regulation of reinsurance recoverables: protection or protectionism? presented by: cassandra cole,...
TRANSCRIPT
Regulation of Reinsurance Recoverables: Protection or Protectionism?
Presented by:
Cassandra Cole, Kathleen McCullough, and Lars Powell
American Risk and Insurance Association Meeting, 2006
Washington D.C.
2
Background
Reinsurance recoverables Paid losses & LAE Loss reserves Unearned premium reserves
Authorized/unauthorized reinsurer
3
Background
Credit for Reinsurance Laws Collateralization
Letter of credit / Trust account
Provision for unauthorized reinsurance Adjustment to statutory assets
4
Motivation
Scope: $240b in recoverables (2004) Almost 60% of industry surplus
Cost of collateralization: 15 to 60 basis points Estimate $200m - $500m annually
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Motivation
Considerable public debate Lloyd’s of London: not necessary for old and
strong reinsurers (such as Lloyd’s) RAA (and others):
necessary to the financial strength of domestic insurers given differences in accounting methods and enforceability
Collateralization enables smaller insurers to access international reinsurance market
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Research Question
Valuable solvency protection? Unfair trade protection?
What does the market think? How does the PFUR affect the price of
insurance?
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Hypotheses Development
Price of insurance is negatively correlated with insolvency risk
All else equal, if consumers are concerned about collecting uncollateralized recoverables from unauthorized reinsurers, price will be negatively related to PFUR
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Variables
Price = inverse of economic loss ratio [Net premium – dividends – UW expenses] /
[PV (incurred losses)] PFUR = provision for unauthorized reinsurance /
net premium
Controls: firm size, group membership, organizational form, underwriting leverage, concentration of underwriting exposure, and business mix
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Data
NAIC Property-Casualty Database 2001-2004 25% of insurers report a provision for reinsurance
Firms Reporting PFUR Year Observations Mean PFUR 2001 405 $ 8,411,638 2002 395 $ 9,368,780 2003 399 $ 7,551,241 2004 301 $ 4,879,086
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Methodology
PFURit = + Xit + % FOREIGNit + it Eq. (1)PRICEit= + (PFURit = PFURHATit) + Xitt + it Eq. (2)
where, PFUR = the provision for unauthorized reinsurance scaled by net
premiums written for insurer i in year t;X = a vector of exogenous financial and operational factors
controlling for the size of the provision for in equation (1) and variation in price equation (2) for insurer i in year t;
% FOREIGN = the percentage of premiums ceded to foreign reinsurers by insurer i in year t;
PRICE = the inverse of the economic loss ratio for the insurer i during year t; and
PFURHAT = the predicted values of the PFUR variable(s) in equation 1 for insurer i in year t used as instrument for these variable(s).
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Summary Statistics
Summary Statistics
All Firms
With PFUR
Without PFUR
Provision for Unauthorized Reinsurance^* 0.013 0.05 0
Price^* 1.198 1.149 1.215
Size* 18.087 19.519 17.597
Affiliated Dummy Variable* 0.686 0.862 0.625
Stock Dummy Variable* 0.748 0.797 0.731
Direct Business to Surplus* 7.954 2.464 9.835
Line-of-Business Herfindahl Index* 0.679 0.589 0.71
Geographic Herfindahl Index* 0.608 0.425 0.67
Alien Reinsurance* 0.135 0.231 0.102 ^ Indicates variables windsorized at one percent and 99 percent; *Indicates means statistically different at 10 percent or better.
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Results
Variable Coefficient Std. Err. Constant 0.039 0.4164 Provision for Unauthorized Reinsurance^ -4.8991 2.7730* Size 0.0519 0.0202** Affiliated Dummy Variable -0.0463 0.0375 Stock Dummy Variable 0.1234 0.0345*** Direct Business to Surplus -0.0001 0.0000** Line-of-Business Herfindahl Index 0.5428 0.0928*** Geographic Herfindahl Index 0.0045 0.0439 Robust standard errors; Line-of-Business and Year Controls For Space * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%
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Conclusions
There are significant differences in insurers with and without PFUR.
PFUR is negatively related to price.
Initial results suggest Credit for Reinsurance Laws provide protection for U.S. insurers accessing international markets.
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Further Research
Explore differences for primary insurers and reinsurers
More fully explore the determinates of PFUR
Evaluate proposals by Lloyd’s and other large insurers to reduce collateralization requirements for financially strong alien reinsurers