relational databases, location referencing systems, and pavement management systems
TRANSCRIPT
RELATIONAL DATABASES, LOCATION REFERENCING SYSTEMS, AND PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Instructional Objectives
Understand principles and concepts of relational databases
Understand need for location referencing systems
Global Positioning System Geographic Information Systems
Instructional Objectives
WHY Examine DATABASES?
Databases are the storage vessel for PMS data and the basis for PMS analysis.
The PMS engineer needs some background in database design to discuss the database setup with the database designer.
Database Management Systems
Hierarchical Network
Relational
Route
Year
Mile Ref
Tables, Fields and Records
Example Road Section Table
Road Section Table
Record
Field or Attribute
Table
Keys
A field or fields in table used to access data in table
Can be unique or non-unique Only a unique key can be used as
‘Primary Key’ Section ID was Primary Key in
Road Section Table Used in relating tables
One-to-Many Relationships
Consider relating Condition Table to Road Section Table
Foreign Key
Primary Key
Road Section Table
Condition Table
One-to-Many Relationship
Consider relating Construction History Table below to Road Section Table
Many-to-Many Relationships
Contract Number From To Year Work_Type Unit_Cost100 0.0 5.0 1955 Construct 100000200 0.0 1.0 1986 Overlay 50000300 1.0 3.0 1987 Overlay 50000400 3.0 5.0 1988 Overlay 50000
?
Construction History Table
Road Section Table
The Junction Table
Construction History Table
Road Section Table
Junction Table
Process of dividing database into separate tables which eliminates unnecessary duplication and facilitates all relationships as ‘one-to-many’
Rule of thumb:
significantly reduce duplicate data
Normalization
Example of Normalization
Original Road Section Table
Modified Road Section Table
Standards Table
BECOMES:Duplicate values
Official standard language for dealing with relational systems
Defined by ANSI standard, though every vendor has own version
Structured Query Language (SQL)
‘Data’ are values physically stored in database
‘Information’ is meaning of those values as understood by some user
For example, values in Min_Width field of Standards Table are not information until you know their units (e.g., 27 vs. 27 ft)
Data vs Information
Pavement Sections
• Different Pavement section lengths for inventory, condition, costs, maintenance/rehabilitation history
• Fixed length sections or Dynamic segmentation based on a variable level, such as condition
• Temporary analysis sections based on the “least common denominator” or section length using Concurrent transformation routines
Pavement Sections
DYNAMIC SEGMENTATION
Pavement Sections
2
1*5002*5001*1000750
CONCURRENT TRANSFORMATION
The transforms are based on weighted-averages base on length
AADT 1000 500 100
Material Cost
100 240
Trans AADT 750 233
Mat Cost 100 240
Pavement SectionsCONCURRENT TRANSFORMATION
Transformation Classes:
(1) weighted average,
(2) sum,
(3) maximum value,
(4) minimum value,
(5) statistical average,
(6) first occurrence, and
(7) most length
PMS DATA
LOCATION REFERENCE SYSTEMS
Support for PMS
Linking PMS data to the pavement
Where are we Toto?
We’re not in Kansas anymore!!!
LOCATION REFERENCE SYSTEMS
Location: position on road Address: string of characters uniquely
identifying a location Location Reference Method (LRM):
procedures used in field to find address of a location
Location Reference System (LRS): procedures used to manage location referencing
Definitions
Linear:
The mile point is the offset in miles from the beginning of the road in the primary direction.
The mile post is a post placed along the road, with a number placed on it representing the mile point of the post.
Reference Point
Reference Post
Location Reference Methods
Fundamentally same; get address by getting distance from known point
Problems associated with inability to reproduce distances between points
Difference between “plan” distance and over the road distances
Linear Location Reference Methods
Plan distance
The mile (or kilometer) point location reference method is the most fundamental linear method of all.
This method assumes each road has one reference point located at the beginning of the road. The address of any point along the road is given as an offset.
Mile Point
0.0 2.5 4.5 5.75 7.25MilePoint
Offset
‘Known point’ is a post Re-establishing milepost signs Issues with route realignment
Mile Post
0.0 2.5 4.5 5.75 7.25
MilePosts
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
MILE POSTS
START MP 0.0
MP 1.0
MP3.0
MP 5.0
MP7.0
0.0 2.5 4.5 5.75 7.25
MilePosts
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
MILE POSTS
START MP 0.0
MP 1.0
MP3.0
MP 5.0
MP7.0
Primary Direction
Secondary Direction
North & East
South & West
Length of Route in Primary Direction may be different than that in the Secondary Direction.
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
MILE POSTS
START MP 0.0
MP 1.0
MP3.0
MP 5.0
MP7.0
Over the Road Miles
As measured by the collection vehicle DMI
As measured by a set of plans
REFERENCE SYSTEMSLINK-NODE
NODE 121NODE 231LINK 121-231
RT 521
RT 611
RT 713
A +0.0
ReferencePoint
A
B +0.0 C +0.0 C +1.25 D +0.0
1.25
B C D
‘Known point’ is a post
Reference Post
A +0.0
B C DA
B +1.0 C +0.5 C +1.75 D +0.75
1.0
0.5
1.75 0.75
‘Known point’ is identifiable physical feature on road
Reference Point
A +0.0
ReferencePoint
A
B +0.0 C +0.0 C +1.25 D +0.0
1.25
B C D
Intersection
Bridge Center
Railroad crossing
What is GPS? Triangulation
Sources of Error – overheard cover Differential GPS based on permanent
base station Using GPS for PMS
Global Positioning System (GPS)
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
STATE COORDINATE
SYSTEM - (GPS/GIS)
LONG
LAT
LONG
LAT
LONG
LAT
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Satellites send radio signal.
Receiver uses ‘velocity * travel-time to calculate location.
Satellite 2
Satellite 3
Satellite 1
Circle of influence
Location
Triangulation
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
What is GIS?[ESRI ARC GIS] ARCMap Demo
Main Ingredients– Spatial Data– Attribute Data
Contains all fundamental geographic features Source and content varies TIGER files, aerial photographs, or local hard
copy maps are typical sources Base Map preparation of GIS is the most time
consuming
The Base Map
Useful for integrating line objects (roads), point objects (signs), and polygon objects (political boundaries) with pavement data.
Used for display and analyses of system data
Integrating Data with a GIS
“The picture is worth a 1000 words!”
If PMS uses only traditional roadway data, then GIS is not required for integration
If it uses non-traditional data such as boundaries, then a GIS is required for spatial integration
Application of GIS in PMS
Dynamic Segmentation and Concurrent Transformation are linear functions not GIS functions
If PMS needs to show map, and no GIS exists, use Automated Mapping
If GIS exists, use it
Application of GIS in PMS (continued)
PMS DATABASES
COMPUTERIZED DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS)
INTEGRATED RELATIONAL DATABASES
PMS COORDINATED DATABASES
COMPUTERIZED DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
INTEGRATED RELATIONAL DATABASES
INVENTORY - RT NUMBER, FUNCTIONAL CLASS, PAVEMENT TYPE, etc.CONDITION - RIDE QUALITY, DISTRESS, FRICTION, DEFLECTIONCOSTSHISTORYTRAFFIC / LOADS
PAVEMENT HISTORYInitial Construction Data
Date, Cost, Material, Structure, etc.
Pavement Preservation
Date, Treatment, Cost, Material, Structure, etc.
Rehabilitation
Date, Treatment, Cost, Material, Structure, etc.
Reconstruction
Date, Treatment, Cost, Material, Structure, etc.
COSTS
AGENCY COSTS
P&EDESIGN CONSTRUCTION PREVENTIVE AND ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PRESERVATION / REHABILITATION / RECONSTRUCTIONSALVAGE
PMS DATABASES
DATABASE PRODUCTS/REPORTS
DEFICIENCY REPORTS –
SECTIONS WITH UNACCEPTABLE CONDITION
PERFORMANCE HISTORIES
DISPLAY GIVEN CONDITION PARAMETER OVER TIME OR LOADS
CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE, REHAB HISTORIES
LIST OF BUDGET NEEDS - STATE, MPO, COUNTY, TOLL AUTHORITIES
PMS DATABASESDATABASE PRODUCTS/REPORTS
[TABULAR, BUSINESS GRAPHICS, GIS MAP, Video]
Section Year Cost
32 2006 $100,000
47 2008 $237,999
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
EastWestNorth
Data Storage
Terabyte Mountain
1 Terabyte = 1,024 Gigabytes
ASSET MANAGEMENT
• Pavement Management• Bridge Management• Water System Management• Sewer System Management• Sign Management• Traffic Signal Management • Facilities Management• Equipment Management• Work Order Cost Accounting• Etc.
PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
• Deighton dTIMS
• Stantec Highway Performance Monitoring System
• Agile Assets Pavement Analyst
• Cartegraph Pavement View and Pavement View Plus
• In-house developed
Deighton dTIMS CT
Deighton dTIMS CT
Deighton dTIMS CT
AgileAssets Pavement Analyst
Pavement Analyst’s features:• Access to PMS data• Custom Configuration• Integrated GIS• Built-in Reporting
CartegraphCritical Elements in Models and
Scenarios
11
22
33 4455
6677
88 99
CartegraphSetting up options
CartegraphEstablishing Performance Models
1122
33
4455
Questions?