remembering 2o10: part 5 september - december severe windstorms (continued), earthquakes...
TRANSCRIPT
REMEMBERING 2O10: PART 5
SEPTEMBER - DECEMBER
SEVERE WINDSTORMS (CONTINUED), EARTHQUAKES (CONTINUED), LANDSLIDES
(CONTINUED), WILDFIRES (CONTINUED), VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, (CONTINUED)…
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University
of North Carolina, USA
RESCUE WORKERS BURIED IN SECOND LANDSLIDE: SEPT 5
INTENSIVE SEARCH AND RECUE OPERATIONS
Recovery efforts had to be abandoned when heavy rain struck the region again,
sending people fleeing from the rain-saturated hillsides
Over 12,000 were evacuated to temporary shelters.
To prevent further landslide tragedies, the President ordered the Inter-
American Highway closed and urged people to stay of the roads.
RAIN-TRIGGERED MUDSLIDE BURIES HUNDREDS IN
SANTA MARIA TLAHUITOLTEPEC, STATE
OF OAXACA, MEXICO
SEPTEMBER, 28, 2010
LOCATION
Santa Maria Tlahuitoltepec, famous for its colonial
buildings and archaeological sites, is the heartland of the
indigenous Mixe culture, which is considered one of
Mexico's poorest.
The landslide, triggered by heavy rain fall from Hurricane Karl and tropical storm Matthew, buried
hundreds in Santa Maria Tlahuitoltepec, MX, around 4 am as
they slept.
A VIEW OF THE LANDSLIDE
The slide dragged several houses some 400 m down the hillside along with cars, livestock and
light poles.
EARTHQUAKES
CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND
JAVA, INDONESIA
SHALLOW, EARLY-MORNING, M7.0 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES
CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND
10 km focal depth on a strike-slip fault
4:35 am
M7.0
SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 2010
New Zealand is in the southwest Pacific Ocean astride the “ring of fire,” a
distinct belt of volcanic and earthquake activity that surrounds the Pacific
Ocean.
New Zealand straddles the boundary between the Pacific and Indian-
Australian plates.
To the north of New Zealand and beneath the eastern North Island, the thin, dense, Pacific plate moves down beneath the thicker, lighter Indian-Australian plate in a process known as subduction (i.e., reverse faulting).
Within the South Island the plate margin is marked by the Alpine Fault
and the plates rub past each other horizontally (i.e., strike-slip)
EPICENTER IN THE SOUTH ISLAND NEAR CHRISTCHURCH
EPICENTER: NEAR CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND
PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING MAP (CHRISTCHURCH IN YELLOW)
Every year, New Zealand experiences about 14,000
earthquakes, which are mostly small to moderate in size.
THE BASIC FAULT MODELS
Strike-SlipReverse
Normal
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
GROUND
SHAKING
FAULT RUPTURE
FOUNDATION FAILURE
SITE AMPLIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
LANDSLIDES
AFTERSHOCKS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
In Christchurch, a city of 372,000, power and water services were knocked out,
facades fell off buildings, homes businesses, and bridges were damaged by strong shaking, fires were ignited, and the
Christchurch Airport was closed.
Numerous injuries, but no deaths, largely due to the 4:35 a.m. time of
occurrence, NOT
the resilience of the buildings
DAMAGE: MOTORWAY
LOCAL GROUND FAILURE
A lot of damage occurred in the central city area comprised mainly
of old brick and unreinforced masonry buildings.
DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
TYPICAL DAMAGE: UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS
DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
POUNDING
DAMAGE TO CARS
FIRE
The initial estimate of the cost to repair the damage was $1.5 billion.
In the suburbs many houses had broken windows, toppled chimneys, cracked walls and interior damage
(e.g., items thrown off shelves).
INDONESIA EXPERIENCES A TRIPLE DISASTER:
EARTHQUAKE, TSUNAMI, AND VOLCANIC ERUPTION
October 25-27 – November 24, 2010
SEISMICITY MARKS THE PLATE BOUNDARIES
Sandwiched between two active earthquake belts, the Pacific “Ring of fire,” and the Alpide Belt, Indonesia experiences some of the most powerful earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions on Earth.
Monday and Tuesday: Oct 25-26
Indonesia endured two days of environmental extremes after a powerful earthquake, a tsunami,
and a volcanic eruption struck the Java region of the Indonesian
archipelago.
CASUALTIES: 538 ON OCT 26, BUT LIKELY TO RISE IN THE FUTURE
The earthquake and tsunami run up left at least 500 dead, and the initial volcanic eruption left 38 dead, BUT,
health impacts associated with Mount Merapi’s continuing eruption
may have long-term impacts.
WILDFIRES
• UTAH
HERRIMAN, UTAH: SEPT 19, 2010
The fire started during live-ammunition machine gun training at
the National Guard base, a fairly common happening
5,000 people were evacuated.
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• MOUNT MERAPI, INDONESIA (Third part of a triple tragedy)
SCALE AND UNCERTAINTY OF MOUNT MERAPI’S ERUPTION
CYCLE IS EXACERBATING HEALTH CARE NEEDS IN
INDONESIA
October 26 – November ?, 2010
INDONESIA: A NATION OF 256 MILLION PEOPLE, 17,500 ISLANDS
AND 119 ACTIVE VOLCANOES
MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED THREE TIMES: OCT 26, 2010
Monday and Tuesday: Oct 25-26
Indonesia endured two days of environmental extremes after a powerful earthquake, a tsunami, and a volcanic eruption struck
different regions of the Indonesian archipelago.
CASUALTIES: 538 NOW, BUT MORE LIKELY IN THE FUTURE
The earthquake and tsunami run up left at least 500 dead, and Merapi’s
initial eruption left 38 dead, BUT, health impacts associated with
Mount Merapi’s continuing eruption could cause many more casualties.
MOUNT MERAPI
--- BUT, MOUNT MERAPI, WHICH IS NOTORIOUSLY UNPREDICTABLE, WAS
NOT FINISHED!
SATURDAY’S ERUPTION SPREAD ASH 30 KM: OCT 31
70,000 EVACUATED AS ERUPTION CONTINUES: NOV 2
ERUPTION CONTINUES : NOV 6
At least 94 people died when a gas cloud incinerated fleeing
villagers and severely injured or impacted more than 200 others
who suffered severe burns, respiratory problems from
smoke inhalation, broken bones, and cuts..
NOV 15th Approximately 30,000 of the more than 350,000 evacuees begin returning home to take
care of livestock and to assess the feasibility of resuming their
ibility former livelihoods
NOV 11: According to the National Disaster Management Agency, 194 deaths, 598 people are hospitalized, and 343,909
people have been evacuated to the safety zone, 12.4 miles (20
km) away from Merapi.
NOV 15th Evacuees begin returning home to take care of livestock and to
assess vitality of resuming their former livelihoods
AS OF NOV 16th Merapi had emitted more than
140 million cubic meters of materials, higher than the 100
million cubic meters emitted in 1872 and the 14 million cubic
meters emitted in 2006.
The month-long eruptions of Mount Merapi also damaged 867 hectares of forested land
on the volcano`s slopes in Sleman District, Yogyakarta,
with material losses estimated at Rp33 billion.
Deaths from the ongoing eruption of Mount Merapi
continued to climb daily, going from:
38 (Oct 26) to 56 to 118 to 138 to 156 (Nov 8) to 190 (Nov 10) to
250 (Nov 14) to 275 (Nov 18).
NOV 18th The Government spent an estimated $10 million to buy cattle as a means of keeping the farmers from
returning home too soon to face almost certain health-care problems and death.
NOV 19th The Government declared that it will end the
emergency response period for the Mount Merapi volcanic eruption disaster on November 24th
NOV 20th Indonesia's Yogyakarta airport, which had been closed for
about two weeks by the eruption of the Mount Merapi volcano, reopened for operations on Saturday, November
20.
FLOODS
• PAKISTAN (Complex Recovery continues)
OIL SPILLS AND LEAKS
• GULF OF MEXICO (MASSIVE CLEANUP CONTINUES)