relevant litterature: h. kawabata, s. zeki, ³neural …...(11 four pioneer studies in...

(11 Four pioneer studies in Neuroaesthetics:

Relevant litterature:

H. Kawabata, S. Zeki, “Neural Correlates of Beauty”, Journal of

Neurophysiology 91, 2004, ss. 1699-1705.

O. Vartanian and V. Goel, ”Neuroanatomical correlates of aesthetic

preference for paintings”, NeuReport, Vol 15 9. April 2004, pp. 893-

897

C-J Cela-Conde et alli, ”Activation of the Prefrontal Cortex in the

Human Visual Aesthetic Perception”, PNAS, April 2004, pp. 6321-

6325

T. Jacobsen, R. I. Schubotz, L. Höfel, D. Yves v. Cramon,.,”Brain

correlates of aesthetic judgment of beauty”, NeurImage 29 (2006), ss.

276-285.

T. Ishizu, S. Zeki, “Toward a Brain-Based Theory of Beauty”, PLoS

ONE 6 (2011), e21852.

C. Di Dio, E. Maculoso and G. Rizzolatti, “The golden beauty: brain

response to classical and renaissance sculptures”, PLoS ONE 11

(2007), e1201.

Complex cognitive processing:

planning and execution

Paul Broca described this emotional part of the brain il grand lobe

limbique: the great limbic ring:

cortex cinguli, hypothalamus, the anterior nuclei of thalamus, and the

hippocampus form what is called the "classic limbic ring".

Paul Broca described this emotional part of the brain il grand lobe

limbique: the great limbic ring:

cortex cinguli, hypothalamus, the anterior nuclei of thalamus, and the

hippocampus form what is called the "classic limbic ring".

In the 1930s it was James Papez who first put forward the hypothesis

that these structures were organized as a system of emotions. The

limbic system was therefore also called "Papez circuit".

Paul Broca described this part of the brain il grand lobe limbique: den store limbiske ring:

cortex cinguli, hypothalamus, the anterior nuclei of thalamus, and the hippocampus form what is called the

"classic limbic ring".

In the 1930s it was James Papez who first put forward the hypothesis that these structures were organized

as a system of emotions. The limbic system was therefore also called "Papez circuit".

After these pioneering works, there has been intensive research on this system:

the amygdala, a network of nerve cells located anteriorly (i.e. in front) of hippocampus is now considered

to be one of the key structures of the limbic system, which also include the orbitofrontal cortex, parts of

the basal ganglia, and more nuclei of the thalamus than was previously suggested.

The cerebral cortex:

Neocortex=the new cortex

sensoric, motoric, and association areas

*mesocortex

the paralimbic areas

cortex cinguli, parahippocampal

gyrus, cortex insula,

orbitofrontal cortex

*allocortex

hippocampus, olfactory

cortex=the part of cortex receiving

impulses from the olfactory bulbs

* Both mesocortex and allocortex is part of the

limbic system




*mesocortex




orbitofrontal cortex: higher order

cx. for smell and gustation;

rewarding mechanisms!!!

*allocortex





limbic system




*mesocortex




orbitofrontal cortex

*allocortex





limbic system

6 layers of cells

1 cell layer

functional Magnetic Resonance Immagining: f-MRI

Vartanian and Goel, 2004 fMRI; anteriore cingulate cortex, occipital cortex.

Kawabata and Zeki, 2004 fMRI; mediale orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC).

Jacobsen et al., 2006 fMRI; dorsomediale prefrontal cortex (mPFC), intraparietal sulcus.

Activation of the prefrontal cortex in the human visual aesthetic perception Camilo J. Cela-Conde,*† Gisèle Marty,* Fernando Maestú,‡ Tomás Ortiz,‡ Enric Munar,* Alberto Fernández,‡ Miquel Roca,* Jaume Rosselló,* and Felipe Quesney‡§ Abstract. Visual aesthetic perception (“aesthetics”) or the capacity to visually perceive a particular attribute added to other features of objects, such as form, color, and movement, was fixed during human evolutionary lineage as a trait not shared with any great ape. Although prefrontal brain expansion is mentioned as responsible for the appearance of such human trait, no current knowledge exists on the role of prefrontal areas in the aesthetic perception. The visual brain consists of “several parallel multistage processing systems, each specialized in a given task such as, color or motion” [Bartels, A. & Zeki, S. (1999) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 265, 2327–2332]. Here we report the results of an experiment carried out with magnetoencephalography (MEG) which shows that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is selectively activated in humans during the perception of objects qualified as “beautiful” by the participants. Therefore, aesthetics can be hypothetically considered as an attribute perceived by means of a particular brain processing system, in which the prefrontal cortex seems to play a key role.

memory

The neural processing of aesthetics includes affective mechanisms activating limbic areas,

leading to felt emotions, as well as cognitive mechanisms involved in an objective judgment

of beauty. In this model on brain activation in response to visual art, the primary perceptual

analysis leads through implicit memory and classification to cognitive mastering.

Beautiful vs. ugly

Medial orbitofrontal cortex! BA 11

Beautiful vs. neutral

Cortex

cinguli

BA 32

Orbitofrontal cortex BA 11

Orbitofrontal cortex BA 11

left parietal cortex BA 39

Ugly vs. beautiful

”Parameter estimates show that it is actually change in relative activity in the orbito-frontal

cortex that correlates with the judgment of beauty and ugliness. Much the same pattern,

though in reverse order, is characteristic of the motor cortex.”

Semir Zeki’s group in London has recently documented (2011) that music and visual artworks that by each person are considered to be beautiful (subjective beauty) activates the same area in the brain, the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC).

This has led the researchers to formulate a brain-based theory of beauty: «Almost anything can be considered to be art, but only creations whose experience has, as a correlate, activity in mOFC would fall into the classification of beautiful art».

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlzanAw0RP4

mOFC

mOFC

Vartanian and Goel (2004) investigated rating of paintings as aesthetic preference as viewed in the f-MRI scanner. Their results document rating according to a first-person point of view: i.e. subjective states of experience:

Vartanian and Goel (2004) investigated rating of paintings as aesthetic preference as viewed in the f-MRI scanner. Their results document rating according to a first-person point of view: i.e. subjective states of experience: The data demonstrate that activation in cortical structures implicated in processing emotion or reward covaried as a function of preference rating; particularly important is the activation of the caudate nucleus and the cingulate sulcus (parts of the limbic system).

f-MRI data shoving positive evaluation : this is beautiful activites the left cingulate cortex and the right nucleus caudatus

AJ vs. SJ

SJ vs. AJ

Memory

hippocampus

amygdala emotion/reward value:

orbito-frontal cortex BA11

temporal pole BA38

cingulate gyrus BA 32, 33, 23, 24, 30

caudate nucleus

BA 11 BA38

BA32/

33

BA24 BA23

BA30

Common for the fMRI studies by Kawabata and Zeki (2004), Vartanian and Goel (2004), and

Jacobsen et al. (2006), is that they demonstrate increased activity along with increased

preference in limbic structures associated with positive affect and reward mechanisms: the

orbitofrontal cortex (Kawabata & Zeki), the anterior cingulate sulcus, the caudate nucleus

(Vartanian & Goel), and the temporal pole (Jacobsen et al., 2006).

cognitive mastering:

prefrontal cortex:

BA9/BA10

cf. Jacobsen et al. (2006)

Cela-Conde et al. (2004) and (2011)

BA9/

10

On the other hand, a MEG study by Cela-Conde et al.(2004) demonstrates increased activation within

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC: BA10) when subjects viewed artworks judged as beautiful as

compared to not-beautiful. Jacobsen et al. (2006) were able to demonstrate that the ´hottest` voxels

for the judgment beautiful versus ugly were found in the medial dorsal premotor cortex within BA 10.

The results from Jacobsen et al. and from Cela-Conde et al. (2004) correlate with the role assigned to

the dorsal PFC in processing of information from external stimuli (Cela-Conde et al., 2011, p. 9).

Vartanian and Goel, 2004 fMRI


Cela-Conde et al., 2004 MEG



Kawabata and Zeki, 2004 fMRI



Kawabata and Zeki, 2004 fMRI

Jacobsen et al., 2006 fMRI

Vartanian and Goel, 2004 fMRI; anteriore cingulate cortex, occipital cortex.

Cela-Conde et al., 2004 MEG; dorsolaterale prefrontal cortex (dlPFC).

Kawabata and Zeki, 2004 fMRI; mediale orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC).

Jacobsen et al., 2006 fMRI; dorsomediale prefrontal cortex (mPFC), intraparietal sulcus.

Man kan konkludere med at nevrokognitiv forskning viser

resultater som indikerer at visse objektive faktorer kan ligge i

bunn for vår oppfattelse av hva som er skjønt. For eksempel

kan det gylne snitt være en objektiv faktor for skjønnhet slik

Di Dio et al.(2007) viser; symmetri kan også være en slik

faktor, som Jacobsen et al. dokumenterer.







På den andre siden har Zekis gruppe vist at det er ett område

i hjernen, den mediale orbitofrontal cortex, som blir aktivert

når den enkelte synes noe er skjønt, det være seg bilder

(Kawabata og Zeki 2004) eller musikk (Ishizu og Zeki 2011).







På den andre siden har Zekis gruppe vist at det er ett område

i hjernen, den mediale orbitofrontal cortex, som blir aktivert

når den enkelte synes noe er skjønt, det være seg bilder

(Kawabata og Zeki 2004) eller musikk (Ishizu og Zeki 2011).

Dette vil, imidlertid, ikke si at Jacobsen et al. og Di Dio et

al., på den ene siden, og på den andre siden Zekis gruppe vil

påstå at objektive egenskaper ved objekter respektive

subjektive reaksjoner hos hver især, kan forklare alt.

Fra og med framveksten av gestaltpsykologien, og dens

forlengelse, slik som Daniel Berlyne sine studier på 1970-

tallet, har man kommet til at vår hjerne ikke er en passiv

mottaker av objektive stimuli; snarere er den en aktiv

komponent i bearbeidelsen av det som persiperes. Det er

dette som kan avleses som processing fluency. Som vi har

sett, innbefatter processing fluency både det perseptuelle

(perceptual fluency) og det konseptuelle (conseptual

fluency), og begge er affektive mekanismer (jfr. Leder et al.

2004, Fig).

relevant litterature: h. kawabata, s. zeki, ³neural …...(11 four pioneer studies in...

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