regulatory focus on irr - what to expect and how to comply regulatory focus on interest rate risk:...

37
The Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10:00am CT, lines open at 10:50am CT Audio: 855-749-4750 Access Code: 920 722 897 # You can also listen to the conference call audio using your computer speakers. To maximize the webinar viewing area, please select “View” – “Full Screen” from the menu or press “Alt-Enter” on your keyboard. Presented by: Jeffrey F. Caughron, Managing Director & COO [email protected] Ryan W. Hayhurst, Managing Director [email protected]

Upload: vuongngoc

Post on 02-May-2018

217 views

Category:

Documents


4 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

The Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk:What to Expect and How to ComplyConference Call will begin at 10:00am CT, lines open at 10:50am CT

Audio: 855-749-4750 Access Code: 920 722 897 #

You can also listen to the conference call audio using your computer speakers.

To maximize the webinar viewing area, please select “View” – “Full Screen” from the menu or press “Alt-Enter” on your keyboard.

Presented by:Jeffrey F. Caughron, Managing Director & COO [email protected] W. Hayhurst, Managing Director [email protected]

Page 2: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Rate Environment:Fed Funds, 2yr T‐Note, and 10yr T‐Note

10yr Yield Driven Primarily by …1. Less Treasury Issuance2. Strong International Demand3. Low Inflation / Deflation Threat

2yr Yield Driven Primarily by…Expectations of Fed Tightening

2

Page 3: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

3

Page 4: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Effective Governance Processes

• Directors need “a basic understanding of IRR commensurate with the institution’s activities”o Policy Approval including risk limitso Document participation in board and ALCO minutes

• Management should maintain “an effective IRR measurement system” which provides  “meaningful data to inform the directorate of exposure levels”o Policies should require regular IRR measurement and meaningful risk limits.

• Role of ALCO is to “coordinate balance sheet strategies, manage liquidity, and monitor IRR exposures.”o ALCO needs representation from major operational functions (e.g. lending, deposit gathering, 

investing.)o One function is to help develop and review the key assumptions used in analyzing exposures

• Independent Review of Processeso Does IRR management process function according to policy guidelines?o Does IRR measurement system reasonably estimate exposures based on reasonable assumptions?o Overall assessment of risk management procedures (model validation, back‐testing, etc)

• Risk Mitigation Strategies:o Natural Hedge (adjust cash flows and/or relative durations of assets and liabilities)o Complex Hedging (off‐balance sheet derivatives… need thorough understanding of risks)o Contingency Funding Plan (liquidity‐risk management)

4

Page 5: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Effective Governance Processes:Establishing Policy Limits

• Thresholds and limits should reflect current market conditions and balance sheet posture. For example, what was an achievable margin ten years ago may not be realistic in the current environment.

• Limits should reflect the unique characteristics of the bank, it’s business model, market area, etc.

“Limits should not be so low as to frequently require exception approval or refinement, and they should not be set so high as to allow for an unacceptable level of IRR.”

5

Page 6: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

OCC Range of Practices Memo: Risk Limits

6

Page 7: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

OCC Range of Practices Memo: Earnings at Risk

7

Page 8: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

IRRM Clients – Net Interest Change:Unchanged Rate Scenario & +300bps Scenario

• The average IRRM client can expect slight margin compression in the next 12mos if market rates remain unchanged

• If rates rise (parallel) 300bps in the next 12mos, the Net Interest Changes is a positive 2.02%.

8

Page 9: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

OCC Range of Practices Memo: Economic Value of Equity

9

Page 10: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

IRRM Clients – Economic Value of Equity (EVE):+300bps Rate Scenario

• For a +300bps rate shock, the average IRRM client can expect a 8.35% depreciation in the (theoretical/hypothetical) fair value of equity.

• One standard deviation from the mean gives us a range of ‐27.49% to 10.79%.

10

Page 11: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Developing Key Assumptions

• Well‐supported, institution‐specific assumptions are necessary for good IRR analysis• “Management should give particular attention to non‐maturity deposit price sensitivity 

(or betas) and decay rates, the reasonableness of asset prepayment assumptions, and key driver rates”

• “… customer behavior may not reflect past behavior when market rates change in the future.”o Sensitivity Testing of Key Assumptions (e.g. NMD Stress Test)o Deposit “Migration” Simulation

In IRRM, the driver rate can be any rate, but is most often assumed to be Fed Funds.

The IRRM model uses a Maturity Distribution Schedule instead of decay rates to determine NMD average lives.

11

Page 12: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Common Weaknesses Found During Review of Assumptions

• Use of peer averages without consideration of bank‐specific factors

• Lack of differentiation between rising and falling rate scenarios

• Over‐simplification of balance sheet categories leading to potentially faulty analysis

• Lack of qualitative adjustment factors to historic data (e.g. not considering a higher run off factor for surge deposits)

• Inadequate sensitivity testing to evaluate how results would change in response to changes in critical assumptions

Source: FDIC Supervisory Insights from Winter 2014

12

Page 13: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

NMD as a % of Total Funding Has Surged With Low Rates

13

Page 14: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Questions NMD Balances:How long‐lived… and how stable?

Will our deposits stick around for a long time?

• How to determine historical average life:o Open Close Study

• Based on historical behavior, what’s the average life of our core deposits?

• How to determine balance stability & potential surge balances:o Surge Balance Analysis

• Based on historical behavior, how “sticky” are our depositors… and how much of a “surge” in NMD did we experience over the past five years flow versus our peers?

• Regulator Concern: The future may be different

14

Page 15: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Questions about NMD Pricing:How reactive is our pricing… and how quickly do we react?

How aggressively will we need to price our deposits in reaction to a Fed tightening?

• How to determine shift sensitivities (pricing betas):o Historical Price Analysis: Sensitivities

• Based on observed historical behavior, what’s our normal pricing reaction to changes in market rates?

• How to determine time lags:o Historical Pricing Analysis: Time Lags

• Based on observed historical behavior, how quickly do we react to changes in market rates?

• Regulator Concern: The future may be different

15

Page 16: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

OCC Range of Practices Memo: Repricing Betas

16

Page 17: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Estimating NMD Betas Using Call Report Data

17

Page 18: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Estimating NMD Betas Using Monthly Institution Supplied Data

A Non‐Maturity Deposit (NMD) sensitivity (beta) analysis will provide empirical evidence to support your assumptions.

Focus on distinct periods of rising (2003‐07) and falling (2000‐03 & 2007‐13) rates.

Results should not be used rigidly since the next period of rising rates may not look like the last.  Instead, use actual historical data as a starting point for determining appropriate sensitivities.

18

Page 19: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Example Open‐Close Study to Estimate NMD Average Lives

• Tracks account open date and closed date to determine an actual average life for accounts (MMDA, NOW, Savings, etc.)

• Query core processor for open accounts and any recently closed accounts

• Results will often demonstrate very long average lives (8‐12yrs)

19

Page 20: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Open‐Close Study

A Non‐Maturity Deposit (NMD) Open‐Close Study can be used to provide empirical evidence to support your assumptions.

For accounts that were closed in a given time period, obtain the date opened and average balance (YTD or LTD).  This data can be used to calculate the true “average lives” of closed accounts.

Results should not be used rigidly since factors such as demographics may cause deposits to behave differently in the future.

20

Page 21: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Example NMD Analysis to Estimate DecayMMDA Deposit Balance

April‐13 April‐12 April‐11 April‐10 April‐09 April‐08 April‐07 April‐06

Accounts Open on:

April‐06 34,330,089 37,883,043 39,941,999 38,102,344 37,429,422 37,473,074 42,247,033 51,034,496

April‐07 6,173,696 10,059,312 8,553,936 8,362,733 10,114,226 15,758,102 18,427,352

April‐08 117,990,973 251,474,388 217,561,115 223,751,787 224,880,925 247,100,676

April‐09 303,373,221 503,775,635 455,500,795 492,001,738 540,982,260

April‐10 533,256,592 972,829,857 926,990,838 1,078,107,545

April‐11 720,101,243 1,392,390,905 1,371,170,024

April‐12 685,804,487 1,645,297,130

April‐13 120,717,123

MMDA Number of Accounts

April‐13 April‐12 April‐11 April‐10 April‐09 April‐08 April‐07 April‐06

Accounts Open on:

April‐06 507 560 613 673 833 1,553 1,888 2,285

April‐07 70 79 86 98 125 181 184

April‐08 1,152 1,721 1,833 2,100 2,574 2,616

April‐09 2,981 4,077 4,524 5,159 6,567

April‐10 5,536 8,299 9,520 11,700

April‐11 6,883 10,930 13,200

April‐12 6,855 12,771

April‐13 1,250

-32%

-78%

-50%

-53%

21

Page 22: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

NMD Analysis: Potential Surge Balances

22

Page 23: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

• Cost effective versus local markets or other wholesale funding alternatives.

• Flexible maturities: 1 mo to 30yrs.• Can match funds according to 

your asset/liability needs.• A single certificate per maturity.• No collateral is required.• No early withdrawal feature. Only 

upon death or adjudication of incompetence declared by court of law.

• Excellent resource for Contingency Funding Plans

• Through Baker Group arrangement with Financial Northeastern Companies

23

Page 24: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Estimating Loan Prepayments

• Prepayment estimates should be differentiated by product• For most accounts, some level of prepayments is better than 

none• Generally speaking, most prepayments should decline as rates 

rise and increase as rates decline• Mortgage prepayments could use consensus estimates 

(Bloomberg Median or YieldBook)• Some core processors may be able to calculate historical 

prepayments, but many cannot

24

Page 25: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Sensitivity Testing: Non‐Maturity DepositsWhatever Baseline Assumptions You Use, Stress Test Them

“Institutions should incorporate “stressed” assumptions for non‐maturity deposits in IRR models” …FDIC

• Three Ways to Stress NMD Assumptions (Sensitivity Tests)1. Ratchet up pricing betas (shift sensitivities) and reduce time 

lags in order to mimic an aggressively competitive environment for NMD

2. Reduce Average Life (and Duration) Assumptions in order to assess the EVE impact of lower duration liabilities

3. Simulate a “migration” of NMD balances into more rate sensitive funding (time deposits or wholesale funding)… considered to be the most realistic depiction of what may happen in the next rate cycle• Demographics• Access to information

25

Page 26: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

• The simulation shows a 20% decline in Non‐Maturing Deposits, replaced by Fed Funds (Borrowed Funds Category)

Case Study – NMD Migration:Balance Sheet Before vs After

Before After

26

Page 27: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Case Study – NMD Migration:Earnings Simulation Before

27

Page 28: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

• As migration takes place, interest expense rises more rapidly and earnings feel the impact

Case Study – NMD Migration:Earnings Simulation After

28

Page 29: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Bank Total Assets NMD/TDM 12mo NIC NP 12mo ROA NP EVE NP1 70mm 37.2% ‐7.72 ‐0.06 7.622 850mm 61.0% ‐10.45 0.75 ‐8.123 80mm 55.0% ‐4.47 1.02 20.484 120mm 51.2% 4.51 1.52 ‐0.665 200mm 57.2% ‐1.18 0.71 ‐6.576 325mm 44.3% ‐7.96 1.22 ‐19.287 100mm 44.7% ‐4.16 1.29 ‐19.858 550mm 42.5% ‐5.75 0.91 ‐2.39

Average 287mm 49.1% ‐4.65 0.92 ‐3.60

NMD Migration Stress Test: 20%

NMD Migration Simulation Results:Eight Sample Banks from TX, KS, ND, CO, OK, KY

NP = Non-Parallel Rate Scenario (+400/+100bps)

29

Page 30: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Developing an In‐House Independent Review

• “Banks are expected to monitor the effectiveness of their key internal controls either as a part of the internal audit process or by means of an appropriate independent review, and managing IRR is no exception.”

Eleven step guide to developing an in-house independent ALCO review

30

Page 31: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

The Iron Triangle of Regulatory Compliance

“…the independent review should involve assessing the institution’s measurement system of IRR, including the reasonableness of assumptions, the process used in determining assumptions, and the back‐testing of assumptions and results.”

…FFIEC

Independent Review of Processes:Must assess the adequacy of all ALCO processes

Back-Test:Can be done internally or supplied by vendor

Model Validation:Can be supplied by vendor

Board Education?A Robust Model?Stress Testing?Assumptions Reviews?Policy Limits?ALCO Minutes?

31

Page 32: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

32

Page 33: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

• Validation:o Third Partyo Periodically Updatedo Documentation on file

Model Validation

“Institutions that use vendor-supplied models are not required to test the mechanics and mathematics of the measurement model. However the vendor should provide documentation showing a credible independent third party has performed such a function.”

…FFIEC

33

Page 34: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

What to Expect During an IRR Exam

• Expectations contained primarily in two documents:o 1996 Joint Agency Policy Statement 

on Interest Rate Risko 2010 Interagency Advisory

• Effective IRR requires…o Informed Directorso Capable Managemento Appropriate Internal Resources

“Bankers should be prepared to discuss the results of their IRR measurement system … and be able to describe key assumptions and assumptions development”

It isn’t enough to simply produce reports… management must demonstrate understanding

“Well‐documented board and ALCO minutes” will help examiners understand the bank’s risk management practices, etc.

34

Page 35: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Common Examination Findings

• Insufficient evidence of board and senior management discussion of IRR

• Policy limits unrealistic or uninformed• Use of default (not bank‐specific) model assumptions• Inadequate documentation or support of assumptions• Lack of (assumption) sensitivity testing• Lack of 300bp or 400bp interest rate shock scenarios• Lack of nonparallel yield curve shift scenarios• Lack of backtesting or backtesting over an insufficient period of 

time (3 mo. Vs. 12 mo.)• Need for regular independent reviews• Independent reviews do not cover all required areas• Lack of independent review expertise• Outdated or missing Model Validation

Source: FDIC

35

Page 36: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Interest Rate Risk & ALCO ChecklistA pre‐exam checklist for management review

• Director Education– Ensure directors have a basic understanding of IRR and the bank’s ALCO processes– Provide directors with access to educational resources on interest rate risk– Board minutes should reflect director participation in IRR discussions

• Regular (Quarterly) ALCO Meetings to Review & Discuss Reports– ALCO minutes should reflect a demonstration of sound processes that quantify risk to earnings & 

capital

• Regular (Quarterly) Standard & Non‐Standard Stress Tests– ‐100bp, +100bp, +200bp, +300bp, +400bp, Non‐Parallel (e.g. +400bp/+100bp Bear Flattener)– Ramped Rate Shifts & Immediate Rate Shocks– 12 & 24 Month Horizons– Earnings at Risk & Economic Value of Equity

• Annual Validation– Obtain most recent Validation Letter for Model (validates the “math” of the model)– Back‐Test your reports over a 12 month period (validates the results)– Independent Review of ALCO Process (validates the process)

• Annual Assumptions Review– Use Back‐Test to determine if assumptions are generally reasonable– Periodically perform analysis to ensure assumptions reflect institution’s profile and activities (e.g. 

Loan Prepayments, NMD Sensitivities, Open‐Close Study, Decay Analysis, Surge Balances, etc.)– Annual Sensitivity Testing (aka, “assumptions stress test” – e.g. increase NMD betas, shorten NMD 

average lives by 50%, run a migration simulation from NMD to CD’s, etc.)

• Annual Review of Investment & ALCO Policies

36

Page 37: Regulatory Focus on IRR - What to Expect and How to Comply Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk: What to Expect and How to Comply Conference Call will begin at 10: 00am CT, lines

Resources from The Baker Group LPwww.GoBaker.com

Resources from FDICwww.FDIC.gov

37