religiosity measure
TRANSCRIPT
Puzzles in the Construction of
a
Religiosity Measure
THEORETICAL and
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
Josefina Andrea R. Cantiller
University of the Philippines, Diliman
Department of Psychology
Discuss theoretical & methodological issues related to the construction of a scale to measure the psychological construct of Religiosity as applied to a Filipino setting.
Four Puzzles
A. Is religiosity the same as spirituality? B. What is the appropriate method for examining an abstract concept such as religiosity? C. What dimensions make up Filipino religiosity? D. Is religiosity as a psychological construct better understood as being uni-dimensional or multi-dimensional?
» Has specific behavioural. social,
doctrinal, & denominational
characteristics because it
involves a system of worship &
doctrine that is shared with a
group (Mokua, Hishinuma, &
Nishimura, 2001)
Religiosity/Religiousness
Spirituality
(Mokua, Hishinuma, &Nishimura,
2001) » Concerned with the transcendent,
addressing ultimate questions about life’s meaning
» Can exist within & outside the context of religious doctrine & institutions
» Encompasses such realms as the cognitive or philosophic, the experiential and emotional, and the behavioral (Anandarajah and Hight, 2001)
Zwingmann, Klein, & Bussing, 2011
Spirituality
Religiosity
secular humanism
Spiritual but not religious
System of beliefs & practices
transcendence
experience
existential
(meaning/purpose)
REPRESENTATIVE VIEWS
(Chen & Chen, 2012)
Scientific Empiricism
Post-modern standpoint
Problem-oriented
Scientific
Empiricism
Objectivism vs. Subjectivism
(Wulff , 1991, 1997)
Experimental Method
(Barrett ,2004, 2008)
Post-modern
Standpoint
Methodological pluralism
(Slife and Gantt,1999 and Slife and
Melling, 2012) Value of qualitative vs. quantitative research
(Nelson 2009, 2010)
Chen, et al (2005)
Diversification Integration
Relevant philosophical
foundation
+ specific research issue
Problem-Oriented
Procedure for developing scale
» Dimensions were conceptually derived
» Qualitative (interviews, pakikipagkwentuhan)
» Quantitative (survey, scales)
» Item pool to Scale construction
» Data Analysis
» Qualitative:Thematic Analysis
» Quantitative: Validity & Reliability studies
Panukat ng Pagkarelihiyoso * Items written in Filipino * 111 items (1990); 95 items (2008) * 5-point Likert Scale * Item mean: 3.62 * Range of item means: 2.4 to 4.5 * Inter-item correlation mean: 0.23 * Range of Significant correlation coefficients: -.27 to .76 * Most items are “moderately to highly intercorrelated”
Internal Consistency Reliability (Cronbach’s alpha values)
Dimensions
1990 sample 2008 sample
KAPWA .72 .74
RITWAL .86 .90
PANINIWALA .85 .85
SIMBAHAN .87 .79
DIYOS .89 .92
BUNGA .79 .81
Pagkarelihiyoso .964 .97
7 Dimensions of
Pagkarelihiyoso *Kaugnayan sa Kapwa-
mananampalataya *Pananalig sa mga Paniniwala
*Paglahok sa mga Ritwal *Pagpapahalaga ng Simbahan
*Kaugnayan sa Diyos *Bunga ng Relihiyon
*Kaalaman tungkol sa doktrina
Pagkarelihiyoso (Cantiller, 1990, 2008)
A comprehensive term used to refer to the numerous aspects of religious activity, dedication, & belief.
“Ito ay may kinalaman sa antas ng pagtanggap ng tao sa mga
doktrina, ang kanyang paglahok sa mga ritwal sa loob ng isang
institusyon/kilusan at pagpapamalas ng mga paniniwalang ito
kaugnay ng kanyang kapwa at ng isang Supernatural na nilalang.”
Ang Pilipinong Kristiyano na relihiyoso ay may pagpapahalaga sa
KAUGNAYAN SA DIYOS Siya ay … * Lumalahok sa mga ritwal * Sumusunod sa utos ng simbahan * Ginagampanan ang mga relihiyosong obligasyon
Religiosity Scales
Lenski’s four dimensions (Lenski 1961)
Glock’s five dimensional typology (Fukuyama,
1961; Glock and Stark, 1965;
Faulkner and DeJong 1966)
Allport’s intrinsic-extrinsic typology (Wilson,
1960; Feagin ,1964; Allport and Ross, 1967).
Mataragnon (1984)
Cantiller (1990, 2008)
3 General Components
» Dimensions are theoretically derived by 3
general components:
» religious belief
» commitment
» behavior But… Panukat ng
Pagkareliyoso
was constructed using a
bottom-up approach!
DIMENSIONS
Belief
Commitment
Behaviour
&
Participatio
n
Kaugnayan sa Kapwa-mananampalataya
X
Pananalig sa mga Paniniwala
X
Paglahok sa mga Ritwal X
Pagpapahalaga ng Simbahan
X
Kaugnayan sa Diyos X
Bunga ng Relihiyon X
Kaalaman tungkol sa doktrina
X
* different approaches to defining &
measuring relevant dimensions
* different analytical methods
* different populations examined
(Duke, 1998)
BUT … Variation in the content and number of
reported dimensions appears to be the product
of:
Religiosity is
Multidimensional
The Peripheral Dimensions of Religiosity (Duke, 1998)
(1) communal involvement or congregational friendships
(2) the intellectual or knowledge
dimension
(3) the experiential or religious
experience dimension (4) the consequential dimension.
These dimensions have been excluded
because they can be conceptualized as
either an antecedent or a consequence of
religiosity, but are not indicators of religiosity
per se (Cornwall 1985).
Is it Unidimensional? Exploratory Factor Analysis results show similar loadings of 86 items in
one factor Certain items are highly loaded in other factors but numbers are smaller
Exploratory Factor Analysis results show similar loadings of 86 items in one factor
Certain items are highly loaded in other factors but numbers are smaller
Is it Unidimensional?
* “Loyalty to church and Dependence on
God” - 4 items.
* “Manifestations of Faith” - 10 items.
* “Importance of Institutional church” - 5
items.
* The rest of the factors - 2 or 1 item/s with
high loadings.
»
Abangan ang susunod na
kabanata…
» Quantitative & qualitative methods are necessary tools to understand religiosity
» Culture is a factor in determining the meanings of religiosity
» Application to all religions is limited
» Different beliefs
» Different terms for practices
REALIZATIONS