Regulation

Hox GenesAny of the developmental control genes

Hox Gene Mutation

Mutations

Def.A change in genetic material where normal

genes are changed or damaged.

Mutations happen all the time!Polymerase makes 120,000 mistakes per

cell division>1% mistakesMost of these mistakes are corrected Proof-reading and repair enzymes fix most

of these problems

Three Main Categories Single GeneMultifactorial GenesChromosomal

Method mutationsPoint mutation

Only a few bases are changedMay include

Subsitution Affects only on amino acid

Frameshift MutationMay include

DeletionSubstution

Affect whole gene

FrameshiftsAll the sad boy had for him big dog was bad

ham and one old pig leg.

All the sab oyh adf orh isb igd ogw asb adh ama ndo neo ldp igl eg.

Chromosomal MutationsChanges to structure of chromosomes

Dominance in MutationPoint, Frameshift, and Chromosomal

mutation can be recessive or dominant.

Non-disjunction Def- The failure of chromosomes to

separate properly during meiosis or mitosisResult in individuals with wrong number of

chromosomes

Somatic vs. Germ line mutationsSomatic

Occurs in a body cell

Only effects the area where the mutation happened

Cannot by passed on to offspring

Example: Skin Cancer

GermlineOccurs in the

reproductive cells of the parent

Is passed on to offspring

Affects every cell in the offspring

Example : Down’s Syndrome

Are mutations good or bad?