religare strategic advisory commentary on missile programmes
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India Missile Programmes Research : Religare Strategic Advisory - Trishul, Nag, Agni, Brahmos, Milan, Helina othersTRANSCRIPT
A CommentAry on the missile
ProCurement, Design & DeveloPment
ProgrAms
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Destructive capabilityA look at the present Missile procurement, design and development initiatives
The INTEGRATED GUIDED MISSILE DEFENCE PROGRAM (IGMDP) was sanctioned on July 26th, 1983. Since that day, the program has come a long way and has many achievements to its credit. The program initially consisted of AGNI, PRITHVI, TRISHUL, AKASH and NAG missiles. Later on, Project K-15 was also added. Besides TRISHUL, all other missiles have been inducted into the armed forces.
On 7th MAY 2008, DRDO closed the IGMDP and declared it a success. The other missiles such as
AGNI-V, BARAK 8 and NAG variants were being pursued independently.
India in 2010, posses a truly potent and accurate package of missiles that ranges from the 4km NAG to the 3500-5000km AGNI-III. It is also the only country to have a supersonic cruise missile, the BrahMos.
This commentary provides a brief description of the various programs underway regarding Missile procurements, Design and Development.
DETAIls
AGNI-V is also known as AGNI-III +, as almost 60% of the
subsystems of the two missiles are similar. AGNI-V is a 3
stage, solid propelled, canister based missile having multiple
independent targetable re-entry
warheads (MIRV). This missile was
not a part of the original IGMDP.
The Advanced Systems Laboratory
(ASL) Hyderabad is the design and
development hub for the AGNI-V.
The material cutting stage was completed in February 2010
and the sub-system testing is currently in progress. The Ring
Laser Gyroscope and Accelerometer have been developed by
the Research Center Imarat.
India is building a 3-stage missile for the very first time. This is
adding an additional 1000kgs in weight and 5meters in height
to the missile. To keep the missile weight in check, the entire
3rd stage and parts of the other 2 stages are being built from
composites.
The AGNI-V is India’s first missile to be equipped with the
MIRV (multiple independent re-entry vehicles) system.
This will enable India to have a decisive second strike
capability in the event of a nuclear
conflict. The MIRV has the potential to
maneuver and send decoy warheads to
confuse enemy anti-missile defenses.
Each MIRV will have between 3 and 10
warheads and be able to impact within
40meters of the target.
The AGNI-V will also be the first strategic missile to
be capable of canister launch. This will allow it to be
deployed and launched from even the remote corners of
the country. The canisters are made from maraging steel
and are hermetically sealed, which facilitates long-term
storage.
AGNI-V will bring India one step closer to developing its
first true ICBM.
• Program Sanctioned: May 2008• Range: 5000-6000Km• Development Cost: US$ 556 million• Estimated Test: Late 2010, early 2011• Payload: 1500kgs
AGNI-V
At present the Indian Navy has no
submarine that has the capability to test
the SAGARIKA. Thus on DRDO’s request,
Russia will loan a conventional submarine
to India, in order to carry out the launch of
the SAGARIKA from an actual submarine.
The missile launcher of the SAGARIKA, called Project 420,
was completed in 2001 in Hazira, Gujrat.
The Indian Air force is actively considering attaching
SAGARIKA to its fleet of medium range transport aircraft to
act as a stand-off missile.
AGNI-III is a two stage, solid propelled missile. The guidance
system is similar to that of AGNI-V.
AGNI-III was first tested in July 2006; however the
missile failed in its mission and fell into the Bay of
Bengal in a mere 50 seconds. Upon investigation,
it was found that there was a problem during the
separation of the first and second stages.
DETAIls
SHAURYA is a two stage, solid propelled, canister based
missile. It can reach speeds of mach 6 even at low altitudes
and is maneuverable as well. This makes SHAURYA a very
effective weapon system for defeating Ballistic Missile
Defenses. The missile performs a role in flight, to evenly
spread the heat around its surface. The missile is loaded on a
single vehicle which also acts as the launch platform making
it difficult for satellites to track the launch platform. The
missile has 6 motors; the first one to eject the missile out of
the canister and the remaining five to propel the missile.
The first test took place
from an underground
facility with an in-built
canister. The flight lasted 485 seconds.
SHAURYA has been specifically designed for submarine
launch capability. The canisters can be fitted in the
submarine without much problem. This missile is very
similar to the SAGARIKA project for developing a strategic
SLCM.
The biggest
challenge in the
d e v e l o p m e n t
of SAGARIKA
has been that of
miniaturizing the 500kg warhead to fit in the submarine.
The missile weighs 7000kgs and is solid propelled.
Till date, there have been 6 tests of SAAGRIKA, in which it
reached a range of 700km on three occasions. In February
2008, it was launched from a pontoon, of the coast of
Vishakapatnam. The pontoon simulated conditions of a
submarine.
AGNI-III
sHAURYA- PRojEcT K-15
sAGARIKA – PRojEcT K-15
DETAIls
DETAIls
• Range: 600-1000km• First test: October 2004• Payload: 500-1000kg• Maximum Speed: Mach 6
The missile was successfully tested in April 2007 and May
2008. Finally in February
2010, the Indian Army
conducted a successful
user trial of the complete
AGNI- III system and found
it to be satisfactory for
induction.
• Development started in 1991• Range: 600-1000km• First tested in April 2007• Estimated Delivery: 2011 onboard INS ARIHANT
• Program Sanctioned: July 1983, part of IGMDP• Range: 3500-5000Km• Estimated Induction: Late 2010 in
the Strategic Services Command.• Payload: 1500kgs
The IAF will be
the last service
to receive
the BrahMos
cruise missile.
The IAF variant weighs approximately 2000kgs and has only
a single booster onboard. This is because the missile will be
launched from a fighter that is travelling at Mach 1.5. The
missile is anticipated to free fall for about 150meters, before
its booster kicks in. The range of the missile is anticipated
at 290km. The air launched version will also be shorter in
length and have a self start capability. The ignition system
has also been modified to enable the missile to be fired at
high altitudes.
The IAF has already sent two Su-30MKI’s to Russia in March
2009, for the necessary modifications required to carry the
BrahMos onboard. These aircrafts will be used to test the
air launch of the missile. The wings of the Su-30MKI are also
being strengthened to enable carriage of missiles on them.
The fabrication of the launcher is already underway at the
Trivandrum facility of BrahMos.
It is expected that the air-launched BrahMos will be inducted
by 2012 onboard 40 aircrafts.
: ASTRA is a beyond visual range air to
air missile (BVRAAM). It is powered by
a single stage, solid propelled system
that is designed to perform turns even
at 40G’s. The missile has a maximum speed of Mach 4
and can achieve a height of 20km. It carries 15kgs of High
Explosive in its pre-fragmented directional warhead
that is activated by a proximity fuse. The onboard radio-
frequency seeker has been designed in-house. A radar
fuse already exists on ASTRA, but the DRDO is working on
a laser fuse as well.
An experimental flight that verified the ballistic
performance and control at low-altitudes and short
ranges was carried
out in March 2007.
A guided flight test
was undertaken in
September 2008. In November 2009, CAPTIVE TRIALS
took place on a Su-30MKI. The fighter aircraft with the
ASTRA on board performed 7G maneuvers at supersonic
speeds. In January 2010, another test of the missile was
undertaken at the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur,
Orissa from a land based launcher.
The missile is slated for use on the Mirage- 2000H, Su-
30MKI, LCA and FGFA. Induction is expected to happen in
the next 24 months.
BRAHMoS-AIR LAuNCHED
AsTRA
DETAIls
DETAIls
After the success of the BrahMos-I, plans are afoot to design
a HYPERSONIC version of the missile, having a speed of
Mach 5-7. The range would be kept at 290km. It is expected
that the missile would be ready by 2015. Further details are
awaited about the program.
BRAHMoS-II
DETAIls
• Development started in 2007• Range: 290km• Estimated Test: December 2010• Estimated Induction: 2012.
• Development started in 2001 by DRDO• Range: 80km(head on); 15km(tail chase)• First flight test: March 2007• Expected Delivery: 2011• Payload: 15kg
India acquired nine systems of the BARAK-1 for US$
360 million The Indian Navy was very satisfied with the
performance of BARAK-1 ship defense missile and in
2003 started negotiating for a longer range version. On
January 27th 2006, the co-development contract was
signed between IAI and Defence Research Development
Laboratory (DRDL), an arm of the DRDO. The Israeli’s call
it BARAK 8 and the Indian’s, BARAK 8ER or BARAK NG. The
Indian NAVY has initial plans of acquiring 6 units and install
them onboard the Project 17A vessels.
The BARAK 8ER has a dual-pulse solid rocket motor, whose
second motor fires as the missile approaches its target. This
ensures that missile is not coasting in the final stages of its
mission, thereby considerably reducing the chances of a
fast, maneuvering target to escape. The BARAK 8ER also
features an active seeker. This enables the missile to be left
alone and the radar does not continuously have to paint/
illuminate the target at all times. The BARAK 8ER is capable
of receiving mid-course correction and updates.
India had already signed a deal with RAFAEL and IAI in January 2006
to co-develop BARAK NG (Next Generation). This program and the
program of IAF were combined and together called BARAK 8..
The IAF wanted a missile system that had a longer range than
AKASH. The MoD wanted an indigenous system, but it would
take DRDO far too long to come up with something that met
the IAF’s requirements.
Thus, looking to emulate the success of BrahMos, the Indian
government agreed to a joint venture between the Israeli
firms Israeli Aerospace Industries, RAFAEL and the DRDO.
This venture would co-develop the medium-range air
defense system.
However, this Joint venture could only be inked in February
2009, after clearance was given by the Cabinet Committee
on Security, Attorney General of India and the Central
Vigilance Commission.
The MRSAM JV aims to provide the IAF with 9 advanced air
defence squadrons, each with 2 firing units. Each unit in turn,
would consist of a command and control center, acquisition
radar, guidance radar and 3 launchers with 8 missiles each.
The total would therefore be 10 C2 centers, 18 acquisition
radars, 18 guidance radars and 54 launchers armed with
432 missiles. The missile launcher and the command post
would be made in India, with the rest of the complex system -
including the missile itself - to be made in Israel.
The DRDO has stationed 25 of its scientists in Israel for the
project. The first prototype was planned for 2011 and the
development would be completed in five years from its start.
IAI is exploring joint venture with a large Indian conglomerate
to integrate the MRSAM’s. The Israelis would be supplying
the seeker and some radar components, and DRDO making
the airframe, servos, and propulsion.
In November 2009, the Indian Army agreed to a US$
1.11billion deal for the Barak 8. The missile system would be
delivered by 2017.
BARAK 8ER (NG) loNG RANGE sURFAcE To AIR MIssIlE (lRsAM)
BARAK 8 MEDIUM RANGE sURFAcE To AIR MIssIlE (MRsAM)
DETAIls
BAcKGRoUND
DETAIls
• Co-Development agreement signed between IAI and DRDO in January 2006
• Development Budget: US$ 450 million• Range: 120km• Initial testing: 2010-2011
• Joint Venture between IAI/RAFAEL & DRDO cleared in July 2007
• Contract signed in February 2009• Total cost: US$ 2.22 billion• Range: 70km• Initial delivery: 2016-2017
The Indian Army was initially supposed to use AKASH missile
for its air defense systems, however the then Chief of Army
Staff, Gen. Deepak Kapoor had expressed his dissatisfaction
at the performance of AKASH. The IAF had cited a similar
reason to purchase the Israeli SpyDer.
The Indian Army issued an RFP in April 2008 to:
o RAFAEL
o RHEINMETALL DEFENCE
o RAYTHEON
o KPB TULA (Russia)
o MBDA (France)
Only RAFAEL and MBDA submitted their bids in November
2008. Raytheon did not receive government permission for
the transfer of
t e c h n o l o g y ,
while the
other firms
only had a 12km range QRSAM and needed to invest money
to increase the range to the stipulated 15km.
This RFP was then withdrawn and a fresh RFI has been issued
on 25th January 2010. The requirements are for a reaction
time of 6 seconds, the entire system being road and rail
mobile and having Electronic Counter-Counter Measures.
The missiles should be able to engage targets at speeds of
500meters/second.
QUIcK REAcTIoN sURFAcE To AIR MIssIlE (QRsAM)
DETAIls
In mid 2005, the IAF floated its RFP for a LLQRM air defense
system. The original QR was for 12 systems and the outline
was drawn out for systems specially configured for Indian
deployment and terrain conditions. This was increased to
18 systems and a TOT clause included. The first 3 systems
would be procured off the shelf and the remaining 15
systems to be built in India by BEL, BDL and other firms.
This plan was dropped and all 18 systems would now be
bought off the shelf.
There were only 2 contenders, RAFAEL and MBDA with its
VL-MICA system. RAFAEL won the tender, but
the contract was signed only in July 2008
SpyDer is designed to counter attacks by
aircrafts, helicopters, UAVs and precision
guided munitions. The system incorporates
RAFAEL’s air-to-air missiles – the Derby
active radar (RF) missile and Python 5, a dual
waveband Imaging Infra Red (IIR) missile.
SPYDER’s truck-mounted Missile Firing Units (MFU) is
equipped with both IIR and RF missiles. The MFU carries
any combination (IIR/RF) of four missiles on a rotatable
launcher assembly. The system’s high mobility allows
quick deployment and operational agility. The SPYDER
System has 360° engagement capability during day or night
and under all weather conditions. The SPYDER System
can engage multi threats simultaneously. It has Lock-
On-Before Launch (LOBL) and Lock-On-After Launch
(LOAL) modes of operation. The intercept envelope of the
SPYDER system spans from less than 1km to 15 km, against
targets flying at altitudes between 20 m and 9,000 m.
The truck-mounted Command
and Control Unit (CCU)
comprises the Elta EL/M 2106
ATAR 3D surveillance radar.
The surveillance radar has
advanced ECCM capabilities
and can simultaneously track
multiple-targets. Wireless data
link communication enables deployment of the MFUs
at a distance from the CCU. The CCU is also capable of
operating with neighbouring SpyDer air defence batteries.
loW lEVEl QUIcK REAcTIoN MIssIlE (llQRM) - sPYDER
DETAIls
• Contract signed with RAFAEL and IAI in July 2008
• 18 units for the IAF• Total cost: US$ 400 million• Range: 15km• Expected delivery: 2011
• RFI issued in April 2008 / Jan 2010• 3 regiments and 1485 missiles• Estimated cost: US$ 1.4 billion• Range: 15km• Operational height: 10m – 9km
The Indian army at present uses the European MILAN and
Russian KONKURS systems, both of which are licensed
produced by Bharat Dynamics. Javelin is manufactured
by Raytheon and Lockheed Martin and has replaced the
M-47 Dragon
in the US
army. In October 2009, the Indian army was at an advanced
stage of conducting user trials of the Javelin system.
DETAIls
BrahMos was launched from a moving warship INS Ranvir
in the vertical configuration for the first time in March
2010. This was a
significant step
as till date all
launches from a
moving platform
were carried out in an inclined configuration.
The BrahMos Corporation has now requested the Indian
Navy to provide one of its KILO-class submarines to test
the missile. The submarine will first have to undergo
modifications to enable it to carry and launch the missile.
Already a model of the AMUR-class of submarines with
the BrahMos fitted onboard is ready, incase India decides
to purchase these submarines for Project 75(I).
DETAIls
The Indian Army has issued an RFI for a 20km SRSAM
system to strengthen its air defense system. The missile
should be capable of operating in both day and night
conditions. The missile system should be mobile on rail and
road launchers and be capable of targeting objects moving
up to speeds of 500meters/second. The radar of the missile
system should be capable
of targeting multiple
targets simultaneously
and have inbuilt Electronic Counter-Counter Measures
(ECCM). The entire system should be able to operate in a
Nuclear, Biological and Chemical environment.
DETAIls
MAN PoRTABlE ANTI-TANK MIssIlE- jAVElIN
• Possible FMS agreement with USA• Range: 4km
• Development started in 2007• Estimated Submarine launch: 2011• Range: 290km
• RFI issued in APRIL 2010
BRAHMoS- SuBMARINE LAuNCHED
sHoRT RANGE sURFAcE To AIR MIssIlE (sRsAM)
The NAVAL SCIENCE TEHNOLOGY LABROTARY (NSTL) has developed
a1500kg torpedo that has a top speed of 74km/h (40knots). It is wire guided.
The Indian Navy was very satisfied by the user trials that were conducted off the
coast of Vishakapatnam and has agreed to induct them into its submarine fleet.
DETAIls
• User trials in 2008• Expected Induction 2010-2011• Range: 30km
VARUNAsTRA- HEAVY WEIGHT ToRPEDo (HWT)
In May 2007, DRDL and MBDA of France signed a co-
development agreement to develop a next generation short
range surface to air missile system. It was essentially a fusion
of the Indian TRISHUL and the French MBDA’s MICA.
However the Indian Air force went ahead and purchased the
SpyDer from Israel and the Indian Navy signed a deal for the
BARAK 8.
Now a detailed work share agreement has been reached
between DRDL and MBDA and a mockup is expected at
AERO India 2011. The ownership of the Maitri program is
envisaged as being fully Indian. With baseline technologies
from the TRISHUL SAM program, the Maitri program
basically envisages the sale of certain key technologies by
MBDA to DRDO for the seeker, endgame avionics, thrust
vector control and propulsion modifications.
Maitri is being built in two basic variants -- a ship-borne point
defence and tactical air defence version for the Navy and a
land-based self-propelled (wheeled and tracked) launcher-
based system for the Air Force and Army.
loW lEVEl QUIcK REAcTIoN sURFAcE To AIR MIssIlE (llQRM) – MAITRI
AKASH is a medium range surface to air missile. More than
40 test firings had been done before the IAF in December
2007 finally agreed to induct the missiles for its air bases in
north-east India.
AKASH uses an integral ramjet rocket propulsion system
to give a low-volume, low weight missile configuration, and
has a low reaction time- from detection to missile launch
of 15 seconds. The solid propellant booster accelerates the
missile in 4.5 seconds to Mach 1.5, which is then jettisoned
and the ramjet motor is then ignited for 30 seconds to Mach
2.8-3.5 at 20g. AKASH has an effective ceiling of 15km.
RAJENDRA is a 3D phased-array surveillance and
engagement radar that was developed by the Electronics
Research& Development Establishment (ERDE). It is
mounted on a modified BMP-1 chassis. The RAJENDRA is
capable of tracking 64 targets in total. The radar is mounted
on a turntable at the front of a raised platform.
A single AKASH battery consists of 4 self propelled
launchers, with each launcher carrying 3 missiles, a battery
level radar- RAJENDRA and a command post. For the IAF, 2
batteries combine to form a single squadron, whereas for
the Army, up to 4 batteries combine to form a single AKASH
Group. Each AKASH battery can engage up to 4 targets
with the RAJENDRA radar and a maximum of 2 missiles per
target. Communication between the various vehicles is
through wireless and wired links. The AKASH system can be
deployed by rail, road or air.
In MAY
2008, the
IAF gave a
confirmed
order for 2
squadrons
for US$
2 4 0
million. However this order was not large enough to
undertake an economical production of the missile system.
Thus in January 2010, the IAF ordered a further 6 squadrons
and 750 missiles worth US$ 1. 11 billion. The launchers for
the AKASH are built by Tata Power SED on a modified
BMP-1 chassis. Now even the ARMY is actively considering
acquiring the AKASH system.
AKAsH-MEDIUM sURFAcE To AIR MIssIlE
DETAIls
• Part of IGMDP• Initial budget: US$ 45 million• Expenditure till date: US$ 112 million• Cost of each missile: ~US$ 0.5 million• Inducted into IAF in 2009.• Range: 30km• Payload: 50-60kg
NAG is a 3rd generation, fire and
forget, lock on before launch, anti-
tank guided missile that weighs
42kg. It is the first missile in the
world to have a complete fiber glass
structure. It was initially supposed to
have 3 different types of guidance;
a wire guided version, an infra-red
(IIR) version and a mill metric wave
(mmW) version. As of now only the IIR version is in use. NAG
uses a tandem HEAT (high explosive anti tank) warhead to
penetrate explosive reactor armor or composite armor.
The NAG has a top speed of 230meters/second and its flight
path is almost invisible as it uses a special NITRAMINE based
propellant that is smokeless. NAG has a 10 year maintenance
free shelf life.
The land variant of the NAG is carried onboard a NAMICA
(nag missile carrier). It is a modified BMP-2 and carries 4
missiles in a ready to fire mode and 8 in stock. More missiles
can loaded without exposing the crew. The vehicle is
fitted with a hydraulically operated elevated observation/
launch platform. The new land version of the NAG is being
developed to have an extended range of 7-8km.
The helicopter launched NAG is
called HELINA. It is to be fitted on
the ALH DHRUV and the LIGHT
COMBAT HELICOPTER being built
by HAL. The missile will be launched
from a twin-tube stub wing-mounted
launcher. At present a basic version
is being tested, which is launched
from a quadruple launcher and is
linked to a nose mounted stabilized thermal sight and laser
range finding package. For the Cheetah helicopter, a single
launcher has also been developed.
An air-launched NAG is also under development, to be fitted
on-board the upgraded Jaguar. This version will have the
mmW active radar seeker.
DRDO is also working on a man-portable version of the NAG
with a maximum weight of 14kg.
After more than 40 trial flights, the Indian ARMY has placed
a conditional order for 443 NAG missiles and 13 NAMICA’s
for US$ 80 million, pending satisfactory short range
summer trials.
• AGNI- I and II Inducted
• PRITHVI- I and II Inducted
• DHANUSH- Inducted
• BrahMos- Inducted (Ship and Land launched)
• TRISHUL- Shelved
• NIRBHAY- Covered in Unmanned systems
ANTI TANK MIssIlE- NAG
DETAIls
• Development Trials began in 1990• Final user Trials (Indian Army) to
happen in May-June 2010• Part of IGMDP• Range: o Land Version- 4-8km o Helicopter Version- 7-8km o Air Launched- 10km
Rahul GangalSenior Vice President - Religare Strategic Advisory Services
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