relativistic astrophysics neutron stars, black holes ...kokkotas/... · black holes black holes are...
TRANSCRIPT
Relativistic AstrophysicsNeutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves
...A brief description of the course
Kostas Kokkotas
May 2, 2009
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Structure of the Course
Introduction to General Theory of Relativity (2-3 weeks)
Gravitational Collapse (1 week)
Neutron Stars (2-3 weeks)
Black Holes (2-3 weeks)
Gravitational Waves (2-3 weeks)
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Introduction to General Theory of Relativity
Short Introduction to Tensors
What is General Relativity and Einstein’s equations
Three solutions of Einstein’s equations with astrophysicalinterest (Schwarschild, Kerr, TOV)
Orbits in the vicinity of black-holes
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Gravitational Collapse
A typical supernova occurs when the core of a massive star runs out of
nuclear fuel and collapses under its own gravity to form an ultra-dense
object known as a neutron star. The newborn neutron star compresses
and then rebounds, triggering a shock wave that ploughs through the
star’s gaseous outer layers and blows the star to smithereens.
Figure: Supernovaexplosion Figure: Crab Nebula
Figure: Supernova 1987a,photo taken by the Hubbletelescope in 1995
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Gravitational Collapse
Supernovae result from the explosive death of a star and are classified astwo types.Type Ia supernovae occur in binary star systems in which gas from onestar falls onto a white dwarf with a mass close to the Chandrasekharcritical mass and causes it to explode. The explosion is caused by theignition of runaway thermo-nuclear reactions under degenerate matterconditions.Type II supernovae occur in stars at least ten times more massive thanour Sun, which suffer runaway thermo-nuclear reactions at the end oftheir lives, leading to explosions. Such explosions can be either total (nosolid remnant) or may leave behind a rapidly spinning neutron star (apulsar) or a black hole.
Figure: SN2008D :Swift satellite observed the first moments of asupernova explosion as it happens
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Neutron Stars
• A neutron star is a type of remnant that can result from thegravitational collapse of a massive star during a Type II, Type Ib or TypeIc supernova event. Such stars are composed almost entirely of neutrons.• Neutron stars are very hot and are supported against further collapsebecause of the Pauli exclusion principle. This principle states that no twoneutrons (or any other fermionic particle) can occupy the same quantumstate simultaneously.• A typical NS has a mass between 1.2 - 2.1 M�, with a correspondingradius of 9 - 15 km and central densities around ∼ 1015gr/cm3.
Figure: PulsarFigure: LMXB
Figure: MagnetarKostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Neutron Stars
Equilibrium configurations in GR
How to construct a relativistic star
White Dwarf Stars
Neutron Stars
pure neutron starsmore complicated equation of statemaximum mass of NSrotation, pulsarsMagnetic fields on NS & Magnetars
Binary Pulsars
Low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB)Intermediate-mass X-ray binaries (IMXB)High-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB)Accretion-powered pulsar (”X-ray pulsar”)
Exotic Stars
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Neutron Stars
Equilibrium configurations in GR
How to construct a relativistic star
White Dwarf Stars
Neutron Stars
pure neutron starsmore complicated equation of statemaximum mass of NSrotation, pulsarsMagnetic fields on NS & Magnetars
Binary Pulsars
Low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB)Intermediate-mass X-ray binaries (IMXB)High-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB)Accretion-powered pulsar (”X-ray pulsar”)
Exotic Stars
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Neutron Stars
Equilibrium configurations in GR
How to construct a relativistic star
White Dwarf Stars
Neutron Stars
pure neutron starsmore complicated equation of statemaximum mass of NSrotation, pulsarsMagnetic fields on NS & Magnetars
Binary Pulsars
Low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB)Intermediate-mass X-ray binaries (IMXB)High-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB)Accretion-powered pulsar (”X-ray pulsar”)
Exotic Stars
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Neutron Stars
Equilibrium configurations in GR
How to construct a relativistic star
White Dwarf Stars
Neutron Stars
pure neutron starsmore complicated equation of statemaximum mass of NSrotation, pulsarsMagnetic fields on NS & Magnetars
Binary Pulsars
Low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB)Intermediate-mass X-ray binaries (IMXB)High-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB)Accretion-powered pulsar (”X-ray pulsar”)
Exotic Stars
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Neutron Stars
Equilibrium configurations in GR
How to construct a relativistic star
White Dwarf Stars
Neutron Stars
pure neutron starsmore complicated equation of statemaximum mass of NSrotation, pulsarsMagnetic fields on NS & Magnetars
Binary Pulsars
Low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB)Intermediate-mass X-ray binaries (IMXB)High-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB)Accretion-powered pulsar (”X-ray pulsar”)
Exotic Stars
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Neutron Stars
Equilibrium configurations in GR
How to construct a relativistic star
White Dwarf Stars
Neutron Stars
pure neutron starsmore complicated equation of statemaximum mass of NSrotation, pulsarsMagnetic fields on NS & Magnetars
Binary Pulsars
Low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB)Intermediate-mass X-ray binaries (IMXB)High-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB)Accretion-powered pulsar (”X-ray pulsar”)
Exotic Stars
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Black Holes
Black holes are among the most intriguing objects in modern physics.
They power quasars and other active galactic nuclei and also provide key
insights into quantum gravity. We will review the observational evidence
for black holes and briefly discuss some of their properties. We will also
issues related to black-hole thermodynamics.
Figure: BH SpacetimeFigure: BHs have nohair
Figure: BH in action
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Black Holes
What are the black holes according to GR
Observational evidence for BHs
The maximum mass of neutron starsObservational signatures of black holesSupermassive black holes in galactic nucleiBlack holes in x-ray binariesConclusive evidence for black holes
Quantum Black Holes
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Gravitational Waves
Gravitational forces cannot be transmitted or communicated faster than
light. This means that when the gravitational field of an object changes,
the information about these changes will take a finite time to reach other
objects. These ripples are called gravitational radiation or
gravitational waves.
Figure: GravitationalWaves Figure: Merging Neutron
Stars
Figure: Merging NeutronStars
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Gravitational Waves
What are the gravitational wavesHow do they producedAstrophysical Sources of GWs
Binary SystemsSupernova CollapseIsolated Neutron StarsEarly Universe
Detection of Gravitational Waves
Figure: Schematic GW Detector Figure: Virgo & LISA
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Gravitational Waves
What are the gravitational wavesHow do they producedAstrophysical Sources of GWs
Binary SystemsSupernova CollapseIsolated Neutron StarsEarly Universe
Detection of Gravitational Waves
Figure: Schematic GW Detector Figure: Virgo & LISA
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Gravitational Waves
What are the gravitational wavesHow do they producedAstrophysical Sources of GWs
Binary SystemsSupernova CollapseIsolated Neutron StarsEarly Universe
Detection of Gravitational Waves
Figure: Schematic GW Detector Figure: Virgo & LISA
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course
Gravitational Waves
What are the gravitational wavesHow do they producedAstrophysical Sources of GWs
Binary SystemsSupernova CollapseIsolated Neutron StarsEarly Universe
Detection of Gravitational Waves
Figure: Schematic GW Detector Figure: Virgo & LISA
Kostas Kokkotas Relativistic Astrophysics Neutron Stars, Black Holes & Grav. Waves ... A brief description of the course