religion chapter 6 sec 1. order of religion origin hinduism - 5000+ bce judaism - 5000+ bce ...
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Religion
Chapter 6 Sec 1
Order of Religion Origin
Hinduism - 5000+ BCE Judaism - 5000+ BCE Buddhism - 586 BCE Christianity - 30 CE Islam - 570 CE
Number of followers per religion
Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism Judaism
2.1 Billion 1.5 Billion 900 million 374 million 14-19 million
Religion is the core component of culture The other key component is… Language Religions like languages are constantly in
changing Define religion…
Not easy… “A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to
order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities”
“A relatively structured set of beliefs & practices through which people seek mental & physical harmony with the powers of the universe”
Others?
Looking at religion spatially
Culture regions - differ from one place to another, producing spatial variations
Cultural diffusion - spread & evolved by involving many interactions among people & places
Cultural landscape - religious beliefs are visible where people live and practice their beliefs
What role does religion play in culture? Interaction - one religion can thrive, another
can disappear Conversion - a nonbeliever introduced to a
new religion Migration - religion is mobile Landscape is marked by religion -
mosques, churches, synagogues, temples Dress - different religions may require
certain dress Religion is manifested in many ways
Universalizing Religion
Attempt to be global, appeal to all people Actively seeking converts Also called proselytic
Syncretic - combine two or more belief systems Orthodox - purity of faith; Greek word for “right
teaching” Fundamentalism - intolerance of other religions
Christianity Three branches:
1. Roman Catholic (51%)
2. Protestant (24%) 3. Orthodox (11%) 4. 14% belong to a
Christian church not in these three branches
Christianity in Europe: Roman Catholicism
dominant (SW & E) Protestantism (NW) Orthodox (E & SE)
Regions between Catholicism & Protestantism frequently have sharp boundaries
Christianity in Western Hemisphere 90% are Christian (5% other
religions 6% no religion)
Latin America 93% Roman Catholic
North America 40% (Concentrated in SW &
NE, Quebec)
Orthodox (Eastern Orthodox) 14 self-governing
churches (E Eur & ME) 1 – Russian Orthodox
40% 9 of these churches were
established in 19th or 20th centuries Romanian (20%) Bulgarian, Greek &
Serbian Orthodox (10%) Recent – Albania,
Cyprus, Georgia, Poland & Sinai (2%)
Remaining 4 churches – Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch & Jerusalem (3%)
Other Christians Developed independently
as isolated Christian communities
NE Africa – Coptic Church of Egypt & Ethiopian Church (10 million)
Armenian Church – helped diffuse Christianity to S & E Asia (Lebanon, Armenia, Turkey & Azerbaijan)
Maronites - Lebanon Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter Day Saints (Mormons) 3%
Islam Branches of Islam – 1.5
billion people1. Sunni - Arabic for
orthodox or people following the example of Muhammad, largest branch (83%) in most Muslim countries
2. Shiites - Arabic word for sectarian, 16% of Muslims concentrated in Iran, Pakistan & Iraq
Islam in North America 1 to 5 million 1/3 of Muslims can
trace ancestry to Pakistan or other South Asian countries & ¼ from Arab countries in SW Asia & N Africa
Islam in Europe 5% of population France largest
population 4% Germany 3% SE Europe 2%
Buddhism Mainly found in China &
Southeast Asia Branches
1. Mahayana 56%
2. Theravada 38%
3. Vajrayana 6% Accurate count is difficult
because many do not participate in Buddhist institutions
Someone can be a Buddhist & a believer in another Eastern religion
Other universalizing religions Sikhism
Pakistan in origin God is revealed to Guru
Nanak One Supreme Being or
Creator who rules universe by divine will
Only God is perfect but people have the capacity for continued improvement
Move toward perfection by taking individual responsibility for their deeds & actions on earth
Baha’I From Iran 1844 Believe that one of
Bab’s disciples was the prophet & messenger of God
Overcome disunity of religions & establish a universal faith through abolition of racial, class & religious practices
Ethnic Religions
Appeals to one group of people, primarily an ethnic or tribal group
Does not actively seek converts Not dispersed
Hinduism 900 million adherents with
90% in India Other countries include
Bangladesh & Nepal Average Hindu has an
allegiance to a particular god or concept within a broad range of possibilities Estimated 80% adhere to
Vaishnavism (Vishnu – loving god incarnated as Krishna)
Sivaism (Siva – protective & destructive god)
Confusianism
551-479 BC Sayings were written
down by students Emphasized the
importance of “li” or correct behavior
Series of ethical principles for the orderly conduct of life
Traditions, obligations, sympathy & respect
For China’s rulers as well as people
Daoism (Taoism)
604-531 BC Writing of Lao-ZI
emphasized the magival aspects of life rather than the public service of Confuscius
Tao means “the way” or “the path”
This Tao cannot be comprehended by reason & knowledge because not everything is knowable
Shintoism
Primal- Indigenous No written documents,
rituals passed through generations
Many believe God dwells within all things & everything in nature is spiritual
Shamanism Invisible forces or spirits
affect the lives of the living
Pagan Refers to the practices of
ancient people
Greeks & Romans who had multiple gods with human forms
Term is currently used to refer to beliefs that originated with religions that predated Christianity & Islam
Juchte North Koreans –
meaning “self-reliance” Organized by Kim II-
sung between 1948-1994
Regarded as a government ideology
Cargo-Cult
Judaism 2/5 of the 14 million Jews
live in the US & another 2/5 in Israel
Name Judaism derives from Judah one of Jacobs 12 sons, Israel is another name for Jacob
Opposite of the typical clustered ethnic religion
Judaism is spread throughout the US, Europe, Asia & Latin America
First monotheistic religion
Ethnic African Religions 12% of population
follow traditional ethnic religion - animism
Inanimate objects have spirits
Oral religion Decreasing with the
contact of other religions - missionaries
Chapter 6
Section 2
Origin of Christianity Founded on the teachings of Jesus (born between 8 -4
BC – AD30) Gathered disciples & preached of the coming of the
Kingdom of God Four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) highlight life
& teachings of Jesus Referred to as Christ, Hebrew for “messiah” which
means anointed one. Betrayed by Judas Iscariot, shared the Last Supper and
put to death after which he rose from the dead three days later
Christians believe Jesus’ Resurrection provides people hope for salvation
Diffusion of Christianity
Hearth - Palestine Christianity has diffused through three
types of diffusion Relocation - missionaries carried it through out
the Roman Empire (Paul) Contagious - contact between believers and
nonbelievers Hierarchial - survival of Christianity was
assured through the Roman Empire’s emperors (Constantine then Theodosius)
Spread to new world
Migration and missionaries since 1500 have spread Christianity around the globe
Characteristics1. Monotheistic2. Abrahamic3. Bible4. Jesus - son of God Specific practices can
vary from region to region (Eucharist, Baptism, Communion,Penance)
Origin of Islam Muhammad born in 570 AD While meditating he received his first revelation
from God through the Angel Gabriel Quran is the record of God’s word as revealed to
the Prophet Muhammad through Gabriel Muhammad suffered persecution & fled Mecca in
622 AD to Medina – called the Hijra (Arabic for migration)
By the time of his death at the age of 63, Islam had spread through most of present day Saudi Arabia
Diffusion of Islam
Hearth - Saudi Arabia (Southwest Asia) Followers (armies) spread Islam after
Muhammad’s death Relocation - missionaries spread religion into
newly conquered areas
Traders diffused Islam to Indonesia
Characteristics
1. Monotheistic
2. Abrahamic
3. Koran (Quran)
4. Muhammad is the prophet of God (Allah)
5. Five Pillars
6. Arabic is the official language
Shiite Sunnis
Origin of Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama born in 563 BC in present day
Nepal Led a privileged existence After a series of trips outside the palace, Siddhartha
could no longer enjoy his comfortable life Monk taught him how to withdrawal from the world & at
29 he left his palace life to seek different forms of meditation
Spent 6 years seeking the answers he needed and ultimately he emerged as the Buddha
Continued to preach for 45 more years
Diffusion of Buddhism
Hearth - Northeastern India Slow diffusion Asoka - (Magadhan Emperor 273-232 BC)
converted to Buddhism and spread the religion to Southeast Asia
Merchants & traders took Buddhism to China and then Chinese took to Korea and Japan
Characteristics
Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path Nirvana
Lack of Diffusion of Ethnic Religions
No missionaries Christianity and Islam have diffused into
ethnic religion regions at their expense Ethnic religions can diffuse through
relocation
Origin of Judaism 4000 years ago Abraham, patriarch of Judaism,
migrated with his family from Ur (present day Iraq) to Canaan (present day Israel)
After many years the population was growing & food was scarce, left & moved to Egypt
Moses led Jews back to Israel in what is known as the Exodus
Wondered in wilderness & received 10 Commandments at Mt Sinai
Land became known as Israel, after Jacob (Israel) and his 12 sons the 12 tribes of Israel
70 AD Jews are forced out of Israel by the Romans in what is known as the Diaspora
Jews were dispersed to Europe & North Africa Only since 1948 have large numbers of Jews
returned to Eastern Mediterranean They lived among different nationalities in many
countries, keeping separate religious practices Adopted cultural characteristics of host country
like language Jews persecuted against & forced to live in
ghettos Nazi treatment in WWII
Judaism
Judaism is practiced in many areas outside place of origin
Characteristics
1. Monotheistic
2. Abrahamic
3. Torah
4. Prophet is yet to come
5. Diaspora
6. Holocaust
Origin of Hinduism
Did not originate with a specific founder Existed prior to recorded history Term Hinduism emerged in 6th century BC Earliest documents date to 1500 BC, but objects
have been found that date to 2500 BC Aryans invaded India in 1400 BC bringing language
& religion to area that is today Punjab region Aryans mingled with the Dravidians & modified their
religious beliefs
Holy Places - Universalizing
Pilgrimages are important to many religions Buddist - Shrines, eight that are significant
to important events in Buddha’s life Islam - Mosques, Ka’ba in Mecca most holy
sight. Ka’ba is important in the hajj
Sikhism - Darbar Sahib or Golden Temple in the Punjab
Holy Places - Ethnic Religions
Hinduism - no central authority, shrine’s importance established by tradition Ganges is holy river for Hindus
Cosmogony
Religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe Confucianism/Daoism - Yin & Yang, these
forces interact and create balance & harmony. Any disruption can create disorder and chaos
Christianity/Islam - God created the universe - physical environment & human beings Christianity -Earth was given by God for humans
to complete Islam - Humans are representations of God on
earth
The Calendar Ethnic Religions - holidays based on distinct
physical geography and seasons Rituals performed for favorable environmental climate Judaism - lunar calendar (Rosh Hashanah, Yom
Kippur) Universalizing Religions - holidays relate to
events in life of founder Rituals may include pilgrimages and celebrations of
important holidays Islam/Baha’I - lunar Christianity/Buddhist/Sikh - lunar calendar
Chapter 6
Section 3
Place of Worship
Christian - Churches Islam - Mosques Hindu - Temples Buddhist/Shinto – Pagodas or Shrine Baha’I - Houses of Worship
Disposing of the Dead
Burial Cremation
Religious Settlements
Utopian settlements – community built around a religious way of life
Bethlehem, PA Salt Lake City, UT New England – churches placed at the
center of settlement (Puritans) near the common place used by everyone
Administration of Space
Roman Catholic – Pope Archbishop Bishops
Diocese Priests
Parishes
Latter-Day Saints Strong organization of landscape
Locally autonomous religions
Universalizing religions are highly autonomous – self-sufficient, loose cooperation with communities
Islam No religious hierarchy or formal territorial
organization Protestant
Vary from extremely autonomous to somewhat hierarchial
Ethnic religions
Judaism and Hinduism have no central structure of religious control