Religious Religious ReformationReformation

Miss IslerMiss Isler

Trimester 1Trimester 1

The Condition of the The Condition of the ChurchChurch

1400-15171400-1517 Signs of disorderSigns of disorder Signs of vitalitySigns of vitality

Signs of DisorderSigns of Disorder

Clerical immorality- priests Clerical immorality- priests frequently violated their vows of frequently violated their vows of celibacy. Also accused of celibacy. Also accused of drunkenness, gambling, and other drunkenness, gambling, and other vicesvices

Clerical ignorance- many priests Clerical ignorance- many priests could barely read or write. Less could barely read or write. Less educated than most educated laity.educated than most educated laity.

Signs of DisorderSigns of Disorder

Clerical absenteeism and pluralism- Clerical absenteeism and pluralism- especially in higher-level Chrch officials who especially in higher-level Chrch officials who were often absent from their sees. Many held were often absent from their sees. Many held more than one office at a time, and some had more than one office at a time, and some had bought their offices.bought their offices.

Many italian officials in Rome held benefices Many italian officials in Rome held benefices in England, France, or Germany, drawing in England, France, or Germany, drawing income but doing little for their sees income but doing little for their sees (cathedral town).(cathedral town).

Upper levels of Church hierarchy dominated Upper levels of Church hierarchy dominated by aristocrats who lived well. by aristocrats who lived well.

Signs of VitalitySigns of Vitality

In Holland and Brethren of the In Holland and Brethren of the Common Life lived simply, aided the Common Life lived simply, aided the poor, and taught in local schoolspoor, and taught in local schools

Church attendance and church Church attendance and church donations remained highdonations remained high

Pope Julius II summoned an Pope Julius II summoned an ecumenical council to discuss ecumenical council to discuss Church reform (1512-1517)Church reform (1512-1517)

Martin Luther and Birth of Martin Luther and Birth of ProtestantismProtestantism

Luther’s Early YearsLuther’s Early Years Luther was a Luther was a

conscientious friar, conscientious friar, but observance of but observance of the religious routine the religious routine did not bring him a did not bring him a sense of security in sense of security in salvationsalvation

Eventually he Eventually he concluded that only concluded that only simple faith in Christ simple faith in Christ led to salvation.led to salvation.

95 Theses95 Theses In Luther’s home, In Luther’s home,

Wittenburg 1517, Wittenburg 1517, Church selling Church selling indulgences to raise $ for indulgences to raise $ for construction of St. construction of St. Peter’s Basilica in RomePeter’s Basilica in Rome

By 1500s common By 1500s common people believed that if people believed that if purchased indulgences, purchased indulgences, they were purchasing they were purchasing from the Church full from the Church full remission of penalties for remission of penalties for sin.sin.

Luther rejected notion Luther rejected notion that good works (like that good works (like donating $ to Church) donating $ to Church) would lead to salvation. would lead to salvation. Disturbed that church Disturbed that church friars were misleading friars were misleading people people wrote his wrote his archbishop in protestarchbishop in protest

95 Theses Cont95 Theses Cont.. 1519- Luther challenged the authority of the 1519- Luther challenged the authority of the

Pope (and general church council) in public Pope (and general church council) in public debate. debate.

Luther excommunicated- What doe this Luther excommunicated- What doe this mean?mean?

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declared Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declared Luther an outlaw- sheltered by Duke Luther an outlaw- sheltered by Duke Frederick SaxonyFrederick Saxony

Zwingli (Swiss priest)- followed Luther’s Zwingli (Swiss priest)- followed Luther’s footsteps, denouncing indulgences and footsteps, denouncing indulgences and celibacy. Said read the Biblecelibacy. Said read the Bible

"I would never have thought that such a storm would rise "I would never have thought that such a storm would rise from Rome over one simple scrap of paper..." (Martin from Rome over one simple scrap of paper..." (Martin

Luther)Luther)

Protestant ThoughtProtestant Thought Luther maintained that God’s grace alone, Luther maintained that God’s grace alone,

without element of individual good works, without element of individual good works, saved peoplesaved people

Luther held that religious authority resided in Luther held that religious authority resided in Scripture, no combination with traditional Scripture, no combination with traditional Church teachingsChurch teachings

Luther asserted that the Church consisted of Luther asserted that the Church consisted of the whole community of believers, not just the the whole community of believers, not just the clergyclergy

Luther argued that all vocations were equally Luther argued that all vocations were equally holy- monasticism not higher than anything elseholy- monasticism not higher than anything else

Protestant ThoughtProtestant Thought Luther emphasized the Luther emphasized the

invisible Church of all invisible Church of all believers, not the visible believers, not the visible hierarchy culminating in hierarchy culminating in the Popethe Pope

Luther argued that there Luther argued that there were only 3 (not 7) were only 3 (not 7) sacramentssacraments BaptismBaptism PenancePenance EucharistEucharist

Protestant ThoughtProtestant Thought

Catholic Church claimed Catholic Church claimed transubstantiation transubstantiation bread and body of bread and body of Eucharist literally becomes Christ’s body Eucharist literally becomes Christ’s body and blood of Christ and blood of Christ but Luther disagreebut Luther disagree Luther argued for consubstantiation- Christ Luther argued for consubstantiation- Christ

was present in the host in spirit, but bread and was present in the host in spirit, but bread and wine not transformedwine not transformed

Zwingli argued that Eucharist was a memorial Zwingli argued that Eucharist was a memorial for Last Supper, nothing morefor Last Supper, nothing more

John Calvin agreed with Luther and John Calvin agreed with Luther and consubstantiationconsubstantiation

Social Impact of Luther’s Social Impact of Luther’s BeliefsBeliefs

Even before Luther city governments in Even before Luther city governments in Germany had been expressing Germany had been expressing resentment of clerical privilege and resentment of clerical privilege and immunitiesimmunities

Luther’s writing that “a Christian man is Luther’s writing that “a Christian man is the most free lord of all” contributed to the most free lord of all” contributed to peasant unrest in Germanypeasant unrest in Germany

Following crop failures in 1523/24, Following crop failures in 1523/24, Swabian peasants in 1525 demanded an Swabian peasants in 1525 demanded an end to death taxes, new rents, noble end to death taxes, new rents, noble seizures of landseizures of land

Social Impact of Luther’s Social Impact of Luther’s BeliefsBeliefs

Luther backed peasantsLuther backed peasants Peasants turned to violence- Luther encouraged Peasants turned to violence- Luther encouraged

Lords to crush rebellionsLords to crush rebellions Lutheranism came to praise the state and Lutheranism came to praise the state and

subordinate church to the secular rulers.subordinate church to the secular rulers. Luther owed his success to the printing press- Luther owed his success to the printing press-

helped spread his wordhelped spread his word Luther’s claim that all vocations have equal Luther’s claim that all vocations have equal

merit, Protestant rejection of merit, Protestant rejection of monasticism/celibacy, insistence that all laity monasticism/celibacy, insistence that all laity (incl. women) should read Bible, acceptance of (incl. women) should read Bible, acceptance of sexual desire (within marriage) all contributed to sexual desire (within marriage) all contributed to improvement in women’s circumstancesimprovement in women’s circumstances

Germany and Protestant Germany and Protestant ReformationReformation

Rise of Habsburg DynastyRise of Habsburg Dynasty 1477- marriage with Maximilian I 1477- marriage with Maximilian I

(house of Hapsburg) and Mary of (house of Hapsburg) and Mary of Burgundy- united Austrian Empire with Burgundy- united Austrian Empire with Burgundy and Netherlands= Hapsburgs Burgundy and Netherlands= Hapsburgs strongest ruling familystrongest ruling family

Habsburg Charles V (1500-1558)- Habsburg Charles V (1500-1558)- inherited Spain, Spanish posessions, inherited Spain, Spanish posessions, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, plus France and Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, plus France and Germany in marriage above.Germany in marriage above.

Germany and Protestant Germany and Protestant ReformationReformation

In 1519 Charles elected Holy Roman EmperorIn 1519 Charles elected Holy Roman Emperor Duty to maintain unity of ChristendomDuty to maintain unity of Christendom

German princes converted to Lutheranism German princes converted to Lutheranism because allowed them to seize church propertybecause allowed them to seize church property

Charles V focused attention on the Turks- wanted Charles V focused attention on the Turks- wanted Protestant princes to help fight Turks when Protestant princes to help fight Turks when attack Vienna 1529attack Vienna 1529

1521-1555- Charles V fight wars with France 1521-1555- Charles V fight wars with France over Burgundyover Burgundy France supported Lutheran princes within Germany, France supported Lutheran princes within Germany,

against Charlesagainst Charles Peace of Augsburg (1555)- Charles accepts Peace of Augsburg (1555)- Charles accepts

religious status quo in Germanyreligious status quo in Germany

The Growth of the The Growth of the Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

CalvinismCalvinism AnabaptistsAnabaptists EnglishEnglish ScotlandScotland IrelandIreland Lutheranism in Sweden, Norway, Lutheranism in Sweden, Norway,

DenmarkDenmark Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

CalvinismCalvinism Much of northern Europe broke with Roman Much of northern Europe broke with Roman

Catholic Church by 1555Catholic Church by 1555 Calvinism most important new form of Calvinism most important new form of

ProtestantismProtestantism Proceeding from idea of God’s absolute Proceeding from idea of God’s absolute

sovereignty and omnipotence, founder (John sovereignty and omnipotence, founder (John Calvin), said human beings can’t save Calvin), said human beings can’t save themselves. God decides at beginning of time themselves. God decides at beginning of time who will be saved and who won’twho will be saved and who won’t PredestinationPredestination

Predestination not lead to fatalism. Calvanists convinced they were saved, ready to endure evil

Calvanism Cont.Calvanism Cont. Calvin and city government of Calvin and city government of

Geneva attempted to regulate Geneva attempted to regulate people’s conduct in order to create people’s conduct in order to create a godly city on earth. Banned:a godly city on earth. Banned: Card playingCard playing DancingDancing

Genevan government prosecuted Genevan government prosecuted heretics, burning 58 at stake heretics, burning 58 at stake between 1542-46between 1542-46

Calvanists ethic of “the calling” Calvanists ethic of “the calling” glorified all vocations as pleasing glorified all vocations as pleasing to God. This doctirne encouraged to God. This doctirne encouraged hard work and vigorous activism.hard work and vigorous activism.

AnabaptistsAnabaptists

Anabaptists believed in:Anabaptists believed in: adult baptismadult baptism Religious toleranceReligious tolerance Separation of Church and StateSeparation of Church and State

Women as ministersWomen as ministers Shared propertyShared property Luthera, Catholics, Calvinists, Zwinglians Luthera, Catholics, Calvinists, Zwinglians

all recognized as doctrine of separation of all recognized as doctrine of separation of Church & State as going towards secular Church & State as going towards secular societysociety persecuted Anabaptists persecuted Anabaptists

The English ReformationThe English Reformation Catholic Church vigorous in 16Catholic Church vigorous in 16thth century England century England Less of gap between clergy and laypeople than Less of gap between clergy and laypeople than

anywhere else in Europeanywhere else in Europe 1534- to legitimize his divorce and marriage to Anne 1534- to legitimize his divorce and marriage to Anne

Boleyn, King Henry VIII convinced Parliament to Boleyn, King Henry VIII convinced Parliament to approve approve Act of Supremacy,Act of Supremacy, making him head of making him head of English Church English Church

Henry later seized monasteries and distributed that Henry later seized monasteries and distributed that land to upper classesland to upper classes

Elizabeth I (1558-1603), daughter of Henry VIII, Elizabeth I (1558-1603), daughter of Henry VIII, steered a middle course between Catholicism and steered a middle course between Catholicism and “Puritans” who wanted “pure” church free of “Puritans” who wanted “pure” church free of Catholic influences- but considered Catholic b/c of Catholic influences- but considered Catholic b/c of mother Catherine of Aragonmother Catherine of Aragon

Establishment of Church of Establishment of Church of ScotlandScotland

Scottish nobles tended to support Scottish nobles tended to support Reformation, while monarchs (King Reformation, while monarchs (King James V and Daughter Mary) opposed itJames V and Daughter Mary) opposed it

James Knox, minister who studied in James Knox, minister who studied in Geneva with Calvin, was instrumental in Geneva with Calvin, was instrumental in getting the Scottish Parliament to set up getting the Scottish Parliament to set up a Calvinist church as the official state a Calvinist church as the official state church of Scotland (Presbyterianism)church of Scotland (Presbyterianism)

ProtestantiProtestantism in sm in

IrelandIreland Although the Although the

English tried to English tried to impose their impose their church in church in Ireland, the Ireland, the Irish resisted Irish resisted and remained and remained Roman CatholicRoman Catholic

This became a This became a big problem big problem later!later!

Lutheranism in Sweden, Lutheranism in Sweden, Norway, DenmarkNorway, Denmark

Monarchs took lead in initiating the Reformation

16th century saw establishment of Lutheranism and the consolidation of the Swedish monarchy

Christian III of Denmark and Norway secularized church property and set up a Lutheran church

Reformation in Eastern Reformation in Eastern EuropeEurope

Ethnic factors shaped Reformation in Eastern Ethnic factors shaped Reformation in Eastern EuropeEurope

In Bohemia, ethnic grievances of the Czech In Bohemia, ethnic grievances of the Czech majority refused with resentment of the majority refused with resentment of the Roman churchRoman church

By 1500 most Czechs adopted utraqism By 1500 most Czechs adopted utraqism positionposition

During Counter-Reformation, Catholic revival During Counter-Reformation, Catholic revival was promoted in Bohemiawas promoted in Bohemia

1500- Poland and Lithuania joined in dynastic 1500- Poland and Lithuania joined in dynastic (from same descent) union(from same descent) union

Reformation in Eastern Reformation in Eastern EuropeEurope Luther’s ideas spread to the Baltic towns and then Luther’s ideas spread to the Baltic towns and then

to the University of Cracow (Krakow)to the University of Cracow (Krakow) King Sigismund I of Poland banned Luther’s King Sigismund I of Poland banned Luther’s

teachings, limiting its success thereteachings, limiting its success there Polish szlachta found Calvanism appealingPolish szlachta found Calvanism appealing The Counter-Reformation cemeneted the The Counter-Reformation cemeneted the

identification of Poland with Catholicismidentification of Poland with Catholicism Lutheranism reached Hungary via Polish Lutheranism reached Hungary via Polish

merchantsmerchants Military defeat by the Ottomans left Hungary Military defeat by the Ottomans left Hungary

divided into three partsdivided into three parts Many Magyar magnates accepted LutheranismMany Magyar magnates accepted Lutheranism Recognition of Hapsburg rule led to a Catholic Recognition of Hapsburg rule led to a Catholic

restoration in 1699restoration in 1699

The Catholic Reformation The Catholic Reformation and Counter Reformationand Counter Reformation

Slowness of Institutional ReformSlowness of Institutional Reform Council of TrentCouncil of Trent New Religious OrdersNew Religious Orders Congregation of the Holy OfficeCongregation of the Holy Office Reformations: Revolution of Reformations: Revolution of

ContinuityContinuity

Slowness of Institutional Slowness of Institutional ReformReform

Preoccupation with the Hapsburg-Preoccupation with the Hapsburg-Valois wars and resistance to the Valois wars and resistance to the idea of a council kept the popes from idea of a council kept the popes from acting quickly to deal with the acting quickly to deal with the ReformationReformation

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent The Council of Trent (1545-1563) The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

reaffirmed the equal authority of Scripture reaffirmed the equal authority of Scripture and of Church tradition. It affirmed also the and of Church tradition. It affirmed also the seven sacraments and transubstantiationseven sacraments and transubstantiation

The Council required bishops to reside in The Council required bishops to reside in their own dioceses, ended pluralism and their own dioceses, ended pluralism and simony, and forbade the sale of simony, and forbade the sale of indulgencesindulgences

Council ordered that for a marriage to be Council ordered that for a marriage to be valid the vows had to be exchanged valid the vows had to be exchanged publiclypublicly

New Religious OrdersNew Religious Orders

The new order of Ursuline nuns The new order of Ursuline nuns fought heresy with religious fought heresy with religious education for girls.education for girls.

Ignatious of Loyola founded the Ignatious of Loyola founded the Jesuit order to fight the Reformation, Jesuit order to fight the Reformation, again largely through educationagain largely through education

Congregation of the Holy Congregation of the Holy OfficeOffice

1542 Pope Paul III created the 1542 Pope Paul III created the sacred Congregation of the Holy sacred Congregation of the Holy Office to manage the Roman Office to manage the Roman Inquisition’s battle against heresyInquisition’s battle against heresy

The Inquisition was a committee of 6 The Inquisition was a committee of 6 cardinals with authority to cardinals with authority to investigate, judge, and punish investigate, judge, and punish heretics. They had authority to heretics. They had authority to executeexecute

Reformations: Revolution Reformations: Revolution or Continuity?or Continuity?

Protestant historians stress that the Protestant historians stress that the Reformation was a radical break Reformation was a radical break with the past, as the Church with the past, as the Church fragmentedfragmented

Catholic historians stress continuity, Catholic historians stress continuity, noting the reform effects underway noting the reform effects underway in the Church well before the in the Church well before the Protestant Reformation that Protestant Reformation that continued after it had taken holdcontinued after it had taken hold

ResourcesResources

http://wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/CALVIN.HTM

http://www.pbs.org/empires/martinluther/index.html