

•

39

. . 5. Mustard 1-14

6 . Cot t on 1-1 2 .

7 . Vegetcbl es 3-8

These taxes we e t o JC 'P!l1d to the l ocnl Thekeda r .

RRC, vc l. 40, pp ; .. 129-30 .

Preyious Reference

1 . "Taxat ion in Mahotta ri District. 1809". Regmi -Research Seri es , year ,. no . 2 , February .', 1971, pp • . . 2a...:·3:0 •

• it •••

Gorkhal l Administration in Ga rbwal

By

Dr. Shlva Prasad Dabaral

(Cont inued f r om the Fe hruary 1888 lssue-) _ .. _

Earnins and sayanas collected the a ssessed revenue" from the villages under their jurisdiction . They ~s:g : col,;tected miscellaneous f ees and perqui si tea f or themselves, which were k..''lown as raSnm . Rasnm payt!lents' were as follows during ·the time of the Garhwal k ings :

1. Pani-~ithal f ee of two rupees on the wedding of a girl • • •

2. One leg of each goat Slaughtered for m,eat . - . . l .-' . -\':. • _, ,,

3 . One stack of maize " in the mon~h p f Sh~wan . , , ." , ., - . ".,- ", :

4 . One mani of ghee when a ,cow -or ~uffBlo ' calved. ·

Bahadur Bhandari all follows: -

raised the rates o~ the • pani- pithai t ee

Three rupees on the wedding of ·a- gir~.

Five rupees on t he wedding of a boy .

In addition, Kamins and SeY2.nas were a llotted landS f.o r their subs istence on a tax free basis . TI1ey also c olle:'c t e d a specified percentage of the revenue assessed on each vUlBg'e fo r themselves. Bahadur Bhandari raiSed the rete o'! 'the ~t to between one anna and four annas from -each village according t o prodnctivity . . ..

40

-The burden of maintallling ~j l itary commanders, soldiers,

KaminS, Sayanos and villa ge Pl"sdhan s was borne Yholly by the . peasant, whc:f wa s known as ZamindB.r . 'f here were four categories of such Zamindars, namely, thatwo.n. kha lkar, khurni or ke in!, and enjoyed rights and privileges on a

Zaraindcil's he l onged mainly to the Khas Rajput whose ancestors had settled villaGes and built

ZBmindars were generally 3rahman or Raj put, who gran:ts of villages from the King. or

Zemindars _ere generally Khas or Rajput from thatwans. They owed services to their

during festivals and other occasions'.' etu tivators who' 'tilled the lands of They gen~rally belonged to the untouchabl,~

Zem1ndars of all these four categories left their villages in large numbers because of the Gorkhali oppression. The trend continued throughout the period -of' C!9rklJali rule in Garhwal. .

TheI'e . were. some opport1mist eJ.ements in the ~~~~.~~:.whO encouraged_Z3mindars to the rule of 'C

A document in of Kbma.leshwara in Srinagar lists

bpala-mqnl§ 1n different garkhas who atte~ted revenue settlement documents. -It -seems that there- were no.t more than three or four bhala....mRniS in .each .garkha. ' "

During their twelve yea rs of rule in Garhwal, the Go.rkha1.:1a_ kept thousands of Garhwal i women as concubines and had children by them, but no Gorkhali ever settled on a permanent ba sis in any town or vil lage of Garhwal. No docUment bas eo far been found which refers to' aJJy "G:orkhal! ,_sa Kamin, Sayana-, gaiiit. ... pradhan, chnka dait, bhala-mallis ... or Z •. mindar .. ,,',

., .,·· · · ' I · YJ ~'.' - " _

During A.D. ,1603-4,. ;the- Gorkhali · army 'created ,9: reign . of terror. in GarhSrmJ. • . Th.ey- se:Lfire to._ government 'oU-ices in the capital and destroyed important- records, or sent them

•

to Nepal. Su :Jsequently. Amar Smila Thapa enlisted the cooperation of the forma-r~ril.wall . offTcials :and introduced a -prQvisional revenue settlement. A regular revenue aSBeSSIDent figure, is available only for the ' year A.D. 1805 ; so it seems th~t in :A,;-D. 1804 the Jlorkhe.il.is 'received vh~:te.ver they-coufrd extract from the people. ' .-J ,-

Under Amar Simha Thapa's settlement, each of the B4 ,G&rb,wal::iWas placed undejf · tbe .iurisdict1on '(if' a Sardar •

. -in . ·was used. w pay. ,the. einoluments of

was . Gal"hwal. · The .'tirr;tount . of revenue

tbe number of soldiers drawing from These soldie_rs remained with the ordered to go elsewhere.

was fixed accordingly. the garkba until

41

Th e tradi t iona l t a xe s \/ e re abolished\ but the tot a l amount was raised s teePlY. 'r axus unde r t he Gorkhnlis seem t o have been fix'e d' a ccording t o the or.,e,.luments t o be drawn by t he a rmy f r om ea cb garkha , ra~her 'l:han on the "(J8s i s of Dr oduc tlvity .

The following l evies wer e collectad in a dd i t ion t o the l and tax:

1. MOli tax on each hous ehold. 2. Tend tax on each l oom . 3 . Mljharl (y) tax on e nc h hou .1eh old of " l ea ther ..... o r ke ,·3 .

4. Ghee tax on mi lk cowS and ;)uffaloes . Salami fee for s ta te of fici als . ,

(s umangi ) fee on spec i a l occas i ons . 5. 6 .

7 . a

tnx r·nyabl e a t t he rat e of of r evenue f or mee t ing t he

expenses government

8 . Asmani-f a rmani fines 8='1d ,-;cnal ties ,

'rhese t a xes wer e not C~l~~~~~~i~on a r egula r 0081$ f r om a l l v i llages. .r'o r. :ins tance . t o an order i s sued by Bhaktibir:'Thapa ,on Chait r a 1 t he Kamins of IhQngu ~ were: ._ordere d t o pay t a xes f or the Vikrar..a ;p~r . for the Vikra.ma year 1863.

The (}orkhali Sot'dar of of t he garkhas under his j~risdic whic h contain~d particula r s Krunin.

provi de d . t he karnins o~;o~~.~~ a t ax register , a to be pa id by ea ch

The· settleme n t of Arnar Si.!llh~. l' i!8pE:. , :lS described abo ve, s uffe r e d from three ma in def octs.

. . (1) .Sardars c onside red t he ir 'cenu re ,in 'the ' garkhaa, 'plsced

unaer their jurisdiction to be uncertain • . As ~oon as new terr.1tor.1es were conq uered , t he 1{eJW.~ gover nmen t transferred t hem to th o ~e terri t or1es . For that reason , the snrdars t ook l ittle int erest in developing t neir villages and ' removing the ha rds hi ps of t he peopl e .

(2) "Revenue .. was ass es s ed at infla t e d figures in all villages . Unable to make payments in f nl l , peasants l eft t heir vi:).lages . Hil i ta r y personnel, una nl e t o col lect· t he ir. el<lolUlnent8 i.il t ime , grabbed t he pr opo·rty of the defauL'ting .peasants and" sold t he ir wives and chi l dren as sla ves in the sl~e markets of Rohllkhand and 'ribe t.

• • (3) Military personnel and their . s ardars·., who we~.:-1:~~porary

lords of the ir villngos , l ooted and ' oppressed the people, and raped their women. A:3 a result, ·'?J.l:lage s became depopul.ated, a nd it became even more d ifficult ' t o pay" the emolumenta ot' the t r oops.

. . .. . .

•

42

'fhe r e venue settlement of Gnrhwal was revised in 1868 Vikrama (A,D. 1811-12) by Ka ji )3ahndur Bhnndari and Bakshi Dasharath Khatri . Unde r that settlemen~ , ~evenue wa s assessed on each village on the bc..3i s of ~. c s 8ct~lal economic condition.

-The main features of the ~ £w settlement were as follows : -

(1) The boundaries of were demarcated in such a lj8nner that no garkha be longing to another ~rkh "L . During the of · Garhwali Kings , the boundaries ~ GUrkhas depended on the discre t ion of tha twans. Villages belonging to El th c..tWE;P were all considered to be n part of th0 same gprk~ irrespective of where they wero a ctuall y located.

(2) A. revenue , -register ,- or fard, WftS compiled for each gurkha. It conta1n~d particulars of villages and the arens under cultivation. These registers were confirmed under t he royal seal, or lal Mohor, nnd furnished to the Knmin of the appr opriate garkhn . •

(3) Agricultural l a nds in ~bql, doyam, ~; chghar, vnd productivity. ~he l a nd tax en the basis of productivity.

cla ssified as on the besls of

essed In each village

As :in Kumaun, the Ip.nd tax in Garhwnl was assessed on each hisi of land . The " rates ,,fere diffe rent for " different grades of land. On newly-reclaimed l nnds . concessions were allowed n s follows:_

l"irst year

Second year

Third yGf".r

FOUrth and subsequent years

• ••• .l<'ul l exer":ption.

• ••• 75 percent concession.

• • •• 50 percent concesian.

• • • • No concession.

(4 ) rotes of

" Kamins ,

Villages were divided into four "categories and the to be paid by e.2.ch village to F.ouetlnrs. Sayanas.

state fUnctionaries were prescribed.

(5) "amins were allowed to pay the nnnunl revenue to the Fousda r (Sardar) of the garkh~ in five installments.

(6) KeGins and 3ayanas were given respons1"bJl:ity far l aw and order in the a reas under their ,jurisdl ction.

(?) Crimes were divided "1nto"four categories, and the rates of" fines and penalties for ench category were prescribed. The slave trade was "banned •

•

•

43

The &amin of Gujadu was required t o pay a revenue of Ra -· 550 a year , of which Ra 150 Wk S payable in the month of Baisakh, RS 1 25 each in Ashadh and A.swin, Rs 100 in Paush , and the balance of Rs 50 in Chal tra .

Troops were sent to collect such installments from defaulti!:: Kamlns and Sayanas, if any. Each military employee sent for this purpose had the right to collect half a sear of rice dally, in addition to pul ses and salt, from the defaulters, while onion was optional . "' -. . .

Kamins and 3ayanas · we r e instructed t o bring back fugitive peasants and encourage them to reclaim wast~ lands . They were also instructed to issue pattus to the peasants, and have s uch pattas endorsed by the local authorities .

According to Taradatta Galrola';- ii'easants were also granted the right to sell their lands, provided they registered the needs with the local authorities . If so , t he right must have been granted to tbatwsns alone , for in no subsequent revenue settlement in Garhwal, including the settlement made ' by Trail~ four years later, was the right conceded t o Khnikar, Kaini, Khurni, or Sir tan peasan-c;s.

D..1ring the time of the Ge.rhwali kings , f ollowing categories accrued to the state:

(1) Muyali, or property left behind by

(2 ) Gayali, or property vacated by the

(3) A);!,taU, or property left betind by haye no ,sons .

(4) .NataJoi, or property left behind' by who have no relatives.

property of the , " '.

deceased persons • .

owner.

deceased persons yho

deceased persons

During the Gorkhali period, the following categories of property accrued to the ·state:

(1) ' Mor o, or intestate property. '

(2). AAhata, or property vacated by. the owner. '. '

(3) . Baha'ta, or unclaimed property. ,

Gorkhali mill tary officials · people on the pretext of appropriating moro , property .

Batiadur Bhandari PI'9mulgated ~.~~~~~~::~:~~~~:.~~to which the property of a person who died . . 1nbe~iled by relatives within three generations . In absenqe of Such relations, the property was taken over by the state .

44

Letters of aPP0intment issued to tamins and 3ayanas enjoined On them:

(1) To let the people h ,ve in t he ir villages peacefully.

(2) Not to ' impose unlawful taxes on the people.

(3) Liot to oppress the people m any manner.

(4) Not to charge interest on loans supplied to the people.

(5) Not to interfere in rituals and ceremonies connected with marriage, death , etc, and collect only customary dues on such occaSions.

(6) To dispose of all s uits in a court. -

(7) Not to permit the sale of boys and girls as slaves.

There is nO .doubtthat these arrangements vere meant to benefit the people. However, nothing was done to cbeck the poWers Of ~1l1tary officials who _exercised jurisdiction over Kamins -and SayanBS. Nor was - any arrangement .'made to pay the salaries qf troops from : the state treasury., Orders issued by · the Gorkhali authurities which are in the possession of the .Kamins of Dhangu show that military officials did no·t wait for instellments to fall due, but sent men to make collection whenever they liked. In the Vikrama Year 1869 (A.D. 1.812), for instance, that is, one year after the settlement, troops were sent 31 times to Dhangu for the collection of revenue, and some revenue was actually collected each time. This means that the Gorkhali military officials szscted payments from KB.mins and S;ayanas every twel vth day.

Revenue was assessed not only on the basis of agricultural prod~ction but also all oth8r sourceS of income in the including trade. As suchf the assessment represented a

rather than on land. The revenue assessment for each remained unchanged throughout the period of Gorkhalis

rule, although Significant changes occurred in the seasonal trade or. other occupation thrOUgh which the people of Garhwal supplemented their income, and the cou.ntry became pro,?Tessive~y depopulated.

As mentioned above, KamifiS and sayanas were inStructed to put an end to the slave trade. In A.D. 1812, a royal order was issued prohibiting the military from enslaving anyone. However, the order was completely ignored. No provision was made for punishing those military officials who engaged in the slave trade. According to Hearsey, during 1868-69 Vikrama (A.D. 1811-12), the Gorkhalis enslaved or auctioned more than 30,000 men and women of Garhwal, and about 80,000 people were compelled to emigre te.

Rege1 Research (Pr1vate) Ltd. 133 : 0034-348X

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8 .

'9 .

Kathmandu: .il.pril, 1988

Edited By

rw.hesh G. Regm!

Contents

r.liscellc.neous Doc:unents of i'1ur~ 3udi -Eight lX>cuments on KWilUUll • A. D. ' 802

Subba sartlP Pur!

A Hostage at the Royul :t'clace

1 •

Subednr NaraS'ingh Tha.pa of Bajhnr:g- Baju:rn.

Humla. Affairs, A.D. 1802 •

Gorkhali,Administratlon in Garhwal

Tho Killidatta Company

Revenues from Juhar-Bhot

Regmi Research (hlvote) Ltd.

Lazimpat, Kathmandu, Uepal

Telephone: 4-11927

Page

'865 • •• 46 -... 48

... 50

• •• 52

• •• 52

.. . 52

... 54

." 56 ~ -- . ... 58

(For privn't~""-s~-o.nd-~l!Ch .001.1 ~ ..not""ItteWlt.. 1'.or public sal e, distributi~n and displa~.

; ;

" -" ""'"

46

. ~" . : . - '-' - ' -, •. +-" .

t:l1scell,~neOl\~ DocWllents Sudi 1 . 1865 , ,~ .. - ,

1. Punishment f or "Sodolliy .

2.

3.

4.

5.

6 .

7.

•

"

PC'.yment of Emoluraents. , ".r l' ; . -,

Appointment of s..~~.r ;'{':'.r.bL' ] ::h_'. tri.

SUbb:l P:-.r r.srlUI"<.m t'h~.p ,· · Re',lOved from Gerhwnl..

Collection of levies on JCl.gir kmds.

Cal.lect i ou of 8lnr.ef,~'gu Levie'S.

Compl::',int of Ijnr:-:.d,.'1.r "i''''rikrishnc. :;:L"S-; .. , 8 . Lr.JlC '.l' ::.xc.tion in Hor-:.ng.

• Regmi Resea rch Collect i on, Vol. 36 , pp. 180-185.

, .

2.

, . !!!y)lShment for

, . The Amn11

who w~s gull ty

Sgdomy •

o~ -Tautball was ordered &£: 'a I:Jdoi:nj' 'with ~ n. .cow . ,:

Pc.yment of Emoluments

.~-

to baDg a local person

Su~:'n Purn.n Sh:'\hi w~ s -ordered to '. prirv:1de. f.Wlda for meetin.: the sho ', troll in the . emoluments of the ComJkJlY cOmnl2.Ilded by- S8.rd~r H.-,nbi!" Khr'. trL •

., r ' , '

AppOintment of S::::.rd" ~ r R':l.nbir- Kh '}. tri . - - ' . ' . -

. '" . ,) .:. ' . . . I! ,'io:' .. ~' .• / • '-- 'J' Sn rdf'.r Anirudr.:::. ' &t1iy:t'. w:tS replr!~ed by Sc.rd-u- Ranbir

Kh~-'cri nnd ~pert:: !tp.:m:tb!,,'l'?~~'~ i Htt l v~8 ordered not to bring too mnny men along w1 th am wll"ftout Obtaining Pc.ssport8 i from KC'. ji Amcr SiOOrl r TbCl.PU~ f c Surd::x Rnnb:1r lClintri vos ordered to proceed to il.--mgm immedLl.telY~ ·

1 "C". ,

SubM P~reshurum Tha~ W:~: 11:r'orfued 'thti·t (~~~. ' Chondr:'.bir }(,;nwr-~r h:cd been given cru:-\rge of one-third of the territories of Gorhwnl und~.r him, n~ well :ts another one-third under the chc.rge of Bir<~bhr: dro Kl:!nvnr. The latter W'"'.S then ordered to proceed to Kongrn im!nedir-. tely. &"1.rdl.r Pc.r''.shurnm 'rh::'.p~ wus Summoned to }(.";thmandu. He was ordered to b ring only his porters along with hta. and not bring other men without o1 t nining pnssPOrts from Kc.ji Amo.r S1mhn Thnpo..

•

47

5. Collection of Levies ~;t J ,:',gil' Lo.nds

The a'n.~d:'l Comp::>.ny h.od been ' ~Ss igned "the Dhurk o t 'l rens ns i ts khuwn . It .",".8 o~'dered:

(1) ,Tudici:ll fines Md pe!'l,,;lties from the 10c :::.1 inhccbl wnts -shall be ':lppropri."!ted by the person w/'l.o receives the .L'i~"":": t .. l-X.

f'un ~' tion3 j..l. DhuA:ot sh:-:.ll be perforJ!led t o cu~tom.

6. Collection of S~1]nef'":: gu .tevie§l -

l),t::'.l"eJ;'.~ .1 it w; SI :i~~;P;~~~~~~.t~:f~;~~~~~:; levies from Nev,:rs in Dudhkooi region only in ~.re~. <I h:.1.d cnstom,~,rily been p"'.ld. Areas from where CC'll.: io di ties were s llppl i ed to the rcynl household were exeMpted.

7. Qomplnint of #!"rikr1s!mf! R :s

8.

--Ha.rikrishnCl fc.s, Ij.-,r:'.Ck',r of Mor2.ng , compll.1ined to

]s.:c. thDnndu thC'l t s.'l.rc!-.r Bhnir:w::l. Simh" Khr-.,.(:'.s wr~s encroaching upon his judicl~l 5urjsdiction and nppropriating income from judiei~l fines and pen:::.l ties. A royal order ' \1&3 tben iSsued forb'1dding a~.rd,::\r Bhnir:wt1. Sitnh::l. kllftWUS - from GnaFolI\cbing U'<! OD tbe jurisdiction of the IjnK'.dn"r.

, .. ,

- ",. I

It'Lnd t , x nssessmeot rotes, first pre.8cribed in' 1B50 Vik:r:-\JU(\, were reconfirl'Ded for tbe E.:.rRqnnn of Fr:!ttebo.ripur in Mornng. · Tbese ~tes represented" conaolid['.ted for such cust Ollrl.ry t·.xes ne r-.nd However.

•

prOp--

1 •

't~~ .(Pi..hn)

~. > l'iiddy (MUn) , 4. -' J».u.S t:--:rd, .. _ 5. :Vegetcbles

. fi: ~'··J~t~ ;{W'tWm) 7. R:lbi c r ops 8. - Cotton

9. Su,g".lrco.ne

• •••

• •••

• •••

• ••• .-.... · .. '._-• •••

• •••

• •••

ns !ollows:­, (per

2--7

4-0 204 }-'

.. 4-9

• ~-, 1, .• 1_10),;

2-11

4-11

to

Three other levies. n".;~,elJ. K ___ tixori, blh,~,d:'.ni . and lIed_elba,.

were also collected At custom ... ~ry r.'.tes. Flyments were due in Pntna

rt'_peas,.

48

E!g.bt ,QQcJ.l.ll\p!ili!._op._19nnaW1-.a...A&. 1892 . . " ," '-"-" ' ~ '

1. the DQn~13 of Jyunagaun .

2 . Reinstatement at Kauin .

3 . N:oueateads for Kl11tgry PersonneL

4. A'')('>litlon of Surch8.r~ 'on Revenue~

8.~Jyply of Iron and t.,aad . 5.

6. 'Restoration of :lirta and Jagit ~Vi11~9!h -.', " - - " . ~ .- ' - . . -.. ' ~ .. - . 7. ,. Elephant; Sales in Kumaun .

8 . Abolit i on of Subban.~l 'rax. ,

1 . The lBngis of J'yw!§Ka,.Y8

.';. .

Royal orde t; to the du':lba Md Ib:fderls uf' K~~Ul, the .l)S:.fdariS of .oarhSlilsndal., and the .b.am1ns of i' limon: "In the Vikra'T.a ,:1ear 1854, Chautarip >~m Shah had rellloved the .l8ne~ clan of Jyunagaun in the D!a.ngi"Khola a l"ea fr~m l'he jurisd;9'th~n._ of the ga~r~ B.utnorities ,On 1>p.e ground; that they! ,h~d_. ;} "'8!l plaoed under the

~ o':lllgation 01' kee-p1.ng the t1ri'.o (ghad,JJ • . ;{e .,.h~A.'fl~9 made them , 118..,1e to the J>l'L~n·t of .Rs: 15 and -9 ~as a year JiO the 'fosakhana. \" a h8reby reconfirm these arran~~men"l;s. t ,'lU ar;) hereby ordered to c om1)ly with them. , Tra -.. ell~g "s.o.l.dier~s_ a~d_: .9.~.t,ler peR.~le ~hall not haraJ s thcIIl ' W"l.th e.xact:..ons of fr<:lu fA)r ',,'lh"'8gEo ~e1"Vicea and i r ..:!,; provisions .... .

- " . ". " Royal order t o J a in Singh Dhal!lth'Wc.l: .... our famHy has occupiod

the pos ·~ of .~!~..in in the v i llage of 'i'all1·t;1khon ·in .the .r"a rganna ojf ;.I8 rhair.a.n~ , .. -riD KUJIlaun)' frow fonner: t~eg.!" l'n 1854 Vikl'ama, Chautarlya ·.Bam Shah had invc sti<>;s ted the matter , reconfirmed you in that pos+. , ~1J1d c!ll4acted t.h~. Salami fee. r'9.weve~." 'so;1le influs n tial bu t m.1so ~iGVOUS people of that ar&C p:z e ventarl .fOU from taking ove.,· chaI1Je . 'l'hoO!Y' did ·not.._.ewn allow ydU to realize the ~la~:1,. fee whic.h _You had ~;ready 1?9-~~" , ~n: y~ suom1tted . a OOi'll)laint at tha palace I we investigErtSd. tb:e .ma1;:.ter c:.nrl found tha.t you we~ enti1;:lod to l !1o' 'post .qf ~ QmtriY . ~-acOOrdingly .. r eccmf1rm yOll in t~ post. 'f[1c. bharda:r~ d~ny. "!;e.,d t ,Q-; lUl.;naun shall no'~ dismiss Y9~:, )Ut shall c0l:lect th.s 5.a1.8!!1 fee at the ra te current in the m..r~ and- recop;ni:z..e:-jolU·;· a ppointm.ent on

·.( . r_ -. _ .. "'. - . .

• 49

a permanent , ~-Sia. , {'~ka"pa;ments ai; the l'£!.~BS .current i n the ~ti!a to- t he Ar.Bl.5. , oollect you:;.' _~~_8tO!aary-, f e es . . AAd perquisites. and pflrfopm your du"Has ip the C&:?6city of a Kamin.

" , , -,> Aahadh Badi 12, 1eS9 .

RRC, Vol. 39, pp . 534- 55·

3. .J.~stead3 for h il1tarLl'er.§.£.r'lnel

!1,)ya l o ':'de:r -to t!1e a.~b::d£.l' a nd o-cher of fice :..'s and ,lClr: of the old c ("·zrtpanies ata tiont:d -in hUiuSun : "We :lfl re c y iWoDlul,:?~e l~€. gulat i ons rag&rdinB" homesteads (gp..<. :L'b&r .:&) . jio s-o,ldiur , ~l1all , J€' ev.~ded from the: . bomest~ad· occupied by him ao long as he ; ~t,.akos 't;he customary payme nts to the gov~.i"'1ment or the Mlali, as the case

_" _', may· be • . . -J4..P¥J9 8l!Y ,~\all.,unjustly avic ,ts -h,-1m _ from his h0"::9s tead, su:xait a ' 'Mtition to u_~, - and wc shall hODr bO~tJ. aides ."

Mh>dh oad:!, :1_3 t . ,,1j~c; • . _

RUC, vo;!.-. ~~~~ ~ll, '. ?_??;--5{i -,::lO .. ' " . - . " ..

4. l~bolition of ,surc~arge 'on Revenue ". . " .

Royal order to ~(:;1ind_.J.l""S t i1roU&hofl-~ Ii;"UlilaWl: "Dnrinp: the Vikrama. years 1857 and 1853 , -the a. ;alis co.llc-cted· 20 annas for each 16 annas of revenue assasscd in l.11.1c'aun. Accordingly, we have _ receivtld l".aports that the .-col1n~ry_Wis ._ :"Qeb.\~ilied·. 'We ' hereby orde~' that .paJT,]ents :Je ma.de at the rElte of _16 annas as

- sinc~ :the, ' ViJq'a,,~_: )ear .~B4e~_ :.l~ke.~~s J£~"',~ta ffite ;, you will not- be 'charged IilOriJ .. U"! "'l " ,' . ' ' ~ :.' • . '. t , .,'--' , '

" . ' ? ',,"1') .. - , .,' __ " " , Aaihadh :a&d1- 12 " -1~- . _ ' .

"" ,

)m.c. ·Vo1. ,39_. ' p. "556'." "

5. SUpplV of Iron and Lead -' . • .-- .... ; ,; ( ., p .- ,-~ ;

• Royal order t _" , the Amnlis o.f !:.i1mta: Chautariya. Bam S 'Jah had or!1e:L'ed that iron _and-~ead 'le suv,lA~i1..'to_ K;u,--uaup,·,_~:!r.~; J j J.lta , since the local l'roduc'~s 'were not su.1:~ab) l?: for tho manufacture

. of' nuts and ;'01 ts. \(e ~ h'll'e::'y raccmf irm· thc>,t 'O.rder . SUP j.lly all available iron and lead _ t"'<\' kciiQ'un and 0 1J ta,1n rQceip-~s ircm the local bhardars. T.hu .bnard&rs , c.epy.~te_d to the west , as well as local Ar.18lis, shalL _,\:iLa~4:QmQri'6s for the exploitati on of !Din~ra.l ve'pos-Hs.-n. " . C

, ,

51

tilora . W9" bD."e:'-aent :-- ti1m an 'Oro0T P:to"li:S1pg h ibl succor . rle may 4<;9cwd1n&l.r1rra:tum.- ...i; AS :OO(fo · ;).8', 1f-r.·~·J~rtfs , ~sr~~f ilj.m iJl an ;.ff~~i;~nt .. IDI:UmG, IaildorserftJ ~1il ,to d :i"qulc!:l:y' hllffig vitti c.rr .JScort sc, ".t.ba irt Aft' may 'lUlt~ esCape! on the!· wei . . ~u"1 i d·Ii: a '~ta t CL1(;ln t of r av enu es for the Vikrama yttar 1862..,"" , icQ has been collec 't a d there, as 1IIell afI _-of': _ arrears . " . " '1 . .~ .~ ,

• _ .~f • . rr, _ ,,',", _, ... .. , ••• J.

,.. tt:>@l,.. H,," l;Ie~rch,; c:.oHeotion t Vo1. 6 , pp . ·276:/r't. -

II

Earll::n' , (In SluHlay J As iv-1.d'l $'ul!i 8 , ' 1862, ' Subba Ss! "U"o1 Fur! hn d l)~en infon;.'.r)d that ha:!; 'J.an:: dhws. j 'rht!~a , and M. .l i " AI:lrit .

. the12 hd d ~JlJen a r1po in'l;sd to SU ','·! En' v!Se · revenue 'colle otion and other mettera iD i-!Orang dls ·~rlc t. ( Re~ &...search Col.lq,ct1Q!! , Vol. 6. pp . 282-83 .

. In tb.e Yikra.nr.a y~ar 1860 (A'~ D . 18(3), . obta~.d an ,1jara: tor revenuo Mllection in ~pe ij~ to Ss'l'Up .L~!rL S8.r np Puri

'with Govardhcn Giri for op<:: r a tingtbe ,Hr! died . Sarup rur! t hdD s igne d iiaatada-l Shah i etipu1..at1ne payg.ent Govardhan :Glri.. lie titen oollt,lctod GOvardb~ Gi tl . .tr CJ:l!· -ttil1 ryots a nd , t .im,ber. J:{owE!'O'e.r< .. 'he 'lJlatm9!2 tbs:·t ' !,}iri should ne coUelt'tod. froo hi:8

. Pou-i t_!1&n:~ .tl()rl:; t <11" Il1a.:a .• :.:.::~:. " ~r" " _. ,_ . . , . . , ·. ' t .,·_, ,', -

Shahi had l~ ·tran3fer~·ed

par·tnerahlp a t , .. . ·Go-..rardhan

of

I'lvanwh i l e , RaL1BD 3irl c O"'9l ained t o lu!.thnandu that he had bean Aade., 1:1,abl e for:-payment of Go\'8.i'dh~ Girl' s du:)s under

• :the· i.1ara , whereas N VenUi:lS'. h.:: d already been- eollectod and 'ap-pro_vri ated by Sal''Ilp .t'll,rL .. ' . . ~ .

" "fhe f ollo.1nr, rO~ -Or d9ll- ·V .... 3 ' l sauG4>ri)ri AShadh~-1 4, 1M6 . (Juno" 1809 r to' sardar.~ llI'no1a r-S1ngh·.- ' Su'i'Jed3r-'Wll Khotr!, and th~, iJJI\Pl,Ole&~ of Sal),\1 ~r~.krlsj-tll4~" " "S!:rur: Jl'uri. CB!lDot evade his cr;;anors -.a'j@ apr r oprle te · t'hei-r · r~oney.~ ~ ~ Br1rlg bim ·back. from lzlliii and meko hi'.1 rePeY t)te 8.[Ilouni: , du.e -.-to Raman Gj_r1. lf be dO~s not do ao;:sand him here . If pe d pas not make r epayment tbero, , ~!l aJ.ao·:do·e:(--¥9-t c oua here . sequc~ ter ~.1 his property aga. claiinS ' !n Mo~~4 t;lonf'lsc&ta . tbem, ..;.J.4P not release El. single .. ~?-- vith(,ut our O:rders." -', ·T . . '. - .' -. ~ ~ '; '.'~-:-' " """ , ' , . ,. , . RRC. ·VoL 40, ." pp ... j7!7.¥:(9", --' . ' .

, .

52

, " " , ['.,. train . S~'.1ha Khawas ' wa~ : in j'lorang 1..'1. .Juno 1805 . On 'Ashadh

:sad1 3. 1862 (Juno 1805 ) , he wa,s stu.lIilOne d t o kathmandu. 'l'he fol l owing royal order )1.13 issued in h i s name on' tlat date:

AppCin i:; a caPable l>1<l.!1 -;;rusi:;~d b.l· yap t o look after t he adi.!in i stration of H.ol'ang and CuBe oe:"o ilnnludiately on -;'·VCQj.v ing t .lis o r der i Eilong 'With doc ' l.Il1un t s .?.ne l'evenUo)S of the year -18 58 ViJu'StDa . In e t se you d o not do so , .fOUT son , who ls h ":'i'e, '11111 suffer . ACCOLdingly . como h ~~ ~"e a t once . Iou may l eave a f .e r you su"l:li '~ the a ccoun t s and :.." : cords , '·

Ash;."dh Badi 3 , ,862 ( June 1805 ) . . .

:.:0gml. Rllsea ;.-ch Collection . Vol. 6 , -po 64 . ,

.~.oer Narasin,g11 'rbapa of ?l\jhanp;- Baj ur:a

On ,:hadra 8' :d i 5 , 1856 , N?"(aSiIlf,'h 'l'h81'a was a P:,Ointed Subeda r - (If the Ranabam Co~!pany , which had ')Gen si;at ioned in liaihan g­Bajura . H.) succeeded Parashuram t lahat. 'f hQ Rana ')am ·Company Cc.u:pris.)d 16~ men , including 130 f · ·sHiers: '. . .

Su '..le dar :larsin ,h 'J.'ha-pa was g1ven the follOwing instruct1ons: - .

(1) .To pay salarios to tn~ men of tha J1ana~m Com?anY Bn!.onnti n ,·' ·;;0 its 895 Co mon "th or Its 10 ,740 a yea r • . .

. -(2 ) Tr, t ransr;li t to t he c ()n ·i;ral t r :;asur y

'l'o;~akdana) a Sura of ts 7;]0 a yCil r . a t KathuBndu ( i . e . the

To t r ansmit amoun ;s l of t Llentioncid .in ( 1) and (2) treasury at Kntnrnan ~u .

ovor after meet ing the expens oS a bove , ~ any , t o the central . .

To appropria t0 t h& inCOI:!C of . as his (:miol um Elnts (~~,gi) .

1 0 i)lets of r i ce lands

..

RHC, Vol . 23~. pp . 372- 74 .

1 . {toyel ordo::' to '.l.' l1an i Yij a ya ·"(a r.l .r:,;o.cb'iya .

-2. :tld.ns ta ·i;em~·nt of '1'h.:..ni ,;am Jaisi 3imkhada .

3 . ChBk~h eku1 finas in l!urr.l a .

4. ·"!ates of di;'to 'fax in Hwnl a .

-~ ,.

• • __ c

53

A r0 J2.1 or der con"c:lining the follo~linp, matters w~~s issuod for -i;he Le1d area 'of dutlla on Sh .'c "II' ..J1 ?'I:ldi 1, 1 859~ -

( 1 ) C i.~ .:: di-tol's shall ~'ealis", only YlrL1c).pal of lo~ns S1 l1h~liad by thGm du:d .. ng the ti.".e of tbe Kjn ?s of ,flU;.lla. On loans suppliGd a f ter th e; Jorl~hali C{'nq'kst, interest :3 ,all be col l .J c "i;ed a -I; the r[l,"i;.~ of !"s 22 fer (Juch rr." 20 of loan .

(2) Because of op; ·r (lssion, t :H" inhabHan-ts of 18Pli h.,;...",: been ~ili ,g:ra-t::; ni.:r to ~r:, t , andi::he area has -'.:;;c ome ,::.~-- 'o T'lulat~d.

(3) Vij aja llara t'ad, lY':' has bJ(m Raksr.ya 11aut as : iitB}1 .

re ir..st; c:. ted as 'rhi.n ~ -_._, awl

(4) A ~i.r.-~ tax of Ra 20 shall be paid ever J ye2.r through the ft~~_!. .

(5) 'fhe '£:t.t<W..! shull a p ;;:,_"0pria :;e tho customa}~f p1'2Sent of Onc oakh.l1.

(6) Jj~lO -i;~ froe th~ e r10l'..ly 8118 shall be e ncourngc:d to Bottlu there.

,rac, Yol. 39, ;JP. 566-67 .

2 . liein§.iq(;e~(mt " of 'rhe:n1.)1?l.!l.Li.a 5_8i Sir:~khada

.Roya;l ordel~ to Rahl jatSi Si;'J<:ha.da~ ul-r.: 'viously, .8 j ,rtQ r,::prenu,; f rom the village of D0lf' ~ .in the Hu:pl- Karan r8gion l:.sed to ,~tranSrll1t '(;0d t o . -the · A!IIali '!;nro:lgh YOt; in the Ci1.pacity of ·.t'han1. ~!e hereby r <:: confiro t his traditional arran-"2:8;"ent."

Sh .. "awan 3adi 1, 1859 •

. liRe , Vol . 39, p . 568.

3. - Q.hak.-ChB.1~.\.-')'in •. s .1Jl,;i\Y:~\~I'

Slu".:u'/an Dadi 1, 1859 .

an"Q. otpt:lrs, $1 royal

t in Vi.k~

~.ttak 9f' -, ;rela"t.1ons ,wl th

hit!her ampun~~ s t>,~--:liiiCw>Si;nctSu,,!,~ the same re.to~ as noe; makl! any cor·mlaint in the-°mat·ter. ;'

BRC, yol. 39, pp. 567-68 .

,

.. , -=-

"-

"".

/c Regmi Research (Private) Ltd. ISSN: 0034-34SX

2.

3.

4.

' 5.

Contents

7.a thIrruldu : May, 1 988

Edited By

Mahesh C. Regmi

Miscellaneous Documents of ?algun Bad! 6, 1869

Disturbances in Majhkirat

Sale of Birta Land

Kharidar JayakriShna Josh!

Gorkhal.i Adr::tin1.stration in Garhwal

*********

Regm! Reses'rch (Private) Ltd.

IazimIJe.t, Y.athmandu, Nepal

Telephone: 4-11927

• • •

• ••

•••

• • •

•••

!'age

61

67

69

70

72

(For private- stuQ,y and res,earch only, not meant for pu.1?l1c 58.1e, distribution. and ~play).

1 • .lllotment Ol.' J a,?; i..- l ands .

2 . m (; r.en t s on Jagi :::' l .i-.nr1s .

3 . Dis·.,urseDlen ·~ of Salaries.

4. !:scnoai; P ,-operty in B.::lnepa .

5 . 3u ';h1 Land 6n~'. Yments .

6 . !leinsta·te2ent of l(arr>in in Uarhwal .

7 . C.o..llect1on of Revenue Ar .. ~ears in Dott:.

8 . T,hi ,ti Arran3el~ents ·f CJ r t Jijh;:trs in .... a r-Eas tern dill Ileg: on .

(a) ~nyad1

Rice- lan ':s tl>i;allin~ ff75 nuris " eloni.r;ing t o the Ha y,:l ;:;c. ~.)Uj CO .. ' ,any in ,j.nYL d i ,le~'e allo '~ '~e d f or ' c ltl t i vation t o t he f(·llo\lin:'( t enants on "!)CjI;18n~ of 3.)~-:1!.n~k rents as f ollows . 'r he a l lot tees were o:\'dered '(;0 prov!-1e loans to' their ja:~irdar­l .).ndlords, who were orde red not tc t!vict. t hel:l .

.. 2 .

Pa d; <c":. }.'nn i Pandit JayaJlil. ci Pandit

3 . do . Pas ~u, e lands e t fallo- Gi tyan on payment of 3 rupee s a year.

4.

5. 6 .

Siddha padhya do .

Parth Padhya

7 . Bidu Padhya 8. JaYU 'KriShna Padhya 9 • RilChe Pa dhya 10 . Dhaktu Pad.hya 11. do.

1 2 . Rikhe Padbya Poudyal.

l\J.:ea. .of Lun e":

(.uiiiu:.:is)

1 00

140

60

40

40

40 60

40

40 •

15 40

24

4 2

18X

10X

9~

8

20

n 9 4

10

lX 1

1

1

1 ~

1 1

, . ,

& minas. 1

62

13 . j),an,1 ay P-cldhya 40 9 1

14 . l3aSc.l~ta r'a dhya (area deC-uct', d from Pa cbuapani PO-idH ' s hOl ding ) 40 ~X 1

15 . (Jaje ... adhya 40 7 1

16 . 31.1')arn;::.. .aa.u Gal Il'a (area de due tad f rom Padmapani Pandi t~ hOlding ) 40 8~ 1

-------- -------.-'i'atal ~5 227 no. 21-14 (aanas )

RIte 9 Vo!. 39 . pp . 5 10-1 1.

(b) Sataun I

'i'h e ~aya Sahuj Comp,:m y helrl 290 J;luris of l~ice lands under j::l! i r 1mure in five plo~s in 3ataun also . 'i'he se lands were allotted -1;;0 1{r1shna 1'andH as follows:-

ArM Kut :J:he.A G!'liukhM8 (in mur1 ) ( in muris' ~of p2.ddy) llil Rs

1- 40 10 X 1

2. 80 22 X 2

3 . 120 X 30 3

4 . 40 10 X 1

5 . 10 5 v 1 h

RRC. vol. 39 . p . 509 .

II

A tract of land calle d Ginjyan , located at ilamgu,1a in 3ataun , and ileld by the .tlays S8.:mj Corr.:pany as jagir , was allotted to Kal"an i'Jall a <l.nd ili3.: ~ha i'ialla on Thek-Chha pjancU -i;enUl'e. s t ipllla.tfng a yearly payment of 16 rupees .

RH.C, Vo!. 39 , p . 509 .

63

I

.3ak SinC-; h J: 'F', p.:::. ",Jas anc .Lr! 560 1T. !l~·Ll of r ice- f"iel!ls :-'eld 'Y t ne Sri >;a : .. akh CO;'Ip<.!~! Y i n '!'a: l~~'l on p.: ynen-i; of lel!;; ~'em;8 as f( ,lloFs. de wa s direck,e. -:;0 r;.,y ,churdaic!::.-i;hekl and .&ll.1.~h..::-11]§, taxes in additio;m acc ordi.n~; to cn~'l'ent ra"ces. and a lso to provide loans "i;o -;;he ja.,.<>:i:..-da.:.'-l8.Ildlords .

}Jlddy (in HQ",' 1)

!th.!!l\l;,l)a~ Hs

Dih..l,.-:.~:l rma Us

Ramche

320

340

101

fr7

8

8~

2

1 --------- •... - - .. - .-, .. - .-~-

total 660 188 1 6~ 3

p~ . Vol . 39. p. 514 .

II

'rhe Sri Barakh COl,1pany held ano t her assignment of 200 . muris of rice-fields in Tanahu . i'hese rice-f ields were allotted to :,')hujahar Bohra, Bandhu Rana l IJan EJ nona, and KriShnanand L..lud, 1'1 on Jiut t enure. 'fhe s che dul e ' of payments was as, follows : '1't1(~ a.llottees we re also direc tad -1; 0 p:ly the .c...!JQ.~d&I!l.=..tilek i tax and provide loans to t ileir jagirdz.r- landl.ords , who wer e ordered n ot; to evi ct t ilem.

1.

2 .

.8&,!,i raha

Baeuwa

A.rElA (in ;f'Url)

180

20

RRC, Vol . 39 . pp 512-1 3.

. (in

l!;u .;; !..1\U'i a of

pac.!.J.y)

202

8

2. lill ' ~ ~lJ:~._<m. Ja.!1r_lands

Gh:i,yk~, Rs

1 4~

8 annas .

n oyal . order to ths i;enan t s (pioh.i) c1tlt!vating ' t he rice­l ends h3l d b,f t he D.J.;"$l Bux C(I;,tI:lIlJly~ "\:a ' have s ent the Jcroadar, ·~tdrla and s oldie r s of the Du~·g< .. "Ju:;:: COioJ.paC1Y to inspec '~ the I dn,ls cultivatod " Y you and prescrne kU'i; rents according t o toe gra'_,e , ·that i3, abaJ, •• dl.·ya.m, ~J.!I1, 01' £~.-!l.a..r. . Rec .ord

64

p.J.l'ticul:>.rs of yields oi' l .::mc. cul"i;;iva"'<2d by you for the past '~!l~ee yearS . '.chose W;10 pl'cscri ~le !rut ::.'ents shall r econf irm '~he axistin3 cult iva:~ors if they aC'Cep'(; the ne\<,' rates; otheJ'wlse, t~ley have ~)een e;n:?mrered -co appoint new cult i vators .;'

Vol. 39 , p. 505 .

nayal cl'del' to RuJed<.;.~· Bali".bhadra l'adhya , "ife had dis'>ursements . the yoa r i 3 yet made the d1B ')u.:-seLlents . this order .

I

To Bil'a~hi1drn i\8.nwar as i)alary for t he Vil0.-nmo yea r 1869

2 .

'.1.'0 the N<lya S.:I?uj COL!,;any of ~~ ·I;.c"\un

aRC, Vol . 39, p. 51 0 .

'rotal

itar!lojH ;-i;-,: ncl. :".ri and DH"i:;;lll order ed you to make the following a'l-:lout to c xpil'e l hu"c you buve not

"-lake ';;he!>1 as soon as y ou r eceive

• "0 • •

• •••

• • • •

• • • •

::s. 2 ,500.

:1S . 250,;

lloS . 432-1 4

lls . 3 ,·182-14

II

. The same day, ' Subed&r ~L!ajH .a..il"'.a.ndl:lri and .J:itthn J:>alabhadra Fndhya were ordered to t:1ake the fOllowillg dis~ursements from ", he revenues of th3 Pa r ;,at r.lines 2.nd t he D1ni end J3J.glun:schaur mints for the VL'-c....--aiUa yeo:..r 1669:-

2 .

Nirbhaya Simha Aasnyat o~1!.hakQ. of the .T:tJ!!..q­Ba :i,:i: l1M

3 . Bahadur 'rna pa , do. of .!I:m!.o-Kaus i

5. hani do .

6. Guhyo.naran do .

7. Chingi do.

RRC , Vol . 39 , pp . 516-17.

•

"fotaL

• •••

• ••• Its 172

• ••• r", 21 ~

• ••• Rs 165

• ••• Rs 75

• ••• ns 75

• • •• ns 50 .

Hs 0 " 11 • • • • 929[",

.. -.

:-.:. . _.

... " "-=. -- .. ,-~

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III

On AShadh Bed! 10, 1864, the Amallda!'S, !)Wares, Umraa , etc. of the rug10D west of the Chope and Marsyangdl rivors end east of too Gendl river were ordered to send the local people on jharc bASis to on the Chepo and ~&l.uld1 rivers whioh bad by floods. sardar Bhal.rAV Simha he.d bean given charge project.

RRe, vol.20, p. 425 •

IV

on ABhedh SUdi 10, 1864. a royal order was iSsued for the supply of care on jhara baSiS from all inhabitants of Tanahu for the construction of JholangaS at Borlang-Ghat, as well as on the Chey.; and -M.arSyangdi rivers. They were ordered to deliver the, caoo a1j Gorkha-Besi before the 10th day of Shrawan. Households who had sent men t o ka'ngre, as well as kagetl-HUloki households, were granted exemption from this obligation.

V

Royal orde r t o Chaukis and Jaget posts at BorlaIl8-Ghat: "A naw satydlU haS been constructed there In the name of .-(Ring Rd! Bllhadur Shah). Do not let elephants, horses, blffaloes, end village cows pass through that Sfnshu. However, cows of excellent bree.d (aPlrbi ?) may be .::l owed to pass through. If anyone forcibly takes his elephants , etc. through tbs Sanghu, report the matter to us."

JRstha Bad! 11,1864,

RRC , Vol. 20, p. 352.

(To Be contiwed)

Regmi Research (Private) IJtd .

Contents

, . Miscellaneous

2 . On Sati

3. The Chisapani

4. Royal Orders

K8.tbmandu : Novembe r 1988

Edited By

Nahesh C. Regmi

La."d Grants

Fort - 11

of Shrswa,n Badi 9 , 1864

*******.**

Regmi Research (Private) Ltd.

Laz impa t , Xa thmandu , Nepal

Te lephone : 4- 11927

rf

/0

lSSN : 0034- 3~, ~_;

Page

- , 5'

, 55

' -9 ., ' 65

(Fo r privata Btudy - and research only; not meant for pu~1ic sale , diStribution and display) .

, . " . . 3.

j'liscellaneous Land Gr ants

Reconfirmation of pri tr..vi l i ara,yan sbah ' 5 Grants

A Land Gra n t to Sher bahadur Sheh

p hikder Gr antS:

(a) To ;~;ii.... B;!bac!m ' Bhw:.de.ri

(b) To Daroga Vams haman! l,ama .

4 . Land Grants t o prime Ninl s ter Bhi msen Tbapa

5 . Birt;a Grant to khaj'Qnchl Uda,yQ Gir!

6. ssukalpa Bir ta Grant to Sardar Bir abhadra Pantha

7 . Land Gr ant t o prana Shah

8 . A Marwat Grant

9 . Bskh-Bunyad Grant to Ram Chandre khatri

10 . hlrta Gr ant .t o Chautarlye Ran Udyot Shah. ,

1 . Reconfirma tion of Prithvi Nara ,yan Sheh's Grants

1

Merga SUdl 2 , 1842: 1.!ng p r ithvi 1 c.rayan Shah lied 81':l.~ 7 , c­l khat as manachaIDal to Kash!ram Acharya ' s fathe r a t Deurali-Bes i. l<.ing pratep Simba , and l a ter, l.ing Ran Behadur Sbah reconfirmed the grent ie favor of R~shir~t:". Acherya. (25/6) .

Marge Sud i 2 , R8me.nande P~"1the ' 13 again reconfirmed

Il

1842 : Prithvi Nnra,yan Shah had rec onf in .. \ lands at Chainpur . The grant 'W cS Bahadur Shah. (25/7 ) .

III

Fnlgun :)'Udi 6 , 1852 : Prithvi Nera,yan Sheh had endowe c. 25 khe ts end 40 muris of rice- fields as gutbi, along wi t h blildinga , shops , and bar! lar.ds . e t Raikad'W urthal! Village for tbe Veye Devete of the ne'W temple (Naya deva!). 'f h ... endowment 'WaS recon.firn::tJd by h.ing Ran Babadur Shah. ( 9/501) .

2 . A Land Gr ant to Sher Bohadur Shah

On SaturdBY . Mogh ' SUdi 5, 1852 . Sher Bahadur Shah was granted a tra ct of land on both sides of the Bagmati river near the main roed from l. a thmandu to Patan . The grant entitl..:d him to reclaim end u s e the lends .

RRe , vol. 9 , p . 2 9 .

, 52

3 . fhikder Grants

( a) To KaJ l Bahadur BhF.ndari

A t::"Bct of land situated e es t of Us :kuwBpani­:khola in Shlltung hed bee n granted to ~aji ll aha6ur Bha rd a ri under cbha p tenure . Ql J.loroay, Shrewan Bed! 1 , 1964 , th~ land 'AlB S granted to the kaji unde r pb.1ko8.r tenuN on an inheritable baSis .

RRC . Vcl. 6 , pp. 905- 6 .

Cb) To Dal"oga VeJ!!3hemanl Lama

On Baisnkh SUdi 12. 1868 , Dnrogv. VamRhemanl 1 8JD.e " ... ~ grante d 88 ropanis of· pakho laOO8 e t S[, inbutar in p ~,t <..L. as Phikdar-Blrta-Bitcleb. The grant waB tax-frea , wi tn the .except ion of Gt:dimubarakh, Chumawan, and GoddhulOa .

The grant concluded , "Do not encro ecb upon l ands situa t ed outside the boundaries. The l ands Shall not be confi.scated unless an offcIl!;i8 i s committed. Anyone who doas" not ,observe th~se a m ctures shall be condet:iP.ed as fo l l ows: Any person who conf'iscuts& ·lands grantad by himselt o r by oth ... rs shall be r e bOl'n as a worm livir:[ in hu man e xcre ment for 60 , 000 ~ars . " ,

RRC. Vol . 9 , PP.110-11.

VemshamaDi Lame was 8ppoint!<td Daroga of the Far aS (Governn:ent proparty) Office on Jesthn SUdl 8 , 1873 .

RRC , Vol . · 28, pp. 305-6 .

4 . Land Grants to Pr i ma Mini s ter Bh1.I:lSeD Thepe

I

Shrew-an SUcU 10 , 1862; "Fou r tracts of bari landS 1r. Bbadesun, previously belong1118 t o Aj it S1mba, Dbanju . and Bhairave .Simha (1llegitllD8te sans of h.1ne Ranajit Mall~) we r a granted to Bh1mslln Thapa for ci1ltivation of musk-melon .

Four Newer · house·holds '. baloJ;gj,.ng to SUn N&rayan of Te1achh{, Tal, Shit Nara.yan and Sh1.va Narayan of Byaai Tal, and ASharam of J~chba .Tol , were appOint e d car~takers . They ware .grant~d exemption from. s~efMU end othe r taxes ~ as well M from otber compulSory oborobligaUons .

MC. vol.· 6 , pp . 272- 73. . .

II

Kaji .i:l himsen Thapa had b ti;l8n granted landS a t Ikubat".al in L88"antol, l.cth~ndu, · for the construction of a hOUSe . The site previously compriSed su houses and compoWlds . One of tbem bed b~en confiscat ed f rom th~ Ne wer owne r s at the time of the Gorkbali conqut;;-st of Kf ,thmruldu . The othe r five hous r;rs had baan p.1rches>Jd in the ne.miO< o f the Id.Ilg from their ownorS for the }W"PQsa of t he gr ant t o ksji BhimSen Tbaps .

, :13

subsequently, abou·~ 14 oth", r houf!!es and compruRiS edjoining :i!..aji Bhimsen Thepe ' t! hous e we r e · pu r chasad in t~e nl.::!kl of th"" h.1ng f r om th~ ir o~mers end grent GQ. as innarita,ble Birte.­Bita leb-l?hikdcr t o him. Ono:;! of t hese houses be l ongtOd to Ser der :oireb r.ad ra PantGs . The ::larde.r seeDlS to he ve bg~n Uant6d lands in :n:cc angc 1n Gor khe (seo below) .

er.cUre suo 1 15 , 1868

fiRe , Vol . 28 , pp . 273- 78.

III

On Ashet!h Sud l 1, 1870 , Ge ner al Bbimsel) Tb~pa · was grant (:d 30 ro p~.nia (md 5 annas of l e nd s t Legent ol unde r illhoritabl e Bir t n-.8 i t f\l a h t enure for t lB constru ctior. of r .

. hou s~,. . 5avera:l ·sung-biI't a . ~?- grt!l1" l.and~ :~e .l\~ acqU iI!:t:>d .l: ~o~.·{that : !pur gQ/:ld " aU:l .;thti· "Owners · 'tIgre: 'g~:tPe· ¥.l. ;~~ ojla;Jge

. r1qe::t~elda; . i n · h athinariOu he la by I;sxnii lrnrayM ~er .. Clar; oc hwJsl t a ·rure . The b herdars who' deD£r cat ed tha bouDd.ari~s of the gr~t i!lclud~d Cha.utar iya DekS habir Sheb., 1aji Ranajit 1unwa ,:" Knj i Btrakesar Pande , hnj 1 Bahadur Bh andari, Sard e r 13 nkhat s l mha BBSnye t, Snr da r R:,ulsgunj. Shahi, sarde r Jagej i t FSlOa . Sardar ·Chandr sweD kha t r i , Teksori Umckant a Padhya ,· and sub(>ci ~.r saka .h.he.tr i . . ,

, , ~C, Vol . 28 . pp . 258-61 . IV

~neral Shimsen f hape had built e. house a t Nuwakot-Besi. One kha t of r i ce fields e.nd .2 d i h iS ad joining tha t house were grant ed t o hi m on oo.kh-bunyad tenure OIl Bhadre SUdi 15 , 1872 . . .

The grant was fOr::lal l y mede on h..e.rtik: SU d1 5 . 1872 .

RB-C , Vol. 28 . pp . 20>-6 .

" "

v

On sunday , poush sudi 3 . 187 9 (December W,2) . Prime rilini 5 t 8 r E h imSep Thapa was granted a ~re. ct o f ~ou r r opF'Jl i s of l and west of tlli:> t ank a t t~ t em,pl li! o f Sri Trip.u' eshwPl' 11ahodev adjoining . his birta l a DliS in :k.at hmandu . 'rhe grant was made und e r Sarb anga-rnsfi-birta-bit a l a b t enu re fo r t b.e i OB t allation of .. Eo, · s tuva , t oample .· -~ .-...

bOlUlde.r 1.d5. an of f enoo i s stricturee sbaJ.l be

." . ,: . ''UBe.

" . "

not who

. . "

as follows :

. , .. "

ou t s 1d." unleSS

"/JJy parson who confiSc ateS l ands granted by himsel f or by other s shall be reborn as e worm living in human eXc~Dt for 60 , 000 years."

RRC , Vol. 9 , pp . 169-70 . " .

, 54

5 . Blrts Gre.nt to l.ba1 sncb! Udaya Gir!

On Chaitr e Bud! 9 , 1868, 1.haJanchi Udaya Gir! wee granted 1 khat of rice-flelcs and 7 ropania as a homes! te for the constructiOn of house e t Nllwakot. The rice-fie lds were previously beJ,d by Sardar Anlrudra Banlya and Subed Ei r Bhotu, and th~ 7-ropani homesite by Subedar Bhotu .

RRC , Vol . 28, p . 80 .

6 . . S:"nkalpa- Birts Grant to. Sardar Birabhadra Pantt.a

On Chpitra· SUdt 10 , 1868 , Sardar Birr:hhadra panthn was gr ant ed 2 kheta of . rice-fie lds in Gorkha as Sankalp~­~. The gr ant WE-S wade in Cl xchange f or his house a t Dugolhiti in l a gsntol, .h. e t hmandu , which was acqu ire d by the governn:ent .

RRC , Vol . 28 , p. 79 and pp. 287-88.

7 . Lp~d Grant to frena Shah

():D Josthe Sud1 13, 1874., several villages in t he !-I aldt ..:. area , includill6 Bhcngerl Kharka, Negerkot , lic.yagaun, a rrl Gsirhige.un , were gr ant ed' to Pr ana shah on Bekh-bunyad t e nure on an inhe r itable basis. .

The grant " had originally been made on an inheritabl e basis by King Prithvi 'Shah ' s fath~.r, J iVe Shah .

RRC , Vol. 28 , p. 328 • . '

6 . A Manrat Grant.

tenure on to Pr enc

BRdal Simhe lIhander1 was kille d: while fighting th~ Britisb in EarSa. ChandrahiJ" Bhendari, presumably, his son, was , ttl3refore , gr?Jlted, 160 muris of rice-fields ' a t Lamachaur in Keski on Nprwat tenure.

Be.!aakb SUdi 9 , 1871

RRC , Vol . 28 , p. 296 .

9. Bekh- Bunyad Grant to Ram Cbandra bhatrl

Marga Badi 8, 1872; Ram Cbandra i.hatri owned 5 kbets of rice fields in Bungmati, and a house in l.ethmandu und~r

tewre. The:se were now granted to him. unde r Bekb­"tje.nura .

"aRc , Vol. 28, p. 207 .

155

10 . Birta Gr ant to Chautariya Ran Ud.yot Shah

On Suncia ,Y , Foush .:3adi 8 . 1869 ; Chautariya Ran Udyot Shat". , elde r broth .l r of king u irban , was bI'snted 25 ropanis of rice­lands , previoualy uneal' Se r e tenure , a t NUI',akot, Besi f er t he con~tru ct1:0!l v f a hov_s8"mGe l' birta t erure . 'l' h~ grant cor.eluded , '~he birt80wr.~r shall not encroach upon lands outside his bounciarws . 'fhs grant shall not ba conflscbtbd LU":!less ,an off,ansa I s co=l t ,ted . Anyone who ,dous no t observe thes\, stri ct u,[,,8S shall be condemned as follO'l~s: Any perSon who confiscates lands grant~ d by himself or by otr.ers shall be reborn as a worm l iving in human excrem!<nt f or 60 , 000 years ." ,

p~c . vol. 28 , p. 25 6.

-*.* •

On S r>ti •

(Qvv ernment o~ lispsl, "Sat! Jana ko " (Cl'l Becoming- a Sat! ) i n l .... :.n (legal code). } .. s t hmandu : Pas trupa t Chhapakhana,1975 Vikrama (A. )). f 9 18) ,- -pt . 4 , w.63-66}.

1 . I n the future, in casa the wife of any deceased person, high Or' 10;';;, deSires to become a Sati, s he shall_ not be allowed t o do so i f thi s is prohibited by t he law • •

In case (the widow ) is such as is permitted by the law to become a Bati , ha r rel&tives end othe~ people who are r es pons i bla f or he r meintenence, and the headman {dwere, thari, mukh j,J,'s , oijbar) Chaudhsri, Jimider} and respectable people (bhaladmi) of the village Shal l make all POSSible efforts t o persuaje her not to do so .

Howeve r, i f t heir eff<:l rts do not succeed, the mourrers (rnalruni ) who have t o cremate he r, and the headmen am respectable p~ople of the village , shall report that mette r to t he n e arest court (adalet) , o r else to the nearest 6O ve I'll.llBnt office.

Peo pIe may saY: "I f the place where the matter mus t be referred lies et a dlstance of two or three days' ·journey, there will be delay. How can we keep the dead body for four or five days?"

However, e ven according to the Dharmasbastra§, (the widow) may ~,come a sati even after keeping the dead body (o f her husband) fo r five or seven days.

It is also kno1m to e veryone that if a man who has gor..e to a foreign cC'untry dies there, hiS dead body may be kept for four or five days so that his wife may become a Sat!.

156

In the Vikrama Year 1933 (A.D. 1876) 1 when Snri :3 Nahare j Jung Bahadur died at Pothargb.at , too matter waS r oferred t o His M£lj :::Sty in Neta l, and the dded body 'ol ea left uncrematiJd for four nights' and five days . only theree.ftor did his wives becoDle SatiS . Th:1.S i s known t o ev;,: ryono ,high or low , in our Kingdom.

AS far as possible , perSUade (the widow ) not to 00 00 me ,8 Sat!. I .f, Ilowo ver, s he ccnno t bo so pa rsue,ded, I'Elport th~ mEltte r to the gov8rnm8nt affire in th-a mann~r 'mentlomd above . LG t h0r be cremate d r!.S 0 sat! only a ftor too office conduct~ lnvostlgations end decides t o grant pe rmission.

In c aSe any person cre mates (a wid ow) ns Sr..tl without fulfilling thl?se form a,l1ti-3s , he shall be held lia ble (fo r the critre) alongwith the madmen and raspectebla people of t\1.e village. Tho Illl\nIlUm pen alty of de a th may be imposad on him at our discretion.

2 . Only " (widows) who hp.d bear. formally or info r.nally marrie d

3.

4.

5.

6 .

(to the :d ecaased person), who deSire t o become a Sati of her own ~e will, without force or i ntim.i.diation being use d in any way, shdl be o1.lowed to do so l;'.ft t? r obtaining the permi ssion of ttB Primo Ministe r, " or, in outlying areas, of too n e aNst high_ranking government office r, and fulfilling the formaliti 3s prescrib3d in the public notifica tion, subj :~ ct to too following conditions:

He r younge~h son, whe t her or not he cen take rice cooked by bor, 1.8 over 16 yeare of age.

Hor d aught e r, if ml'1rried, is over 10 yearS of oge . or if unmnrrled , I s OWl" 12 Y,)e!'s of age. "

No woman shell be e ntitled to become B s att on the death of her son in the belie f tha t pe is the vermi ion (sindur) of he r shoulden SlaveglrlS I;'.nd maidservants " shell not be allowed to becone Setis on the de e th of the Qloen of the reigning Ring (Mabaraj) . o r of the wives of oth.er people.

I n case a man i s kille d in war, his widow mey become a sati according" to the law tl she so wishes . If he was of Brahlll81l caste, she shall not be allowed to become a Sat! SUbseqUently, since the Shastras forbid 1 t.

In case e widow who is entitled to became a flUi according to the l aw belontr-J to a caste- from whoStl h8nds r de n aBed trusband) could not take cooke d ."rice, she shall not be creml"t e d iD the same pyre, but shall be cremated in a separat e pyre. If such widow i s below 45 years of age, she shall not be allowed "to becomu a Sati.

Atta r El widow who is" e ntitlad to oocomo a s "coording to the "law becomes a sfit! and climbS the - ~ral;;or.hi" and all ritu:lls plrtain!ng to t e caste, including the of Goddess G",uri. have been comple ted, she shal l onco more persuaded not t c immolate herself. If she ch ~nges her mind, she shall bo grant03d expiation according to tho law.

157

7 . In csse a widow ,who I s ~nt1tled to become e. Sot! according

b .

, ~ .

to the lew falls from tho pyre before l.t is lit, or ge ts do wn e.nd G~capes , or roqUQ3ts « thi.l moUnlors) Dot to burn he r e1iV'<J because she 1.5 nfrd.a , she Shall not b.) cremet ed .

In c~sc the widow dous so aft J r the pyre is lit. she,ah 11 be told : "wa sha ll cr o illFlte you only i f yon do s ire to beec \..::- [­Sat! of your own fre d .... iJ.l . Tf .no!. , we shel l t aku cc re of you, arrange fn l'" roocUr.;nl tre c.t ment and expi a tion , and k .;op yOl.1

in home . "

If the widow says she joj'iSoos to become 8 Set! and should b~ crotn~ted accordingly. a sta tement shell ha preporcd , en e: E'.tt&stcd by witnesses , end the Set! then cremated. If she is cr -.:;mated 'oil thout fulfilling thoSe formnli tieS, a crime shen be deomed t o havo bven co~tted •

• In CeBQ ~ widow who Is e ntitlud to bcCOIOO e bf'..ngl us , but subsoquently e xproaseS har 13.' Seti, shc shnll not be a llo· .. eo. to do so \~ V'.ln wa t e r OV3 r herS01f.

bracks ho r gla5 9

become 1\

if she throws

In CAse El widow washes the fea t of ho r d o ceasod htiSb f'.nd find d rinks it on tho Sa..IOO day e r on subsequent dc.ys . ' She shall not be deemed to ht-.va com:rlttod a cntre , nor n~od she 'undergo e xpi a tion. •

1J . In ~se a widow who is not entitled to become a Sf'.t i accorc.'.ing to tha l c:w is cr sI!lati)d - eno thus murdered in a.ny way , the p:rson who first gf~ve pentlssion , t.11::t person who first st:ruck hor, and thE. person who firs t cr.ught h(:d 6 of M r, s hall 00 sentenced to 1mprlso~ont for life .

In case any person has crenated ha r a fttlr g1.ving he r intoxica ting drugs , or through the usa of force, he s lu'.11 be betwad€ld , if his c as t e status so warrants, or elSe sentenced to i mpriscO!lunt for lifo .

Otha r mourner s (mdam.!) a hall be p.J.nlshed wi th fimS as follows:

Ab a,l . 20 rup;.;oes

Doysm 15 nlpees

• Sim 10 rupeos

Chahar 5 rupoles

i 1. I n case any porson ~m1n1S ters intoxicatiD8 cruss to too wldow, or u ses tONe, to coerce ber to become a setts end accordingly t hrows wat e r OVdr nor , ho sh'll.l bo impr onod fo r tour y Gl ers.

12 . In matte rs othor than tho se oontiomd Move, punishment shell bil inflict ed according to the na tu re of thl onaase e t the discretion of the PriCla foi1n ister.

158.

1 , . A .... i dow .... ho decid ~s :'lot to become a Sati before t he :t\llle r ::l pyrt: i s li t shall be granted expiation only 1n respec t t v cooked rice gnd water . In case she changes hur mind after "~hf:t py re is lit , >3he shall be grented expiation only in respec t to water.

14 . A complainant who cennot s ubStant:l.ate hi s co mplaint: shall ~ ~ punish~d" as follows :

}-::e shall be imprisoned for five years i i' "i:;h e cr ime is puni shable wi th death or life imprisonment .

Ho shall ': a imprisoned for 1~ years if the crime i s puniShable with confiscation of property .

Half of the fine an d term of i mprisonment due in othe r cases .

15 . A fooliSh woman .thO thro~'ls wat ~ r over he~el!' in ord er to becol!! .;> a Sati on heering that her sick hus band has di ed , without makill t" inquiries , s 181l oe punished with a fine ranging between 5 rupee..~ and 20 rupees according t o her status , and gran ted expi ation .

I t . A J l tauri f ee of 5 rupees s hall be r 9aUzed from the '''inn!.ng party •

17 . ~he term of i mprisonment under this l aw Shall not excee ~ 12 years .

r~.;"ous fte ferenC(lS

2.

"Abolition of the Sati Sy3tem. " :lear 2 , lIo . 7 , .July 1 , 1970 , pp . 63 of the LBw Relating t o Human Life

, ilful uld. Ain).

"On Set! ," pp . 65-69 ( Muluki Ain .

:lear 9 , No . 5 , May 1, 1977. - ,- the 1866-67 ed . of the

The Vi krama 1980 (A . D. 1923) edition of the does not contain a separata law on the Sati Sys tem. tiOD of the system 1s oontained 1n Sec t ion 51 of the Law on HOmici de ( Jyanmara KO ) i n that editi on . (Gov ernmen t of Nepal , Ai»Xathmand U: ra8hupat Chhapakhsna , 1980 (A . D. 1923) , pt . 4, pp . "50-52 . Thi s corresponds to Section 63 of the ~ame law i n t he A. D. 1955 ed ., Which, as menti oned above , is translated i n Regmi Research ~Qrles , Year 2 , No . 7 , July 1, 1970 , pp . 152-5 3.

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