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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROBUSTICITY
INDEX AND SOCCER PLAYING ABILITY
BY
Dr. Bhaskar Shukla Assistant Professor (Physical Education)
HNB Govt. PG College, Naini,
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
2016
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ISBN: 978-93-84659-39-4
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROBUSTICITY INDEX ………… iii
International Science Community Association
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DEDICATED TO MY
PARENTS & LOVING BROTHERS
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KNOWLEDGEMENT
The research scholar wishes to express his sincere appreciation
and gratitude to Dr. Jitendra Singh Naruka, Director of Lakshmibai
National institute of Physical Education (Deemed University), Gwalior,
M.P. for providing him an opportunity to work on this study and facilities
extended to him in carrying out the same successfully.
I wish to record my deep gratitude to my advisor Dr. Vivek Pandey,
Lecturer, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (Deemed
University), Gwalior, M.P for providing an opportunity to work on this
study, and for his generous advice, competent guidance and supervision
for the successful completion of this study.
Thanks are also due to Dr. Rishipal Singh, Registrar and Dr. S.
Mukharjee, Lecturer, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education
(Deemed University), Gwalior, M.P for their invaluable help in formulation
and successful completion of this study.
My heartiest thanks to library staff of L.N.I.P.E., Gwalior for all theii
help Which has made this work possible.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (Contd.)
I express my appreciation to one steam of the study i.e. all the
University Level Soccer Players who acted as subjects for this study, for
their strenuous ellort and full co-operation without which study would not
have been possible.
Finally, I record my special appreciation and sincere thanks to Mr.
Amt Chikara,Phd. Scholar L,N.I.P.E., Gwalior, Mr. Sanjeev, Mr. Malay,
Mr. Sharad, Mr. Chandan, Mr. Pramod, Mr. Harpreet, Mr. Sashi, Mr.
Rajesh, Mr. Fahim, Mr. Devendra, Mr. Neeraj and Mr. Naveen who have
helped me and encourage me towards the completion of this study.
BHASKAR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
Chapter
I INTRODUCTION 01 1.1 General Introduction
1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 Purpose of the Study 1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Delimitation of the Study 1.6 Limitation of the Study 1.7 Statement of the Hypothesis
1.8 Definition and Explanation of Terms II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 11
III METHOD AND MATERIALS 15 1.1 Selection of Subjects
1.2 Criterion Measures 1.3 Reliability and Validity of the Tests and Tester’s Competency 1.4 Tools
1.5 Procedure for Administrating Tests IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 21
V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 33 Summary
Conclusions Recommendations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
1. Mean and S.D. of personal data of three different
institution, viz. LN.J.P.E. (Deemed University),
Gwalior; Jiwaji University, Gwalior; and Allahabad
University, Allahabad, 21
2. Mean and S.D. of Robusticity Index of three different
Institutions. 23
3. Robusticily Index and Range of Variation of Soccer
players of three different Institutions. 24
4. Distribution of subjects of three different Institutions on
the basis of Range variation of Robusticity Index, 27
5. Inter-group difference in Robusticity Index. 28
6. Mean and S.D. of Soccer playing ability of three
different Institutions. 29
7. Inter-group difference in playing abilities. 30
8. Coefficient of correlation between playing ability and
Robusticity Index of College Level Soccer players. 31
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Description Page
1. Graphical representation of Robusticity characteristic of
L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University), Soccer Players. 25
2. Graphical representation of Robusticity characteristic of
Jiwaji University, Soccer Players. 26
3. Graphical representation of Robusticity characteristic of
Allababad University, Soccer Players. 26
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION;
In todays world, sports plays an important role in our life. Not so
long ago, it should its appearance as the hobby of the idle rich. Today
millions of people under modem conditions participate in sports and it has
got woven into the fabric of modern life providing a counter weight to the
exercise comforts and indulgens of the day. In developing countries it
helps to fight the frustration of youth, who otherwise become easy victims
to boredom because of lack of opportunities in life, If we disregard the
importance of sports we do so at our own peril.
In sports and game the function of efficient body moment, or
neuromuscular skills is to provide the individual with the ability to perform
proficiently which is greater enjoyment of participation.
The fundamental movements are in born. After the birth of a child
they learn how to run, how to climb, how to jump, and how to throw.
These fundamental movements are applied and modified into different
kinds of games and sport. In the primitive state the people utilized these
movements for daily living. But gradually they began to develop their
standard of living. Consequently they started to, play different kind
of games and sports in order to spent to their ledger time. Also to defend
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themselves from external manse they started to become ‘physically strong
person. From the stand point they started different kinds of games and
sports to maintain their bodily fitness.
Structure determines function and function determines the
structure is an old saying which has been formulated perhaps from the
realization of the fact that there is a close relationship between build and
the nature’and the efficiency of motor functioning of an individual. The
realization was based on scientific facts and practical experiences.
Though the term “Anthropometry’ was used for the first time by Quetelet,
a French mathematician, the measurement of man dates back to ancient
civilization and is the oldest form of measurement. It is to be surprisingly
noted that scientific studies were initiated En this area in our country
India.
Study of human body parts has gained new emphasize in the area
of physical education and sports science also. Emergency of new field of
study “KInanthropometry” bears the evidence of this. Efforts are
continuously begin made to study the body build of world class
performance in different games and sports, so, any such attempt is very
useful and justified in expanding the knowledge which could be applicable
to select right type of individuals for particulars games and sports and
right type of games and sports for a particular individual.
It is an accepted fact that the performance of an individual
(performer) in games and sports has got a close relationship with h,és
body-built. On the basis of this constant research programs are taken up
to find out the talented Individual for a better performer.
Soccer is one of the most important game in the world. Any soccer
player can participate in any games and sports activities. Soccer is a part
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of physical education program and coaching too. Many students who so
exceptional skill in some inter scholastic sports such as basketball and
baseball would like to become numbers of physical education so that they
may coach.
Each game has its requirement for certain physical arid
physiological components. The activities which are usually termed as
body contact sports or games required a considerable strength, power,
and fitness components. Such a requirement is relative to the body
weight, segmental dimension tc. The game like, soccer, boxing, wrestling,
judo, kabbadi, involved the player who are robust. There are some other
non body contact activities which are required robust athlete like
basketballer, throwers in athletics, Deca-thietes.
An athlete whose Robusticily index is high appears to be very
strong with reasonable body mass and height these are advantageous to
excel performance ability.
In modern days, soccer playing ability has become more strenious
because of its tactical peculiarities. A competition of international Level
like Euro Cup. World Cup, Olympic etc. where the competition between
the contestants is very tough, creates different type of demand of abilities
suited for the game.
Such a player, which required body mass arid size with
anthropometric peculiarities are to be selected in terms of their robusticity
index. A hypersthenic robusticity index may not be available in soccer for
quick movement because of its high body mass. It is desired that a
normosthenic soccer player may be more effective one for better
performance potentiality.
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On this back-drop the investigator has been motivated to find out
the material relationship between soccer playing ability and robusticity
index.
This is the first comprehensive study of the physique of
International Sports men in which body measurement, standardized
photographs and x-rays have all been used to discover how expert
performers in one event differ from expert performer in another. It
was made possible by the co-operation of football players, and their
team managers and doctors.
At each International game the standard of performance rises
and new records are set for human skill and endurance. To a small
extent this is due to improvements in track and equipment, and to a
greater degree to improvements in the method and availability of
coaching. Techniques have become increasingly efficient as a result
of mechanical and physiological research. There is more
understanding of the physiological need for acclimatization, there is
better medical control over chance infection, and above all there is
greater attention paid to the development of the psychological
attitudes necessary for successful competition.
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But mostly the improvement is due to the football players,
themselves perhaps they are more gifted now than previously;
perhaps Elliott and Zatopek are better runners than Wooderson and
Nurmi could ever have been. In the sprints, the jumps and throwing
events at least, it is hard to resist the conclusion that the modern
athlete is actually better endowed physically, better suited to his
particular task.
The Olympic Games are just as absorbing an interest for the
human biologist as for the athlete and coach. The limits of certain
types of performance, and the manner in which body structure plays a
part in setting these limits are of fundamental importance to the
scientist. For him the Olympic player is the extreme case, and for
once he finds a sample of extreme cases ready at hand in a manner
seldom available in other fields of study. The statistical premises in
carrying out this study were different from the usual ones in that the
extreme selection of the games has been used to advantage. If any
relation between physique and success in one event rather than
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another exists then, we argued, it will show up most clearly in groups
where the extreme of competition has acted to equalize all other
influences, such as motivation and training. I reaching the Olympic
and international standard every little thing counts and it is when two
men are equally pushing themselves to their maximum capacity that a
difference in physical structure may be decisive. The number of
players we studies is small, and we with it wee larger. But while
largeness of numbers is important in a random sample, the degree of
excellence is more important in a sample such as ours.
We believe, therefore, that physique is a factor in the sort of
success that may lead to inclusion in an Olympic team; or more
negatively, that lack of the proper physique may make it almost
impossible for players to reach that degree of success. But we do not
suppose that winning the International game has much to do with
physique, except perhaps in some rare cases where one single man is
altogether outstanding. By the time the final is reached even the
physiques are becoming matched one with another, as we shall see,
then the importance passes to the will to win, the letter refusal of the
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great athlete to contemplate defeat or to give an inch of chance to his
adversary.
Finally in last the physical characteristics associated with
success in each event are summarized and we discuss possible reason
for our results and the implication of the result for football players
and coach.
Lastly, we beg the reader to regard this as only a preliminary
excursion into the field, our numbers in most events were
distressingly small and our conclusions are limited by the material at
our disposal. We well, however, that we have done sufficient to show
that a more ample study in the future would well repay the time and
effort.
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PERSONALITY
Definition: Personality derive from the Greed word ‘Persona’ ‘Mask’
anyone involved with helping the players should take time to get
behind the mask and deal with the real person.
In Sport world the term personality has a wide significance.
Sport is concerned with an all round development of personality of
Football player therefore it is quite essential for a player to know
about the term of personality we are going to focus our attention on
the importance issue the nature of personality and its appraisal.
The Personality and physique of Football player may be
categories according to there modes approach. It is collection of so
many the world. Traits or characteristics which is know as
personality.
Some of the main points to note about personality are:-
The personality of each individual is unique.
The role of playing behaviour of ‘persona’ of the individual is
superficial and an unreliable indicator of personality.
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We asses an individual’s personality from the way he or she
typically responds, i.e. a person who tends to display
narrowness and apprehension in a wide variety of situations
can be described as having an aseious personality. But we can
not safely conclude this about a young player who displays
anxiety during a first team debut we would need much more
evidence.
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PHYSIQUE
Physique refers to the shape, the size, and the form of an
individual of course the three factors are intimately linked with each
other and are manifestation of the internal structure and tissue
components which in turn, are influenced by the environmental and
genetic factors. This section deals with the selected method of
classification of physique. A large number of methods for studying
human physique are available but only selected one’s are discussed
under this subheading the methods of Viola, Kretchmer, Sheldon,
Health and Carter have historical lineage so far as the development of
this science us concerned
Denote a persons or player well organization of the body.
Every personality is the product of heredity and environment.
Both contribute significantly towards development of Football
players personality and physique.
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THE PHYSIQUE
According to Knussmann the constitution is relatively co start
and uniform structure of the fundamental somatic and psychic
properties of the individual. As regards the somatic characteristics, his
opinion is “that Physique is the individual’s bodily construction
which is being realized in the course of ontogenesis. II Eiben defines
physique as the morphological constitution of the adult person which
is formed by the manifestation of genetical endowment, and as a
result of adaptation processes to environmental effects. In opinion of
Sodhi & Sidhu (1984), Physique refers to the shape, the size, and the
form of an Individual of course, the three factors intimately linked
with each other and are a manifestation of the internal structure and
tissue components which, in turn, are influenced by the environmental
and genetical factors the physique, visible phenotype, of an individual
is the result of the interaction of environmental modification on his
invisible genotype, with the processes of growth and development the
characteristics of physique undergo a marked transformation.
However, at adulthood the changes are quite few and gradual.
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The human physique differs in a thousand ways. It can be
analyzed by studying the size, shape and form of an individual. For
this purpose, a set of selected anthropometric measurements are taken
on an individual. The inter-group comparisons are made to
understand the physical peculiarities of a population Form such body
measurements, it is also possible to estimate the distribution of fat and
development of bone and muscle in one’s body. This is known to be
more important in the case of Football Player and sportsmen where
the physical fitness plays a vital role in the competitive performance.
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FIELD OF STUDY
Clearly there are many aspects of science and football and
plenty of subject areas which have benefited from scientific
knowledge and know-how Theses include the natural and physical
sciences, the disciplines allied to medicine and physical sciences, the
disciplines allied to medicine and the social sciences.
An ergonomics model of the application of science to the game
itself is illustrated in figure 1.1 (Reilly, 1991). It shows how the role
of the scientist is to match the characteristics of individuals to the
demands of the game. This is a complex problem in team sports
where eventual success is determined by how the collection of
individuals forms an effective unit. There are implications for fitness
testing, training and selection. The study of the organization of the
entire group is also highly relevant.
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Similarly, the Prediction of performance is more difficult by far in
soccer than individual sports. In competition, success may be
determined by choice of tactics of either team. There are also
elements of chance that determine the outcome of critical events and
tilt the balance of the contest. This makes even the most complex of
game theories hard to relate to the outcome of a particular match
never the less match analysis can be approached from a scientific
perspective.
The physical sciences provide insights into the nature and
appropriateness of artificial pitches. There have also been applications
to the design of shoes and evaluations of the need for protective
equipment. Principles of biomechanics are relevant in considering
prevention of soccer injuries. The physical sciences also embrace
agronomy, the cultivation of grasses and the maintenance of playing
conditions in cold and wet weather.
The widest field of application of sports science to soccer is
probably opponent in the behavioural disciplines. The many
opportunities for investigation include the study of crowds and their
control, the management of large groups and the organization of
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personnel. The stresses on playing officials and on management of the
clubs.
PHYSICAL FITNESS
The process of evaluating physical fitness might be, firstly,
essential from the point of examining one’s motor development in
relation to age and secondly, to understand the training strategies to
be adapted in relation to his developmental status. The physical
fitness can of course, be divided in to general and specific physical
fitness (Sodhi and Sidhu, 1984). The criteria for developing
Jardsdicks in this regard are yet to develop in India as well as in many
other parts of the world. Although the Physical Fitness is known to be
trainable, but the influence of one’ physique,
AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY
Agility refers to the capability to change the direction of the
body abruptly. The ability to turn quickly, dodge and side-step calls
for good motor co-ordination and is reflected in a standardized agility
run test. Dallas Tornado players were found to have average times on
the Illinois Agility run above the 99-95 percentile for the test norms
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(Raven et. al., 1976). The test distinguished the soccer players as a
group from the normal population better than any field test used for
strength, power and flexibility. This is understandable, since soccer
players have to be capable of dodging and weaving past opponents.
Joint flexibility is an important safety factors in soccer testing
for inflexibility can be of benefit in screening for injury
predisposition. Factor analysis of a number of fitness tests an English
game players showed that flexibility in a range of movements in the
hip joint afforded protection against injury (Reilly and Stirling 1993)
Muscle tightness, particularly in the hamstring and adductor
groups, has been linked with increased risk of muscle injury in
swedish professionals (Ekstrand, 1982). Two thirds of the players had
flexibility values poorer than man players. This may be an adaptation,
but it could also reflect a lack of attention to flexibility practices in
training poorer range of motion has also been noted at the ankle joint
in Japanese (Haltori and Ohta, 1986) and English League (Reilly,
1979) Players, although the goalkeepers were exceptions among the
English professionals. The Japanese players were less flexible than a
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reference group in inversion, aversion, plantar flexion and
doreflexion; this may reflect an adaptive response of soft tissue
around the ankle which improves stability at the joint.
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TALENT SELECTION
In the recent years, the selection and development of talents in
sports has been gaining greater emphasis of course, it involves
integral approach of different sport science, is perhaps one of the
most crucial, in this regard. It is essential because, the physique, body
are of fundamental importance in developing the criteria of talent
selection and development in sports.
It may be concluded that Kin-anthropometry has now taken
upon an International status. The establishment of International
society for the advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) will play a
vital role for its future development. The new approaches of Prof.
W.B. Ross, Dr. J. Borns and others to somototype analysis, allometry,
dimensionality, body composition and iconometrographics will have
a major scientific impact for the future development of this science in
sports, physical education, anthropology, human biology and
medicine etc.
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BODY COMPOSITION
Body composition refers mainly to the evaluation of three
principle tissue components of body, i.e., muscle, bone and fat the
section deals with the methods of evaluation the different
components. Hydrometry, densitometry, roentgenorammetry and
somatometry or anthropometry are the main methods of study in this
section.
It is well known that short-term training influences the dynamic
balance of muscle and fat in the body. The long term training and
influence even the development of asseous tissue in an individual.
Therefore, it becomes essential to study the athletes and sportsman
especially the high performance footballer. In weight category sports,
considering the two football player with identical body weight,
relative great amount of fat might lead one into a disadvantage over
the opponent with relatively greater amount of muscles and bone. The
assessment of body composition of such footballers is indispensable.
In a longitudinal investigation Parizkova and Eiselt (1977) studied
dynamic changes in body composition and body build in boys of
different physical activity regimens. They tried to understand the
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influence of exercise on the human growth especially with regard to
body composition and body build.
ROLE OF PHYSIQUE IN FOOTBALL
The morphological characteristics of football player were of
interest for competitive sports demands the utmost from the body and
it is, there fore, reasonable to expect to find in football player a
demonstration of the relationship of structure and function Parnell in
an anthropometric study of football player concluded that an
individual’s choice of football skill might largely be due to
characteristics, probably inborn. Tanner examined the physique and
body composition of Olympic football player at Rome during 1960,
and inferred that the football players were both born and made; ‘The
basis structure’, he stated, “Must be present for the possibility of
being an football player to arise physique is a factor in the success
that may lead to inclusion in an Olympic team or more negatively that
lack of proper physique may make it almost impossible for football
player to reach that degree of success. But we do not suppose that
winning the Olympic match has much to do with physique, except
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perhaps in come rare cases where one single man is altogether
outstanding. By the time the final is reached even the physique are
becoming matched one with another, as we shall see, then the
importance passes to the will to win, the utter refusal of the great
football player to contemplate defeat or given an inch of chance to his
adversary.”
Studies on physique may be useful in choosing a suitable
physical activity for an individual whose main objective is
competition.
According to carters and his associates (1982) the football
players who wish to achieve success in sports at a high level, can
compare their physique with of Olympic football player If the football
player is within the limits of the Olympians, then the appropriate
structure for high performance is achieved. Consideration can even be
given to whether changes in physique, such as lower body fat or
increased muscle mass, would help or hinder his performance. The
body weight is made up firstly of lean body mass consisting of
muscles, bones and internal organs, and secondary of fatty tissue. It is
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useful to measure these two components separately to assess and
compare the fatness and leanness. For this purpose many methods are
available of these, the accurate method is by measuring the specific
gravity of the individual by immersing him under the water and
adapting the principles of Archimedes. This is however, a
cumbersome method and can not be employed on larger scale. The
other methods are indirect ones and involve measurement of skin fold
thickness.
Out of any measures of physique, the stature being of most
common interest, has been thoroughly Investigated. It has already
been mentioned that in some sports greater height is an advantage,
whilst in others, shorter stature is preferable. All these studies are
based on adult football players who in most cases are a product of
many years of training starting from childhood. Therefore, to select a
potential football player at your age, it is desirable to predict the adult
height from his stature during childhood so that he can be advised on
the sport for which he is likely to be more suited. Many scientists
have the sport for which he is likely to be more suited. Many
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scientists have tried to study this problem and have found high
correlations between the stature at young age and that at adulthood.
Studies of body composition in certain sports indicated that he
football player who were very lean but heavy because of a well-
developed musculature were superior in performance in certain
competitive sport activities, such as football, weight lifting and the
short put. On the other hand, football player who have substantial
amount of adipose tissue have increased energy demands owing to the
inert weight of fat, thus rendering the work more difficult to perform
in endurance activities where the body has to move longer with
greater weight. It may be for this reason that the long distance runners
are found to be less endomorphic than other runners and their counter
parts at a lower level of competition.
From these few examples, it is evident that the physique has an
important role to play in the performance of various physical
activities.
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ROLE OF PHYSIQUE IN
INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYER
In 1936 Gray carried out a study of 1179 football players in
relation to the field positions in which they played. They varied very
slightly in their age. The weight increased in successive position and
significantly so, except the guard versus the tackle, the latter being
only 1.1 Kg. heavier. These men were the heaviest of all groups
studied. Stature was also found to increase in successive position, but
not in the same order as weight, the main shift had been for the ends
who were lighter than the centres and guards, but taller than both; it
was noteworthy that they were taller than centres by only a trifling
margin of 3 mm. It weight and height together be taken as a rough
criterion of more physical power, the measurements gave the two
tackles a very special characterization of the least weight for their
height.
Sheldon and his associates (1954) have made many interesting
observations regarding the somatotype of college football players in
America. They have brought out the probable nature of the
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somatotypes which are successful in the case of players playing at
various field positions.
In a study of junior high school athletes Shelley (1960) found
that those athletes who were outstanding in football were largely
mesomorphic or mid types, and that they were taller and heavier than
other athletes.
Wiley (1963) compared 12 year old men athletes and football
players and found no difference between players and found no
difference between the somatotype means, but the football players
were taller and heavier than the non-athletes.
Heath (1963) Somatotyped 66 university football players, using
her modification of Sheldon’s method when compared with means for
college students rated by Sheldon and other (1940), these football
players were approximately one half unit higher on the first
component, one and three quarter units higher on the second
components, and one and one quarter units lower on the third
component.
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An extensive study on college football players including
somatotype assessment was carried out by Allen (1965). The mean
somatotype of 66 college football players studied by Health was
found to be 3.5, 5.5, 2 (Carter, 1970)
Carter (1968) worked on 55 college football players and found
Parnel’s M. 4 Phenotypes to be 4.5-5.2-2. He also noticed significant
differences between the back and the linemen.
Carter (1970) rated members of the 1964 San Diego state
football team and 20 university of Lowe football players according to
the Heath criteria. It appear from his results that preponderance of
endomesomorphs is a pre-requisite of success in football.
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METHOD OF MEASUREMENTS
The following account is intended to give the reader a working
knowledge of some of the methods of measurements most commonly
used in Kinanthropometric investigations. It may be understood that
no two individuals might be alike in their measurable characteristics
the later tend to undergo change in varying degrees from birth to
death, in health, in disease and in Physical training. Individuals living
under different ethnic groups, and their off-springs exhibit interesting
differences in body size, shape and from. Therefore, it is essential to
have some means of giving quantitative expressions to the variations
which such traits exhibit. Anthropometry can situates that means. It is
the technique of expressing quantitatively the size, the shape and form
of an individual. Anthropometry means the measurement of men,
whether living or dead, and consists primarily in the measurement of
dimensions of the body.
The description of these terms is given below:-
Somatotyping:- The measurement of the body in the living and
in the cadaver.
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Cephalometry:- Included in somatometry; the measurement of
the head and face in the living and in the cadaver and from x-
ray films.
Osteometry:- The measurement of the skeleton and its parts.
Craiometry:- Included in Ostemetry; the measurements of the
skull.
In Kinanthropometic investigations most of the research
investigations referred in literature deal with the living subjects
athletes, sportsmen, physical education majors and non-sportsmen. In
view of these facts the asteometric and craniometric measurements
have not been included in the text of this book.
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SOMATOTYPING
The nation of classifying physique into some meaningful
system has considerable appeal and has been the stimulus for repeated
efforts in this direction, if for example, exercise, behavioural, disease
and functional characteristics of humans can be associated with
certain physiques, then knowledge and understanding of those
characteristics and their manipulation can be enhanced. In addition, if
a large number of observational or metric characteristics of the
physique can be reduced to relatively simple categories or to a simple
rating as in the somatotype, analysis of the data can then be
simplified. Body type classifications, however, do result in a loss of
precise data about type classifications, however, do result in a loss of
precise data about single metric characteristics. Body types are by
nature “Summaries” or generalizations of many characteristics and as
such can not be expected to answer specific questions about single
measurements. Too much is often expected of such systems. On the
other hand, a classification is only useful if it can should light on
problems and can connect one set of facts to another.
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The term “Somatotype” Greek, Soma, Gen, somatos, “Body”
was used to designate the 79 varieties of the human physique
recognized under the system evolved by Sheldon, Steven and Tucker
(1940). The different somatotypes are determined by varying
expression of three bodily components of structure in an individual.
These are endomorphy mesomorphy and ectomorphy.
Heath Carter Somatotype Method
A new and improved somatotype method with universal
application to both sexes for all ages and which is reproducible was
innovated after requisite, validation. This method is known as “A
Modified Somatotype Method” and is designed by Barbara
Honeyman Heath, now known as Heath-Roll, and J.E. Lindsay Carter
(1967). The method seems suitable for description of Individual
variation in the human species. The method consist of Heath’s (1963)
modifications and adaptations of Parnell’s (1958) M. 4- deviation
technique. Their extension of the scale beyond score 7 is based on
sound practical examples reported by scientist seltzer (1964) studied
obese females and in that study the majority were rated seven in the
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first component (endomorphy) using Sheldon’s criteria. In the
Olympic Football player studied by Tonner (1964) during Olympic
Games of 1960 at Rome, there were athletes from many countries
rated 7 unites the second component (mesomorphy) using Sheldon’s
criteria. But they were conspicuously more mesomorphic then the
examples of 7s in Atlas of Dran (Sheldon, 1954). Further Heath found
many males among the manus in the Admirability Island (Mead) who
could not be reasonably rated by Sheldon’s second component ratings
of ‘7’ as inadequate for description and differentiation of the Nilote
Series in which there was a high incidence of extremes in
ectomorphy. Certainly keeping all such examples in views a method
of studying physiques was required to describe all human variations.
Therefore the component scale was logically extended beyond
‘Seven’.
The new method retained the well-accepted terminology
somatotype, endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy. The method
has been given extensive treatment for validation (Heath and Carter,
[1967]). Thanks to the extensive experience of Heath having rated.
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Approximately 15000 ratings and suggesting requisite changes in the
system. The new method is anthropometric, easy to apply, quick and
inexpensive once anthropometric equipment is available in a
laboratory. So this method departs significantly from the basic
concepts of Sheldon Ian method. The method received wide acclaim
from different parts of the world. The application of this method has
been made very extensively particularly on the football players. One
of the reasons has been the studies of Olympic athletes during
Olympic Games of 1968 (de Garay et. al., 1974) the details of the
method as reported by Carter (1980) are given below:
A somatotype is a description of the present morphological
confirmation. It is expressed in a three numerals rating, consisting of
three sequential numerals,, always recorded in same order, each
numeral represents evaluation of one of the three primary components
of physique which describe individual variation in human
morphology and composition.
First Component (Endomorphy)
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It refers to relative fatness in individual physique; it also refers
to relative leanness. That is, the first component ratings are
evaluations of degrees of fatness which lie on a continuum from the
lowest recorded values to the highest recorded values.
Second Component (Mesomorphy)
It refers to relative musculo-skeletal developments per unit of
height. The second component ratings are evaluations of musculo-
skeletal development which lie on a continuum from lowest to highest
degrees recorded. The second component can be thought of as lean
Body Mass relative to height. If the musculo-skeletal regions in the
body are in proportion to one’s height, then the subject will be
average in mesomorphy i.e. he scores 4 points. If the musculo-skeletal
tissues are greater in proportion to height, the component score will
be greater than 4, and vice-versa. The term lean body mass refers to
the body without fat component.
Third Component (Ectomorphy)
It refers to relative linearity of individual physiques. The third
component ratings are based largely but not entirely on height 3
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weight ratios. Height /3 weight rations and third component ratings
are closely related, so that at the low ends of their distributions both
cannot relative shortness the several body segments. And the high
ends cannot elongation or linearity of the several body segments.
Ratings evaluate the form and degree of longitudinal distribution of
the first and second components.
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* MUSCLES ACTIONS DURING SOCCER SKILLS
RUNNING
Running is an Integral part of soccer. Indeed soccer players
may cover approximately 10 KM. during a single game. The running
action may be divided into two stages, swing and support. Support
begins at the point when the foot makes contact with the ground (foot
strike) and ends at the point when the foot leaves contact with the
ground (toe-off). The swing phase begins at toe-off and ends at foot
strike.
At toe-off the swing leg is in a position of extension of the hip,
extension of the knee and planter flexion of the ankle. The gluteals
and hamstrings are still acting to extend the hip and the gastronomies
to planaterflex the ankle giving a good push off. The actions of psoas
and iliac as flex the hip, the hamstrings flex the knee and the anterior
tickles dorsiflex the ankle. The hip continues to flex and the ankle to
dorsiflex to bring the leg forwards in front of the support leg, the
adductors act to prevent the thigh from swinging outwards. The
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quadriceps then begin to extend the knee in preparation for foot
strike.
When foot strike occurs the hip is in flexion, the knee is in
slight flexion and the ankle is normally dorsiflexed and slightly
inverted. At this point the weight of the body must be controlled as it
hits the ground. The gluteals contract to extend the hip, the quadriceps
and hamstrings contract to stabilize the knee joint and the adductors
to stabilize the hip. The anterior tiabials work eccentrically and the
gastronomies concentrically to control the foot as it strikes the
ground. The momentum of the body carries it forwards over the ankle
joint which acts as a rocker as the foot becomes flat to the ground and
then toe-off occurs.
As the speed of running increases longer strides are taken. In
this instance the swing phase involves greater knee flexion and his
extension (the heel almost touching the buttock) and greater hip
flexion in the later part of the phase.
When running with a ball much shorter strides are taken as the
player must be ready to change direction and speed. At the toe-off
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phase the leg may not be as extended. Heel strike may not be as
pronounced; instead the foot may land in a more neutral position or
be planter flexed.
The muscles of the arms and trunk also play an important role
during running. They act to maintain balance and to counterbalance
the rotation of the body when the pelvis rotates.
KICKING A BALL
There are many different types of kick in Soccer, e.g. running
kick, volley and push pass (Pronk, 1991). Skilled players can also
impose spin on the ball and cause it to dip quickly in flight. In such
cases the kicking action is quite complex. For the purposes of this
text the kick is simplified into that of movement in one plane. This
action may also be divided into four phases; Phase one, priming the
thigh and leg during backswing; Phase two, rotation of the thigh and
leg laterally and flexion of the hip; Phase three, declaration of the
thigh and acceleration of the leg; and finally stage four, the follow
through.
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During phase one the hip of the kicking leg is rapidly extended
by the action of the gluteals and the pelvis is rotated backwards. The
knee is flexed by the hamstrings and the anterior tibials dorsiflex the
ankle. These actions are limited by the hip flexors and adductors
which often become overstretched in many players. The harder the
subsequent kick the further the stretch on these muscles. During
phase two the psoas and iliacus contract and the hip flexes to more
the thigh and leg forwards and the pelvis rotates forwards. Phase
three involves the hamstrings acting to decelerate the thigh and the
quadriceps rapidly extend the knee joint. The position of the ankle
joint during ball strike is dependent upon the type of kick performed.
In addition, the adductors will contract to pull the leg towards the
body. This is especially relevant during a side kick or push pass.
Phase four begins after the ball has last contact with the foot, the leg
and thigh will follow through due to the momentum of the thigh, leg
and foot. This causes a stretch on the muscles opposing these actions
especially the hamstrings as they pass over two joints (De Prof. t. et.
al. 1998).
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The muscles of the non-kicking leg act in a similar fashion to
their behaviour during the stance phase of running. However, they
act mainly to stabilize the body to provide a stable platform on which
the kicking leg may act. This leg is usually abducted and rotated.
Again the muscles of the arms and trunk work to maintain poise and
balance and to provide a counter balance to the kicking leg, thus
providing more control and speed.
JUMPING AND HEADING
Jumping to control the ball in the air is of major importance in
soccer. Jumping can occur from a standing position or from a run-up.
Take off from a standing jump in usually from both feet and from one
leg when using a run-up when performing a standing jump the player
will sink down into a position of flexion. The trunk, hips and knees
will flex and the ankle will dorsiflex under the action of body weight
and gravity but controlled by the agonists to there movements acting
eccentrically (erector, spinage, gluteals, hamstrings, quadriceps and
plantar flexors). The elbows will flex and the shoulders will be
extended. In this position the body is almost spring- like; the prime
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movers of the jumping action are on a stretch, storing potential energy
ready to be released at the appropriate moment. When the jump itself
begins the prime movers act to launch the body weight up in the air.
This is achieved by rapid and powerful contractions of the erector
spinage, gluteals, hamstrings, evan quadriceps and planter flexors to
produce extension of the trunk, hips, knees and planter flexion of the
ankles. The arms are also moved rapidly forwards and upwards by
flexion of the shoulders and extension of the elbows. When the spine
becomes extended during the jumping action a sever stretch may be
placed on the abdominal muscles and the hip flexors and injury to
these muscles may occur.
Landing from a jump is just as important as the jump itself, as
the weight of the body must be controlled as it hits the ground.
Basically it is a reverse of the jumping action. However, this time the
muscles of jumping act eccentrically to control joint movement and
decelerate the action there by increasing shock absorption and
decreasing the risk of injury.
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The primary aim of most jumps in soccer is to head the ball,
but heading may also occur from a standing position. As a player
jumps the action of the erector spinier muscles. As a player attempts
to make contact with the ball they will aim their head at it. This may
involve a combination of movements. Flexion of the neck is the most
powerful action but this may be combined with rotation or lateral
flexion to direct the ball.
THROWING A FOOTBALL
Throwing are usually taken from a short run-up and a two-
footed stance with both feet level the erector spinage, gluteals and the
hamstrings contract to extend the spine and the hips. The dorsiflexors
act eccentrically to allow the ankles to move into a small degree of
planter flexion without losing balance. The ball is held in both hand
and the two arms are held up above the head. The shoulders are
moved into full flexion and the elbows also are now fully flexed. This
creates full stretch on the antagonist group and potential energy is
stored. As the throw begins these now become prime movers which
contract from a stretched position. The elbows become extended, the
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shoulders become more extended. The contraction of the abdominals
and hips to flex. Dorsiflexion of the ankles is controlled by the
eccentric action of gastronomies and soleus.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH STUDY
The present is concerned with finding the relationship between
robusticity index and the soccer playing ability. Some variables are
selected in connection with this study. Viz, anthropometric measurement
and playing (performance) ability among college and in university level
soccer players.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study were:
(i) To find out the robusticity index of the college and university
level soccer players.
(II) To observe the soccer playing ability of the college and
university level players.
(iii) To find out the relationship between Robusticity Index and
Soccer playing ability and to find out the difference if any,
regarding robusticity index and soccerplaying ability among
different institutions.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
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(I) This study will facilitate the soccer coaches and teachers for
selection of suitable players for the game.
(ii) This study may help to determine the anthropometric
peculiarities of the college level football players.
(iii) This study may through some Tight for betterment of the
standard of the country in soccer.
(iv) This study may help the coaches to locate the requirements
of a soccer player during selection of players.
(v) It may provide rich source of material for further
investigations.
1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
(I) The study is conducted on only the soccer players.
(II) Only college level subjects were selected for the study and
the age group of the subjects was ranged between 22 to 25
years.
(lII) Only male subjects were selected for the study.
(IV) The samples are selected from amongst the participants of
the college level or university level tournaments.
(V) Only selected anthropometric variables were considered for
the study.
(VI) Subjects of the study were only 45 in number of which three
were indisposed.
(VII) For avoiding complications and for want of variances
sophisticated instruments only few variables of
anthropometric variables.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
(I) The diet, other activities and daily habits of the soccer
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players could not be controlled.
(II) Since the time and money at disposal was very short and
due to inadequate facilities the study could not be extended
and compared to other similar games.
(Ill) It would has been better if more samples could be
accommodated for the study.
1.7 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
(I) It is hypothesised that, there will be a significant relationship
between robusticity index and soccer playing ability.
(II) Medium robust (Normosthenic) players (Bengalee) are
better for the soccer performance.
1.8 DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS
(I) Anthropometric Measurement:
Anthropometric Measurements are dimensions of the
structure of the human body taken at specific sites to give
measures of length, breadth, girth, mass and percentage of
subcutaneous fatty tissue etc. by using the scientific
methods and technique.
(II) Physique:
The physique, visible phenotype, of an individual is
the result of the interaction of the environmental
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modifications of his invisible genotype.
As regard the somatic characteristic Knussmann’s
(1968) opinion is that “Physique is the individual bodily
construction which is being realised in the course of on to
genesis”.
Eiben (1972) define “Physique as the morphological
constitution of the adult, which is formed by the
manifestation of genetically endowment and as a result of
adaptation processes of environmental effects”,
According to Sodhi and Sidhu, “the physique refer to
shake the size and form an individual”.
(Ill) ROBUSTICITY INDEX:
Robusticity index is the ratio of standing height with
the chest girth and weight.
The Formula is: -
RI. Height vertex in cm. -- (chest Girth in c.m. + Weight in k.g.)
1.9 Range - Variation
(According to Tschernorulzky)
Very strong Hypersthenic 10
Strong 11 - 15
Good Normosthenic 16 - 20
Medium 21 - 30
Very Weak Asthenia 31 - 35
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Bad 36, <
(IV) Height vertex or stature:
It measures the vertical distance from vertex (v) to floor,
(vertex is the height point on the head when the head is in eye- cup
plane)
Instrument used: - Anthropo meter
(V) Chest Girth:
It measures circumference of the chest of the subject when
he is breathing normally.
Instrument used: Steel tape
(VI) Body Weight:
Weight should be taken by means of standard weighing
machine with fine accuracy. The subject should wear minimum
number of clothes and should not be weighted right after he has
taken meals.
Instrument used: - Weighing Machine
(VII) Kicking:
To drive a ball by hitting it with the foot in the play of soccer.
(VIII) Juggle:
To toss the ball in the air.
(IX) Dribble:
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To impel a ball with a series of light taps with the foot while
maintaining possession. Soccer to move or advance the bN along
the ground with successive light kicks.
(X) Shooting:
To propel or drive a ball toward a goal by striking, punching
it with the foot.
(Xl) Soccer:
A game played between two teams of 11 players using an
inflated ball and a rectangular playing field having a goal at each
end with the object to drive the ball past the opposing goalkeeper
on to the goal for a score and to prevent the opposing team from
scoring. The ball is propelled mostly by kicking. While the ball is in
play only the goal keeper with in the penalty area is permitted to
catch the ball or to touch it with the hand. Players are not permitted
to hold, push or trip an opponent.
(Xli) Skill:
Skill can be defined from two view points , descriptive and
operational perspective.
Descriptive definitions are goal oriented and as certain the
accomplishment to specified tasks. The focus on a description of
how an individual behaves while attaining a specified goal.
Operational definitions deal with the mechanism and
qualities of Skilled Act.
(XllI) Sports Performance
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Sports performance is a unity of execution and result of
sports action or corniex sequence of a sports actions measured or
evaluated according to agreed and socially determined norms.
(XIV) Strength:
Strength is the ability of the sports man to over come the
resistance or to work against it. It depend on contraction of the
muscle and process of CN.S.
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CHAPTER - II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Review of related literature is an essential work of a investigator to
formulate the research problem and to get an idea about the allied studies
which facilitates the proposed study. The objective of this study is the
relationship between Robusticity Index and Playing ability in Soccer.
Different investigators has tried to collect necessary information from
various books journaI. and research reports. The sports of soccer has not
been studied extensively by sports Scientists although reviews of the
various demands of the game has been documented( Reilly, 1979;
Kirkendall 1985; Ekblom — 1986; Reilly 1986).
The relevant literature Which the research scholar has come
across are mainly from Western Authors and that of Indian Authors are
few and far between. The related literatures which the investigator
presents has come across are relevant and found from various sources
are as follows:
Pal(1978) studied over one hundred physical education students
on relationship of physical fitness to selected Anthropometric
measurement are recommended that height was the most reliable.
Anthropometric measurement in predication of physical fitness of main
students. He also. recommended that the most valid combination of
Anthropometric measurements in predicting fitness consisted of height
and weight.
Sodhi (1980) studied on a cross sectional sample of 28 Basket ball
player of Districts and of State levels and 59 controls about 30
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Anthropometric measurements on lack of the sample. He found that
Basket Ball player possessed typical characteristics of physique and body
composition which are helpful ri some way during the game. The
dominancy of many characteristics in case of State Level players over
those of the District Level once indicated further refinement such bodily
characteristics with respect to the level of competition.
Slaughter et. AL (1982) stated that a combination with height and
age improves the prediction of performance over age, height and body
alone by 11.9 % or the average, in accounting between 35 % and 50 % of
the variation in physical performance.
Morrow et. al. (1982) studied over 49 American world class
throwers and stated that comparisons between event participants indicate
that they differed significantly on the Anthropometric and strength
variables. Correlational Analysis revealed that upper body strengths
correlated r = .60 with performance discuss throwers , fat weight
correlated r = .80. Hammer performance and leg strength correlated r =
.72 with shot put performance. For Javelin throwers none of the
Anthropornetric strength or motor performance variables where
significantly related to event performance.
Saha (1980) studied randomly selected tribal and non-tribal school
students of Tripura aged 14 - 18 years and found that the mean
composite scores of Anthropnetric measurement and physal fitness
components of the tribal student was higher than that of non-tribal school
students , but non of the difference in the means where found statistically
significant at .05 level of confidence.
Kapoor( 1977) recommended that no single measurement efforts
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the most accurate index to predict weight. In general chest width, chest
depth, shoulder width and height at the highest percentage of accuracy in
predicting weight but hip width had the least significance in weight
measurement.
Islegen and Akgun stated that to determine physical fitness for
soccer include aerobic capacity, anaerobic power, strength, speed, agility,
flexibility balance and coordination.
Bontrz Soccer test (1942) is an extension of the schaufele soccer
test and this was completed approximately two years ago the test was
used to determine general soccer abilities. A combination skill of dribbling,
passing and shooting the soccer ball is measured in this test.
Harold and Me. Gee(1973) reported the warner soccer test which
was administered on 319 high school boys to measure the general soccer
ability.
Thomson(1 977) stated that dribbling and Juggling can be used as
test for measuring soccer ability.
Sigerseth et. al. (1 950) compared the flexibility of footballers with
those from service course men and found that service course men to be
more flexible that the football player is in 13 of 21 measurements where
as footballers were significantly more flexible in only hip flexion.
Literature revealed that Heath and Elizabeth (1932 ) developed
slicker tests for classification of the boys into different grades for fifth and
sixth grade.
Bross(1934) focussed an sports skill at elementary and secondary
school levels by reporting a battery of six achievement test in Basketball.
These tests were slightly revised after three years and used as
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achievement test in indoor basketball and soccer.
Elroy(1 938) used sixth soccer test on his School pupils. These
tests were committed by Staley and later on developed by Me. Curdy’s
committee several years ago. These tests proved to be very successful in
classifying the pupils according to their level of performance.
Bontrz and Jean (1942) in a thesis has an experiment in the
construction of a test for measuring ability in some of fundamental skills
used by fifth and sixth grade children in soccer.
Mc. Donald Soccer test (1951) was considered to serve as an
index of the game and developed an objective means of measuring
soccer ability.
Batly (1980) referred that shooting is an essential test for football.
Though he had not conducted but told this has too much necessity and
Saha 1986 conduct this test for his thesis and he had done a pilot study
for reliability and validity.
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CHAPTER -III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter the subjects, the criterion measures, the design, the
procedure for administering tests for the study and formula used for
statistical analysis are described.
After establishing the hypothesis in relation to the objectives the
next step is to develop the procedural method in the instructional model.
This indicates that specific operations based on the hypothesis that will
accomplish the desired objectives, must be planned and performed.
Hypothesis based information available should be used to direct the
procedure. Methodology is one by which programs are initiated and
carried out.
This chapter of methodology deals with the sampling procedure,
criterion measures, the design, tools and the procedure for data collection
have been described.
This is a study following under the category of experimental
research in the field of physical education. In this study, the investigator
made an attempt to evaluate relationship between robusticity index and
soccer performance of college level football players.
An attempt has been made to find out the motor performance and
kin anthropometric measures for robusticity index of the college/university
level footballer. Selected skill tests were also administered on these
footballers Which were duly analysed.
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3.1 SUBJECT:
42 male college level soccer pLayers from three different
institutions (LN1PE,Gwalior, Jiawji University Gwalior and Atlahabad
University, Allahabad ) were selected as the subjects of the study,
The data were collected when they were attending the coaching
camp in connection with University Tournament.
The students were 20 to 25 years of age.
3.2 CRITERIAN MEASURES:
The following selected anthropometric and same selected skill
were taken as the criterion measures for this study
A. I) Height ii) Weight
iii) Chest circumference iv) Robusticity index
B. i) Dribbling ii) Shooting for accuracy
iii) Juggling iv) Playing ability in game situation
3.3 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE TESTS AND TESTERS
COMPETENCY:
The instruments used in this study were all standard
instrument of LN.I.P,E., (Deemed University) and there by the
reliability of the instruments used and also the testers competency
were establish.
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The tests selected for this study were taken either from the
textbooks or from the published literature and there by the vaIiditi of the
tests are established.
3.4 TOOLS:
Tools is used for collecting data for the study were as follows:
i) Weighing Machine ii) Anthropometer for measuring height
iii) Measuring Steel Tape iv) Marking Materials
v) Footballs vi) Rope vii) Five plag posts
3.5 PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTERING TESTS
The tests were conducted in the playground of the L.N.I.P.E.
(Deemed University), Jiwaji University and Allahabad University
respectively. The following soccer skill tests and measurement was
administered:
1. Measurement of personal data.
2. Measurement of Anthropometric variables
3. Measurement of Soccer playing ability.
COLLECTION OF DATA:
Procedure for measuring Anthropometric variable:
a) Height vertex or stature: It measures the vertical distance from
vertex (v) to floor.
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Instrument used: Anthropometer
Procedure: Subject took an erect standing position One stands on
he right side of the subject with Anthropometer in the medium
sagittat plan of the subject and allows moving cross bar to touch
the vertex (v) lightly. Note that the Anthropometer is in vertical
position.
b) Weight
Instrument Used: Weighting machine.
Procedure : Weight should be taken by means of standard
weighting machine with fine accuracy. The subject should put
minimum number of clothes and should not be weighed right after
he has taken meals. Proper adjustment should be made for the
clothes worm by the subject at the time of being weighed. It is
recommended that at the time of recording the weight of the
clothes should also be noted.
c) Chest Girth: It measures circumference of the chest of the subject
when he is breathing normally. The tape should be held
horizontally at the level of nipples passing over the lower scapular
angle. The arms of the subject may be raised before fixing the tape
around the chest but is no case they should be allowed to remain
horizontal. The arms should rest normally while taking the
measurement.
d) Robusticity Index Height Vertex in cm. — ( Chest Girth in c.m. +
weight in k.g.)
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MEASUREMENT OF SOCCER PLAYING ABILITY
For a modified soccer playing ability comprising four tests
conducted. Out of this four, one test was adopted from Warner’s soccer
skill test and from Batty (1980) These two tests referred by Eric G. Batty
Coaching Modern Soccer - Attack”, though he had not conducted these
tests but he suggested that these are too much necessary for measuring
football ability and S.Saha conducted these test for his thesis and he had
done a pilot study for reliability and validity.
1. Dribbling for time
Purpose : To measure ability to control the ball with the feet.
Facilities and equipment Five objects, Soccer ball, stop-watch.
Procedure : the students dribbled the Soccer ball in and out among
the objects and is timed for the course of the trip. The distance between
the two successive objects was 15 (fifteen) ft. and from starting line to the
first object is also fifteen ft. On the signal ready “go” dribble the ball to the
right and left of that five objects around the end one and back to the same
manner and cross the starting jine. Three trials were timed and the best
one was recorded.
2. *Shooting for accuracy
Purpose: To measure accuracy.
Facilities and equipment: Football, Goal post and Cross bar, being divided
in to separate zones.
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Procedure: The bait kept in the penalty spot. Three chances were given to
each subject and the space in between goat posts were divided in to sex
and earned score according to complicity. The points scored from three
chance were recorded by the experts.
3. Juggling for control and coordination:
Facilities and equipment: Smooth surface and soccer ball
Procedure : The subjects were standing inside the football ground.
For each subjects, the investigator engaged a scorer. The scorer was
instructed by the researcher that he can observe his subject and his
score/number of the ball juggling by the body parts. Than the subjects
began to juggle the ball with signal (start), and they stopped when ball fell
down on the ground. The number of juggling made by each subject was
the score recorded.
4. Playing ability in game situation:
To measure the overall performance in game situation, three
experts rating procedure were conducted by the researcher. The total no.
of subject were divided into two teams and a practice match is played
between this two teams. A group of experts (three experts in a group)
observed the practice match carefully and marking according to their
(subjects) ability.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROBUSTICITY INDEX ………… 59
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CHAPTER-IV
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULT
Presentation of Data Analysis and Discussion of Findings:
The collected data according to the procedure discussed in the
chapter-Ill were presented in this chapter in tabular form. The raw score
were processed and group according to the purpose of the study. The
appropriate statistical analyses were made and computed scores were
presented in this chapter.
Presentation of Personal Data Group Wise:
The mean scores and standard deviation of age, height and weight of
three groups have been presented in table no. 1
Table No. - 1
Mean and S.D. of personal data of three different institute viz.
L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University), Jiwaji University, Allahabad University.
Name of the
institution
Age (year) Height (cm.) Weight (kg.)
Mean ± SD. Mean ± S.D. Mean ± S.D.
Deemed University 23.78 ± 1.12 166.96 ± 6.45 60.43 ± 6.06
Jiwaji University 23.57 ± 0.94 168.96 ± 4.97 60.75 ± 4.81
Allahabad University 23.92 ± 0.83 166.57 ± 4.88 5628 ± 4,39
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Table No. - 1, indicates the following information regarding the personal
data of three groups
(i) Age: - The mean age and standard deviation of the three groups
viz. L.N.I.P.E., Deemed University; Jiwaji University, and
Allahabad University were 23.78 ± 1.12; 23.57 ± 0.94 and
23.92 ± 0.83 years respectively. Each group seemed to be
close in age.
(ii) Height: - The mean height and standard deviation of thre groups viz.
L.N.I.P.E. Deemed University, Jiwaji University, and
Allahabad University were 166.96 ± 6.45; 168.96 ± 4.97 and
166.57 ± 4.88 cm. Respectively. The L,N.I.P.E., Deemed
University, Jiwaji University and Allahabad University
seemed to be relatively same so far as the height is
concerned. Where as Jiwaji University possesses slightly
greater height than the other two groups.
(iii) Weight: - The mean weight of three groups viz. L.N.I.P.E.
Deemed University, Jiwaji University, and Allahabad
University were 60.43 kg.; 60.75 kg.; and 56.28 kg. With a
variation of ± 6.06; ± 4.81; and ± 4.39 respectively. So far as
the weight is concerned L.N.I.P.E. Deemed University and
Jiwaji University Possesses identical result But Department
of Physical Education. Allahabad University was found
slightly lower weight in comparison to other groups.
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Table No. 2
Mean and standard deviation of Robusticity Index three different
institutions.
Deemed University Jiwaji University Allahabad University
Robusticity
Index
Mean - 21.5
S.D. ± 9.34
Mean - 23.21
S.D. ± 7.4
Mean - 26.5
S.D. ± 6.67
Table No-2, shows the mean Robusticity Index (RI) LN.I.P.E
Gwalior, and Department of Physical Education Jiwaji University are 21.5
± 9.3; 23.21 ± 7.42 and 26.5 ± 6.67 respectively. Among this institution
Allahabad University shows a higher value of 26.5 as RI. in comparision
to other Institutions. Which manifests a low RI. On the other hand the R.l.
of Jiwaji University is higher than the L.N.I.P.E. Gwaiior which manifests a
lower R.I.
It may be noted that lower the RI. value, higher the Robusticity and
vice- versa.
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Table No. -3
Robusticity Index and Range of variation of soccer player of three
different Institution.
S. No.
Deemed University Jiwaji University Allahabad University
R.I. Range R.I. Range R.I. Range
1 19 N 16.5 N 27 N
2 26 N 22 N 32 A
3 25.5 N 34 A 17 N
4 29.5 N 31 A 16 N
5 9 H* 24 N 24 N
6 20 N 29 N 27 N
7 23.5 N 30 N 31 A
8 20 N 29 N 32 A
9 20.5 N 9 H* 28 N
10 15 N 25 N 22 N
11 21 N 14.5 N 27 N
12 33.5 A 26 N 40 A
13 37.5 A 14 N 40 A
14 1 H* 21 N 18 N
Note: H - Hypersthenic, N - Normosthenic, A - Asthenic
Table No. -3, shows the R.l. and its range obtain from the formula
mentioned in chapter 1 and II of L,N.I.P.E. (Deemed University), Jiwaji
University and Allahabad University. It is found that in L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed
University) there are 2 Hypersthenic, 10 Normosthenic and 2 Asthenics. In
Department of Physical Education, Jiwaji University, there are I Hypersthenic,
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11 Normosthenic and 2 Asthenics. n case of Allahabad University there IC
ormosthenic and 4 asthenic, Among three institutions. Allahabad. University is
devoid, of any Hypersthenic player. This is interesting to note that L.N.I.P.E:
(Deemed University) and Jiwaji University only . having 3 H.ypersthenic
Soccer prayer Only.
The distribution robtisticities characteristics of college [evel Soccer
player have graphically (F• 7 & 8).
Fig -6 Graphical repre ntatGn of Robusticity characteristic of L N I P E
(Deemed University) Soccer players.
Robusticity Characteristic of LN.I.P.E
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Fig.- 7 Graphica1 representation of Robusticity characteristic of Jiwaji
University Soccer players.
Robusticity Characteristic of Jiwaji University
Flg. 8 Graphical representation of Robuticity characteristic Allahabad:
University Soccer players.
Robusticity Characteristic of Allahabad University
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Table No. - 4
Distribution of subjects of different institutions on the basis of Range Variation
of Robusticity Index.
Name of Institution Range
Hypersthenic Normosthenic Asthenic
LN.LP.E. (Deemed University) 14.29 % 71.42 % 14.29%
Jiwaji University 7.14 % 78.57 % 14.29%
Allahabad University Nil 71.42 % 28.58 %
From table no.4, it is found that L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University)
possessed 14,29 %, 71.42 % and 14.29 %, Hypersthenic, Normosthenic, and
Asthenic Soccer player. In case of Jiwaji University such distribution is 7.14 %
78.57 % and 14.29%.
Incase of Allahabad University such distribution is niH, 71.42 % and
28.58 % respectively.
This finding also reveal that all three institutions more than 70% of the
player lie at the normosthenic range. Among the three institutions 14.27%
Soccer player of L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University) are Hypersthenic and on the
other hand 28.58% of Soccer player of Allahabad University are at asthenic
range which is double the value of L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University) and Jiwaji
University. -
It may be àoncluded that the soccer players of all the three Institutions
Were at Norrnosthenic range.
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Table No. - 5
Inter-group difference in Rousticity Index.
Variables Value of
‘F’
Required value of ‘F’ to be
significant of 0.05 level & 0.01 level
of confidence
Remark
Robusticity 1.45 ‘F’
at 0.05 level =3.25
at 0.01 level = 5.25
No
Significant
Table no- 5 shows the inter -group comparison of mean difference and
the ‘F’ value obtain is 1.45 which is not significant (in respect to the significant
value 3.25 at 0.05 level and 5.25 at 0.01 level although there are differences in
mean in Robusticity Index among three groups. Since ‘F’ value is not
significant between the groups the mean could not be verified for ‘T’ test. The
ethnic stem of the subjects have got its own typical genetic feature so for as
there structure are concerned. It appeared that most of the subjects are
Bengalee whose average height and stature have got its own typical
characteristic and generally they are not Hypersthenic type.
It may be assumed that such factor have been reflected in all three
groups of different institutions.
To find out the significant reference, therefore, it may be concluded that
none of the institutes have any difference in Robusticity Index while
considered together.
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Table No. -6
Mean and Standard Deviation of Soccer playing ability of three different
institutions.
Name of the Institution
Name of the
measurement
L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed
University)
Jiwaji
University
Allahabad
Univeristy
Playing ability Mean - 7.27
S.D.±1.49
Mean - 6.75
S.D.±0.71
Mean - 7.2
SD±O.88
Table No. - .6, shows the mean playing ability scores of L.N.IP.E. (Deemed
University) is 7.27 ± 1.49, Jiwaji University 6.75 ± 0.71 and Allahabad
University 7.21 ± 0.88. all together mean of Jiwaji University is lower in
comparison of L,N.I.P.E. (Deemed University) and Allahabad University.
Therefore it appears that the playing ability of college level player are
very closed. In order to find out the significant difference on Soccer playing
ability among three groups one way ANOVA was used to test the Hypothesis
at 0.05 level and 0.11 level of significance.
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Table No. -7
Represented the calculation of F-Ratio, Inter group difference in playing
abilities
Variable Value of
‘F’
Required values of?’ to be
significant
of 005 level and 0.01 level of
confidence
Remarks
Soccer
playing
ability
0.96 ‘F
at 0.05 level = 19.45
at 0.01 level = 99.46
No
significant
It was observed from table no. -7 that no significant difference in means
was found among three groups in relation to Soccer Playing ability. The
computed ‘F1 value (0.96) was much more lesser that the table value (‘F’ at
0.05 level = 19.54 and at 0.01 level =99.46) required for significant.
Since the mean was scores of L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University), Jiwaji
University and Allahabad University, Institutions do not have significant
differences amongst themselves. It may be concluded that the ability of the
groups are more or less close.
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Table No. -8
Coefficient of correlation between playing ability and RI. of
college level Soccer players.
Playing Ability
Robusticity
Index
L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University)
Jiwaji University
Allahabad Univeristy
0.17 0.24 0.35
Table No. - 8, shows the coefficient of correlation between playing
ability and Robusticity Index of college level Soccer players. The result shows
that there is no significant relation between playing ability and Robusticity
Index of the same Institute. The value of ‘r’ while compared between playing
ability and Robusticity Index of the same group (L,N.I.P.E., Deemed
University) is positive but not significant. Similar relation was found in case of
Jiwaji University. In case of Allahabad University a negative non-significant
correlation was obtained. Perhaps this is an indication of the higher range
value of Robusticity Index of Allahabad University Soccer player who tends to
Asthenic in nature rather than Hypersthanic.
Since the mean value of playing ability were of closely differentiated
value of difference were negligible as referred table no. - 2. On the other hand
despite non-significant differences as obtained from the F value (1.45).
There is a difference in the range trend of Allahabad
University towards nonhypersthenic Robusticity. Such an
opposite mean value revealed a negative relationship between
a Robusticity Index and playing abil ity of Allahabad University.
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70
Therefore, it may be concluded that there is no relation between Robusticity
index and playing ability of Soccer players comparison of mostly the racially
Bengalees.
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CHAPTER - V
SUMMARY
The present study was taken to find out the relationship between
Robusticity Index and the Soccer playing ability. The 42 subjects were
selected from College and University level. Scholar tried to find out the index in
relation to their playing ability on the Soccer field. This study was considered
as the important relations and effects the final outcomes. All the subjects were
selected in age group of 22-25 years and from the following universities such
as L.N.I.P.E, Jiwaji and Allahabad University, further it was hypothesised that
there would be significant relationship between Robusticity and Soccer playing
ability. For finding the relationship few variables were selected under the
heading:
(1) Anthrapornatic measurement
(2) Skills (playing ability)
Further anthropomatic measurement for the following sites- Height,
Weight, Chest circumference, Robusticity Index and Playing ability was
divided in dribbling, shooting for accuracy, juggling and playing ability in game
situation.
Reliability measures were also taken into consideration for the selected
test validity and tests competency before moving ahead in the study. The data
was collected at three places at the universities the standard equipments
were used for collecting data. After collecting the data, the data was analysed
on the basis of their mean and standard deviation. This analysis derived
the result values for Robusticity Index and playing ability. The findings were
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having negligible outcomes which were required to be significant. The values
revealed in negative relationship between selected variables and finally
deviated to other side from that of scholar hypothesised earlier in the study.
CONCLUSION
With the limitation of the study, the following conclusion was drawn which are
as follows:
The mean values of playing ability were closely differentiated and
referred as negligible for having significant relation therefore it may be
concluded that there is no significant relationship occurs between Robusticity
Index and Playing abilities of Soccer players.
RECOMMENDATION
On the basis of research study the following recommendation are
made for the future study
1. A more expensive study on Robusticity Index and Playing ability of
Soccer players may be undertaken to get more accurate outcomes.
2. A same study may be made for the other level of Soccer player, which
were not taken in present study.
3. The similar studies can also be taken on the female Soccer player to
develop the sports in country.
4. Studies may be conducted to find out more satisfactory conclusion’s by
taking any other important variables with the earlier too.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROBUSTICITY INDEX ………
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5. Studied may be conducted to know the more effective variables such
as Robusticity Index to have future performances.
6. In last the same Robusticity Index and the playing ability in other
games arid sports can also be conducted to have any significant role.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROBUSTICITY INDEX ………… 74
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
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education” Philadelphia: Lea Febiger, 1979
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Fakenham, Nàrfalk, Great Britain, P117. 1980
Bucher Charles A., “Administration of Physical Education and Athletic
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islegan and Akgun N., “Effect of Six Weeks Pre-Seasonal Training on Physical
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Singh H. “Sports Training General Theory and Method” NSNIS, Patiala, India,
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Singh I. P. and Bhasin M.K., “Anthromitry” (Kamla - Roy Enterprises, Delhi,
1963), p.53.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROBUSTICITY INDEX ………
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Sodhi H.S. and Sidhu L.S.. “Physique and Selection of Sportman” (Punjab
Publishing House, Patiala, 1984), p-1
Journals & Periodicals
Morrow James R. et. al. ‘Anthropometric, Strength and Performance
Characteristics of American World Class Throwers’ (The Journal of Sports
Medicine and Physical Fitness, Vol.-22 N-March, 1982).
Saia U.C., “Comparison of Selected Anthropometric Measurements and
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Dissertation of Jiwaji University, 1980).
Slaughter M.H. et al “Relationship of Anthropometric Dimensions of Physical
Performance in Children’ (The Journal of Medicine and Physical Fitness, Vol. -
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Sodhi H.S., “A Study of Morphological and Body Composition of Indian
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Miscellaneous
Kapoor Pratima, “Relationship of Body Weight to Skeletal Dimensons” Thesis
Abstracts (1965-80). L.N.I.P.E. Gwalior, 1984, p. 60-61
Pal Romesh, Cited by Ray D. “Comparative Study of Strength and Cardio
Respiratory Endurance Capacity between Tribles and Non-Tribles”. Thesis
Paper M.P.Ed. in Physical Education, Kalyani University, 1985, p-35.