relativistic electrons, geomagnetic indices, and ulf wave activity in the terrestrial magnetosphere...
TRANSCRIPT
Relativistic Electrons, Geomagnetic Indices, and ULF wave activity in the
Terrestrial Magnetosphere
N. Romanova, V Pilipenko, O. Kozyreva, and N. Yagova [email protected], [email protected]
“Killer” electrons and satellite anomalies
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 19940
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
r pe
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 19940
2000
4000
6000
GEO elec tons flux E > 2 MeV
Increase of solar activity Decrease of solar activity Maximum of solar activity
rpe
(t) - correlation function between
the anomalities frequency and electrons flux(Е > 2 Мev)in during 22nd solar cycle
(c
m2
se
c s
r)-1
Relativistic electrons fluxes are known to be one of the main
factors responsible for the high-orbit satellites
malfunctions. Thus, the prediction of relativistic electron
fluxes is very important for the space industry.
1 32 63 94
10-2
10-1
100
101
day of 1994 year
(
cm
2 K
eV
se
c s
r)-1
noon-flux electons E = (1.8-3.5) MeV
anomalies at geostationary satellites
Particles Particles energyThreshold value of flux
density
Average value of the flux density for the period
1987–1995.
electrons above 2 MeV 3000 300 (cm2·s·sr)–1 1350 (cm2·s·sr)–1
electrons 1,8 – 3,5 MeV 1,5 0,5 (cm2keVssr)
–1 0,7 (cm2keVssr)–1
electrons 0,3 – 1,5 MeV 500 100 (cm2keVss
r)–1 200 (cm2keVssr)–1
Threshold electron
fluxes for the
increased risk of the
GEO anomaly
occurrence
Geosynchrotron: ULF waves = intermediary between the solar
windand “killer” electrons during magnetic storms?
Mechanism of the acceleration of ~100 keV electrons supplied by substorms is revival of the idea of magnetospheric geosynchrotron. Pumping of energy into seed electrons is provided by large-scale MHD waves in a resonant way, when the wave period matches the multiple of the electron drift period, e.g.
Appearance at GEO of relativistic electrons following storms resists definitive explanation. These electron events are not merely a curiosity for scientists, but they can have disruptive consequences for spacecrafts. While it has been known a general association between the solar wind velocity and electron enhancements, the wide variability of the response and the puzzling time delay (~1-2 days) between storm main phase and the response has frustrated the identification of responsible mechanisms.
Some intermediary must more directly provide energy to the electrons?
Rather surprisingly, ULF waves in the Pc5 band (~few mHz) have been suggested as a possible energy reservoir: the presence of Pc5 wave power after minimum Dst may be a good indicator of relativistic electron response [O’Brien et al., 2001]. Thus, in a laminar, non-turbulent magnetosphere the “killer” electrons would not appear!? dm
Algorithm of the ULF wave index construction• For any UT, magnetic stations in the MLT sector 05 – 15, and in the latitudinal
range 60 - 75 CGM are selected. • Spectra of two detrended (cut-off 0.5 mHz) horizontal components are calculated
with Filon’s method in 1-h time window. • The frequency range for the index definition is the Pc5 band (fL=3 mHz,
fH=7mHz) – the range of the most intense fluctuations. • In order to discriminate broad-band and narrow-band variations we applied an
algorithm based on the determination of “bump” above the linear fit to background “colored-noise” spectra in the range 1-8 mHz.
As a result one obtains: Noise spectral power (N) - the band-integrated area beneath the background spectra;
Signal spectral power (S) - the area of the bump above the background spectra;
Total spectral power (T) - T=S+N
210
1,
1log
fH
INDEX fi N fL
ULF df BN
Global ULF wave indexGlobal ULF wave index::The summation is performed with respect to all N stations where the signal amplitude is above K*Bmax
-200-150-100
-500
n
T
1994 Ds t
0
5
10
15
(c
m2 K
eV
se
c s
r)-1
LANL e lectron noon-recons tructed flux (1.8-3.5 МэВ)
60 91 12202468
10x 10
4
day of year
(c
m2
se
c s
r)-1
GOES-7 e lectron flux E>2MeV
0
1
2
U
LF
new ULF-index
April-May 1994
Surprisingly, the sustained intense increase of the relativistic electrons (E>2 MeV) fluxes up to ~104 is observed after the weak storm (Dst~-100nT), whereas the increase after the strong storm (Dst~-200nT) is much shorter and less intense (up to ~103 only). The electron behavior matches well the variations of the global ULF-index: after the first weak storm this index increases much more substantially and for a longer period than after the second strong storm!
During the March-April 1994
storms geostationary satellites
suffered numerous anomalies
from the “killer” electrons.
Relativistic electron flux has a
time delay ~1-2 days with
respect to the ULF-index. Thus,
this index could be used as a
“precursor” of the risk of GEO
satellite anomalies?!
Space weather events in 1994Space weather events in 1994
?
““Killer” electrons, Killer” electrons, solar wind velocity and ULF indexsolar wind velocity and ULF index
The interconnection between the relativistic electron fluxes and ULF wave index is high throughout all phases of solar cycle. However, the relevant correlation coefficient always appears to be lower than the correlation coefficient between the electron flux and solar wind velocity.
The ULF wave index and solar wind velocity are highly correlated
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 19990
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
r
Corre lation be twe e n e le ctron flux (GOES-7,8) s o lar wind s pe e d and ULF-inde x
ULF-indexVsw
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Co
rre
lati
on
co
eff
icie
nt
Offset, days
Cross-correlation ULF -Vsw
Cross-correlation between the electron flux Cross-correlation between the electron flux variations, ULF-index, and solar wind velocityvariations, ULF-index, and solar wind velocity
-96 -72 -48 -24 0 24 48 72 960.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Vsw Vsw) ULF-index
Co
rre
lati
on
co
eff
icie
nt
Offset, hours
cross-correlation functions for GOES-noon electron flux
The cross-correlation function shows that the electron flux increases about a day after the enhancements of ULF wave activity and solar wind velocity
-4 -2 0 2 40.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
no integration =2 days
Co
rre
lati
on
co
eff
icie
nt
Offset, days
Cross-correlation ULF-index with electron flux
F=F0exp(-t/)
Correlation between the ULF-index and electron flux somewhat increases for the time-integrated over pre-history ULF index values:
( ) ( ') exp[ ( ') / ] 't
J t J t t t dt
Increase of correlation probably implies the occurrence
of the cumulative effect, that is, the the long-lasting (with
characteristic time ) ULF wave activity is important for
the electron flux increase, but not just instant values!
Relationship between the relativistic electron flux Relationship between the relativistic electron flux and geomagnetic activity indicesand geomagnetic activity indices
The electron flux is also highly correlated with the Dst and AE indices. The electron flux is also highly correlated with the Dst and AE indices. SometimesSometimes the correlation with Dst is even higher than that with the ULF index.the correlation with Dst is even higher than that with the ULF index.
Geomagnetic disturbances, as well as an elevated level of ULF wave activity, precede the growth of relativistic electron flux for about two days on average
-4 -2 0 2 40.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
AE - Dst ULF
Co
rre
lati
on
co
eff
icie
nt
Offset, days
Cross-correlation between electrons flux variations, ULF-index and geomagnetic activite in 1994
-4 -2 0 2 40.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Co
rre
lati
on
co
eff
icie
nt
Offset, days
-Dst Vsw ULF
Cross-correlation between electrons flux variations, ULF-index and main geomagnetic indexes in 1999-2000.
We acknowledge the provision of Noon-reconstructed electron fluxes provided by P. O’Brien. GOES data from NOAA NSDC; Ground magnetic data from INTERMAGNET, CPMN, MACCS, and
Greenland arrays; OMNI-2 database from NASA NSSDC;
The The new ULF wave index, analogous to geomagnetic indices, derived from ground-new ULF wave index, analogous to geomagnetic indices, derived from ground-
based and satellite observations in the Pc5 frequency band – the range of natural based and satellite observations in the Pc5 frequency band – the range of natural
MHD resonators and waveguides, characterizes the turbulent level of the solar MHD resonators and waveguides, characterizes the turbulent level of the solar
wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system. wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system.
The database for interval 1994-2001 is freely available to space community via anonymous FTP site for testing and validation:
space.augsburg.edu
folder: /pub/MACCS/ULF_Index/
CD with ULF index database may be requested!