reinforced glass beams lecture for verre 2006
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Reinforced glass beams lecture for Verre 2006. Dr.ir. F.A. Veer. Glass in architecture. Glass has played an important role in architecture as the material that opens up a building to light. An important example are the great rose windows of the medieval cathedrals. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Reinforced glass beamslecture for Verre 2006
Dr.ir. F.A. Veer
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Glass in architecture
• Glass has played an important role in architecture as the material that opens up a building to light.
• An important example are the great rose windows of the medieval cathedrals.
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3Cathedral of Notre dame , Paris
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Glass in architecture
• Although these windows are very dramatic they need extensive supporting masonry as they weaken the structure.
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Crystal palace, London , 1851
19th century greenhouse, Madrid, Spain
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Glass in architecture
• Although glass appeared to take a leading role it was still only a material that separated the interior and exterior.
• It was only some twenty years ago that glass started to be used in a limited structural role.
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7Grand Serres of cite des sciences et de l’industrie at la Villette
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Glass in architecture
• This marks a transition from non-structural to limited structural use of glass.
• This also raised the important question:
How far can we go in using
glass as a structural material ?
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Glass as a structural material
• It also raises the question of what loads we can put on glass in :– Tension– Bending– Compression
Bending will be the focus of this presentation
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Glass beams
• Monolithic annealed float glass
• Tempered float glass• PVB laminated
tempered float glass• Sentry glass
laminated tempered float glass
• Cast resin laminated tempered glass
• Polycarbonate laminated glass
• Carbon fibre reinforced glass
• Stainless steel reinforced glass
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ING office, Budapest
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Glass museum, Kings Wingford, England, PVB laminated roof beams
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13Apple store, New York , use of Sentry glass
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14Wolfson building of the medical faculty of the university of Glasgow
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IHK building , Munich
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Carbon fibre reinforced glass roof beams for the loggia di vicari
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Stainless steel reinforced glass beam after testing
TU Delft all glass paviljon 2004
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Failure behaviour
stress
strain
Monolithic glass
PVB laminated glass
PC laminated glass
Reinforced glass
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Stainless steel reinforcement
• In 1995 the ZAPPI research program started.
• Goals was to develop safe transparent components for a transparent building of 20×20×20 meters.
• This means beams of large span, column’s etc. as well as the technology to put it together.
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200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
d i s p l a c e m e n t ( m m )
Force (N)
s e g m e n t e d g l a s s _ _ _ t e s t 1 . . . t e s t 2 - - - t e s t 3
f i r s t l o a d i n gGlass polycarbonate beam
1997
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Glass
Polycarbonate
Stainless steel
2001
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2002
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2002
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Glass box section reinforced beam, 2003
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2003
Glass T-section post-tensioned beam
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2004
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Further improvement
• Although the 2004 result showed large and safe beams can be made research is continuing in several directions.
• This with the following aims :
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Further improvement
- how to increase the ease of manufacture- what is the required volume of reinforcement– what is the optimum configuration for the
reinforcement- what is the optimum configuration for the
glass – What is the best adhesive for the
reinforcement– What is the maximum length that can be
attained
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Ease of manufacture
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Required volume of reinforcement
thickness
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Reinforcement configuration
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Adhesive type
Stainless steel reinforced glass bonded using GB 368 adhesive
Stainless steel reinforced glassBonded using araldite 2013adhesive
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configuration for the glass
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configuration for the glass
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maximum length
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Conclusions
The results so far show that reinforced glass beams :
– can exceed the 6 meter length limitation imposed by the standard glass panel size
– can have a build in structural safety mechanism which shows considerable deformation after initial cracking and thus cannot collapse spontaneously
– can in theory be used as structural member of the main load bearing construction
– have a length limit of about 20 m – can result in innovative architectural solutions
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Conclusions
The main obstacles to introduction of reinforced glass beams are:
– the lack of an adequate knowledge base on which to design the components
– the problem in joining the glass components together– the lack of knowledge about these components at the
architecture and engineering level– the lack of clearly applicable building codes for the
regulatory body– the need for specialised staff and expertise for the
contractor