remembering kanji iii

CONTENTS

PREFACE by Tanya Sienko 5

INTRODUCTION 7

PART ONE: WRITING

1 New Primitives & Kanji Primitives 152 Major Primitive Elements 283 Miscellaneous Kanji 1444 Western Measurements 1605 Phonetic Characters 1626 Old & Alternate Forms 165

PART TWO: READING

7 Old Pure Groups 1778 New Pure Groups 2039 Semi-Pure Groups 236

10 Mixed Groups 26411 A Potpourri of Readings 29912 Kanji with Japanese Readings Only 34413 Readings of Old & Alternate Forms 355

14 Supplementary Kanji 359

INDEXES

INDEX 1 Number of Strokes 371INDEX 2 Keywords and Primitive Meanings 389INDEX 3 Readings 418INDEX 4 Primitive Elements 487

Layout of Frames for Part One 490Layout of Frames for Part Two 491

ABOUT THE AUTHORS 493

http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/miscPublications/pdf/Rk3/rk3-1.pdf














http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/miscPublications/pdf/Rk3/rk3-ix1.pdf




http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/miscPublications/pdf/Rk3/rk3-layout.pdf

Preface

Tanya Sienko

WHEN I FIRST contacted Dr. Heisig with a proposal to add a third vol-ume to Remembering the Kanji, I somehow left the impression that itwas my rather esoteric needs as a scientist that left me hankering formore kanji than the 2,042 I had learned with his method. Actually, itwas not the technical prose of Yukawa and Tomonaga on ³eld theorythat were causing me my biggest headaches but ordinary Japanese nov-els. Having read mystery novels to polish my reading in other languages,I was disappointed to ³nd that the “essential” or “general-use” charac-ters were simply not enough to gain entry into the Japanese thriller.After just a few chapters, my maiden voyage ended on the rocks. Somuch for “basic literacy,” I thought to myself. And so was born the ideafor this book.

During the time of the American Occupation, the Japanese writingsystem underwent a complete overhaul, which saw the number ofChinese characters to be learned during the years of compulsory educa-tion reduced to a bare minimum of 1,850. The idea was to simplify thesystem and facilitate literacy by removing rarely used kanji from circula-tion. What the reformers did not count on in their long-range plan wasthe resistance of the general public to the disappearance of many kanjicustomarily used for names. Families reacted by continuing to nametheir children with “traditional” names, but the government refused toregister the kanji. This resulted in the bizarre situation where a numberof Japanese were growing up legally nameless. In 1951 the Ministry ofEducation grudgingly backed down and approved another 92 “legal”characters for names, followed by another 28 in 1976. In 1981 thenumber of “general-use” kanji was increased in 1,945 and in 1990 the

kanji approved for use in names was increased to 284. This is the situa-tion at present.

Of course, there were still numerous kanji outside the list that contin-ued to be used in place names, or that appeared in books publishedbefore the educational reforms and were impractical to update. Over thepast twenty years many of these exiled characters have migrated backinto daily use. Advertisers often prefer the compactness and precision ofolder kanji to their phonetic equivalents. Increasing competition hasinduced universities to include more and more “unof³cial” kanji in theirentrance examinations. And popular novelists, as always, cling tenacious-ly to their cache of little-known glyphs as a mark of the trade. Finally,the ubiquitous word processor has turned the distinction between whatis “allowed” and what is “disallowed” into something of an anachro-nism.

For the foreign student who has landed in this mess, there have beenonly two alternatives: either you adhere to the of³cial list, or you stum-ble about blindly trying to improve your knowledge as best you can.The idea behind the present book was to offer a third choice: supple-mentary kanji to lay a solid basis for contemporary Japanese.

In addition to the method of selection explained in Dr. Heisig’sintroduction, I myself checked the ³nal list against Edward Daub, et al.,Comprehending Technical Japanese (University of Wisconsin Press,1975), which used frequency lists to determine the 500 kanji most usedin technical writings. With the exception of characters speci³c to one³eld, this list is represented in the pages that follow.

Of the many people who assisted me in this project, I would like par-ticularly to thank Ronald D. Mabbitt for help in the cross-referencingand for his many useful suggestions on the structure of the book; andKanda Yumiko P,ÆË{ for checking some of the more obscure com-pounds.

6 PREFACE

Introduction

THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHER William James once wrote that a great ideagoes through three stages on its way to acceptance. First, it is dismissedas nonsense. Then it is acknowledged as true, but insigni³cant. Finally, itis seen to be important, but not really anything new. Time and againhistory con³rms the wisdom of James’s observation, but it also remindsus that the very same bias that resists the invasion of novelty also servesto swat away many a µea-brained idea buzzing about for attention.

In this connection, I must admit I am of two minds about Remem-bering the Kanji and its companion volumes. I have always had the sensethat there was something µea-brained about the whole project. Itsreception by students of the Japanese language across the world hasbeen as much a surprise to me as to the publishers, the Japan Publi-cations Trading Company. We had expected no more than a short buzz,followed by a ³rm whack into oblivion. From the start I was convincedthat if there was anything important in the method, it surely was noth-ing new. All I had done, after all, was to put some semblance of orderinto what students of the kanji had always done: trick their minds intomaking easily forgettable shapes more memorable. The sales of thebooks, as well as scores of letters from readers, has convinced me thatthis is in fact the case.

On the one hand, the method seems to have proved itself a naturalone suited to large number of students motivated to study the kanji ontheir own. On the other, it remains virtually useless for classroominstruction. This is hardly surprising, since it aims to do something theclassroom cannot do, namely to tap the imagination of the individual atthe individual’s own learning pace. To the native speaker of Japanesetrained in the traditional school system and trying to teach the Japanesewriting system to those whose primary education was outside of the“kanji curtain,” it can only appear a distracting gimmick. For one whodoes not know from experience the question behind the method, theanswer—even if it works—makes no sense. Whatever the merits of

Remembering the Kanji as a learning tool, then, its demerits as a teach-ing tool are beyond redemption. This is probably for the best. To forcethe expectations of the textbook on the method would probably onlyend up frustrating everyone—teachers and students. The saving grace ofthe books is that they are simply too µea-brained to run the circuit of“course work.”

Letters from readers have combined expressions of gratitude withmore good ideas for improvements than I could ever assimilate into sub-sequent editions. The misprints that had slipped in along the way,thanks again to alert readers, have been periodically corrected in laterprintings. For the rest I have let the books stand as they are, reckoningthat their unpolished edges encourage the very kind of participation thatmakes them work in the ³rst place.

The one most common request that has haunted me over the yearshas been for a supplementary volume that would pick up some of themore useful kanji outside the lists propagated as standard by Japan’sMinistry of Education. The request always seemed reasonable enough.When I myself had worked through the of³cial list of kanji, I was leftwith much the same feeling: learning to write the characters is so sim-ple—now if there were some list that could guide me into learning moreof them…. The only solution I could see was to learn new characters asthey showed up in reading. Unfortunately, I kept no records, and couldonly reply to readers that they, too, let their particular reading habitsguide their acquisition of new kanji. But I always knew it was not quitethe right answer to an important question.

Then, about a year and a half ago, Tanya Sienko, a theoretical physi-cist from the United States employed at Japan’s National Institute ofScience and Technology Policy, persuaded me that something concretecould be done. Her idea was for a volume that would aim at raisingpro³ciency to the level of 3,000 kanji, based on the methods of volumesI and II of Remembering the Kanji. The present book is the result of ourcombined efforts.

The initial decision to aim at a list of 3,000 characters was not basedon any established measure of “upper-level pro³ciency,” but simply outof the need for some parameters within which to begin working. As theselecting of new characters progressed, the decision justi³ed itself andwas left to stand.

The choice of which kanji to include and which to leave out was farfrom simple. In 1990 the Ministry of Education published a revised listof characters for use in names, 284 in all. Kanji from this list that had

8 INTRODUCTION

not been covered in volumes I and II were added ³rst, together with alltheir readings.

The next step was to consult a list of 3,505 characters published in1963 by the National Japanese Language Research Institute.1 Since1956 the Institute had been issuing periodic reports of research on thefrequency with which kanji appeared in various ³elds of study. Based onsome 90 academic and popular journals, a team of scholars turned up3,328 characters, to which the Institute added another 177. Althoughthe list was not based on the Ministry of Education’s list of general-usekanji (øä+°), it includes all the kanji found in the latter (latest revi-sion, 1977) but, as you might suspect, does not include all the charac-ters from the Ministry’s 1990 revised list for use in names. In any case,all new kanji in the list with a frequency of more than 9 were selected.The following chart shows the breakdown of the frequency and theoverlay of kanji used for names. The darkened areas represent the ³rsttwo groups of kanji checked for inclusion in the present volume:

The next problem was how to sift through the remaining kanji toreach a total of 3,000. The solution consisted in overlaying a completelynew system of classi³cation that has taken the world of Chinese charac-ters by storm since the time of the frequency studies.

1978 marks a watershed in the story of the kanji and in the compila-tion of frequency lists. It was in that year that the Japanese writing sys-tem was converted into computer code, opening the way to the use ofthe personal computer in Japan. There was never any question that

INTRODUCTION 9

1AêÖP£GY)uäBä°B C³C³BÓÁ‹³²D 22 (1963).

}

3,505 °

Japan would march enthusiastically to the drum of the computer revolu-tion. But to do so, some way had ³rst to be found around the obviousimpossibility of squeezing the Japanese writing system into the 7-bitcharacter codes that make up the American Standard Code forInformation Interchange (ASCII) character sets. In response to the chal-lenge, the Japan Industrial Standard or JIS was born.

From the outset the JIS classi³cation has never wanted for critics, butthe complaints were largely mufµed by the sheer thrill of having a simpletool to manipulate the Chinese characters. In the early stages, a ³rst listof less than 3,000 kanji (JIS-12) was installed as standard in personalcomputers and printers, while a second list of over 4,000 kanji (JIS-2)was sold separately. Writers and specialists grumbled about charactersthat had been left out of JIS-1 and relegated to the “second-class” statusof JIS-2. By the end of the 1980s, both character sets had been adjustedand are now installed as standard in most computer equipment.3

The kanji that had been left out of both lists were another matter.Nearly all word-processing programs have included utilities for creating‘° or “excluded characters.” Eventually a third set, the JIS-supplement,was devised. To date, it covers an additional 5,801 kanji. This supple-ment is not yet standard in personal computers and printers, thoughnewer dictionaries include the code numbers that have been assigned.4In the near future it is reasonable to expect that they, too, will becomestandard equipment.

The control of language, which has been an important culturalweapon in the arsenal of modern governments for the past four cen-turies and more, has brought political complications to the computeriza-tion of the kanji in Japan, often masquerading in the robes of scholarlyobjectivity. Indeed, the more voracious the popular appetite for comput-er access to kanji becomes, the more these issues come to the fore. TheMinistry of Education, for example, which seems to have felt slighted by

10 INTRODUCTION

2 JIS-1 includes basic Roman, Greek, and Cyrillic characters, as well as a handful of gen-eral-use typesetting symbols.

3 Meantime, the early 1990s saw the arrival of Unicode, a workable worldwide stan-dard, based on 16-bit code, that would cover all writing and symbol systems. By that timethe Japanese JIS had already become a permanent ³xture, and adjustments were made toassign it a place in the Unicode structure that would not conµict with Korean andChinese.

4 For an example of the most up-to-date kanji dictionary, which was relied on heavilyfor the production of this book, see: à, ±%y[¨°Áq CØ+BnD (Tokyo: Taishðkan,1992).

the designers of the new computer standards, still make no mention ofthe JIS’s existence in their of³cial lists of general-use characters.Meantime, efforts by the Ministry to regulate the number of kanji ingeneral use have been undercut by the very computers they use to com-pose and print their regulations. There is no reason to think that the sit-uation will change in the years to come.5

Most important for our purposes here, the wealth of characters seemsto have retarded research into standards of “upper-level pro³ciency.”After its latest revision in 1990, the tripartite JIS list now contains awhopping 12,156 characters but does nothing to address the problem offrequency of use.

A simple, if time-consuming, procedure was followed in making theselection of the remaining characters for this volume. First, all kanji thatappeared less than 9 times in the National Japanese Language ResearchInstitute list and which also appeared in JIS-1 were included. The selec-tion was then rounded off with a few characters that fell outside theseborders but which, from personal judgment, we thought it best to in-clude. Graphically, the ³nal results look like this:

INTRODUCTION 11

5 For a fuller account of these conflicts, see special issues of C^rQD dealing with+°o»ûÜí2Ç[Kanji and the computer], 1/2 (1990), and J‰+°uy°5¤“L

[Rethinking the standardization of the kanji at present], 4/2 (1993).

Chapter 14 is intended to reµect the authors’ dissatisfaction with theunavoidable arbitrariness in the selection process. It opens with a list of7 kanji (3001–3007) deliberately excluded from the selection process: 5of them from the list of names and 2 from JIS-2 that seem worth learn-ing. Space is left for you to record additional characters that you feelbelong to “upper-level pro³ciency.” In future editions, we hope to beable to add to this list of 7, but that will depend on signi³cant numbersof readers sending in their lists for us to compare.

Parts One and Two follow, respectively, the methods of volumes I

and II of Remembering the Kanji. The layout of the frames has changedsomewhat, but a full graphic description is included at the end of thebook, after the Indexes. The choice of sample words for on-yomi read-ings has been made with an eye to providing useful vocabulary whereverpossible, but here, too, there was some arbitrariness. In the course ofassigning readings to the kanji, a shelf of dictionaries based on the JIS

lists was consulted and compared, only to ³nd inconsistencies at everyturn. Given the ease with which computerized data can be accessed, onewould expect at least an overall accuracy in indexing and cross-referenc-ing. This was not the case. To compensate for this, Index 3 errs on theside of excess, including more readings than are mentioned in the framesof Part Two. The only exception was made for names: only those read-ings in the Ministry of Education’s updated list are contained in theindex. Otherwise, all four indexes cover all the kanji and readings con-tained in the three volumes of the Remembering the Kanji series.

.James W. Heisig

Nagoya

12 INTRODUCTION

PART ONE

WRITING

CHAPTER 1

New Primitives &Kanji Primitives

_NEW PRIMITIVES_

We begin our journey to 3,000 kanji with the addition of a fewnew primitive elements to those already included in volume I.They have been included only if they appear frequently enoughin the kanji in general to be useful, or if at least three instancesappear in this volume. Each new element is followed by thenew characters in which it appears.

After this, all the primitives in this volume will already befamiliar to you. If you get stuck, consult the comprehensivelist in Index 4 at the end of this volume.

2043. this here ÂR-2670

footprint … spoon. [6]

2044. brushwood ÛR-2671

this here … tree. [10]

2045. fort ÷R-2672

this here … stone. [11]

2046. whit ÔR-2673

this here … two. [8]

2047. beard ÑR-3140

hair … shape … this here. [16]

* sheik Ïtop hat … villain … belt … elbow. [10]

This element is already familiar from the character ? (I.1492). Thereason the part for elbow requires 3 strokes instead of the usual 2 isthat the combination of elements l is actually a radical classicallyde³ned as having 5 strokes.

2048. crystal 8R-2454

jewel … sheik. [15]

This is one of the seven classical stones of China.

2049. fowl 9R-2843

umbrella … sheik. [12]

2050. apple ?R-2844

tree … fowl. [16]

* shoeshine mrice … sunglasses. [12]

16 NEW PRIMITIVES

This combination of elements has already been learned from thecharacter t (I.1311). The assignation of the primitive meaning isalmost entirely arbitrary.

2051. sympathize with œR-2499

state of mind … shoeshine. [15]

2052. phosphorus pR-2496

³re … shoeshine. [16]

2053. camelopard vR-2498

deer … shoeshine. [23]

The keyword here refers to a motley-colored mythical creaturefrom China with the body of a deer, the tail of a cow, and the crestand claws of a bird.

2054. scaled uR-2497

³sh … shoeshine. [23]

The “scales” referred to here are the kind found on ³sh, dragons,and so forth.

2055. encompassing ÕR-2583

St. Bernard … eel. [8]

The sense of the keyword is of something that is expansive andcovers over everything. When used as a primitive, this will take themeaning of a dachshund. Think here of a particularly large andl-o-n-g one to combine the qualities of the eel and the St. Bernard.

NEW PRIMITIVES 17

2056. hermitage IR-2582

cave … dachshund. [11]

2057. shrouded ÙR-2584

³ngers … dachshund. [11]

The sense of the keyword does not refer to an actually funeral“shroud,” but only to the sense of being covered over or con-cealed.

2058. myself ,R-2585

person … dachshund. [10]

The keyword refers to a very familiar way of referring to oneself,usually restricted to men.

* streetwalker ¢

We learned this combination earlier in the character p (I.1014) ascomposed of the elements person … license … walking legs. Theprimitive meaning covers the sense of one “walking around licen-tiously.” [7]

2059. make amends ÏR-2501

state of mind … streetwalker. [10]

2060. steed vR-2503

team of horses … streetwalker. [17]

18 NEW PRIMITIVES

2061. steep qR-2500

mountain … streetwalker. [10]

2062. complete a job tR-2502

vase … streetwalker. [12]

2063. mortar ¡R-2973

back-to-back staples. [6]

The mortar referred to here is a stone or wooden basin used forgrinding with a pestle. As a primitive element it keeps the samemeaning.

2064. father-in-law +R-3085

mortar … male. [13]

2065. mouse QR-2964

mortar … two plows … four drops … hook. [13]

2066. bore ßR-3039

standing in a row upside down … mortar and walking stick … missile … metal. [28]

The sense of the keyword is boring a hole into something.

2067. break 8R-3043

mortar … soil … missile. [13]

NEW PRIMITIVES 19

2068. small craft 9R-2383

boat … mortar … walking stick … crotch. [15]

* I Ching p

The appearance of this element looks enough like one of the com-binations used in the Chinese Book of Changes, the I Ching, togive us a meaning for this element. Note that there is always some-thing that comes between the two halves to keep them apart. [4]

2069. rhinoceros õR-3018

flag … I Ching … walking stick … cow. [12]

2070. lunar month QR-3007

white dove … I Ching … needle. [11]

2071. spinal column ÑR-2915

I Ching … umbrella … flesh. [10]

* stitching o

This element is actually a character in its own right, a pictograph ofsomething that has been stitched. [8]

2072. rice-³eld footpath ÆR-3141

³eld … stitching. [13]

The character learned for paddy-ridge in volume ‘ (I.1204) andthat for paddy-³eld ridge –, which we will meet in FRAME 2571,

20 NEW PRIMITIVES

both mean the “ridges” that run between rice paddies. The charac-ter introduced here refers directly to the ridge that is used as awalking path.

2073. mend »R-2918

thread … stitching. [14]

2074. let it be ¹R-2473

spike … eight … belt … stitching. [14]

Note that the writing of element for spike is interrupted by the ele-ment eight. This character—among whose older usages was as apolite form of addressing someone—is now used chiefly in names,except for the famous Buddhist expression that will be introducedwhen its reading comes up in Part Two.

2075. imperial seal ºR-2474

let it be … jewel. [19]

* hill of beans W

This element (actually a rather rare character in its own right) ismade up of exactly what it says: a hill of beans. [10]

2076. suit of armor œR-2486

metal … hill of beans. [18]

2077. triumph ‹R-2485

hill of beans … wind. [12]

NEW PRIMITIVES 21

* sapling _drop … St. Bernard. [4]

This element is easily confused with the shape of the character ú insuch kanji as þ (I.634) and in the element å(I, PAGE 155). Itmeaning comes from the rather rare kanji on which it is based.

2078. bewitched ØR-2862

woman … sapling. [7]

2079. irrigate óR-2861

water … sapling. [7]

2080. quaff µR-2914

sapling … mouth. [7]

* green onion {un- … floor. [9]

2081. leek ÚR-3142

flowers … green onion. [12]

2082. lottery ÃR-2835

bamboo … assembly line … ³esta … green onion. [23]

The character can also replace assembly line and ³esta withThanksgiving: Ä. This alternate form is less common, however.

22 NEW PRIMITIVES

2083. penitential HR-3047

state of mind … green onion. [20]

As in the previous frame, assembly line and ³esta can be replace withThanksgiving: I, though again less commonly.

2084. hay MR-3047

Think of this element as showing two ricks of dried hay lying ontop of each other. The element for bound up is familiar. The 3-stroked piece being bound up appeared in the primitive for moun-tain goat Ã. Think of the goat burying his “missing” horns in thehay to pick them up and toss them.[10]

2085. chick ŒR-2466

hay … turkey. [18]

2086. scurry ‹R-2465

run … hay. [17]

The sense of this keyword is the way someone in kimono runs, tak-ing short steps quickly.

2087. understandably ‹R-3001

chihuahua with one human leg. [4]

The sense of the keyword is that something “stands to reason.”

2088. training —R-3001

wheat … chihuahua with one human leg … delicious. [15]

NEW PRIMITIVES 23

2089. immense GR-3035

cliff … chihuahua with one human leg … shape. [9]

_NEW KANJI FROM OLD PRIMITIVES_

We close this ³rst chapter with a handful of kanji that werealready learned as primitive elements but not as kanji in theirown right. The only thing you will have to learn now is theirkeyword meaning, which does not in each case accord with themeaning they have been assigned as primitive elements. Try torelate the two meanings together if this causes confusion.

2090. grab ôR-2565

vulture … tree. [8]

We already met this combination in the characters ï, û, and í(1.733, 734, 1714).

2091. a ER-3143

mouth … floor … ³esta. [8]

This character is roughly equivalent to the inde³nite article a inEnglish or to the phrase a certain… It appears as a primitive in thecharacters o and Î (I.356, 614).

24 KANJI PRIMITIVES

2092. chop off kR-2411

car … axe. [11]

You may recall that this character already appeared as a combina-tion of primitives in the character l (I.1134).

2093. rabbit 0R-2839

drop of … day on its side … human legs … drop of. [8]

The older form from which the rabbit primitive was derived is actu-ally −, but the abbreviation in this frame has, with the support ofits listing in the ³rst JIS list, come to take over. Note that the primi-tive for rabbit q (I, P. 421) differs again from both of these bylacking the ³nal stroke. To distinguish the ³rst drop of from thelast, you might think of the rabbit’s long ears and short tail.

2094. est ˜R-2770

This is the element we learned as scorpion. We give the Latin wordest as a keyword to stress the “classical” µavor of the character,which appears today chieµy in names. [3]

2095. lofty #R-2550

This was the primitive element we learned as strawman. [8]

2096. comma-design úR-2762

The primitive meaning learned in vol. I, mosaic, is close to themeaning of the original character here, which is the shape of a“comma” used in heraldic designs, the most familiar of which has 3“commas” swirling around each other. (If it is any help in remem-bering the character, one older meanings is an “elephant-eatingsnake.”) [4]

KANJI PRIMITIVES 25

2097. offspring ¡R-2682

Thie character, none other than the element we learned as dogtag,is a nickname for a male child and is now chieµy used in personalnames. [7]

2098. critters ÐR-3144

Conveniently, the original kanji of the element we learned as zoomeans a counter for animals in general. [5]

2099. violet „R-2314

The element we learned as meaning cabbage comes from the kanjimeaning for a violet. The addition of the 4th stroke appears inolder forms of kanji that use this element also. Here you may thinkof it as a “purple cabbage” hanging on an overhead tressel of vio-lets to recall the difference. [11]

2100. mandala RR-2347

Since this character is most familiarly used in transcribing theSanskrit word mandala, we shall allow its primitive meaning tostand as the keyword for the kanji also. [11]

2101. towel 2R-3019

If we allow the full range of original meanings for the English wordtowel, which includes cleaning cloths, covering cloths and strips ofcloth used in clothing, we can keep the primitive meaning for thekeyword here. [3]

26 KANJI PRIMITIVES

2102. quote °R-2848

The primitive we learned as rising cloud is actually a kanji used toindicate someone’s spoken words. [4]

2103. augury íR-2442

The primitive meaning of wand is not far from the sense of theoriginal kanji here. [2]

2104. heaven-high åR-2350

This character was learned as the primitive angel. [12]

2105. shalt ]R-2551

The keyword here is meant to suggest the “Thou shalt” and“Thou shalt not of the commandments. [10]

KANJI PRIMITIVES 27

CHAPTER 2

Major Primitive Elements

The kanji treated in this chapter comprise the bulk of PART ONE

of this book, some 734 characters in all. Each character isentered under its principal primitive element, and the elementsthemselves are arranged in their dictionary order.

_: PERSON_

2106. Yamato ÈR-2534

person … committee. [10]

2107. chivalry ÛR-2265

person … scissors. [8]

2108. fed up ÀR-2549

person … scroll. [11]

2109. comely IR-2504

person … mingle. [8]

2110. abrupt _R-2286

person … ego. [9]

2111. work a ³eld µR-2789

person … ³eld. [7]

2112. minstrel }R-2491

person … orders. [7]

2113. animal offspring oR-2795

person … child. [5]

2114. foe ²R-2788

person … nine. [4]

2115. look after 8R-2685

person … add. [7]

2116. triµe /R-2313

person … cabbage. [12]

2117. biased {R-2624

person … ketchup. [15]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS E:F ƒ + 3 / 4 29

2118. make a pro³t „R-2738

person … various. [17]

If it helps, you can also read the primitives as believe … puppet.

2119. bliss LR-2461

person … happiness. [10]

2120. emigrant ÜR-2349

person … angel. [14]

2121. partner QR-2790

person … spine. [9]

2122. performing artist ZR-2754

person … branch. [6]

2123. integrity ëR-2969

person … mouth … µood. [8]

2124. mate HR-3022

person … tool. [10]

2125. as is AR-3145

person … exhaust. [8]

30 E:F ƒ + 3 / 4 MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2126. adjutant ·R-2648

person … right. [7]

2127. fork in a road 9R-3146

person … mouth … heaven. [9]

2128. hire ÖR-2406

person … commonplace. [13]

2129. memorial ÚR-2423

person … think. [11]

2130. dried meat ÔR-2852

person … walking stick … taskmaster … meat. [11]

2131. my son mR-3051

person … graduate. [10]

2132. make do }R-3137

person … happenstance. [11]

The keyword combines the meanings of the character for make 6(I.1142) and ` do (I.1918).

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS E:F ƒ + 3 / 4 31

_ƒ ICE_

2133. nifty ¢R-2390

ice … wife. [10]

2134. sharp )R-2667

ice … tusk. [7]

The sense of this keyword is broad enough to include “bright,”“clear,” and “on one’s toes.”

2135. wilt uR-2766

ice … circumference. [10]

2136. pull through YR-2353

ice … rice-seedling … walking legs. [10]

2137. metallurgy ™R-2654

ice … pedestal. [7]

2138. stately ÎR-3045

ice … -times … altar. [15]

32 : EƒF + 3 / 4 MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_+ WIND_

2139. kite íR-3105

wind … towel. [5]

2140. lull ½R-3104

wind … stop. [6]

2141. earlybird eR-2946

wind … bone. [6]

2142. phoenix ÐR-2934

wind … ceiling … bird. [14]

_3 SABRE_

2143. slaughter GR-2528

receipt … sword … metal … sabre. [15]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS :ƒ E+ 3F / 4 33

2144. moment ÞR-3042

sheaf … tree … sabre. [8]

The keyword here is the noun meaning “a brief moment.”

2145. peel off MR-2912

broom … rice grains … saber. [10]

2146. shave ËR-2639

younger brother … saber. [9]

_/ BOUND UP_

2147. aroma ÐR-3103

bound up … spoon. [4]

2148. µexed QR-2842

bound up … elbow. [4]

34 ƒ + E3 /FF 4 S MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_4 CLIFF_

2149. despondent ÑR-2933

cliff … wagging tongue … moon … dog. [14]

This character, which carries the sense of being weighted down bythe meaningless of life, calls to mind a vivid image of despair inNietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra that makes it simple to remem-ber. Walking the dark cliffs at midnight, Zarathustra hears a doghowling. He approaches, and under the light of the moon sees ashepherd lad lying on the ground with a thick, black snake hangingout of his mouth (like a long, wagging tongue, we might add). Thesnake had crawled in while he was asleep and grabbed on to thelad’s throat. Zarathustra tells him to bite off the head of the snakeand become free of the despair that holds him in tortured captivity.

2150. wild goose UR-2596

cliff … person … turkey. [12]

2151. counterfeit TR-2595

wild goose … money. [19]

2152. kitchen pR-2866

cliff … table … glue. [12]

2153. insinuate BR-3055

cliff … person. [4]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS 3 / E4F S F œ 35

_S MOUTH_

2154. scout «R-2627

mouth … candle. [10]

2155. derision ÅR-2578

mouth … morning. [15]

2156. reprehend fR-3036

walking legs … person … mouth. [8]

2157. whisper ØR-3135

mouth … three ears. [21]

2158. chatter vR-2506

mouth … generations … tree. [12]

2159. windpipe }R-2598

mouth … cause. [9]

2160. quarrel XR-2373

mouth … splendid. [13]

36 / 4 ESF F œ { MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2161. gossip −R-3147

mouth … revered. [15]

2162. cough ’R-2768

mouth … acorn. [9]

2163. clamor ÅR-3024

mouth … proclaim. [12]

2164. throat VR-2328

mouth … marquis. [12]

2165. saliva ³R-2679

mouth … droop. [11]

2166. bash ðR-2923

mouth … stamp. [5]

2167. ³b £R-2571

mouth … void. [14]

2168. peck at àR-2929

mouth … sow. [10]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS / 4 ESF F œ { 37

2169. curse 2R-2930

mouth … older brother. [8]

2170. barking éR-2931

mouth … chihuahua. [7]

2171. dangle ÄR-3056

mouth … towel. [6]

2172. chew áR-3148

mouth … teeth. [15]

2173. within my ability ×R-3057

mouth … needle. [5]

2174. sides of the mouth `R-2967

mouth … knot. [7]

2175. stammer ¡R-2876

mouth … beg. [6]

2176. spin a tale wR-3149

mouth … new. [16]

38 / 4 ESF F œ { MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2177. miso ;R-2646

mouth … increase. [14]

Miso is the fermented soybean paste commonly used in Japanesecooking as a base for soups and stews.

2178. pop song ¤R-2459

mouth … shell. [10]

This character was originally used to indicate songs accompaniedby the shamisen but now most commonly refers to pop songs.

2179. scold ÍR-2924

mouth … diced. [5]

2180. city walls ËR-3058

mouth … mosaic. [7]

This is the parent character from which the primitive Vis derived.

2181. dumbfounded ²R-3052

mouth … tree. [7]

2182. ingest VR-3150

mouth … eat. [12]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS / 4 ESF F œ { 39

_F SOIL_

2183. clay +R-2708

soil … straightaway. [11]

2184. authochthonous ÆR-2569

soil … monkey. [8]

In Chinese astrology and divining, this character refers to “theearthly” and stands counter to ê as the “moist” against the “dry.”

2185. piled high ÀR-2783

soil … turkey. [11]

2186. dugout ¨R-2379

soil … overpowering. [17]

Compare ª (FRAME 2306).

2187. blemish XR-2409

soil … empress. [9]

2188. µat &R-2554

soil … nightbreak. [8]

40 4 S EFF œ { L MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2189. wharf %R-2482

soil … large city. [11]

2190. stuff up ùR-2694

soil … true. [13]

2191. dam ÔR-2432

soil … box … sun … woman. [12]

2192. railing 2R-2739

soil … puppet. [12]

_œ WOMAN_

2193. suckling infant ¸R-2968

two shells … woman. [17]

2194. violate ôR-2928

three women. [9]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS 4 S EF œF { L 41

42 4 S F EœF { L MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2195. jealous 4R-2902

woman … rock. [8]

2196. handmaiden ŠR-2621

woman … lowly. [11]

2197. well ³nished ‡R-2635

woman … address. [11]

2198. harlot ³R-2268

woman … prosperous. [11]

2199. courtesan ‰R-2755

woman … branch. [7]

Take care not to confuse with harlot in the previous frame.

2200. fair $R-2753

woman … ivy. [9]

The sense here is of someone lovely to behold.

2201. niece lR-3020

woman … climax. [9]

2202. envy ÐR-2429

woman … rapidly. [13]

2203. mistress ÁR-2305

woman … demand. [17]

The sense of the keyword here is the feminine form of “master.”

2204. aged woman ¨R-3089

woman … old man. [9]

2205. mother-in-law õR-2657

woman … old. [8]

2206. young miss ?R-3119

woman … shelf. [8]

2207. overjoyed aR-2403

woman … rejoice. [15]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS 4 S F EœF { L 43

_{ CHILD_

2208. expecting ¬R-3136

³st … child. [5]

The keyword here means “pregnant.”

2209. assiduous ‡R-2885

child … taskmaster. [7]

_L HOUSE_

2210. soothe »R-2841

house … possession. [9]

2211. imply YR-2724

house … Talking Cricket. [12]

2212. extensive ]R-2613

house … by one’s side … elbow. [7]

44 S F œ E{ LF _ MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2213. jail »R-2927

house … cow. [7]

2214. block up êR-2926

house … celery … animal legs … soil. [13]

2215. Sung dynasty [R-2925

house … tree. [7]

2216. venison ÊR-3111

house … six. [7]

This character is used for the meat of wild animals in general, par-ticularly boar and deer—hence the choice of the keyword.

__ FLAG_

2217. butchering 5R-2740

µag … puppet. [11]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS œ { EL _F [ 2 45

2218. fart ÖR-2630

µag … compare. [7]

2219. rubbish `R-2628

µag … candle. [10]

2220. buttocks :R-3151

µag … baseball team. [5]

2221. frequently ÝR-2988

µag … rice … woman. [12]

2222. corpse |R-2792

µag … death. [9]

2223. folding screen ÛR-2513

µag … puzzle. [9]

46 { L E_F [ 2 X MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_[ MOUNTAIN_

2224. high-reaching ˆR-2513

mountain … tall. [13]

2225. rugged mountains !R-2354

mountain … rice-seedlings … walking legs. [11]

2226. high mountain `R-2287

mountain … ego. [10]

2227. bluffs ”R-2441

mountain … cliff … ivy. [11]

2228. mountaintop …R-2495

mountain … jurisdiction. [17]

2229. ³t into %R-2555

mountain … wicker basket … yawn. [12]

This character is used to express ³tting one thing into another.

2230. rocky ØR-2364

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS L _ E[F 2 X ¸ 47

mountain … discrimination. [13]

_2 TOWEL_

2231. quire xR-2878

towel … fortuneteller. [8]

The keyword here is a counter for 25 sheets of paper.

2232. banner gR-3152

towel … dice. [15]

2233. pennant RR-2756

towel … kazoo. [15]

_X CAVE_

2234. cleaver ºR-2249

48 _ [ E2 XF ¸ Z MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

cave … wrap. [8]

2235. licensed quarters «R-2451

cave … enclosure. [14]

2236. overhang ©R-2629

cave … compare. [7]

2237. hawk ÜR-2597

cave … person … turkey … bird. [24]

2238. shire ºR-3059

cave … soil. [6]

2239. tomb sanctuary ëR-2577

cave … morning. [15]

_¸ BOW_

2240. strengthen éR-2830

bow … 2 ³elds … µoors & ceilings. [16]

See FRAME 2509 for a similar right-side combination.

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS [ 2 EX ¸F Z Y 49

2241. more and more ¡R-2892

bow … reclining … small. [8]

2242. loosen HR-2771

bow … scorpion. [6]

2243. rice gruel æR-3113

rice between two bows. [12]

_Z FINGERS_

2244. lathe ›R-2723

³ngers … rabbit. [11]

2245. bump into „R-2318

³ngers … juvenile. [15]

2246. disguise dR-2678

³ngers … part. [7]

50 2 X E¸ ZF K 5 MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2247. pillage ER-2744

³ngers … capital. [11]

2248. shove )R-3060

³ngers … elbow … dart. [10]

2249. clutch ³R-3025

³ngers … country. [11]

2250. impress ÁR-2910

³ngers … Nara. [11]

The impression referred to here is like that made by a seal on wax.

2251. wrenching èR-2574

³ngers … wish. [11]

2252. scratch dR-2380

³ngers … crotch … insect. [11]

2253. assortment îR-2358

³ngers … two snakes … strung together. [15]

2254. wipe /R-2987

³ngers … style. [9]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS X ¸ EZF Y K 5 51

2255. muster ¥R-2619

³ngers … in front. [12]

The sense of the keyword here is “to assemble in an orderly fash-ion.”

2256. deal with SR-3153

³ngers … separate. [10]

2257. churn up −R-2417

³ngers … memorize. [15]

2258. rubbing ™R-3154

³ngers … learn. [14]

The sense here is of rubbing out an image, as in “brass-rubbing.”

2259. press down on JR-2289

³ngers … relax. [9]

2260. nab •R-2330

³ngers … wooden leg. [10]

2261. imminent JR-3015

³ngers … µood … evening. [9]

52 X ¸ EZF Y K 5 MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2262. disseminate üR-2731

³ngers … dice. [15]

2263. interpretation ¿R-2591

³ngers … mouth … ear. [12]

2264. receptable âR-2337

³ngers … lock of hair. [6]

2265. dedicate ¼R-2518

³ngers … observance. [11]

2266. twirl éR-2323

³ngers … sort of a thing. [15]

2267. counter for tools ×R-2276

³ngers … courts. [10]

This character is for counting scissors, guns, inksticks, oars, etc.

2268. commotion úR-2568

³ngers … melancholy. [18]

2269. make headway œR-2996

³ngers … walk. [11]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS X ¸ EZF Y K 5 53

2270. petting CR-2608

³ngers … non. [15]

2271. sprinkle ^R-2970

³ngers … scatter. [15]

2272. outstanding êR-2995

³ngers … feathers … turkey. [17]

The concept here is “conspicuously surpass,” or “stick out of thecrowd.”

2273. spoils ÂR-2879

³ngers … broom run. [11]

Take special care when writing the right side of this character. The³rst stroke belongs to the element run and is followed by that forbroom.

2274. gouge out fR-2532

³ngers … guillotine. [7]

54 X ¸ EZ YF K 5 MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_Y STATE OF MIND_

2275. wince êR-2864

state of mind … gone. [8]

2276. ponder ZR-2787

state of mind … turkey. [11]

2277. infatuation ¾R-2487

state of mind … knot … heart. [11]

2278. quickwitted †R-2492

state of mind … orders. [8]

2279. considerate −R-2676

state of mind … receive. [11]

2280. yearn ƒR-2317

state of mind … juvenile. [15]

2281. as if ÍR-2665

state of mind … ³t. [9]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS ¸ Z EYF K 5 O 55

2282. enlarge uR-2832

state of mind … ashes. [9]

2283. respect for elders ÕR-2640

state of mind … younger brother. [10]

_K WATER_

2284. bubble up ÂR-2405

water … courageous. [12]

2285. canal JR-2493

water … rain … orders. [16]

2286. glistening ³R-2793

water … ray. [9]

2287. bounding main ïR-2478

water … sun … ray. [13]

The sense of the keyword is of a vast and deep body of water.

56 Z Y EKF 5 O M MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2288. gargle )R-3049

water … bundle … yawn. [14]

2289. continent CR-2322

water … state. [9]

2290. swirling waters µR-2580

water … decameron. [9]

2291. seep (R-2775

water … nonplussed. [14]

2292. rinse ¸R-2801

water … west. [9]

2293. douse ™R-2799

water … tree. [7]

2294. teardrops «R-2820

water … eye. [8]

2295. gushing ÞR-2759

water … chariot. [12]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Z Y EKF 5 O M 57

2296. grains of sand ÜR-2452

water … few. [7]

2297. blaspheme •R-2802

water … sell. [10]

2298. lewd ‡R-2850

water … vulture … porter. [11]

2299. roofbeam ]R-2900

water … sword … two drops … tree. [11]

2300. sediment +R-2407

water … Mr. [16]

2301. widespread ˆR-2443

water … ³ngerprint. [5]

2302. old Kyoto #R-2741

water … each. [9]

This kanji originally referred to a place name in China, but in Japanwas adopted to refer to Kyoto, where it still survives in the namesof places and traditional establishments.


2303. thou ËR-2798

water … woman. [6]

2304. ³lter ºR-2370

water … deer. [14]

2305. on the verge of ùR-2435

water … repeatedly. [19]

2306. moat ªR-2378

water … overpowering. [17]

This character, used today as an abbreviation for the country ofAustralia, should be learned in connection with ¨ (FRAME 2186).

2307. spray mR-2535

water … discharge. [12]

2308. drowning ñR-2940

water … weak. [13]

Do not confuse with ö (I.707), which is closer to the sense offounder.

2309. port QR-2439

water … play music. [12]


2310. solitude oR-2445

water … grove. [11]

2311. abounding uR-2941

water … revelation. [10]

2312. water’s edge ÚR-2706

water … spike. [5]

2313. large goose £R-2808

water … craft … bird. [17]

2314. souse /R-2536

water … pegasus. [14]

2315. brimming uR-2953

water … bene³t. [13]

2316. cleanse ±R-2433

water … plump. [7]

2317. inundate /R-3017

water … tremendously. [12]


2318. immaculate |R-2674

water … receive. [11]

2319. de³le ¾R-2826

water … precious. [15]

2320. moisten 3R-2547

water … roof. [12]

2321. rough seas ÀR-2805

water … dif³cult. [21]

2322. draw water ½R-2271

water … reach out. [6]

2323. river pool ªR-3126

water … silent. [17]

2324. cumulation IR-2529

water … detain. [13]

2325. abyss ÅR-2952

water … golden calf … sabre. [11]


2326. chaos ±R-2610

water … earthworm. [7]

2327. pan- ‰R-2545

water … mediocre. [6]

The sense of the keyword here is the “all” as in terms like Pan-American. It is also the character used in mathematics for “partial”as in partial differentials.

2328. strainer YR-2863

water … prudence. [18]

2329. drench ßR-2306

water … demand. [17]

2330. eddy ÷R-3155

water … determine. [11]

2331. fabrication ÃR-3061

water … sun … soil. [9]

The keyword here is meant to suggest not merely something made,but something made with an intention to deceive.

62 Z Y EK 5F O M MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2333. hatchet 2R-2814

father … axe. [8]

2334. grandpa ›R-2468

father … ear … city walls. [13]

_O PACK OF WILD DOGS_

2335. sly ÎR-2522

pack of wild dogs … skeleton. [13]

2336. indecent ÍR-2587

pack of wild dogs … be apprehensive. [12]

2337. cunning ÁR-2505

pack of wild dogs … mingle. [9]

2338. racoon dog ûR-2600

pack of wild dogs … computer. [10]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Y KE5 OF M Q 63

_5 FATHER_

2332. cauldron ßR-2813

father … metal. [10]

Note the stroke overlap between father and metal.

2333. hatchet 2R-2814

father … axe. [8]

2334. grandpa ›R-2468

father … ear … city walls. [13]

_O PACK OF WILD DOGS_

2335. sly ÎR-2522

pack of wild dogs … skeleton. [13]

2336. indecent ÍR-2587

pack of wild dogs … be apprehensive. [12]

64 K 5 EOF M Q h MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2337. cunning ÁR-2505

pack of wild dogs … mingle. [9]

2338. racoon dog ûR-2600

pack of wild dogs … computer. [10]

2339. wolf ¼R-2603

pack of wild dogs … halo. [10]

2340. µustered BR-2460

pack of wild dogs … shell³sh. [10]

2341. pup KR-2444

pack of wild dogs … phrase. [8]

2342. fox !R-2510

pack of wild dogs … melon. [8]

2343. a-un ÀR-2244

pack of wild dogs … white. [8]

The a-un are lion-like dogs that often grace the front of temples orpublic buildings in Japan. Their name comes from the ³rst and lastletters of the Sanskrit alphabet (transliterated in Japanese as %A)and symbolize a wholeness as in the English phrase “alpha andomega.”

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS K 5 EO MF Q h 65

2344. aim at �R-2253

pack of wild dogs … shelf. [8]

2345. lion “R-2424

pack of wild dogs … expert. [13]

2346. baboon ¾R-2546

pack of wild dogs … dollar sign. [8]

_M FLOWERS_

2347. tobacco }R-3156

µowers … good. [8]

2348. jasmine ^R-2279

µowers … extremity. [8]

2349. hawthorn |R-2280

µowers … pro³t. [10]

66 5 O EMF Q h a MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2350. strawberry UR-3138

µowers … mother. [8]

Note that the element for mother is written in its full form, not thenormal abbreviated form it usually takes when used as a primitive.To help remember this, think of the original pictographic image ofthe “two breasts of the mother.”

2351. bush clover KR-2308

µowers … autumn. [12]

2352. technique [old] åR-3183

µowers … rice-seedlings … ground … fat man … rising cloud. [18]

The abbreviation in common use is © (I.421).

2353. trim ¾R-3157

µowers … pheasant. [16]

The second element appears in FRAME 2584.

2354. straw raincoat RR-3158

µowers … declining. [13]

2355. numb gR-2533

µowers … committee. [11]

2356. moss

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS 5 O EMF Q h a 67

ÎR-2656

µowers … pedestal. [8]

2357. prodigal mR-2450

µowers … hot water. [15]

2358. cover over vR-2320

µower … shredder. [15]

2359. tendril HR-2348

µowers … mandala. [14]

2360. lotus ¥R-2463

µowers … carry along. [13]

2361. lotus µower 9R-2517

µowers … husband. [7]

Even though there is no essential difference in meaning betweenthis kanji and those in the preceding and following frames, thecharacter ¥ is the most common of the three.

2362. lotus blossom éR-2300

µowers … contain. [13]

2363. orchid 0R-2400


µowers … gates … east. [19]

2364. hollow reed 6R-2871

µowers … door. [7]

2365. yam —R-2735

µowers … signature. [16]

2366. iris ÝR-2267

µowers … prosperous. [11]

2367. banana ßR-2310

µowers … char. [15]

2368. wick TR-2806

µowers … heart. [7]

2369. buckwheat ÷R-2351

µowers … angel. [15]

2370. butterbur MR-2298

µowers … path. [16]

2371. indigo /R-2638

µowers … oversee. [18]


2372. eggplant RR-2687

µowers … add. [8]

2373. bullying QR-2250

µowers … can. [8]

2374. behind the scenes ‰R-2404

µowers … shade. [14]

2375. wormwood ÈR-2283

µower … tryst. [13]

2376. mustard †R-2334

µowers … jammed in. [7]

2377. germinate ÇR-2954

µowers … bright. [11]

2378. grape FR-2680

µowers … bound up … dogtag. [12]

2379. grape vine ‰R-2955

µowers … bound up … tin can. [11]


2380. resurrect MR-2962

µowers … ³sh … wheat. [19]

2381. grow wild £R-2730

µowers … dice. [15]

2382. cocklebur ‰R-2490

µowers … orders. [8]

2383. rush mat (R-2509

µowers … orphan. [11]

2384. darken ƒR-3011

µowers … crown … ceiling … sow. [13]

2385. grassy reed äR-2994

µowers … halberd. [ 8]

2386. plantain *R-2764

µowers … mosaic. [7]

2387. mow èR-3131

µowers … reap. [7]

2388. lid


™R-2984

µowers … gone … dish. [13]

2389. onion ãR-3062

µowers … double knot … heart. [12]

The double knot is from the extra stroke in the second primitive.

2390. revile …R-2982

µowers … net … a march. [14]

2391. hollyhock ,R-3063

µowers … teepee … heaven. [12]

2392. shingling LR-2589

µowers … mouth … ear. [12]

2393. stamen ÞR-2822

µowers … three hearts. [15]

2394. mushroom ìR-2873

µowers … ear. [9]

2395. sowing ÁR-2716


µowers … time. [13]

2396. parsley =R-2855

µowers … axe. [7]

2397. thatching §R-3125

µowers … fortune-telling. [8]

2398. kudzu ÒR-2662

µowers … siesta. [11]

2399. pale blue xR-2296

µowers … godown. [13]

2400. straw ÕR-3122

µowers … tall … tree. [17]

2401. turnip GR-2609

µowers … nothingness. [15]

2402. sweet potato ˜R-2736

µowers … words … puppet. [18]

2403. quack «R-2966

µowers … number. [16]


The keyword here refers to a medic of questionable reputation. Itdoes not however carry the original meaning of the German term:a doctor who used water to cure.

2404. garlic òR-3117

µowers … two altars. [13]

2405. bracken ÖR-3159

µowers … cliff … mountain goat … yawn. [15]

2406. grow plentiful ¦R-2559

µower … lieutenant. [14]

2407. madder red /R-2992

µowers … west. [9]

2408. candle rush =R-2398

µowers … perfect. [10]

2409. collector KR-2829

µowers … ghost. [13]

2410. sedge ”R-2256

µowers … bureaucrat. [11]

2411. ditch reed 5R-2661

74 O M EQF h a � MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

µowers … locket. [12]

_Q ROAD_

2412. Way #R-2778

road … sprout. [8]

The upper case indicates its meaning as a true or moral Way.

2413. track down øR-3114

mountain … road. [6]

2414. crawl GR-3064

words … road. [10]

2415. detour —R-2393

potato … road. [6]

2416. elude ³R-2561

road … shield. [12]

2417. tryst

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS O M EQ hF a � 75

+R-2282

walking legs … bushes … road. [10]

2418. far off íR-2315

condor … road. [12]

2419. remote fR-2263

road … pup tent. [15]

2420. pressing ÚR-2704

wealth … road. [12]

2421. until @R-3160

beg … road. [6]

2422. modest «R-2399

grandchild … road. [13]

2423. standstill qR-2727

table … road. [10]

76 M Q Eh a �F Õ ½ MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_h CITY WALLS_

2424. cultured qR-3008

possess … town walls. [9]

2425. courtesy åR-2908

animal horns … whiskey bottle … St. Bernard … city walls. [15]

_a PINNACLE_

2426. chink ²R-2978

pinnacle … small … sun … small. [12]

2427. nook iR-2586

pinnacle … ³eld … hairpin. [11]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS h a E�F Õ ½ … 77

_� HEART_

2428. possessed 5R-3041

ice … team of horses … heart. [16]

The keyword here means “bewitched” or “enchanted” by a spirit.

2429. attract ûR-2747

young … heart. [12]

2430. without exception ÒR-2566

animal footprints … heart. [11]

2431. instantaneously ½R-2488

knot … heart. [8]

2432. ³rstborn son _R-2824

thing … heart. [12]

2433. in the nick of time °R-2261

butchers … heart. [13]

2434. sensitive ¢R-2427

78 a � EÕF ½ … MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

likeness … heart. [10]

_Õ SUN_

2435. overarching +R-3046

sun … receipt … stamp. [9]

Although this character is not essentially different in connotationfrom l (FRAME 2449), it is used chieµy now in names.

2436. progress HR-2833

The element for sun at the bottom is easy enough. The problem istop element, row, is an exception to the rule (I.1785) that the two“horns” at the top are eliminated only when it appears beneath itsrelative primitive. [10]

2437. equivocal KR-2436

sun … love. [17]

2438. aglow 8R-2647

sun … turn into. [11]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS a � EÕF ½ … z 79

2439. halo =R-2758

sun atop a chariot. [13]

Be careful to keep this character distinct from that in the followingframe, which differs only by the disposition of the elements.

2440. glitter @R-2760

sun alongside a chariot. [13]

2441. dry weather !R-2651

sun … clothesline. [7]

2442. clear skies /R-2291

sun … relax. [10]

2443. morrow 7R-2512

sun … sign of the dragon. [11]

To indicate that this character is now used mainly in names, wehave assigned it the somewhat archaic-sounding keyword morrow.

2444. bleaching WR-3128

sun … west. [10]

2445. obscure *R-2537

sun … not yet. [9]

80 a � EÕF ½ … z MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2446. limpid mR-2477

sun … ray. [10]

2447. air out XR-2338

sun … outburst. [19]

2448. dawn ‘R-2734

sun … signature. [17]

2449. elevate lR-2935

sun … craft … seal. [8]

Although this character is not essentially different in connotationfrom + (FRAME 2435), be sure to keep the writing distinct.

2450. effulgent óR-2804

sun … king. [8]

2451. dusk ËR-2457

family name … sun. [8]

2452. last day of the month {R-2773

sun … every. [10]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS � Õ E½F … z J 81

_½ FLESH %% MOON_

2453. kidney fR-2975

slave … crotch … µesh. [13]

2454. thigh %R-2895

µesh … missile. [8]

2455. pus öR-2331

µesh … agriculture. [17]

2456. viscera ÜR-2255

µesh … borough. [12]

2457. bladder ÒR-2794

µesh … ray. [10]

2458. embryo ÎR-2870

µesh … negative. [9]

2459. anus ÃR-2344

µesh … craft. [7]

82 � Õ E½F … z J MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2460. cowardice (R-2516

µesh … idea. [17]

2461. knee ÓR-2430

µesh … tree … umbrella … rice grains. [15]

Compare the right side of this character with Ô (I.932).

2462. fragile ÅR-2553

µesh … dangerous. [10]

2463. rib ÅR-2981

µesh … power. [6]

2464. elbow ÕR-2980

µesh … glue. [7]

2465. body cavity ‰R-2888

µesh … empty. [12]

2466. gland !R-2336

µesh … spring. [13]

2467. tumor *R-2884

µesh … heavy. [13]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS � Õ E½ …F z J È 83

2468. dining tray 9R-2335

µesh … virtuous. [16]

2469. armrest ˆR-2615

µesh … by one’s side … elbow. [8]

2470. uncivilized &R-2605

old … moon. [9]

This character referred in China to foreigners, especially those tothe north and south of the “civilized” peoples who controlled themeaning of the characters. See FRAME 2881 for the Japanese equiv-alent.

_… TREE_

2471. maple tree JR-2526

tree … wind. [13]

2472. pillow 3R-3021

tree … crown tied around leg of person. [8]

Compare ¢ (I.1688).

84 Õ ½ E…F z J È MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2473. purple willow ßR-2733

tree … piggy bank. [13]

2474. Oriental elm aR-2745

tree … capitol. [12]

2475. hazel JR-2484

tree … bonsai … wheat. [14]

2476. comb ^R-2942

tree … node. [17]

2477. wooden hammer ªR-2386

tree … chase. [13]

2478. mallet ÊR-2309

tree … char. [16]

2479. ladder ÙR-2641

tree … younger brother. [11]

2480. chair _R-2542

tree … strange. [12]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Õ ½ E…F z J È 85

2481. persimmon ¥R-2538

tree … market. [9]

2482. citrus tree $R-2556

tree … sweet. [9]

2483. girder ³R-3161

tree … going. [10]

2484. picket oR-2273

tree … whirlwind. [8]

2485. holly ÍR-2875

tree … winter. [9]

2486. citron ÁR-2779

tree … sprout. [9]

2487. wooden bowl ×R-2633

tree … address. [12]

2488. hemlock ²R-3109

tree … mother. [9]

2489. spindle tree


5R-3107

tree … correct. [9]

2490. sacred Shinto tree /R-3106

tree … gods. [13]

2491. evergreen oak ÆR-3098

tree … strict. [16]

2492. Chinese black pine 0R-2692

tree … true. [14]

2493. Japanese oak ÃR-2818

tree … animal horns … whisky bottle. [13]

2494. mandarin orange ¤R-2960

tree … halbard … hood … human legs … mouth. [16]

2495. Japanese cypress ÛR-2333

tree … meeting. [10]

See also FRAME 2964 for old form.

2496. roost −R-2391


tree … wife. [12]

2497. nestle °R-2800

tree … west. [10]

2498. spiny qR-2447

tree … grow late. [11]

This character refers originally to a deciduous, rough tree thatgrows on mountain plains. From this it gets the secondary sense ofrugged or spiny.

2499. bellµower £R-2519

tree … lodded crock. [10]

2500. temple grove 8R-3009

tree … soil. [7]

2501. grain rake !R-2765

tree … mosaic. [8]

2502. oar ÈR-3120

tree … tail. [11]

2503. wooden pestle §R-2921

tree … horse. [8]


2504. cane üR-2408

tree … length. [7]

2505. sweet oak ©R-2784

tree … turkey. [12]

2506. barrel þR-2539

tree … revered. [16]

2507. palisade =R-2920

tree … tome. [9]

2508. turret ªR-2846

tree … ³sh … sun. [19]

2509. sturdy oak ÇR-3093

tree … 2 ³elds … µoors & ceilings. [17]

The type of oak tree this character refers to is clasically reputed tobe good for making boats, carts, and the like. See FRAME 2240 for asimilar right-side combination.

2510. wooden ladle òR-2815

tree … ladle. [7]

2511. damson


5R-3087

tree … child. [7]

2512. raw cotton pR-2396

tree … white … towel. [12]

2513. escutcheon zR-2560

tree … shield. [13]

2514. hackberry ÐR-3130

tree … summer. [14]

2515. birch ÙR-2372

tree … splendor. [14]

2516. lance iR-2295

tree … godown. [14]

2517. wild mulberry ¸R-3028

tree … rock. [9]

2518. bale ÎR-2419

90 Õ ½ E…F z È ÷ MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

tree … quandary. [11]

2519. loquat ÇR-2631

tree … compare. [8]

2520. downspout ÂR-3096

tree … traf³c. [14]

2521. sled ,R-3065

tree … three furs. [16]

2522. enjoyment æR-2636

carrier … tree. [14]

2523. bookmark †R-2653

two clotheslines … tree. [10]

2524. coconut tree ÔR-2469

tree … ear … city walls. [12]

2525. sandalwood AR-2425

tree … top hat … rotation … night break. [17]

Compare the right side to ; (I.587).

2526. plotosid mR-3006

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Õ ½ E…F z È ÷ 91

tree … rain … ceiling … snare. [15]

The plotosid tree is a symbol for a totally useless tree because of itsrough bark, spines, and foul-smelling leaves.

2527. zelkova ´R-2377

tree … standard. [15]

2528. cryptomeria “R-3110

tree … prosperous. [12]

2529. copious öR-2831

tree … cedar. [11]

2530. bucket )R-2872

tree … chopseal … utilize. [11]

2531. ellipse »R-2458

tree … pinnacle … left … µesh. [13]

We have met the element to the right here before, as in · (I.629).The standard form for this character is actually /, but the abbrevi-ation has passed into general use.

2532. star-anise !R-2343

tree … secrecy. [15]

The star-anise, as you will guess from the primitive on the left, is akind of tree—to be precise, a kind of Chinese evergreen that

92 ½ E… z JF È ÷ MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

belongs to the magnolia family. It is known for its aromatic oil.

_z FUR_

2533. furball yR-2319

fur … request. [11]

_J l FIRE %% OVEN-FIRE_

2534. twinkle ™R-2729

³re … feathers … turkey. [18]

2535. watch³re ’R-2264

³re … pup tent. [16]

2536. torch jR-2562

³re … gigantic. [9]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS … z EJF È ÷ 93

2537. kindle eR-2898

grove … ³re. [12]

2538. moxa ¿R-2385

mummy … ³re. [7]

2539. candlelight 2R-2939

³re … net … bound up … insect. [17]

Compare the right complex of elements with ê (I.835).

2540. fanning ÷R-2402

³re … fan. [14]

2541. soot AR-2643

³re … so-and-so. [13]

2542. ³ring ¡R-2709

³re … east. [12]

Firing here, as in the process for making bricks or re³ning metals.

2543. dazzling aR-2856

³re … wand … evening … crotch … rice. [17]

2544. refulgent óR-2816

³re … ladle. [7]

94 … z EJF È ÷ , MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2545. branding qR-2742

³re … each. [10]

2546. µames ÞR-2828

³re … bound up … olden days. [11]

Compare right elements in G(I.1315).

2547. fuse metal ãR-2299

³re … contain. [14]

This is the character for melt â (I.791), with the water replaced by³re.

2548. roast öR-2616

in front … oven-³re. [13]

2549. stew ÂR-2993

tall … complete … oven-³re. [11]

_È COW_

2550. tug

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS z J EÈ ÷F , œ ‡ 95

ÐR-2909

mysterious … crown … cow. [11]

Write the crown after the ³rst stroke of that for mysterious.

2551. female animal mR-2947

cow … spoon. [6]

2552. male animal *R-2948

cow … soil. [7]

_÷ JEWEL_

2553. precious stone óR-2316

jewel … condor. [13]

2554. chime qR-2446

jewel … grove. [12]

2555. marine blue wR-2530

jewel … detain. [14]

96 J È E÷F , œ ‡ MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2556. speckled †R-2397

jewel … plaid … jewel. [12]

2557. lapis lazuli JR-2342

jewel … infant … µood. [11]

2558. tinker with ´R-2951

jewel … two hands. [7]

2559. burnish ÝR-2365

jewel … distinction. [14]

2560. hone çR-2906

jewel … sow. [11]

2561. coral bR-2905

jewel … tome. [9]

2562. coral reef @R-2606

jewel … old … moon. [13]

2563. fortunate …R-3066

jewel … mountain … comb. [13]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS J È E÷F , œ ‡ 97

2564. silicon ƒR-2751

jewel … ivy. [10]

2565. jet LR-2384

jewel … mummy. [7]

The keyword jet refers to the dark black lignite whose susceptibilityto high polish makes it popular in ornamentation (and which alsogives us the phrase “jet-black”).

2566. crystal stone ÀR-2434

jewel … England. [12]

2567. toy OR-2301

jewel …beginning. [8]

2568. tinkling ‡R-2494

jewel … orders. [9]

_, FIELD_

2569. apprehensive

98 È ÷ E, œF ‡ ¢ Í MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

aR-2588

³eld … hairpin. [9]

2570. lastly ØR-3067

³eld … siliage … ten. [10]

The writing of this character looks more dif³cult than it is:

v w x y z Ø

2571. paddy-³eld ridge –R-2749

³eld … ivy. [11]

_œ SICKNESS_

2572. itch _R-2757

sickness … sheep. [11]

2573. phlegm

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS ÷ , EœF ‡ ¢ Í 99

gR-2781

sickness … inµammation. [13]

2574. measles NR-2774

sickness … umbrella … shape. [10]

2575. hemorrhoids »R-2715

sickness … temple. [11]

2576. cancer PR-2949

sickness … goods … mountain. [17]

2577. lose weight nR-2382

sickness … monkey … crotch. [12]

2578. scar ÐR-2705

sickness … silver. [11]

2579. paralysis hR-2620

sickness … lowly. [13]

100 , œ E‡ ¢F Í ½ Ë MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_‡ EYE_

2580. apple of the eye ¹R-2890

eye … moo. [11]

2581. dizzy ±R-2294

eye … mysterious. [10]

2582. obvious aR-2262

eye … pup tent. [17]

2583. eyebrow ÊR-2913

The µag here has an extra vertical stroke in it. Think of it as an eyebrow pencil stuck in the eye. [9]

_¢ ARROW_

2584. pheasant

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS œ ‡ E¢ ÍF ½ Ë 101

CR-2782

arrow … turkey. [13]

2585. carpenter’s square MR-2563

arrow … gigantic. [10]

_Í ROCK_

2586. crag ¢R-2637

carrier … rock. [15]

2587. grapnel ÛR-2668

rock … determined. [13]

Compare this stone anchor with the metal anchor ð in FRAME

2765.

2588. blue-green ‚R-2821

jewel … white … rock. [14]

2589. inkstone

102 ‡ ¢ EÍF ½ Ë MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

ÔR-2807

rock … to see. [12]

2590. grindstone BR-2564

rock … calling card. [10]

2591. teacup ÙR-2634

rock … address. [13]

When a teacup is made out of wood, it is written × (see FRAME

2487).

2592. obstacle ˜R-2945

rock … nightbreak … glue. [13]

Compare the right side with “ (I.876).

2593. illustrious ÖR-3014

rock … head. [14]

2594. rocky beach rR-2303

rock … how much. [17]

2595. whetstone CR-2369

rock … cliff … ten thousand. [10]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS ¢ Í E½F Ë ¹ C 103

2596. mill ŸR-3162

rock … turkey. [13]

_½ Ò ALTAR_

2597. fend off ÕR-2401

honorable … altar. [17]

2598. beseech eR-3054

altar … longevity. [11]

2599. ancestral tablet ÇR-2649

altar … right. [9]

2600. local god •R-2567

altar … family name. [8]

2601. ancestral shrine áR-2894

altar … lying down … small. [9]

104 ¢ Í E½ ËF ¹ C MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2602. salarium ÄR-2340

altar … broom … rice grains. [12]

In the same way that Roman soliders were paid in salt (hence theword salarium) ranking functionaries in Japan’s feudal system col-lected their “salary” in rice.

2603. felicitation ÜR-2325

altar … upright. [13]

This kanji refers to a sign or token of congratulations.

_Ë WHEAT_

2604. balancing scales IR-3094

wheat … lily pad. [10]

2605. millet ¨R-3086

wheat … umbrella … grains of rice. [12]

2606. bald ˜R-2965

wheat … human legs. [7]

2607. bear fruit

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Í ½ EË ¹F C Ë 105

SR-2575

wheat … wish. [13]

2608. crabgrass ÎR-2623

wheat … lowly. [13]

2609. bumper crop $R-2258

wheat … grass skirt. [18]

2610. imperial authority bR-2352

wheat … rice seedling … walking legs. [13]

2611. sparse vR-2456

wheat … hope. [12]

2612. obeisant óR-3004

wheat … spring … shape. [16]

106 ½ Ë E¹ CF − U MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_¹ HOLE_

2613. peep ›R-2376

hole … protocol. [16]

2614. tight ?R-2520

hole … saw. [10]

2615. cavern cR-2281

hole … yield. [13]

2616. drill ùR-2944

hole … tusk. [9]

2617. kitchen stove ÝR-3068

hole … soil … (bucket of) eels. [17]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Ë ¹ EC −F U y 107

_C VASE_

2618. longness ÷R-3163

slave … crotch … vase. [14]

2619. rustling šR-2527

vase … wind. [14]

Note that the full character for wind is used here instead of thenormal primitive abbreviation. The sense of the keyword is the“sound of the wind.”

2620. outpost dR-3037

vase … fortune-telling. [10]

2621. repose ©R-2247

vase … blue. [13]

2622. concubine ²R-2904

vase … woman. [8]

108 ¹ C E− UF y – MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_− CLOAK_

2623. lapel @R-2860

cloak … now. [9]

2624. hem —R-2389

cloak … reside. [13]

2625. lined kimono GR-3091

cloak … ³t. [11]

2626. pleated skirt $R-2367

cloak … St. Bernard … ceiling … snare. [11]

This kanji describes the formal divided skirt or hakama that youmight see university students wearing at graduation. For the rightside, compare * (I.1244).

2627. sliding door ùR-2413

cloak … core. [17]

This actually is the kanji for fusuma, an opaque sliding paper doorfound in Japanese houses.

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS C − EUF y – J 109

_U ¤ BAMBOO_

2628. Chinese panpipe rR-2700

bamboo … cell. [11]

2629. raft tR-2329

bamboo … to fell. [12]

2630. bamboo blinds ¢R-2642

bamboo … bargain. [19]

2631. rattan box 3R-2797

bamboo … simple. [15]

2632. pole 4R-2652

bamboo … clothesline. [9]

2633. spatula †R-2570

bamboo … hood … umbrella … compare. [14]

2634. foil SR-2245

bamboo … overnight. [14]

110 C − EUF y – J MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2635. wardrobe kR-2254

bamboo … director. [11]

The term here refers to what contains one’s robes, not the robesthemselves.

2636. arrow shaft úR-2617

bamboo … in front. [15]

2637. ancient harp VR-2410

bamboo … craft … mediocre. [12]

This harp, an ancient relative of the present Japanese koto, had 5,13, or 21 strings.

2638. cage ½R-2868

bamboo … dragon. [16]

2639. slender bamboo ÙR-3164

bamboo … person … walking stick … taskmaster … tree. [17]

2640. chopsticks cR-3092

bamboo … puppet. [14]

2641. redaction eR-2420

bamboo … eyeball … St. Bernard … thread. [20]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS C − EU yF – J 111

2642. bamboo cane ÈR-2847

bamboo … two. [8]

2643. winnowing fan MR-2663

bamboo … bushel basket. [14]

2644. backpack ÃR-2272

bamboo … reach out. [9]

2645. livraison ŠR-2270

bamboo … door … scrapbooks. [15]

The French word captures better than any English word can therange of uses this character has in designating chapter, volume,part, or fascile of a classical text.

2646. should eR-2711

bamboo … tongue. [12]

The sense of the keyword here is not one of moral obligation (aswe saw in ], FRAME 2105) but rather of something that is “expect-ed” of one.

2647. winnow ÃR-2722

bamboo … bushel basket … pelt. [19]

112 − U Ey –F J g MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_y RICE_

2648. settlings TR-2246

rice … white. [11]

The keyword here refers to the sediment left in making rice saké.Its meaning is substantially the same as the character in the follow-ing frame.

2649. lees qR-2260

rice … cadet. [17]

2650. paste #R-2604

rice … old … moon. [15]

2651. unhulled rice ‘R-3100

rice … blade. [9]

2652. rice bran |R-2437

rice … ease. [17]

2653. excrement hR-2986

rice … uncommon. [17]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS U y E–F J g 113

2654. foxtail millet FR-2903

Old West … rice. [12]

_– THREAD_

2655. link up ›R-2874

car … missile … thread. [17]

2656. twine /R-2521

thread … meeting … scrapbooks. [14]

The keyword here is mean to indicate woven cord.

2657. carpet yarn óR-2851

thread … ten … ³esta. [12]

2658. ties îR-2259

thread …half. [11]

The sense of the keyword is as in the phrase “family ties.”

114 U y E–F J g MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2659. scarlet ¹R-2718

thread … un-. [14]

2660. synthesis sR-2825

thread … religion. [14]

2661. string ÞR-2455

thread … sign of the cow. [10]

2662. chinstrap ‚R-2614

thread … by his side … elbow. [10]

2663. summarize !R-3010

thread … cave … computer … animal legs … earth . [21]

2664. gorgeous BR-2581

thread … decameron. [12]

2665. embroidery GR-2917

thread … solemn. [17]

2666. pongee ÂR-2777

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS U y E– JF g ¿ 115

thread … sprout. [11]

2667. ornate þR-2541

thread … strange. [14]

2668. damask CR-2355

thread … rice seedlings … walking legs. [14]

2669. catgut ëR-2292

thread … mysterious. [11]

The sense of the keyword is that of “strings” used for stringedinstruments, which are not necessarly the intestines of cats.

2670. come apart at the seams 4R-2669

thread … determine. [14]

2671. stripe ßR-3123

thread … tall. [16]

2672. gimp 6R-2326

thread … accept. [14]

The keyword here refers to wound yarn with a hard core.

2673. gossamer èR-2853

thread … few. [10]

116 y – EJ ¿F ” h MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_J BOAT_

2674. rudder ºR-2592

boat … house … spoon. [11]

2675. gunwale ìR-2293

boat … mysterious. [11]

_¿ EAR_

2676. strung together ¤R-2823

ear … two cocoons … cactus. [17]

The last primitive, cactus, does not appear elsewhere in this book,but is useful to learn, especially for writing old forms. It is picto-graphic.

2677. attentive tR-2339

ear … public … heart. [14]

2678. summons

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS – J E¿ gF ” h 117

³R-3069

ear … sprout … snare. [10]

2679. addiction 5R-2916

ear … crown … human legs. [10]

2680. exclamation œR-2467

ear … city walls. [8]

The keyword here was used classically for general exclamation.

_g INSECT_

2681. µea ùR-2381

crotch … two drops … insect. [10]

2682. crab ‡R-2416

unravel … insect. [19]

2683. protein 7R-2950

zoo … insect. [11]

118 J ¿ EgF ” h B MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2684. hibernation bR-3030

tenacious … insect. [17]

2685. houseµy HR-3118

insect … eels. [15]

2686. ant —R-2257

insect … righteousness. [19]

2687. bee ÉR-2284

insect … walking legs … bushes. [13]

2688. wax ÀR-2943

insect … owl … wind … corncob. [14]

Compare the right side to _ (I.1940).

2689. shrimp VR-2374

insect … staples …mouth … box …crotch. [15]

Compare the right side with E (I.1882).

2690. octopus îR-3165

insect … candle. [13]

2691. screw ùR-2919

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS J ¿ Eg ”F h B 119

insect … accumulate. [17]

2692. cicada ãR-2810

insect … simple. [15]

2693. frog £R-2752

insect … ivy. [12]

2694. moth fR-2288

insect … ego. [13]

2695. clam yR-3121

insect … ³t. [12]

2696. leech óR-3166

insect … climax. [12]

2697. oyster ¦R-2368

insect … cliff … ten thousand. [11]

120 g ” Eh BF í ë MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_” NET_

2698. ruled lines œR-2956

net … ivy … wand. [14]

2699. insult )R-2845

net … horse. [15]

_h CLOTHES_

2700. stole wR-2691

add … clothes. [11]

This keyword is used for the stole of a Buddhist monk, generally incombination with the character in the following frame.

2701. monk’s sash áR-2453

water … few … clothes. [13]

See note in previous frame.

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS ” h EB íF ë ³ 121

_B THANKSGIVING_

2702. accept humbly ÈR-2697

Thanksgiving … uncommon. [17]

2703. incision WR-2696

Thanksgiving … turkey. [14]

2704. I wonder éR-2695

plantation … mouth. [9]

The sense of the keyword is as in sentences such as “I wonderwhen it will arrive.” The character, however, is used now only inpoetry and names.

_í WORDS_

2705. counsel íR-2579

words … decameron. [13]

122 h B EíF ë ³ MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2706. polite øR-3070

words … receive. [15]

2707. vendetta NR-2979

two turkeys … words. [23]

2708. remonstrate @R-2710

words … east. [15]

2709. riddle ¿R-3095

words … astray. [16]

2710. verify eR-2746

words … capital. [15]

2711. compliment gR-2421

words … approval. [22]

2712. who? !R-2786

words … turkey. [15]

2713. query gR-2438

words … ten … ³shhook. [10]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS h B EíF ë ³ 123

2714. split up ¼R-2531

words … guillotine. [11]

2715. visit a shrine ¤R-2543

words … delicious. [13]

2716. give up áR-2311

words … sovereign. [16]

2717. elucidate &R-2576

words … complete. [13]

2718. prevarication ²R-2594

words … house … spoon. [12]

2719. familiarity ˜R-2418

words … best regards. [15]

2720. fallible àR-2776

words … feathers … umbrella … shape. [18]

2721. beg pardon ÔR-3167

words … home. [13]

124 h B Eí ëF ³ Š MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2722. advise lR-3071

words … take. [15]

2723. proverb îR-3023

words … lad. [16]

2724. slander ½R-2719

words … un-. [15]

2725. so-called iR-2414

words … stomach. [17]

2726. secret agent ”R-2508

words … generations … tree. [17]

2727. footnote iR-2761

words … candlestick. [12]

2728. parable HR-2625

ketchup … words. [20]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS B í Eë ³F Š N 125

_ë CAR_

2729. rumble ¬R-2972

three cars. [21]

2730. reinforce £R-2681

car … dogtag. [14]

2731. spoke èR-2703

car … wealth. [16]

The keyword refers to the spoke of a wheel.

2732. assemble PR-2590

car … mouth … ear. [16]

_³ BADGER_

2733. countenance åR-3002

badger … white … human legs. [14]

126 ë ³ EŠF N© h MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2734. panther êR-2859

badger … ladle. [10]

_Š SHELL_

2735. despicable (R-2660

shell … ³esta. [13]

2736. af³x $R-2877

shell … fortuneteller. [12]

2737. get ’R-3124

generation … shell. [12]

2738. graft ¬R-2743

shells … each. [13]

2739. bustling ÑR-2511

shells … sign of the dragon. [14]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS ³ Š ENF © h $ 127

_N WOODEN LEG_

2740. stumble ÈR-3034

wooden leg … substance. [22]

2741. hoof âR-2312

wooden leg … sovereign. [16]

2742. kick OR-2362

wooden leg … concerning. [19]

2743. vestiges ÕR-2548

wooden leg … blame. [18]

2744. straddle +R-2366

wooden leg … St. Bernard … ceiling … snare. [13]

2745. kneel ŸR-2552

wooden leg … danger [13]

128 Š N E©F h $ – MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_© WHISKY_

2746. soy sauce èR-2324

leader … whisky bottle. [17]

2747. whey ÚR-2840

whisky bottle … just so. [16]

2748. hooch jR-2901

whisky bottle … glue. [10]

This kanji is used for thick saké, made from various kinds of grains.

2749. ghee ER-2607

whisky bottle … old … moon. [16]

2750. awakening ÀR-2698

whisky bottle … star. [16]

2751. strong saké ‡R-2675

whisky bottle … receive. [15]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS N © Eh $F – ! 129

_h BARLEY_

2752. noodles tR-2395

barley … mask. [16]

2753. malt −R-2361

barley … bound up … rice. [15]

_$ METAL_

2754. button ôR-2812

metal … mouth. [11]

2755. keg —R-2645

metal … portent. [14]

2756. plow £R-2428

metal … help. [15]

This is the plow whose blades were used to grill meat and which

130 © h E$F – ! Ê MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS © h E$F – ! Ê 131

gives us the word sukiyaki.

2757. pot ÂR-3168

metal … jawbone. [17]

2758. arrowhead ðR-2252

metal … antique. [19]

2759. handsaw ÓR-2388

metal … reside. [16]

2760. awl ‚R-2785

metal … turkey. [16]

2761. key ÝR-2327

metal … build. [17]

2762. hoe nR-2307

metal … autumn. [17]

2763. rivet ñR-3102

metal … soldier. [15]

2764. tin ÷R-2957

metal … piggy bank. [16]

2765. anchor ðR-2275

metal … seedlings. [16]

2766. nail æR-2707

metal … spike. [10]

2767. javelin ¬R-3169

metal … dispatch. [21]

2768. sword’s point ÎR-2285

metal … walking legs … bushes. [15]

2769. hammer ¬R-2387

metal … chase after. [17]

Compare the wooden hammer ª in FRAME 2477.

2770. carillion éR-2644

metal … correct. [13]

This character indicates a western bell, which is struck from theinside by a gong, unlike the oriental bell ë, which is struck fromthe outside.

2771. rust TR-2248

132 © h E$ –F ! Ê MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

metal … blue. [16]

Since Chinese and Japanese distinguishes blue and green differentlyfrom European languages, it is not surprising that the verdigris thatoccurs on copper is here indicated by the element for blue.

2772. cluster êR-2883

metal … heavy. [17]

2773. scissors šR-3170

metal … St. Bernard dog … assembly line. [15]

This is the character on which the element for scissors ¿ was based.

_– GATES_

2774. µash 0R-2985

gates … person. [10]

2775. agony ”R-2977

gates … heart. [12]

2776. side gate ›R-2666

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS h $ E– ! ÊF ¾ 133

gates … ³t. [14]

2777. pitch dark MR-2714

gates … sound. [17]

_! WEATHER_

2778. trickle ËR-3171

weather … below. [11]

2779. haze ]R-2375

weather … hobby. [17]

_Ê MIST_

2780. quill 9R-2834

134 – ! EÊ ¾F z Ç MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

mist … umbrella … feathers. [16]

2781. auspices :R-2803

mist … umbrella … Big Dipper. [14]

_¾ LEATHER_

2782. saddle NR-2290

leather … relax. [15]

2783. whip —R-2448

leather … convenience. [18]

2784. saddle straps íR-2626

leather … candle. [16]

2785. briefcase ÚR-3097

leather … wrap. [14]

2786. pliable jR-2489

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS ! Ê E¾ zF Ç+ 135

leather … blade. [12]

2787. terminate œR-2360

leather … bound up … rice. [17]

_z HEAD_

2788. immediate ´R-2611

earthworm … head. [13]

2789. overturn &R-2693

true … head. [19]

2790. brush tip ÂR-2999

spoon … wheat … head. [16]

2791. about that time ÃR-2422

spoon … head. [11]

2792. cheek êR-2266

136 Ê ¾ Ez ÇF + Ö MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

scissors … head. [15]

2793. exceedingly •R-2721

pelt … head. [14]

2794. accolade †R-2819

public … head. [13]

2795. chin ÃR-2475

2 mouths … ceiling … snare … head. [18]

2796. neck and throat §R-2523

spool … head. [14]

The key word here is meant to specify the anatomical neck, to dis-tinguish it from the broader uses of the character / (I.70).

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS ¾ z EÇF + Ö š 137

_7 Ç FOOD_

2797. feed ´R-2811

food … ear. [14]

The sense of the key word here is that of bait or feed for animals.

2798. repast jR-3012

wand … evening … crotch … food. [16]

2799. feast ûR-2332

hometown … food. [20]

The feast intended here is a banquet of food.

2800. eclipse 8R-2838

eat … insect. [14]

2801. sweets AR-3090

food … pedestal. [13]

2802. mochi ŠR-2514

food … puzzle. [14]

Mochi is the glutinous rice the Japanese pound into cakes.

138 z ÇE+F Ö š MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

_+ TEAM OF HORSES_

2803. stretcher jR-2690

add … team of horses. [15]

2804. piebald ¾R-2998

horse … simple. [19]

2805. rush RR-2772

team of horses … scorpion. [13]

2806. cheat ÔR-2269

team of horses … door … scrapbook. [19]

2807. tame ÄR-2809

team of horses … stream. [13]

2808. rebuttal ^R-2886

team of horses … two sheaves. [14]

2809. gallop QR-3072

team of horses … hill. [15]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS z ÇE+ ÖF š Ä 139

2810. donkey áR-3073

tesm of horses … tiger … ³eld … dish. [26]

_Ö FISH_

2811. eel §R-2346

³sh … mandala. [22]

2812. sea bream ÕR-2767

³sh … circumference. [19]

2813. sardine zR-3099

³sh … weak. [21]

2814. trout 6R-2540

³sh … revered. [23]

2815. salmon .R-2750

³sh … ivy. [17]

140 z Ç+ EÖF š Ä MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2816. tuna 4R-3133

³sh … possession. [17]

2817. sweet smelt 6R-2880

³sh … fortunetelling. [16]

2818. horse mackerel 7R-3115

³sh … nonplussed. [19]

2819. cod üR-3132

³sh … snow. [22]

2820. mackerel RR-3182

³sh … blue. [19]

2821. shark UR-3129

³sh … mingle. [17]

2822. bonito ÖR-3127

³sh … strict. [23]

2823. bullhead ÉR-3172

³sh … autumn. [20]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS z Ç+ EÖ šF Ä 141

2824. alligator ÓR-2476

³sh … 2 mouths … ceiling … snare. [20]

2825. crucian ^R-3134

³sh … adhere to. [16]

2826. sushi AR-3173

³sh … delicious [17]

2827. ³sh ³n ôR-3075

³sh … old man … sun. [21]

_š BIRD_

2828. seagull ûR-2713

ward … bird. [15]

2829. roc ÑR-2277

companion … bird. [19]

142 z Ç+ Ö EšF Ä MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

2830. parakeet ¬R-3076

suckling babe … bird. [19]

This character is generally used in combination with that in the fol-lowing frame. See FRAME 2193 for the element to the left.

2831. parrot `R-2817

warrior … bird. [19]

2832. cormorant šR-3174

younger brother … bird. [18]

2833. heron 5R-2297

path … bird. [24]

2834. eagle ÐR-2363

concerning … bird. [23]

2835. wild duck âR-3077

push … bird. [16]

2836. kite falcon ¦R-3074

arrow … bird. [14]

2837. owl —R-3044

bird … tree. [11]

MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS z Ç+ Ö š EÄF 143

CHAPTER 3

Miscellaneous Kanji

The characters introduced in this chapter (107 in all) are notarranged in any particular order, except where one serves as anelement for the next.

2841. Hades dR-2470

crown … sun … six. [10]

The reference here is to the underworld, the world of the dead. Byway of the classic Greek association, it is also used for the planetPluto.

2842. close the eyes ÅR-2471

eye … Hades. [15]

2843. murky CR-2472

sun … Hades. [14]

2844. sitting in mediation âR-2356

assembly line … soil. [7]

2845. sprain äR-2357

³ngers … sitting in meditation. [10]

2846. ³rst day of the month ;R-2572

mountain goat … moon. [10]

2847. go upstream PR-2573

³rst day of the month … road. [13]

2848. drag »R-2479

sun … under one’s arm. [6]

Take particular care not to confuse this keyword with the familiarprimitive element for drag 4.

2849. dribble out ¿R-2480

water … drag. [9]

2850. comet ‡R-2891

two bushes … broom. [11]

2851. astute ŠR-2893

comet … heart. [15]

Note that the second stroke on the element for broom does notpass through as it does in the character for comet. A similar changetakes place in the character ¹. It would be nice if it were possibleto make a rule for this kind of transformation, but the evolution ofthe kanji has not been consistent on this point.

MISCELLANEOUS KANJI 145

2852. applaud ?R-2686

drum … add. [14]

2853. evil ÝR-2449

villain … human legs. [6]

2854. helmet ÜR-3078

white bird between two open boxes … human legs. [11]

2855. bracing ZR-2857

St. Bernard with two pair of sheaves on each side. [11]

The sense of the keyword is of something refreshing and invigorat-ing.

2856. depressed ¥R-2936

two sheaves in a woods … net … silver … glue. [22]

The keyword here refers to the psychological state of depression.

2857. kalpa ¥R-2865

gone … muscles. [7]

A kalpa is a mythical measure of time (something over 4 billionyears) used in ancient India and today mainly in classic Buddhisttexts.

146 MISCELLANEOUS KANJI

2858. erection õR-3079

needle … crown … child … muscles. [9]

2859. bemoan +R-2796

strawman … yawn. [15]

2860. palanquin ÔR-3027

Think of this character as entertainment with a car since the onlydifferent between it and the character for entertainment is thesubstitution of the element for car in place of same. [17]

2861. southeast öR-2359

two snakes … strung together. [12]

One of the directions in classical Chinese geomancy, this characteris used in Japanese today chieµy in names.

2862. warped ËR-2897

negation … correct. [9]

2863. jade green zR-3050

feathers … graduate. [14]

2864. blue-black ÔR-2278

substitute … black. [16]


2865. tripod çR-2963

This character is not hard to remember if you think of it as back-to-back characters for one-sided with a sun in the middle (andnecessitating a shorter vertical stroke for one-sided). [12]

2866. rocksalt ±R-2991

wand … pent up … sheave … four dots. [11]

2867. lye áR-2251

rocksalt … awl. [19]

2868. reserved õR-3139

tiger … plaid. [10]

2869. swallow àR-2983

twenty … two people back to back … mouth … oven-³re. [16]

2870. lick °R-2780

outhouse … delicious. [14]

2871. almost ÷R-2655

bones … pedestal. [9]

2872. start yR-2392

child … dish. [8]


2873. mahjong tiles 5R-2622

one-sided … lowly. [12]

2874. remains ŸR-2769

skeleton … acorn. [16]

2875. peek øR-3175

director … see. [12]

2876. mottled âR-3080

tiger … form. [11]

2877. Manchu dynasty QR-2483

bonsai … wheat. [10]

2878. sparrow –R-2858

few … turkey. [11]

The last stroke of few doubles up with the ³rst stroke of turkey.

2879. peregrine falcon zR-2426

turkey … needle. [10]

2880. shimmering çR-2728

ray of light … feathers … turkey. [20]


2881. ebisu VR-2990

great … bow. [6]

Ebisu is a Japanization of the Ainu word enchu which means “per-son.” In former times, it was used to mean any of the “uncivilized”people living north of the area of present-day Tokyo.

2882. relatives ÉR-2961

uncle … parade. [11]

2883. cyst ðR-2881

needle … middle … crown … eight … celery … scarf. [19]

Not how the elements for needle and middle share a common, ver-tical stroke in this particularly complex character.

2884. domburi )R-3081

well … drop. [5]

2885. carefree …R-2732

monkey … piggy bank. [14]

2886. circling qR-2791

stretch … -times. [9]

2887. capital suburbs sR-2304

two cocoons … ³eld … ³esta. [15]


2888. elation 5R-2854

ax … yawn. [8]

2889. stalwart pR-2899

vase … sow … missile. [15]

2890. this ˆR-3016

bushel basket … axe. [12]

This character is not substantially different from the character weidenti³ed as this here Â (FRAME 2043).

2891. wooden spoon FR-2849

just so … spoon. [11]

The character for spoon already learned 0 (I.444) is actually anabbreviation of this fuller character. The meanings are essentiallythe same.

2892. set straight âR-3003

box … king. [6]

2893. founding dR-3005

door … taskmaster … brush. [14]

You will recognize the combination at the top here from the char-acter } (I.1085).


2894. Utamaro CR-3116

hemp … spine. [18]

This kanji was used during the Heian period to refer to oneself. Itis a home-grown Japanese character whose reading ‰œ comesfrom combining the Chinese readings of its two elements. It isused today only for names, the most famous of which is the nameof the celebrated painter of ukiyo-e paintings, Utamaro HC.

2895. conglomerate UR-2882

upside down in a row … soil … take. [18]

This character is often used for collections of books or essays; theonly reason for the choice of the keyword is that the number ofsynonyms for “collection” has been fairly exhausted already!

2896. entreat 0R-3013

sheaf … possess. [8]

2897. symmetrically patterned ±R-2717

un- … plaid. [12]

2898. magistrate ãR-2887

silver in the middle of … the sign of the hare. [12]

2899. ³ddle with SR-2302

learn … beginning. [15]


2900. within êR-2837

compass … umbrella … two drops. [8]

2901. hackneyed QR-2911

St. Bernard … hair. [10]

2902. rebellion ƒR-2658

half … … anti-. [9]

2903. sharp point êR-2827

a small tip on something… large. [6]

2904. crock ÀR-2937

samurai … crown … Asia. [11]

Note how the second stroke in crown doubles up with the ³rststroke of Asia.

2905. sapience µR-2932

wand … crown … ceiling … valley with eye (instead of mouth) …crotch. [16]

In order to remember the change in the element for valley, think ofthe clear-seeing eye that distinguishes homo sapiens.

2906. chieftain RR-2938

horns … whisky bottle. [9]


2907. nightingale úR-3000

schoolhouse … bird. [16]

2908. incandescent ¹R-2412

two reds. [14]

2909. supinate dR-2974

slave … person. [9]

The somewhat archaic-sounding keyword here indicates someonestreched out or lying µat.

2910. nephew ìR-2699

cell … male. [12]

2911. gourd æR-2274

ballot … melon. [16]

2912. biwa ÉR-2632

two jewels … this here. [12]

This character is usually found with the next one, to give the biwa,a Japanese lute.

2913. lute %R-2763

two jewels … mosaic. [12]


2914. forked ÖR-2971

crotch … drop. [3]

This character, incidentally, is used in the word for “tuning fork.”

2915. rose of Sharon uR-2440

birdhouse … sunglasses. [12]

2916. dry ³eld jR-3176

dove … ³eld. [10]

2917. ³st ÌR-3082

quarter … hand. [10]

2918. vegetable patch ›R-2684

pent in … dogtag. [10]

2919. helping hand ðR-2394

complete … water … µoor. [5]

The shape of this character is already familiar from the character %(I.1900). As we learned then, the second stroke of complete doublesup with the ³rst stroke for water.

2920. translucent VR-2907

tall … crown … human legs. [9]


2921. blood relative ˆR-2989

human legs surrounding cocoon … µesh. [9]

2922. transcription ER-2836

zoo … infant … µood. [12]

2923. ointment ŠR-2557

tall … µesh. [14]

Note how the element tall is compressed in order to ³t on top.

2924. pioneer zR-3026

ghost … Big Dipper. [14]

2925. ambrosial ¢R-2431

voice … missile … incense. [20]

2926. label ˆR-2507

one-sided … generation … tree. [13]

2927. glimpse „R-2321

shredder … eye. [17]

2928. large hill @R-2481

maestro … needle. [8]


This is the original character that was abbreviated to form the ele-ment we learned as pinnacle a.

2929. testicle ÁR-2462

blood … happiness. [14]

2930. sorceress BR-3040

craft … assembly line. [7]

2931. empathetic °R-2677

receive … taskmaster. [12]

2932. Andromeda fR-2748

St. Bernard … ivy. [9]

2933. soar ™R-3048

sheep … wings. [12]

2934. beaming –R-2702

white … revelation. [12]

2935. tenebrous ÄR-3083

wheat … (slip)knot … umbrella … rice grains. [15]

Take special care in writing the second element here. You mightthink of it as a “slipknot” (in which one stroke has slipped off).


2936. bold ‘R-2867

run … cornucopia. [10]

2937. stop short CR-3029

This character can be kept distinct from the familiar sign of thesnake L (I.2042) by noting that the ³nal stroke stops short. [3]

2938. thornbush −R-3033

This character is no different in meaning from the character alreadylearned for thorn r (I.417). The only difference in writing is therepetition of the element composed of tree and belt. (Incidentally,that element on its own [ has the same meaning of thorn, thoughit is far less commonly seen.) [12]

2939. crowd ´R-3038

ear … crotch … two drops … person … rag. [14]

This character should not be confused with L (I.1857). Despitethe similarity, it is neither an abbreviated or alternate form of it. Ifanything, in modern usage it is most likely to be replaced with T

(I.559).

2940. resucitate 6R-2701

grow late … cell. [12]

2941. pruning åR-2618

in front … dagger. [11]


2942. upbringing ÒR-3177

somebody … beautiful. [16]

2943. plentiful ]R-2515

fruit … many. [14]

2944. snore ÜR-2650

nose … dry. [17]

2945. cast a spell þR-3178

exit … altar. [19]


CHAPTER 4

Western Measurements

The handful of characters presented in this chapter are meantto introduce you to the basic principles used in writing Westernunits of measurement. Contemporary Japanese has by and largediscarded this way of writing, but it is not uncommon to meetthese characters in historical texts.

2946. kilometer ,R-3101

rice … one thousand. [9]

The character y is used for meter (from the sound). Thus, a kilo-meter is made by adding the element for thousand.

2947. centimeter :R-3108

rice … one rin. [15]

The reason that the rin or 1/1000 of a yen is added to the meterto give us centimeter is that m originally meant 1/000th, and z1/1000th, as we see in the following frame.

2948. millimeter VR-3179

rice … fur. [10]

Incidentally, the same conventions are used to create litres, centil-itres, and millilitres, based on another kanji chosen for its sound:C, a, and c.

2949. ton «R-2612

mouth … immediate. [16]

The character ´, again from the sound, represents a ton. The addi-tion of the element of mouth to the left indicates that it is beingused for its sound to and to convey a meaning other than the nor-mal meaning of the character. This is a device commonly used inwritten Chinese.

2950. mile /R-2601

mouth … one ri. [10]

Although the mile is longer than the ri, the two are close enoughthat the addition of the mouth can indicate a foreign unit of mea-surement.

2951. nautical mile ¡R-2599

water … one ri. [10]

Since the Japanese did not have a separate unit for measuring nau-tical ri, this character was used for the Western measurement of thenautical mile. The same holds true of the characters in the nexttwo frames.

2952. inch ’R-3180

mouth … glue. [6]

2953. feet cR-3181

mouth … shaku. [6]

WESTERN MEASUREMENTS 161

CHAPTER 5

Phonetic Characters

While the kana syllabaries have taken over most of the choresof incorporating loan words in their original sounds, a fewexceptions have survived. The following group of characters areused mainly today for their sound value, rather than for theirmeaning. In each case, the sound is provided by a signal primi-tive, as will be indicated in Part Two of this volume. For now,the signal primitive (or its composite elements) have beenunderlined.

2954. brahman ¤R-2544

This is the sound character for the Sanskrit word brahman, and isalso used to indicate the Sanskrit language as such. Its elements aregrove … mediocre. [11]

2955. Shakyamuni Buddha ¼R-2593

pinnacle … house … spoon. [7]

This character, originally meaning “precipitous” (roughly the sameas the character of that keyword already learned Þ (I.1672), is nowused chieµy for its sound.

2956. bodhisattva OR-2976

µowers … pinnacle … products. [16]

Although this character can be used as an abbreviation of bodhi-sattva, the full writing combines it with that in the followingframe. Both of them are transliterations of Sanskrit terms.

2957. bo tree ¬R-2896

µowers … vase … mouth. [11]

2958. babble #R-2415

mouth … Asia. [10]

The sense of the keyword is that of a baby oooing and aaaing.

2959. Sanskrit ka ZR-2688

add … road. [8]

This kanji is used to represent the sound “ka” when transcribingwords from Sanskrit.

2960. interrogative ºR-2997

sword … two … city walls. [7]

Used classically to indicate an interrogative part of speech, thischaracter is used chieµy now for its sound.

2961. moo ]R-2889

elbow … cow. [6]

This is the character classically used for the sound that a cow makes.

These ³nal two characters, taken together, are the Chinesephonetic transliterations of the English word coffee, which isthe principal form in which you are likely to meet them today.The keywords, however, are drawn from their classical mean-ings.

PHONETIC CHARACTERS 163

2962. jeweled hairpin ÚR-2689

jewel … add. [9]

2963. beaded hairpin çR-2720

jewel … un-. [12]

164 PHONETIC CHARACTERS

CHAPTER 6

Old & Alternate Forms

Earlier on, in FRAME 2352 of chapter 2, we introduced an oldform of the character for technique (© � å). In this chapterwe pick up 37 more old and alternate forms. In some cases, theolder form has never been “updated.” In others, both formsare still in use. Examples of other cases where older forms andnewer abbreviations occur are given in their respective frames.

2964. Japanese cypress [old] …R-3190

tree … umbrella … one … pent-in … small … sun. [11]

The right side of this character looks rather more formidable thanit is. The tricky part lies in the elements that have been described as“pent-in … small.” (The latter element you will remember fromthe element for outhouse š or candle Ü.) The combination, when itappears in other characters, is generally abbreviated to the shape ofthe element for sun. In any case, drawing the shape will show it tobe quite natural. Here are some examples of the old form and theirstandard, simpler forms:

OLD FORM MODERN ABBREVIATION

y l (I.752)

U … (I.1346)

2965. bridle’s bit fR-3112

thread … cart … thread … mouth. [22]

The primitive at the top of this character is abbreviated in morecommon words as 8, a primitive element that was learned in vol. I(page 382). Note the following examples:


ï ˆ (I.1745)

N › (I.1748)

e Ø (I.1749)

2966. abyss [old] WR-3199

On the left is the water and on the right a combination of the char-acter for one-sided and its mirror image joined by a single stroke.Think of it as a hanging rope-bridge strung perilously across theabyss. [12]

The newer form for this character is Å, which was learned abovein FRAME 2325.

2967. V 4R-3195

person … ³ve. [6]

This character, which originally indicates a group of 5 persons, isnow used as an alternate form of the character 2, mainly in of³cialdocuments.

2968. X VR-3194

person … ten. [4]

As in the previous frame, this character is an alternative form for Y.

2969. ten thousand [old] ©R-2725

µower … Talking Cricket. [18]

This is also used in documents, but is rather more common as acharacter in its own right. When it appears as a primitive forming apart of other characters, it is normally abbreciated to the form �.In addition to the new character in the following frame, note thefollowing examples:

166 OLD & ALTERNATE FORMS


* ¦ (II.2967)

$ „ (I.866)

2970. pass through LR-2726

ten thousand … road. [16]

The “old” element in this character is that for road, which has anextra initial stroke. See also the following frame.

2971. tough 1R-2341

display … road. [11]

Note that, as in the previous frame, the element for road has anextra stroke generally omitted in more common characters. Whenwriting this character, it is not incorrect to use the standard form ofthe primitive element.

2972. lamp [old] bR-3191

³re … ascend. [16]

The primitive at the right of this character is generally, though notalways, abbreviated today as a (I.165). The older form of theprimitive to the right is still standard in other characters, such as ˜.(I.1704).

2973. back [old] ;R-2602

cloak … computer. [12]

The transposition of the standard form : (I.399) involves movingthe computer from the middle of the element for cloak to the right.

OLD & ALTERNATE FORMS 167

2974. park [alternate] åR-3188

µowers … park. [16]

This character is used principally in proper names. The only changefrom the standard form Ó (I.585) is the addition of the element forµowers.

2975. shop [alternate] šR-2683

metal … dogtag. [15]

The only difference from the more common form ™ (I.1839) isthat the left side here uses the element for metal. There is also athird alternative which is sometimes seen, but has been omittedhere: 2.

2976. island [alternate] TR-3187

mountain … bird. [14]

The alternate form is used mainly in names. It differs from thestandard form S only in the positioning of the mountain.

2977. summit [alternate] ¸R-3196

mountain … walking legs … bushes. [10]

The alternate form is used mainly in names. As in the character inprevious frame, the only difference from the standard form ·

(I.1562) is in the positioning of the mountain.

2978. boulder [old] NR-3193

mountain … stern. [20]

The simpli³ed character was learned as R (I.770).


2979. plains [old] ïR-3200

grove … soil. [11]

The standard form Ÿ (I.1596) differs rather radically from thisolder form, which appears now in old texts and occasionallyin proper names.

2980. Bldg. [old] JR-3197

umbrella … tongue … bureaucrat. [16]

The standard form of this character I (I.1478) uses the elementfor food on the left. Because the older form is somewhat simpler towrite, it remains in use today.

2981. dragon [old] PR-3189

vase … meat … slingshot (doubled up with a) snake … three …clothes. [16]

The older form of P (I.536) was actually learned in vol. I in con-nection with the character for attack M (I.2025), and will appear inthe following frame as well. This older form is still used widelytoday. In addition to the new characters in the following twoframes, note the following example also already learned:


Þ Ý (I.537)

2982. patronage wR-2922

house … dragon [old]. [19]


2983. deafness ¿R-2869

dragon [old] … ear. [22]

2984. longing [old] ðR-3198

longing … heart. [15]

The only difference from the standard form of this character ò

(I.92) is that the element for heart is included at the bottom.

2985. span [old] ÑR-3201

tile … µoor. [6]

The standard form of this character Ò (I.32) is also standard whenit is used as a primitive in other characters. Note the followingexample in a character already learned:


À f (I.620)

2986. body [old] OR-2712

somebody … ward. [11]

The standard form X (I.1248) has by and large replaced this oldercharacter today.

2987. Point [old] 6R-3192

mountain … prison. [17]

Note that the abbreviated form of this character À (I.1330) movesthe mountain to the bottom, a rather odd transformation as thekanji go.


2988. country [old] çR-3186

pent-up … a. [11]

The element that replaces jewel in the standard for of this character³ (I.581) is among the new kanji learned in this book (see FRAME

2091 above).

We end this chapter with those characters in fairly common usewhose elements have not been assigned newer abbreviations.

2989. shin ÓR-2525

µesh … ceiling … µood … craft. [11]

The element on the right, which will appear once more later in thecharacter for formidable (FRAME 2990), is actually the old form forthe element now written n. Aside from the character introduced inthe next frame, note the following examples of old and newerforms:


Þ ¦ (I.717)

÷ ™ (I.1360)

2990. formidable ÷R-2524

ceiling … µood … craft … muscle. [9]

2991. stationary ”R-2659

bamboo … µoat. [12]

The standard abbreviation one would have expected here—andwhich is likely to appear in of³cial lists in the years ahead—appears


in the following examples of common newer forms you alreadyknow:


ª ) (I.1286)

· ` (I.367)

¦ , (I.368)

t ( (II.2735)

2992. enshrine úR-3031

altar … snake. [8]

The standard abbreviation for altar has generally taken over, butthe character in this and the following frame are exceptions.

2993. exorcism $R-3032

altar … chihuahua with an extra leg. [10]

Think of the “³ve-legged” dog here as some kind of an evil spiritthat has to be driven out, and the odd shape should be easy toremember.

2994. dither ÃR-2737

wooden leg … renowned. [19]

The old form here is the element puppet which forms part of theprimitive for renowned here. The difference is the addition of a ³naldrop. This has generally disappeared, as in the examples:


Ñ 2 (I.2192)

Ó ’ (I.1263)

Õ ‘ (II.2448)

Ô c (II.2640)


2995. longevity [old] VR-3185

lidded crock … broken crown … craft … µoor … mouth … glue. [14]

The newer form 3 (I.1565) tends to dominate today when it isused as a primitive. Note the following example:


Ð k (I.717)

2996. hesitate ÇR-3053

wooden leg … longevity. [14]

2997. glossary ˆR-3084

The primitive of this character is actually an old form of broom `.The remaining elements are: crown … fruit. [13]

2998. bean jam ¸R-2345

food … mandala. [20]

It is only a matter of time before this character takes the standardabbreviation for food on the left. Meantime, it will alert you to theolder style of writing, which still shows up in rather complicatedcharacters that use the food primitive.

2999. retch ¹R-3184

mouth … ward. [14]

The standard abbreviation of the element to the right can be seenfrom the following examples:



7 J (I.1696)

[ õ (I.1698)

u ö (I.1699)

3000. snapping turtle ×R-3088

shredder … eels [old form]. [25]

The change in the ³rst three strokes of the element for shredder is afamiliar one found often in older forms. I leave it to you to com-bine the pieces for the old form of eels. Learning stroke order willhelp considerably:

‘ ’ “ ” • –

— ˜ ™ š › œ

The older form of the primitive we learned as eels is rather moredif³cult. You will ³nd it in older forms of several familiar character,just as the following:


V Å (I.1377)

V H (II.2685)


PART TWO

READING

CHAPTER 7

Old Pure Groups

The ³rst group of readings center on what were called inRemembering the Kanji II “Pure Groups.” Each character thatbelongs to a pure group contains a signal primitive which pre-scribes a given on-yomi for that character and all others in thegroup with it.

The number to the far right of the top line set in bold typeindicates the frame number in which the writing of the kanjiwas introduced. In almost all cases this refers to a frame in PartOne of the present volume.

The number under the character in each frame is precededby an “R-” to indicate that it refers to a reading frame. Thesenumbers begin where volume II left off.

Unlike volume II, the frames also include not only on-yomibut kun-yomi as well. In some cases, the “assigned” readingsare almost never used, or used only for names. Because thenumber of special readings for names is virtually limitless, onlythe 274 characters approved by the Ministry of Education aresupplied with on-yomi for use in names.

For further information about the layout of the frames, seepage 491.

We begin with groups whose signal primitives were alreadyintroduced in volume II The signal primitive, its pronunciation,and characters belonging to the same appear in a separateframe at the head of each section.

The number under the characters in the group framesrefers to the frame in volume II. which introduced the reading(hence the “R-” preceding it.) Where a number is missing, thesingle primitive in question was learned only as a primitive ele-ment, not as a kanji.

R ××·· Q W O U LR-89 R-90 R-91 R-92 R-93 R-94

À ×· 2343

R-2244 À Y‰ lion-dog

S ×· 2634

R-2245 �S ´ûÙ· gold leaf

T ×· 2648

qT Å«×· lees; dregs

R-2246 T Q` lees

Á ÃÃ©© · ² ¬ Â ¾ ùR-78 R-79 R-80 R-81 R-82 R-83 R-84

© Ã© 2621

©³ Ã©»· a country ruled in peace

© u} used in names© “` used in names

R-2247 © “`^ used in names

T Ã© 2771

èT ä«Ã© protection against rust

R-2248 T [z rust

178 OLD PURE GROUPS

± ãã«« Ã Á » Å ÏR-95 R-96 R-97 R-98 R-99 R-100

º ã« 2234

R-2249 ºs ã«Éï« kitchen knife

= ²² 7 S H IR-105 R-106 R-107 R-108 R-109

Q ² 2373

Qµ ²»· harshness; severity

QŒš J_Œš to bully

R-2250 Qk J˜gk be irritated

Ý ¹¹ûû ¿ à Þ Î ÄR-131 R-132 R-133 R-134 R-135

á ¹û 2867

R-2251 Íá ÃË¹û soap

= ÎÎ´́ ï ë ] é ìR-157 R-158 R-159 R-160 R-161

ð Î´ 2758

kð é©Î´ whistle of an arrow

R-2252 ð Q}˜ arrowhead

OLD PURE GROUPS 179

¬ ÅÅ L H I J OR-661 R-148 R-149 R-150 R-151 R-152

� Å 2344

�°o Åº´à© sniper; marksman

R-2253 �L t˜L take aim

s ¿¿ Ÿ ¨ p uR-122 R-123 R-124 R-125 R-126

k ¿ %Á 2635

k� ¿´û gold put in box

R-2254 3k ÇûÁ cabinet

$ ÝÝ , 6 A 7R-69 R-70 R-71 R-72 R-73

Ü Ý 2456

R-2255 Ür%hš |rPhš to catch on; “click”

ö ²²ûû 5 & IR-127 R-128 R-129 R-130

” ²û 2410

”B ²û¹ Sugawara family

Note how the family is referred to by using the on-yomi ofthe ³rst character of their full name. Note also the unusualkun-yomi in the name Sugawara. The standard reading is:

R-2256 ” `X sedge

180 OLD PURE GROUPS

– µµ ™ ˆ “R-74 R-75 R-76 R-77

— µ 2686

—i µ½û formic acid

R-2257 — H™ ant

+ ÀÀïï«« ÷ & ö (R-101 R-102 R-103 R-104

$ Àï«%Óï« 2609

$ñ Àï«½© bumper crop

$š Šuš bear fruit; fructify$Q •fQ fruitful$ P[‹ used in names

R-2258 $ Šuš used in names

} ××ûû | ‘ {R-166 R-167 R-168 R-169

î ×û%Øû 2658

«î ´ë×û leggings; gaitersîSŠ ØûÅ«»« adhesive plaster (for wounds)

î Saq bands; ties; shackles

R-2259 îV kqV be attached

OLD PURE GROUPS 181

182 OLD PURE GROUPS

g ÅÅ«« j } kR-174 R-175 R-176 R-177

q Å« 2649

R-2260 qT Å«×· dregs

Ö îî ´ − ³ ²R-178 R-179 R-180 R-181

° î 2433

°/ îî more and more severe

R-2261 ° J—J— increasingly

Ð òòïï«« W Z `R-239 R-240 R-241

a òï« 2582

ga é©òï« clear; patent

a˜Q HS˜Q evident; obviousa HS used in names

R-2262 a HS˜ used in names

f òï« 2419

fæ òï«−û distant; remote

R-2263 fQ všQ far off in the distance

’ òï« 2535

’ãuJ òï«ºûuy wild³re; prairie ³re

’ QQ™z watchfire

R-2264 ’U “U to burn

¿ ´́ïï«« ç ò íR-290 R-291 R-292

Û ´ï« 2107

R-2265 –Û µ´ï« chivalry

ê ´ï« 2792

êâ ´ï«ÄÌ eloquence

R-2266 ê †P cheek

Ä ¿¿ïï«« − ÆR-580 R-308 R-309

Ý ¿ï« 2366

ÝÞ ¿ï«Þ iris

R-2267 Ý H“Œ used in names

³ ¿ï« 2198

R-2268 ³( ¿ï«Ý harlot

OLD PURE GROUPS 183

ó ààûû ‹ ‡ ’R-203 R-204 R-205

Ô àû 2806

Ô’ àûµ deception

Ôš Qfš swindle; cheat; misrepresent

R-2269 Ô` g‰` to deceive; trick

Š àû 2645

R-2270 2Š Äûâû Part One

´ ´́íí«« µ ÄR-185 R-186 R-187

½ ´í« 2322

½v ´í«Á© drawing water

R-2271 ½‹ U‹ draw water

Ã ´í« 2644

R-2272 Ã PJ creel

: »»«« W ‹ hR-221 R-222 R-223

o »« 2484

o? »«¿í« ancient Chinese capital

R-2273 o UJ picket

184 OLD PURE GROUPS

ç ÚÚïï«« å ãR-206 R-207 R-208

æ Úï« 2911

æ3 Úï«Çû bottle gourdæ y[Z gourd; calabash

R-2274 æ |U„ gourd; calabash

ï ÛÛïï«« ì äR-278 R-279 R-280

ð Ûï«%ã« 2765

ðà Ûï«½ chain cable; hawser

R-2275 ð JQ™ anchor; killick

Ó ÎÎ©© ß ÒR-212 R-213 R-214

× Î©%Éï« 2267

×XÓ Î©¿ûÇ© volunteer corps

R-2276 ×U sU pull out

¿ ãã«« ¹R-354 R-355

Ñ ã« 2829

Ñ PPo™ phoenix; large mythical birdÑ o‘ used in names

R-2277 Ñ •S used in names

OLD PURE GROUPS 185

Ö ÇÇ©© Ð ÏR-269 R-270 R-271

Ô Ç© 2864

ÔÁ Ç©Ã© blackish blue

R-2278 Ô ‰•aŠ used in names

= ææÌÌ ? ;R-284 R-285 R-286

^ æÌ % æ 2348

R-2279 ^|P æÌò² jasmine

2 òò 6 9R-236 R-237 R-238

| ò 2349

R-2280 ^|P æÌò² jasmine

a ··ÌÌ bR-302 R-303

c ·Ì 2615

R-2281 Rc ³û·Ì cave; rocky cavern

186 OLD PURE GROUPS

ãã«« Ä ·R-352 R-353

+ ã« 2417

+^ ã«Éë· face; encounter

+Nš ‹QNš go to meet

R-2282 +L HL to encounter

È ã« 2375

Èü ã«ñ© legendary Chinese Isle ofEternal Youth

R-2283 È —‘T mugwort

É ã« 2687

ÉÛ ã«ä« honeycomb; beehive

R-2284 É vh bee

Î ã« 2768

R-2285 ÇÎ õûå« line of argument

a ³³ iR-338 R-339

_ ³ 2110

_5 ³Äû suddenly; abruptly

R-2286 _Q r¡Q sudden

` ³ 2226

R-2287 Ø` ½³ town near Kyoto

OLD PURE GROUPS 187

f ³ 2694

R-2288 f ³ moth

H §§ûû LR-314 R-315

J §û 2259

R-2289 J# §ûæ massage; masseur

N §û 2782

N+ §ûØ pommel; sidehorse

R-2290 N U˜ saddle

/ §û 2442

/Ø §ûÀï at ease; comfort

/J PdJ tardy; lslow/˜Q “`˜Q at ease/ [g used in names/ vš used in names

R-2291 / “` used in names

é ººûû æR-528 R-529

ë ºû 2669

5ëÁ: ²ûºû³·Èû orchestra

ë Jo string (on a violin, etc.)

R-2292 ë kš used in names

188 OLD PURE GROUPS

ì ºû 2675

R-2293 ìp ºûÅ« porthole

± ºû 2581

±Î ºû÷· bewilderment

±ŒU UšŒU feel dizzy

R-2294 ±^J ‰}^J dizzy; dazzled

V ÅÅ«« SR-472 R-473

i Å« 2516

in Å«ÀíÌ spearsmanship

R-2295 i “™ spear; lance

x Å« 2399

xR Å«×· pale; ashen

xJ HPJ pale blue

R-2296 x ^Xš used in names

− õõ °R-448 R-449

5 õ 2833

5– õ« heron wings

R-2297 5 [T heron

OLD PURE GROUPS 189

M õ 2370

R-2298 M |S bog rhubarb; coltsfoot

Ù ðð«« âR-478 R-479

ã ð« 2547

ãÙ ð«ÃÌ welding

ãQ` oQ` melt (metals)

R-2299 ãWš oWš be melted (metals)

é ð«%±« 2362

9é Ýð« lotus; cotton rose

R-2300 é v` lotus

â ³³ûû VR-298 R-299

O ³û 2567

OS ³û¸ toys

R-2301 O} ‘mHd} toy with

S ³û 2899

SI ³ûç savor; appreciate

R-2302 S} ‘mHd} toy with

190 OLD PURE GROUPS

e ´́ nR-300 R-301

r ´ 2594

R-2303 r Jd rocky beach

s ´ 2887

R-2304 Cs ´û´ region around Kyoto–Osaka

7 ÀÀíí 0R-366 R-367

Á Àí 2203

R-2305 Á k‰ wife

ß Àí 2329

ß/ _”^” dead drunk

R-2306 ß›š s›š become wet; be impassioned

E ¿¿íí«« AR-482 R-483

n ¿í« 2762

R-2307 n U¡ hoe

K ¿í« 2351

R-2308 K vT Japanese bush clover

OLD PURE GROUPS 191

Ð ¿¿ïï«« ÕR-512 R-513

Ê ¿ï« 2478

Ê& ¿ï«Ý woodcutter; lumberjack

Ê SY™ woodcutter

R-2309 Êš Yš cut wood

ß ¿ï« 2367

R-2310 *ß Ø¿ï« Bashõ (haiku poet)

Ð ÎÎ©© ÞR-462 R-463

á Î©%Ç© 2716

á? Î©²û clear visionvá ¿Ç© 4 Noble Truths of Buddhism

R-2311 áŒš HS˜Œš give up; abandon

â Î© 2741

â† Î©¹© U-shaped

R-2312 â yaŒ hoof

Ù ´́ûû 0 BR-412 413

/ ´û 2116

/¸ ´û¿ï« few; little; meagre

R-2313 /Qr ¡aQr a few

192 OLD PURE GROUPS

„ ´û%»û 2099

„û ´û½© Dutch trefoil; wild celery

R-2314 „ `Š› violet

ù ðð«« ë ÜR-474 R-475

í ð« 2418

í0 ð«×© worship from a distance

R-2315 íQr všQr far off; in the distance

ó ð« 2553

óW ð«³û beautiful face

R-2316 ó f‰ beautiful stone

‡ ÑÑ««R-1571

ƒ Ñ« % ¿ï« 2280

ƒ1 Ñ«¹© yearning; hankering

R-2317 ƒ›š HYR›š aspire for; be drawn to

„ Ñ« % Ð«%¿í 2245

„À Ñ«´í« billiards

„… ¿íê· log used to strike a bell

R-2318 „U kU strike against

OLD PURE GROUPS 193

¼ ´́íí«« º ÀR-230 R-231 R-232

y ´í« 2533

y{ ´í«¿ ball; type of chrysanthemum

R-2319 y ‰™ ball

¹¹©© q sR-344 R-345

v à© 2358

ìv ¿ëà© cover; shelter

vL PPL to cover; to conceal

R-2320 vJ U˜J dark; hidden

„ áÌ 2927

R-2321 „Ø áË¹û glance; a peek at

? ¿¿íí«« SR-257 R-259

C ¿í« 2289

2ØC ¼È©¿í« the 5 continents

C ` sandbar; sandbankC ^‰ island

R-2322 C Ur used in names

194 OLD PURE GROUPS

5 ÕÕûû êR-440 R-441

é Õû 2266

é– Õû¿ silk throwing

éš ytš twist; tweak

R-2323 é —™ a twist; ply

µ ¿¿ïï«« ±R-514 R-515

è ¿ï« 2746

R-2324 è± ¿ï«î soy sauce

Ì ÎÎ©© ÊR-312 R-313

Ü Î© 2603

ÜÖ Î©¿ï« propitious

Ü^J fg^J uprightÜJ [J¡J happyÜ fg used in namesÜ [h used in namesÜ kV used in names

R-2325 Ü —^ used for names

OLD PURE GROUPS 195

1 ÀÀíí 4R-364 R-365

6 Àí 2672

|6 ©ûÀí ribbon (of an of³cial seal)

6 y‘ cord

R-2326 6 UŠy‘ braided cord

É ¹¹ûû ÁR-406 R-407

Ý ¹û 2761

Ý¡ ¹ûØû keyboard; clavier

R-2327 Ý QT key

J »»«« KR-416 R-417

V »« 2164

VwÝ »«Ð«−û laryngitis

R-2328 V up throat

q ØØÌÌ uR-316 R-317

t ØÌ 2629

R-2329 t JQg raft

196 OLD PURE GROUPS

˜ ÅÅ·· ŒR-336 R-337

• Å· 2260

¢• ãÅ· capture; apprehension

R-2330 •Nš o˜Nš catch; grab hold of

÷ ÖÖ«« òR-444 R-445

ö Ö« 2455

5ö ²Ö« pyosis; turning to pus

R-2331 ö‹ L‹ to fester

ø ´́ïï«« úR-430 R-431

û ´ï« 2799

R-2332 ûÖ ´ï«−û banquet

l ²²©© …R-382 R-383

Û ²© 2495

R-2333 Û yuS Japanese cypress

OLD PURE GROUPS 197

k ²²©© ƒR-380 R-381

† ²© % ¹ 2376

a† Àû²© rubbish†{M ¹¿k} poppy seed

†{ Q˜^ mustard

R-2334 † HUf dirt; trash

3 ÄÄûû 8R-486 R-487

9 Äû 2468

R-2335 9 Äû small dining table on tray

ñ ÃÃûû ûR-502 R-503

! Ãû 2466

R-2336 2C! ÄûòÌÃû prostate

á ÇÇ·· èR-458 R-459

â Ç· 2264

R-2337 âl Ç·×Ì religious mendicancy

198 OLD PURE GROUPS

Ü ØØ·· ZR-318 R-319

X Ø· 2447

R-2338 X° Ø·õ exposure

p ÅÅ«« rR-306 R-307

t Å« 2677

tg Å«é© wisdom; sagacity

t HS used in namest HS˜ used in namest [o used in namest [o^ used in namest o^ used in names

R-2339 t oS used in names

õõ·· Æ kR-296 R-297

Ä õ· 2602

°Ä ã«õ· stipend; salary

Ä h used in namesÄ o^ used in namesÄ oŠ used in names

R-2340 Ä —^ used in names

OLD PURE GROUPS 199

Í ÎÎ©© ÝR-460 R-461

1 Î© 2971

#1 ÝÎ© insubordination

R-2341 1^J fU‰^J stalwart

òòíí«« H L496 497

J òí« 2557

R-2342 JÀ òí«´í« the Loochoo islands

O ççÌÌ PR-534 R-535

! çÌ 2532

R-2343 ! ^SŠ Japanese star anise

^ »»«« O k s } Ÿ ” _R-114 R-115 R-116 R-117 R-118 R-119 R-120 R-121

Ã »« 2459

Ã– »«êû anus

NB: When this group was introduced in volume II, it wasnoted that the primitive element must occupy a promi-nent place in order to serve as a signal primitive.

R-2344

200 OLD PURE GROUPS

We conclude this chapter with three pure groups that use kanjiwhich appeared in volume II only as primitives. This is indicat-ed by an arrow pointing downards (➔) where the number forvolume II would otherwise be.

R ææûû E G➔ R-434 R-435

¸ æû 2998

R-2345 ¸w æûÀí« steamed bun (Chinese)

§ æû 2811

R-2346 § LqT eel

R æû 2100

R-2347 R¼ø æûÈñ mandala

H æû 2359

H× æû−û spreading; diffusion

R-2348 H kš vine; tendril

å ´́ïï«« ï ó Ÿ➔ R-293 R-294 R-295

Ü ´ï« 2120

R-2349 TÜ ²´ï« overseas Chinese

OLD PURE GROUPS 201

å ´ï« 2104

å… ´ï«ä· tall tree

åJ fQJ tallå fQ used in names

R-2350 å fQ^ used in names

÷ ´ï« 2369

R-2351 ÷_ dw buckwheat noodles

202 OLD PURE GROUPS

CHAPTER 8

New Pure Groups

This chapter introduces new primitive groups, based on signalprimitives that were not introduced as such in volume II. Asbefore, a small frame will be set at the head of each group toindicate the signal primitive, reading, and kanji from volume II

that belong to this group.In most cases, the reading of the kanji that will serve here as

a signal primitive has already learned, and in that case the refer-ence to the frame in volume II where the reading was intro-duced will appear under the signal primitive.

As in the previous chapter, an arrow (➔) below a signalprimitive will indicate that it is in fact a kanji introduced in thisvolume. Where there is no arrow or frame number, the signalprimitive has not been learned as a kanji.

For further information on the layout of the frames, seepage 491.

We may begin with groups based on kanji whose principal on-yomi has already been learned. Since the majority of the signalprimitives have already been included in volume II, most ofthese groups will be small, often with only one new reading tolearn.

òòïï«« hR-1946

b òï«%õ« 2610

[b ½ûòï« mountain ridge

b Qp cornerb Ja used in names

R-2352 b fQ used in names

Y òï« 2136Yj òï«³ excel; surpass

R-2353 YV ^uV endure; bear

! òï« 2225

R-2354 !] òï«Å« high and overtowering

C òï«%òû 2668

CÇ‰ òï«ÒûÉï« city in Kagawa Prefecture

R-2355 C H“ used in names

â ¾¾ ã➔ R-574

â ¾ 2844

â7 ¾Äû Zen meditation

R-2356 âš `¡š sit

204 NEW PURE GROUPS

ä ¾ 2845

R-2357 èä Õû¾ sprain

ö ÃÃûû *➔ R-1052

î Ãû 2253

îT Ãû¿í« anthology

R-2358 î} N˜} pick out; select

ö Åû 2861

öR Åû© southeast direction

ö fkŠ southeast (dragon-snake)ö •U used in names

R-2359 ö —^ used in names

´́·· ›R-555

œ ´· 2787

œ“ ´·êû interrogation of a criminal

œ ‰™ ball; used in namesœV kV to follow; used in names

R-2360 œ Šk used in names

− ´· 2753

−Ñ ´·¿Ì shed for storing rice malt

R-2361 − YL_ malted rice

NEW PURE GROUPS 205

= ¿¿íí««R-1689

O ¿í« 2742

OÀ ¿í«´í« football

R-2362 Oš Wš to kick

Ð ¿í« 2834

R-2363 Ð ¡^ eagle

Ú ½½R-1815

Ø ½ 2230

R-2364 Ø` ½³ town near Kyoto

Ý ½ 2559

Ý/ ½½ shining white (of stones)

R-2365 ÝU ŠRU to polish (stones)

½½ *R-1977

+ »%² 2744

+ûï »Ãû´ï« overpass

R-2366 +V ‰fV straddle

206 NEW PURE GROUPS

$ » 2626

R-2367 $ vQ‰ hakama skirt

ôô©© „R-2067

¦ ô© 2697

R-2368 ¦ QS oyster

C ô© 2595

C o grindstoneCU ŠRU to polish

R-2369 CV oV whet; sharpen

Ä õõ··R-2229

º õ· 2304

º, õ·¿í ³ltering saké

º Y^ a ³lterº` Y` to strain; ³lter

R-2370 ºU `U make paper

Ã õ· 2839

[Ã ½ûõ· foot of a mountain

R-2371 Ã |‘o foothills

NEW PURE GROUPS 207

T ²²R-1151

Ù ² 2515

Ù2 ²¿ï· birchbark type torch

R-2372 Ù Q (¥)w birch

X ² 2160

R-2373 ÅX ¹û² quarrel

E ²²R-1817

V ² 2689

R-2374 V Nz shrimp

] ² 2779

ß] −û² smoke and mist; scenic views

]‹ Q`‹ be hazy; grow dim

R-2375 ] Q`Š haze; mist

y ´́R-826

› ´ 2613

›F ´É perceive; grasp

›L LQRL peep; spy on

R-2376 › LQRJ a guess; an inquiry

208 NEW PURE GROUPS

´ ´ 2527

´ W“S Zelkova tree

R-2377 ´ kS Zelkova tree

« ¼¼««R-1883

ª ¼« 2306

ª? ¼«¿í« Australia

R-2378 ª †™ moat

¨ ¼« 2186

èW¨ ä«·«¼« air-raid shelter

R-2379 ¨ †™ ditch; trench

ÅÅ«« „R-1993

d Å« 2252

d_ Å«ð« itching

R-2380 dU QU to scratch

ù Å« 2681

ù| Å«´ rise early

R-2381 ù uŠ µea

NEW PURE GROUPS 209

ÅÅ«« aR-1670

n Å« 2577

nX Å«¿û slender body; thin build

nWš YWš be sunken; be hollow

R-2382 nbš “bš lose weight

9 Å« 2068

s9 ©ËÅ« one ship

R-2383 9 |t ship

± ´́íí««R-1638

L ´í« 2565

L f‰ jewel; used in names

R-2384 L y[ used in names

¿ ´í« 2538

R-2385 ¿ ´í« moxa cautery

« ÌÌ©©R-1642

ª Ì© 2477

÷ª ÎËÌ© iron hammer

R-2386 ª kh hammer

210 NEW PURE GROUPS

¬ Ì© 2769

R-2387 ÷¬ ÎËÌ© iron hammer

Ê ´́ïïR-1220

Ó ´ï 2759

Ó©! ´ï¿Àï« indentation; saw-toothed

R-2388 Ó uYT™ a saw

— ´ï 2624

R-2389 — `d hem

ë ÃÃ©©R-1903

¢ Ã© 2133

¢ã Ã©−û weirdly beautiful

R-2390 ¢J `ZJ tremendous; awesome

− Ã© 2496

|− Ñ«Ã© co-habitation

R-2391 −‹ `‹ live; dwell

NEW PURE GROUPS 211

y êê«« {➔ R-1730

y ê« 2872

y{ ê«¿ Mencius

y fW^ used in names

R-2392 y v_Œ used in names

6 «« ”R-30

— « 2415

R-2393 —n «²© detour

ÀÀïï«« %R-1964

ð À

ðo Àï«¿ï« Chancellor

ð‹ ``‹ go forwards; advanceð `W used in names

R-2394 ð f`U used in names

s ééûûR-1098

t éû 2752

R-2395 t{ éûó© noodles

212 NEW PURE GROUPS

I ééûû qR-1871

p éû 2512

pP éû² raw cotton

R-2396 p ¡f cotton

××ûû ŒR-1750

† ×û 2556

ƒò† ê«»×û infant’s “Mongolian spot”

R-2397 † ‰g˜ spots; patches; streaks

õ ²²ûûR-989

= ²û 2408

=¹ ²ûÀ with a smile

R-2398 = JV[ kind of rush; used in names

§ ÅÅûûR-874 2.2.

« Åû 2422

Ù« ¹ûÅû humility

R-2399 «š ƒ™Ugš to be humble

NEW PURE GROUPS 213

ññûû +R-1935

0 ñû 2363

0¿ ñû³· studying Western science in

R-2400 the Dutch language

: µµïïR-1950

Õ µï 2597

èÕ ä«µï defense

R-2401 ÕV |bV ward off

í ÃÃûûR-1660

÷ Ãû 2540

÷{ ÃûÑ« agitation; demagoguery

÷š HPš fan the µames

R-2402 ÷mš Pgmš incite; instigate

] ´́R-1859

a ´ 2207

a‹ ´µ frolicking

a^J L›^J happya^‹ fu^‹ rejoice; enjoy

R-2403 a —^ used in names

214 NEW PURE GROUPS

‹ ©©ûûR-1931

‰ ©û 2374

k‰ õ·©û shady nook

R-2404 ‰ QX shade; shadow

¹ îî««R-1790

Â î« %ð« 2284

Âm î«¿íÌ gushing out

R-2405 ÂU ¡U gush up

Ú ðð««R-2219

Ö ð« 2128

Öo ð«à© mercenary soldier

R-2406 ÖL “oL to employ

* ÏÏûûR-2046

+ Ïû 2300

+g Ïûßû starch

+ P™ dregs; sediment

R-2407 +‹ —p‹ stagnate

NEW PURE GROUPS 215

ï ÀÀïï««R-961

ü Àï« 2504

ü& Àï«¾© µogging; caning

R-2408 ü kN cane; walking stick

U »»««R-1857

X »«%· 2187

Xa »«Àû dirt; ³lth[X è· immaculate; unde³led

R-2409 X HQ stain

V ÉÉ·· S➔ R-1617

V É· 2637

V2 É·Äû old name for northwest part

R-2410 of Fukuoka prefecture

k ¾¾ûû l➔ 2010

k ¾û 2092

k/ ¾û¿í decapitation

R-2411 kš Sš cut down; behead

216 NEW PURE GROUPS

¹ ²²·· ©➔ 2215

¹ ²· 2908

R-2412 ¹/ ²Ë²· splendid; distinguished

ï ±±««R-2132

ù ±« 2627

R-2413 ù |`‰ sliding door or screen

f ©©R-1809

i © 2725

iL JL to say

R-2414 i¡› J¡› reason; grounds

! §§R-1818

# § 2958

R-2415 #5 §Äû µabbergasted

NEW PURE GROUPS 217

m ²²©©R-1572

‡ ²© 2682

‡‘ ²©»« walking sideways

R-2416 ‡ Qr crab

· ²²··R-1849

− ²· %»« 2257

R-2417 −( ²·ñû disturbance; turbulence

Š µµR-1828

˜ µ 2719

H˜ »«µ friendship; amity

˜Š —^Š goodwill; friendly relations

R-2418 ˜ —^ used in names

Å »»ûûR-1673

Î »û 2518

Î± »ûå« packing; crating

R-2419 Î Y™ a bale; package

218 NEW PURE GROUPS

d ½½ûûR-1669

e ½û 2641

R-2420 ‹e àû½û compilation; editing

h ½½ûûR-1740

g ½û 2711

gËH ½ûÛ² hymn; song of praise

R-2421 gNš ffNš give praise to

z ¹¹©©R-1756

Ã ¹© 2791

Ã Yœ around; about

R-2422 Ã Zœ time; about

„ ¿¿R-1568

Ú ¿ 2129

R-2423 Ú} ^u} recall; reminisce

NEW PURE GROUPS 219

‚ ¿¿R-1819

“ ¿ 2345

R-2424 “{ ¿¿ lion

? ÇÇûû ;R-718

A Èû % Çû 2525

AB Èû² parishoner of a temple¸A »·Çû ebony

R-2425 A ‰•Š spindle tree

z ÀÀííûû }➔ 1761

z Àíû % ¿íû 2879

z v“}[ peregrine falcon

R-2426 z v“ used in names

Ø ÀÀïïR-1845

¢ Àï 2434

»¢ î«Àï pardon; forgiveness

¢` •š` sanction; pardon¢ fg^ used in names¢ u™ used in names

220 NEW PURE GROUPS

¢ yœ^ used in names¢ •S used in names

R-2427 ¢ ^u} used in names

š ÀÀïïR-1558

£ Àï 2756

£¢ Àïôû small hand scoop

R-2428 £ `S a plow; spade

Õ ¿¿ÌÌR-1923 2.2.

Ð ¿Ì 2202

Ð4 ¿ËÐ jealousy; envy

Ð‹ dt‹ be jealous

R-2429 Ð‹ tf‹ to envy

¿¿ÌÌ ÔR-1907

Ó ¿Ì 2461

Ó4 ¿Ë² at one’s knees or feet

R-2430 Ó y] knee; lap

NEW PURE GROUPS 221

¡ ´́ïï««R-2095

¢ ´ï«%¹© 2925

¢ QP™ a fragrance; used in names¢š QPš smell fragrant¢ Q used in names¢ QPš used in names

R-2431 ¢ S— used in names

−−ûû ÖR-1723

Ô −û 2191

ÔÎ −ûÎ© dam; weir

R-2432 Ô bS dam; sluice

° ÇÇ ½R-19 R-1780

± Ç%Ç© 2316

R-2433 [Ü± Þ½Ç neglect to call on or write to

Ä −−©©R-827

À −© 2566

R-2434 À{ −©Y Eiko (woman’s name)

222 NEW PURE GROUPS

ü ÚÚûûR-1944

ù Úû 2305

R-2435 ù‘!Ç Úû¿Àï«Ç© in a state near death

( §§©©R-1096

K §© 2437

R-2436 K* §©æ© vague; ambiguous

d »»««R-1149

| »« 2652

q| Å«»« chaff and bran; poverty

R-2437 | sQ rice bran

ÀÀûû hR-1569

g Àû 2713

g“ Àûêû interrogation

R-2438 gtš fatš to question

NEW PURE GROUPS 223

Y ÅÅ««R-1990

Q Å« 2309

R-2439 Q Šqo harbor

u ¿¿ííûû s➔ R-1585

u ¿íû 2915

u ‹UX rose of Sharon; altheau S— used in namesu yo^ used in namesu Šk used in names

R-2440 u —^ used in names

³³©© —R-1385

” ³© 2227

?” Èû³© precipice

R-2441 ” RW cliff; bluff

In the following groups, note that the signal primitive muststand in a dominant position—alone and to the right.

224 NEW PURE GROUPS

í ää·· ð➔ R-2210

í ä· 2103

í`š ä·`š tell fortunes

R-2442 íL L˜qL to tell one’s fortune

“ ××ûû

ˆ ×û 2301

R-2443 ˆ, ×ûñû inundation; µood

I ··R-1573

K · 2341

úK Îû¸ long-nosed goblin

R-2444 K Js small dog

n òòûûR-1674

o òû 2310

oú! òûÙÃû lymph gland

R-2445 o^J [z^J lonely

q òû 2554

R-2446 q” òû« Taoist temple

NEW PURE GROUPS 225

There are several new groups formed by picking up charactersthat were formerly part of pure or mixed groups. We take upthese next.

n »»«« zR-863 R-864

q »«%´ï« 2498

qê »«Å· stoppage; blockage

R-2447 £q ´´ï« Chinese bellµower

“ ááûûR-865

— áû 2783

î— ´ï«áû teacher’s rod

R-2448 — ‹h whip

à ´́ïï«« ôR-866 R-867

Ý ´ï« 2853

Ý! ´ï«Àï« criminal offence

Ý›š Pd›š to fear

This character was part of a semi-pure group in volumeII; but can best be learned here as a new group.

R-2449

226 NEW PURE GROUPS

_ ÐÐ««R-1373

m Ð« 2357

me Ð«Àû debauchee; libertine

mWš oœWš be bewitched; be captivated

This character was part of a mixed group in volume II,but can best be learned here as a new group.

R-2450

» ²²··R-1913

« ²· 2235

Ê« î«²· licensed quarters

R-2451 « Uš¡ licensed quarters

Ü ½½➔

Ü ½ 2296

[Ü± Þ½Ç neglect to call or write

R-2452 Ü `q sand

á ½ 2701

R-2453 wá ¹½ monk’s surplice

NEW PURE GROUPS 227

Ï òò ?R-868

8 ò 2048

R-2454 w8 óò lapis lazuli

œ ÉÉíí««R-663

Þ Éí« 2661

ÞÄ Éí«Ç© a band

R-2455 Þ y‘ string

d ´́R-820

v ´%¹ 2611

vV ´×· dilutevÀ ¹« rare; uncommon

R-2456 v ‰› rare

È »»ûûR-916

Ë »û 2451

R-2457 Ëx »ûÁ© coma

228 NEW PURE GROUPS

ÈÈ ·R-898

» È 2531

R-2458 »Ò È−û ellipse

Š ØØ©©%%××©©R-584 -

¤ Ø©%×© 2178

R-2459 ¤g Ø©½û song praising Buddhist virtues

B Ø© 2340

R-2460 ¼B õ«Ø© panic

a »»««R-1696

L »« 2119

R-2461 LJ [J¡J happy

Á »« 2929

R-2462 ÁK »«³û testicles

NEW PURE GROUPS 229

¦ ôôûûR-1672

¥ ôû 2360

¥Í ôû»û lotus root

¥ vh` lotus

R-2463 ¥ v` lotus

We conclude this chapter with entirely new pure groups—thatis, those for whom neither the signal primitive nor any memberof the group was introduced in volume II. The number of thesegroups is small and should not cause much dif³culty. Naturally,here the signal primitives stand alone in their small frames.

M ÁÁ««➔

M Á« 2084

R-2464 ‚M ×ûÁ« rumination

‹ Á« 2086

‹G§ Á«ÉÃ© geotropism

R-2465 ‹U P‘‹U head towards

Œ Á« %Á 2085

R-2466 Œ yq chick

230 NEW PURE GROUPS

œ ìì➔

œ ì 2680

œM ìÅ Jesus (old form)

R-2467 œ Q question mark

› ì 2334

› _J old man

R-2468 › __ old man; grandpa

Ô ì 2524

Ô{ ì¿ palm tree

R-2469 Ô “^ palm tree

d éé©©➔

d é©%çï« 2841

d÷« é©±«Ã© Pluto (the planet)

R-2470 d2 çï«ò providence; divine favor

Å é© 2842

R-2471 Å` é©Å« meditation

C é© 2843

R-2472 Cú é©Îû Hades; underworld

NEW PURE GROUPS 231

¹ ÀÀ%%ÓÓ➔

¹ À%Ó 2074

¹û Àñ© since thenÀ5À¹ ÀÕûã«Ó “let it be” (Buddhist term)

¹ ^Q only; in that manner¹ q¥_ thou

R-2473 ¹ hQ^ used in names

º À 2075

R-2474 ³º »·À State Seal

s ³³··

Ã ³· 2795

Ã¿ ³Ë»Ì jawbone

R-2475 Ã HZ jaw; chin

Ó ³· 2824

R-2476 Ó ¡r alligator

m »»««➔

m »« 2446

m HS used in namesm HS˜ used in names

R-2477 m mš used in names

232 NEW PURE GROUPS

ï »« 2287

ï yœ used in namesï yœ^ used in names

Note that the character ù does not have a kun-yomiand has therefore not been included in this group.

R-2478

» −−©©➔

» −© 2848

»M= −©»«Èû tracer bullet

R-2479 »UU yUU to pull

¿ −© %ÃÌ 2849

º¿ õ«−© leak; disclosure

R-2480 ¿› ‘› to leak

@ ÝÝ➔

@ Ý 2928

R-2481 c@Ö µÝ¹û prefecture in central Japan

% Ý 2189

R-2482 %w ÝÐ« wharf; pier; quay

NEW PURE GROUPS 233

Q ¿¿ûû➔

Q ¿û 2877

QÖ ¿ûÈ© Ch’in Dynasty (255-206 BCE)

R-2483 Q vf used in family names

J ¿û 2475

J v^wŠ hazel treeJ v™ used in names

R-2484 J vš used in names

W ³³©©

‹ ³© 2077

‹ø ³©Ãû triumphal return

‹ QhpS used in names‹˜V “¡˜V victory cry‹ oS ease; be mitigated

R-2485 ‹ —^ used in names

œ ³© 2076

R-2486 œ —œJ suit of armor

½ »»ÌÌ➔

¾ »Ì 2277

R-2487 Á¾ »«»Ì rapture; ecstasy

234 NEW PURE GROUPS

½ »Ì 2431

½5 »ÌÄû suddenly

R-2488 ½h fh‰h all of a sudden

` ÀÀûûR-2199

j Àû 2786

jÄ ÀûÇ© ligament; fascia

R-2489 j Lk‡ quiver

NEW PURE GROUPS 235

CHAPTER 9

Semi-Pure Groups

The semi-pure groups, it will be recalled from volume II, aregroups of on-yomi based on a common signal primitive—butwith a single exception.

Strictly speaking, the addition of secondary and tertiaryreadings would do away with most semi-pure groups. But theclassification is a useful one, and it is worth the strain to pre-serve it.

We begin here with semi-pure groups already learned, andconclude the chapter with a number of new groupings.

| ôô©© ƒ Œ “ òòïï«« iR-685 R-686 R-687 R-689 R-690

‰ ô© 2382

R-2490 ‰ë‰ ô©ã·Éï« town in Kumamoto Prefecture

} ô© 2112

R-2491 }h ô©Àû minstrel; court musician

† ô© 2278

†Ó ô©ò clever†J [oJ wise† [o^ used in names

R-2492 † [o used in names

J ô© 2285

R-2493 J ŠP water canal

‡ ô©%òï« 2568

‡{ ô©Y Reiko (woman’s name)

‡ HS˜ used in names

R-2494 ‡ f‰ used in names

… ô© 2228

[… ½ûô© peak

… Št peak; summit

Note that this character does not—as you would other-wise expect—follow the reading of the lower element,but keeps the reading of the signal primitive.

R-2495

a òòûû tR-1980

p òû 2052

R-2496 pi òû½û phosphoric acid

u òû 2054

uŸ òûÆ· ³sh; ³nned family

u LœY ³sh scales

R-2497 u YW ³sh scales

v òû 2053

R-2498 ¹v ´òû giraffe

SEMI-PURE GROUPS 237

œ ôû 2051

&œ §©ôû pity; compassion

R-2499 œ›‹ H¡›‹ take pity

¢ ¿¿ííûû p ½½ ×R-2074 R-2023

q ¿íû 2061

qÌ ¿íû´ï µat refusal

qš P¡š to be completedqNš PNš to completeq fQ used in names

R-2500 q fQ^ used in names

Ï ¿íû 2059

R-2501 yÏ ²©¿íû repentance

t ¿íû 2062

R-2502 t^ ¿íû»« completion of construction

v ¿íû 2060

v+ ¿íûé µeet steed

v fQ^ used in namesv o^ used in names

R-2503 v v“^ used in names

238 SEMI-PURE GROUPS

H »»«« p P – ƒ ²²·· ºR-671 R-672 R-673 R-674 R-675 R-676

I »« 2109

C±I¨l òË¿ï«»«Ã©²© one of Japan’s

R-2504 “new religions”

Á »« 2337

ÁJ »«É crafty

R-2505 ÁJ ašJ cunning; sly

ÉÉïï«« ’ ðð«« èR-1885 R-1839

v Éï« 2158

v/ Éï«Éï« long-winded

R-2506 vš ^’„š to chatter

ˆ Éï« 2926

R-2507 6ˆ ÝÉï« mark; symbol; code

” Éï« 2726

R-2508 è” ä«Éï« counter-espionage

ö »» ù ² «R-836 R-837 R-838

( » 2383

R-2509 ( Y‘ water oat; matting rush


! » 2342

!û »ò foxes and badgers

R-2510 ! Skt fox

ó ¿¿ûû ] A F @ ÀÀïï·· 9R-730 R-731 R-732 R-733 R-734 R-735

Ñ ¿û 2739

Ñ“Q rT“Q lively; cheerful; bustling

R-2511 Ñ¡L rT¡L µourish

7 ¿û 2443

7g ¿ûé© morning star

7 H^f tomorrow7 HS used in names

R-2512 7 oS used in names

‹ àà©© n p ÛÛûû !R-929 R-930 R-931

Û à©%Ûï« 2223

Û” à©Å· bate one’s breath

R-2513 ÛK Ûï«Þ Japanese folding screen

Š à© 2802

öŠ Ãûá© rice cracker

R-2514 Š ‘h rice cake


F ²² W U ññ úR-760 R-761 R-762 R-763

] ² 2943

R-2515 ]^J Pzfg^J abundant

[ ±±·· $ & ©© [➚ R-854 R-855 R-856

( ±· 2460

R-2516 (í ±·Ûï« cowardice; timidity

& ÝÝ 0 ´́ yR-824 R-825 R-826

9 Ý 2361

9é Ýð« cotton rose

R-2517 9 v` lotus

´ ãã«« ° ää«« ßR-797 R-798 R-799

¼ ã« 2265

¼³ ã«À holding up; present

R-2518 ¼Xš [[Xš to offer


Ÿ ´́ÌÌ ¥ ¹¹ÌÌ ºR-878 R-879 R-880

£ ¹Ì%´Ì 2499

R-2519 £q ´Ë»«%´»« Chinese bellµower

¼ ½½·· 6 : n 9 ½½ ßR-691 R-642 R-693 R-694 R-695

? ½· 2614

ò? ´ï«½· constriction

?‹ `‡‹ constrict

R-2520 ?‹ k‡‹ to close up

Ö òòûû l s õõûû ÇR-899 R-900 R-901

/ òû 2656

/í òûºû Imperial edict (China)

/ Jo satin cloth; used in names

R-2521 / P used in names

¿ »»ÌÌ Ñ ²²ÌÌR-422 R-423

Î ²Ì 2335

ÁÎ »«²Ì cunning

R-2522 ÎJJ ašJJ sly


Û ¹¹©© ™ ¦ Ÿ ‡ ²²©© sR-720 R-721 R-722 R-723 R-724

§ ¹© 2796

§{T ¹©Ñ«çë· carotid artery

R-2523 § Uz neck

÷ ¹© 2990

÷u ¹©Å« hardy plants÷J k—J sturdy

Note that the primitive to the right is the old form ofÛ. Another example appears in the following frame.

R-2524

Ó ¹© 2989

Ó¿ ¹©»Ì shinbone

Ó `t shinsÓ vT leg

R-2525

The following groups did not exist in volume II, but can nowbe formed as semi-pure groups, using characters already knownas signal primitives.

K ÝÝ««R-1070

J Ý« 2471

J{¡ Ý«¿»« galbanum (bitter gum resin)

R-2526 J QNn maple tree


š ½Ì 2619

R-2527 šZ ½ËÅ« gallant; dashing

Î òòíí«« K ää«« æR-1691 R-1137

G òí« 2143

GÍ òí«ã« name of an Early Han-

R-2528 Dynatsy emperor

I òí« 2324

%I Àï«òí« distillation

R-2529 IŒš fŒš store up

w òí«%ó 2555

wÀ òí«´í« Loochoo Islands

R-2530 w8 óò lapis lazuli

‰ ¹¹ÌÌ · ²²©© rR-1602 R-1602

¼ ¹Ì 2714

R-2531 ¼ƒ ¹ÌáÌ parting; farewell

f ¹Ì 2274

fm ¹Ë¿íÌ gouging out

R-2532 fš NVš gouge out


W ©©R-1706

g © 2355

gi ©¿í· withering; atrophy

gNš qNš wither; droopg›š ^P›š droop; be downcast

R-2533 gzš ^qzš droop; wither

È ÷ 2106

È^ ÷Àû name ancient Chinese used to refer to the Japanese

È Qa used in namesÈ ‰` used in namesÈ ^a used in names

R-2534 È “‰o Ancient Japan

n ××ÌÌ ××©© /R-1543 R-1554

m ×Ì 2307

R-2535 mâ ×ÌñÌ sprightly; lively

Þ ²²ûû ? ð ) ¹¹ûû%%»»ûû ÏR-752 R-753 R-754 R-755*

/ ²û 2314

R-2536 /v ²ûÁ© sprinking; irrigation


J çç I K ææ©© )R-756 R-757 R-758 R-759

* æ© 2445

R-2537 T* ¸æ© stupidity; ignorance

} ¿¿ y ××©© 7R-848 R-849 R-850

¥ ¿ 2481

R-2538 ¥ QS persimmon

¨ ÅÅûû ÀÀííûû †R-1720 R-2181

þ Åû 2506

R-2539 þ fš cask; keg

6 Åû 2814

R-2540 6 ‰` trout

` ´́ b „R-218 R-219 R-220

þ ´ 2667

þ’ ´ô© beautiful

R-2541 þ H“ used in names


_ © 2480

R-2542 _{ ©Á chair

Š ¿¿ … šR-287 R-288 R-289

¤ ¹© 2715

R-2543 ‹¤ Æ«¹© attainments; scholarship

þ ××ûû „R-342 R-343

¤ äû%×û 2954

R-2544 ¤B äû¼ Sanskrit

‰ ×û%äû 2327

‰PÇ ×û¿ûõû pantheism

Note that all the characters allow for both readings. Thedivison indicates only “primary“ reading.

R-2545

X ÝÝÌÌ Z ÚÚ ¾R-2015 R-1643

¾ Ú 2346

R-2546 ¾/ ÚÚ baboon


% ±±·· §§·· 2R-1820 R-1873

3 §· 2320

3 Hk used in names

R-2547 3 Hk^ used in names

The following group contains a final character that was classi-fied in volume II as having no on-yomi. The secondary readinghas, however, been added here to be complete.

Ò ÃÃ´́ Î Ð ½½©© å ¿¿ ·R-764 R-764 R-765 R-641 R-767

Õ Ã´ 2743

R-2548 #Õ ¿íÃ´ handwriting specimen

ñ ²²û ¹¹ûû ÆR-1791 R-2000

À ¹û 2108

ÀÆ ¹ûÇ© fatigue; weariness

R-2549 À‹ L‹ be untiring

# µµïï«« $ ¿¿ïï«« Ï


➔ R-2179 R-1681

# µï« 2095

# fQ used in names# fQ^ used in names

R-2550 # •fQ used in names

] ØØ·· Y 1 ææ·· 2 1 ää ¦➔ R-703 R-702 R-701 R-702 R-696

© v ¥ §R-697 R-698 R-699 R-700

] Ø· 2105

]Ø Ø·È© immense; colossal

R-2551 ]› qQ› must not

[ ´́R-1154

Ÿ ´ 2745

Ÿâ ´¾ fall to one’s knees down

R-2552 ŸU y]‰aU kneel down

Å Ä© 2462

R-2553 Å§ Ä©Ã© brittleness; frailty

* ÇÇûû 6 ( ÉÉíí«« d


R-715 R-716 R-717 R-719

& Çû 2188

R-2554 r& à©Çû even; µat

1 ²²ûû ÑR-1909 R-1895

% ²û 2229

�æ% ´ûÆ«³û inlaying with gold

R-2555 %Œš vŒš to inlay; set in; throw into

$ ²û 2482

R-2556 P$ ç²û mandarin orange

The following groups were introduced as pure groups in vol-ume II, but the addition of new characters makes them nowsemi-pure.

¢ »»«« {R-414 R-415

Š »« 2923

R-2557 îSŠ ØûÅ«»« adhesive plaster (for wounds)


ˆ Á« 2224

ˆ fQ^ used in names

R-2558 ˆ fQ used in names

Y ©© ]R-358 R-359

¦ «Ì 2406

R-2559 ¦5 «ÌÄû growing luxuriantly

ƒ ÀÀííûû xR-374 R-375

z Àíû 2513

R-2560 z fm shield; escutcheon

³ Ðû 2416

R-2561 ³Â ÐûÀ excuse; subterfuge

Ë ´́ïï Ì ÒR-224 R-225 R-226

j ´ï %» 2536

jJ ´ï² signal ³re

R-2562 j u™ used in names


M · 2585

R-2563 M† ·¹© rectangle

¨ ÎÎ©© È Ö Ñ äR-153 R-154 R-155 R-156

B ¿ 2590

R-2564 BÍ oJ^ grindstone; whetstone

ô ½½©© ï û í➔ R-242 R-243 R-244

ô ½© 2090

ô9 ½©×© baton of command

ôš oš take hold ofô H“ used in namesô Lt used in names

R-2565 ô Yo used in names

Ò ¿Ì 2430

R-2566 FÒ É¿Ì have full knowledge of

’ ¿¿ — µµR-914 R-915

• µ 2600

R-2567 •Ó µ±û licenced quarters in Kyoto


¾ îî«« ¸R-480 R-481

ú Àï« 2268

R-2568 ú( Àï«ñû riot; commotion

M ¿¿ûû P ; RR-144 R-145 R-146 R-147

Æ »û 2184

R-2569 ÆÉ »ûÀ· earth’s axis (ancient China)

² ÚÚ −R-346 R-347

† à© 2633

U† ¿Ëâ© bamboo slat used to alertdrowsy meditators

R-2570 † ƒ˜ spatula

Ð ´́ïï »» ‹R-1941 R-2082

£ ´ï 2167

£í ´ïºû lie; falsehood

R-2571 £ Ld lie; falsehood


; ½½·· ÅÅ =➔ R-2019

; ½· 2846

;K ½·Ý« north wind

; kJfh ³rst day of the month; v_Œ used in names

R-2572 ; ‘o used in names

P Å 2847

R-2573 P‘ Å»« go against the stream

ç ÕÕûûR-1114

è Õû 2251

R-2574 èä Õû¾ sprain

S Àû 2607

Sl ÀûÀí· fully ripened

S o^ used in namesS Šuš used in namesS q™ used in names

R-2575 S qš used in names

In the following group, the signal primative must stand aloneand to the right. We have seen in other cases as well how cer-tain primitives, in order to serve as a signal primitive, must bein a dominant position.


6 ÄÄûû ÃÃûû ïR-989 R-1759

& Ãû 2717

R-2576 &A Ãû½· search; exploration

† ÉÉïï«« ‡R-330 R-331

ë Ûï« 2239

R-2577 ë} Ûï«Ñ« court; ministry

Å Éï« 2155

Å´ Éï«õ« mockery; ridicule

R-2578 Åš H]Wš to make fun of

y ÀÀííûû {R-372 R-373

í Àíû%¿íû 2705

¤í ¿Àíû consultation; inferring

íš vQš consult

R-2579 í ‰Yo used in names

µ ¿íû%Àíû 2290

µÁ ÀíûÎ© weeping silently

R-2580 µ ‰Yo used in names


B ¹û 2664

Bœ ¹ûñû dazzling; gorgeous; gaudy

R-2581 B H“ used in names

Finally, there are a small number of entirely new semi-puregroups, composed only of kanji learned in this volume.

Õ §§ûû%%−−ûû➔

I §û 2056

IÑ §û¿Ì hermit’s cell

R-2582 I JP™ hermitage

Õ −û 2055

R-2583 q”Õ/ ´Å·−û−û gasp for breath; huff and puff

Ù −û 2057

Ùv −ûâ© cover; obscuration

R-2584 ÙL PPL to cover

, −û 2058

R-2585 , P› me


a ©©➔

i ÷© 2427

R-2586 ƒi ²©÷© neighborhood; vicinity

Í ÷© 2336

ÍP ÷©¾Ì indecency; lewdness

R-2587 Í˜ Šg˜ loose

a © 2569

R-2588 ai ©¿í· wince; µinch

¿¿íí««➔

L ¿í« 2392

R-2589 LU |U to thatch; shingle

P ¿í« 2732

R-2590 PÆ ¿í«õ· compilation; editing

¿ î« 2263

R-2591 ¿0 î«×© bowing with arms folded


» ÈÈ ÀÀëë íR-2235

º È 2674

ºs Èòû steering wheel; helm

R-2592 º Q_ rudder; helm

¼ È 2955

R-2593 [¼ ÞËÈ Buddha

² Ç 2718

R-2594 ²U H]‹U dupe; deceive

U ³³ûû%%ðð««➔

T ³û 2151

R-2595 T‹ ³ûÆ« counterfeit

U ³û 2150

R-2596 U‘ ³û»« side by side like µying geese

Ü ð« 2237

R-2597 Ü fQ hawk


ƒ ©©ûû „ ±±ûû 0R-905 R-906 R-907

} ©û 2159

}V ©û»« throat

R-2598 } up throat

The following group was not learned as a pure group in vol-ume II, but if its signal primitive is made to stand alone and onthe right, it is convenient to make the group now.

= òò G 7 òò%%òòïï«« (R-1160 R-590 R-963 R-47

¡ ò 2951

R-2599 X¡ ½ûò three nautical miles

û ò 2338

!û »ò foxes and badgers

R-2600 û fsS badger-dog

/ ò 2950

2/ ¼ò ³ve miles

R-2601 / æ©ó mile

; ò 2973

;s òéû back side

R-2602 ; L˜ behind (old form)


d òòïï«« õõ«« µ ¹R-892 R-890 R-891

¼ õ« 2339

¼« õ«Ã© Sirius; Dog Star

R-2603 ÁJ Y`J sly; cunning

& »» þ➔ R-1216

# » 2650

#3 »Ð makeshift

R-2604 # u™ paste; glue

& » % ¼ % « 2470

&º »¿ï« pepper

&& ¼æ sesame&( «õû suspicious-looking

& Nz` barbarians

R-2605 & y[ used in names

@ ¼%» 2562

R-2606 b@ ½û¼ coral

E ¼ 2749

R-2607 ÚEI È©¼ç zest for life


The following group was learned as a pure group in volume II,but the primary reading of the signal primitive makes it betterto reclassify it as a semi-pure group.

[ èè%%ÞÞR-324

C Þ 2270

Cï Þð« care; tending

R-2608 Cnš qnš to stroke; pet

G Þ 2401

GP Þ¾Ì unpolished; crude

R-2609 G Q} turnip

¬ ÐÐûû „ ÀÀííûû ¸R-2188 R-1991 R-2071

± Ðû 2326

R-2610 Ï± »ûÐû chaos; confusion

´ Ðû 2788

R-2611 ´J ÐûÉ ready wit

« Ðû 2949

R-2612 « Ðû a ton


»»«« îî«« ÍR-1918

] »« 2212

]Ø »«È© vast; extensive

] Hk used in names] yœ used in names

R-2613 ] yœ^ used in names

‚ »« 2662

k‚s” ×Ë»«©É« “everything under one roof”

‚ yœ used in names

R-2614 ‚ yœ^ used in names

ˆ »« 2469

%ˆ »»« right hand man

R-2615 ˆ y_ elbow

It happens occasionally, as in the following group, that the sig-nal primitive forms an exception to the reading it takes in othercharacters in which it appears.

2 ÄÄûûR-1012

ö Ãû 2548

öŠ Ãûá© rice cracker

R-2616 öš Jš to roast


ú Ãû 2636

ú– Ãû¿ï message attached to an arrow

R-2617 ú “ arrow

å Ãû 2941

R-2618 åÏ ÃûÎ© pruning

¥ Ãû 2255

R-2619 ¥Nš dœNš to assemble; muster


CHAPTER 10

Mixed Groups

The 162 kanji treated in this chapter make up the most dif³cultof the signal-primitive-based groups. Let us begin by recallingthe three classes of “mixed groups” introduced in volume II:

GROUP A includes groups with two readings. As distinctfrom the “semi-pure” groups, there must be atleast 2 kanji for each reading.

GROUP B is made up of groups with only two exceptionsto the standard reading of the signal primitive,which must apply to at least 3 kanji.

GROUP C is made up of miscellaneous groups where it isstill useful to see a signal primitive with a stan-dard reading, but which has exceptions otherthan those that apply to Groups A and B.

Naturally, with the addition of so many new kanji in this vol-ume, several of the groups from volume II will changeclassi³cation. What is more, once we have left the con³nes ofthe readings assinged for “general use,” the number of sec-ondary and tertiary on-yomi increases dramatically, making thedistinction between Group A and Group B less useful.Accordingly, the two groups have been combined in the pre-sent volume.

For further information on the layout of the frames, see theopening remarks to chapter 7 and the full diagram on page491.

_GROUPS A & B_

¦ ÚÚ ·R-348 R-349

h Ú 2579

&h æÚ paralysis

R-2620 h›š ^z›š go numb

Š Ú 2196

R-2621 GŠ ÑÚ servants

5 ×©%Ù© 2873

ç5 ¿ï«×© medallion

R-2622 5 Ù© mah-jong tiles

Î ×© 2608

Ît ×©¿ legend; ³ction

R-2623 Î yN barnyard grass

ë àà´́ | } ÚÚ ¿R-851 R-852 R-853

{ à´ 2117

{Ø à´¹û prejudice

R-2624 {‹ yR‹ be biased against

MIXED GROUPS GROUPS A & B 265

H Ú 2728

H¬ Úî metaphor

R-2625 HNš foNš compare; liken to

Ü ¿¿ïï«« Ì Ô ´ ½½·· 7R-725 R-726 R-727 R-728 R-729

í ¿ï« 2784

R-2626 í [“ a sheath

« ¿ï« 2154

R-2627 «w ¿ï«²© patrol; guard

` ÃÌ 2219

R-2628 ` Ua waste; rubbish

² ÚÚ −R-346 R-347

© Ú 2236

©� Ú¼ aegis; protection

©L QwL protect; grant sanctuary

R-2629 © y[^ eaves; canopy

Ö Ú 2218

½Ö ã«Ú breaking wind

R-2630 Ö ƒ passed gas

266 GROUPS A & B MIXED GROUPS

Ç Û 2519

R-2631 Ç! Û÷ loquat

É Û 2912

R-2632 É% Û÷ lute

Æ −−ûû ä Ø = ÷÷ûû ÚR-780 R-781 R-782 R-783

× ÷û 2487

R-2633 × ÷û wooden bowl

Ù ÷û 2591

R-2634 [Ù Éë÷û teacup

‡ −û 2197

R-2635 ‡( −û´ï· euphemistic

“ ××ûû … ØØûû ¡R-800 R-801 R-802

æ ×û 2522

R-2636 Ãæ Õ×û nirvana

¢ Øû 2586

¢Í ØûÀë· huge rock

R-2637 ¢ J¡ boulder


2 ²²ûû ; C ññûû ,R-748 R-749 R-750 R-751

/ ñû 2371

8/ ³ñû temple for Buddhist training

R-2638 / HJ indigo

Ô ÈÈ©© Ù ÏÏ Ô ÎÎ©© ÔR-544 R-1416 R-544 R-544

Ë Î© 2146

Ëp Î©×Ì tonsure; cutting off the hair

R-2639 Ëš dš to shave

Õ Î© 2283

Õˆ Î©Àíû obedience

Õ o‘ used in namesÕ —^ used in namesÕ “` used in names

R-2640 Õ “`^ used in names

Ù Î© 2479

‰Ù ²©Î© step; threshold; guide

R-2641 Ù v^Z ladder


Â ôôû š à ¹¹ûû Â Ù È ººûû È➚ R-1202 R-1203 R-1199 R-1200 R-1201 R-1201

¢ ôû 2630

@¢ Öôû shop-entrance curtain

R-2642 ¢ `g› bamboo blind

Þ ää«« ä ØØ©© =R-806 R-807 R-808

A Ø© 2541

Aß Ø©−û soot and smoke

R-2643 A `` soot

± ¿¿ïï«« © ã Ò ÃÃ©© ± © ª ¦R-1204 R-1205 R-1208 R-1209 R-1204 R-1205 R-1206 R-1207

é ¿ï« 2770

é1 ¿ï«» a bell and drum

R-2644 é Qt bell clapper

t ÉÉïï«« – „ Š ÐÐ«« Y sR-1168 R-1169 R-1170 R-1171 R-1172 R-1173

— Éï« 2755

R-2645 —{ Éï«¿ saké holder

B ÅÅ«« ] R Š ÆÆ«« † ‡ Š


➚ R-1188 R-1188 R-1193 R-1191 R-1192 R-1193

ÅÅ BR-1190

; Å 2177

R-2646 I; çÅ fermented bean paste

¨ ÀÀïï«« µ ô ÃÃ©© ¨ µ ¼R-1174 R-1175 R-1177 R-1174 R-1175 R-1176

8 Àï« 2438

8˜Q HS˜Q clear

R-2647 8 HS˜ used in names

“ îî««%%««%%îîR-1754

· « % î % î« 2126

ú· Îûî« divine favor; providence

· `W used in names

R-2648 ·U f`U aid; assist

Ç î« 2599

ÇÙ î«ÚÌ secretary; amanuensis

Ç [h used in namesÇ `W used in namesÇ f`U used in namesÇ h used in names

R-2649 Ç ‰` used in names


ø ²²ûû ù î * : ¹¹ûû Û ³³ûû MR-1270 R-1269 R-1271 R-1272 R-1273 R-1274 R-1275

Ü ²û 2944

Ü¹ ²ûÃ© snoring voice

R-2650 Ü JzS snoring

! ²û 2441

!“ ²û³© drought damage

R-2651 ! yn™ drought

4 ²û 2632

4w ²ûÐ« top of a pole

R-2652 4 [P pole

† ²û 2523

R-2653 † ^P™ bookmark

× ÇÇ©© Æ Ì ÀÀ%%ÉÉ ¸ ¿¿ xR-1264 R-1265 R-1266 R-1267 R-1268

™ ì 2137

R-2654 v™ Ð«ì training; cultivation

÷ Ç© 2871

R-2655 ÷p †o¥p almost


Î Ç© 2356

ðÎ ÃûÇ© mosses

Î YW moss

R-2656 }Î u™ seaweed

ò »» ü û ·· N ´́ïï ÊR-1215 R-1218 R-1217 R-1219 R-1220

õ » 2205

õ” »Å· stopgap; makeshift

õ ^”Lo mother-in-law

R-2657 õ ^”LoŒ mother-in-law

‚ ××ûû * ‡ • Š + š ØØûû ‡R-1234 R-1233 R-1235 R-1236 R-1237 R-1238 R-1239 R-1235

ÇÇûû ‚ ààûû ‘ ²² 6 ããûû ‚R-1234 R-1240 R-1241 R-1234

ƒ ãû % ×û 2902

äƒ èãû rebellion; insurrection

R-2658 ƒU d‹U disobey

7 ÃÃûû ò , ) ½½ûû ` ¾¾ûû mR-1259 R-1260 R-1261 R-1262 R-1263

” Ãû 2991

R-2659 “” ÛûÃû letter paper


( Ãû 2735

{( ´Ãû high and low (social rank)

R-2660 (^J J“^J lowly; humble

ä ©© j T e −−©© Å ²²ûû HR-1221 R-1222 R-1223 R-1224 R-1225

5 © 2411

5 H^ reeds

R-2661 5 —^ reeds

© ²²ÌÌ Ì Ó Ð −−ÌÌ Œ ¹¹©© ÍR-1210 R-1211 R-1212 R-1213 R-1214

Ò ²Ì 2398

Òn ²ËÐ« confrontation; discord

R-2662 Ò Ua kudzu; arrowroot

¤ ´́ i l _ k µµ ’ ¼¼ AR-1253 R-1254 R-1255 R-1256 R-1257 R-1258

M ´ 2643

ÃM ×´ winnowing fan

R-2663 M Š winnow; winnowing fan

¹ ´ 2840

R-2664 ¹v ´òû giraffe


§ »»«« ³³ÌÌ%%¼¼«« § ¿¿íí««%%ÀÀîî«« B➚ R-1074 R-1813

Í »«%²Ë 2281

ÍY ²Ë»« shape; form

R-2665 Í‘ HfQ‘ as if

› »« 2776

R-2666 °› Ç©»« father of the Imperial adviser

b ³³ h e ÀÀìì îR-784 R-785 R-786 R-787

) »%¼ 2134

)N [N intelligent; bright

R-2667 )Nš [Nš be clear; serene

Ï ÎÎ©© ÀÀïï«« Ï )R-360 R-360 R-361

Û Î© 2587

ÛQG Î©×·É anchorage; mooring

R-2668 Û JQ™ anchor

4 Çû 2670

&4 ×Çû failure; bankruptcy

R-2669 4zš †Yœzš unravel


Â ¿¿ ˜ §➔ R-522 R-523

Â ¿ 2043

ÂM ¿³û this shore (this world)

R-2670 Â Y› this one

Û ½© 2044

R-2671 Û ^w brushwood

÷ ½© 2045

ô÷ Àï«½© fort; citadel

R-2672 ÷ o™n fort; forti³cations

Ô ½ 2046

Ôú ½½© triµing; trivial

ÔQ J[[Q slightly

R-2673 Ô^ `Y^ small amount

Ø ´́ïï««R-1828

| Àíû 2318

|� Àíû¿û pure and immaculate heart

| Hk used in names| Hk^ used in names| HS used in names| S— used in names| S—^ used in names

R-2674 | ‰Yo used in names


‡ Àíû 2751

‡5 Àíû² re³nement; sublimation

‡J HkJ warm; cordial‡ Hk used in names

R-2675 ‡ Hk^ used in names

− Àíû%Ðû 2279

−J HkJ warm; cordial− Hk^ used in names

R-2676 − ‰Yo used in names

° Ðû 2931

°R Ðû»« simplicity; naivete

° Hk^ used in names° Hk used in names° kš used in names° u} used in names° P[‹ used in names

R-2677 ° ko‹ used in names

_ ÝÝûû g i j ääûû !R-1246 R-1247 R-1248 R-1249 R-1250

ÚÚûû%%ÛÛûû ú ××ûû ™ ÞÞûû%%ÞÞ _R-1251 R-1252 R-1246

d Ýû 2246

R-2678 dz ÝûÅ« get-up; disguise


s ÁÁ©© x ƒ îî«« ÌR-736 R-737 R-738 R-739

³ È 2165

R-2679 ³È È−´ saliva; sputum

_GROUP C_

¡ ãã ™ ¢ ª œ ÝÝ Þ➔ R-61 R-62 R-63 R-64 R-650

F Þ%ã 2378

R-2680 F‰ ÞÑ« grape; grapevine

£ ã%Ý 2730

£Õ ã½ assistant; counselor

£ `W used in names

R-2681 £U f`U to help; assist

¡ ã 2097

¡ yœ^ used in names

R-2682 ¡ v_Œ used in names


š ã 2975

R-2683 šŠ ãÑ« paved road

› ã 2918

R-2684 ›– ã¹© ridges in ³elds

; ²² G ³³ gR-788 R-789 R-790

8 ²%³ 2115

8¼ ²È song in praise of the Buddha (gatha)

8/ ³ñû temple; monastery

R-2685 8 oT nursing

? ² 2852

?ó ²Ö« approval; appreciation

?} —œY} rejoice? —^ used in names

R-2686 ? yœ used in names

R ² 2372

R-2687 R({) q` eggplant

Z ² 2959

R-2688 öZ ¿ë² Shakyamuni the Buddha

Ú ² 2962

R-2689 Úç »2Ú2 coffee

278 GROUP C MIXED GROUPS

j ²%³ 2803

j¨ ²¼ palanquin; litter

R-2690 ëj ¿ë³ imperial carriage

w ¹ 2700

R-2691 wá ¹½ monk’s surplice

O ¿¿ûû E ÉÉûû ¥R-923 R-924 R-925

0 Îû 2492

R-2692 0 ‰S Chinese black pine

& Îû 2789

R-2693 &= ÎûæÌ details; full account

ù Îû 2190

R-2694 ù¢ Îûå ³ll up; compensate for

B ½½©© ð ü þ ÃÃûû üR-742 R-740 R-741 R-743

é ½© 2704

ré ²©½© shout of delight

é Q question mark; used in namesé Qq indeed; used in namesé hQ used in namesé v_Œ used in names

R-2695 é “ used in names

MIXED GROUPS GROUP C 279

W ÃÌ 2703

W5 ÃÌÄû distinct; sharp

R-2696 Wš Sš sever; cut

È Ç© 2702

R-2697 ™È Éï«È© accept; receive

´ ÃÃ©©%%¿¿ïï«« ¥ § « ÃÃ©© ³ ½½ûû cR-1281 R- 1282 R-1283 R-1284 R-1286 R-1285

À Ã© 2750

·À# ²·Ã©¾© stimulant; drug

R-2698 À‰` [‰` to wake someone

ì Ã© 2910

R-2699 ì PJ nephew

r ¿ï« 2628

r1 ¿ï«» µutes and drums

R-2700 r ^–Lu|N 13- or 19-reed pan µute

6 Å 2940

6´ ÅÃ© resuscitation; rebirth

R-2701 6š —ŠRNš revive; resucitate


² »»·· µ ÆÆ«« ‹R-926 R-927 R-928

– »« 2934

–© »«¿ pearly-white teeth

– HS˜ used in names

R-2702 – yœ^ used in names

ï ÝÝ·· S O Q ÝÝ )R-745 R-746 R-747 R-748

è Ý· 2731

èâ Ý·¿ë radiation (of heat, light, etc.)

R-2703 è “ spoke of a wheel

Ú ÚÌ 2420

Úê ÚËÅ· dropping out of the picture

R-2704 after a failure

ß »»ûû Í É ººûû ï Q ³³ûû QR-1396 R-1397 R-1398 R-1399 R-1399

µµûû F ÇÇ©© ÑR-1400 R-1401

Ð »û 2578

ÐÔ »ûÃ´ traces; vestiges

R-2705 Ð Ho scar


s ÎÎ©© à ÉÉïï«« s ‰ ™ z ÉÉïï rR-1458 R-1464 R-1458 R-1459 R-1460 R-1461 R-1462

ÐÐ«« a ÈÈ ¸R-1463 R-1465

Ú Î© 2312

Úû Î©Ãû beach line

Ú qT[ beach

R-2706 Ú ŠT¡ waterside

æ Î© 2766

zæ Å«Î© book-binding

R-2707 æ UT nail

Ÿ ¿¿ïï·· 1 0 ÉÉ E N ÉÉïï··%%ÀÀ´́ ŸR-1325 R-1323 R-1324 R-1321 R-1322 R-1325

+ ¿ï· 2183

R-2708 + vr clay

X ôôûû £ § ÐÐ«« X L ÉÉûû ¦➚ R-1328 R-1329 R-1326 R-1327 R-1330

¡ ôû 2542

¡é ôû³ brick

R-2709 ¡š tš temper; soften


@ ²û 2708

@í ²ûºû admonition

R-2710 @Œš J[Œš remonstrate

â ²²ÌÌ Ï Î ÄÄÌÌ â ÷÷ Ê➚ R-1500 R-1501 R-1502 R-1503

ÀÀ Â ¹¹©© ‹R-1504 R-1505

e ²Ì 2646

R-2711 e va expectation; should

J ·· P ±±«« õ ö ÁÁ«« ŠR-1470 R-1471 R-1472 R-1473 R-1474

O · 2986

¾O õ«· old bones; advanced age

R-2712 O Q˜g body

û ±« 2828

R-2713 û Q‘Œ seagull


3 §§ûû K ©©ûû ‘ 3 ±±ûû 3➚ R-1301 R-1299 R-1300 R-1300

M §û 2777

eM òï«§û court (national) mourning

M “Š darkness

R-2714 MJ U˜J dark; shadowy

± ÀÀ ³ ¬ ´ ¿¿ ¡ ÇÇ©© ÅR-1433 R-1434 R-1435 R-1436 R-1437 R-1438

ÐÐ«« f ÐÐ·· –R-1439 R-1440

» À 2575

R-2715 » À hemorrhoids

Á À 2395

ÁU ‰U to sowÁNš LNš to plant

R-2716 Á ‰S used in names

À ÚÚ « ¬ ××©© , 8 1 ¾¾©© &R-1432 R-1430 R-1431 R-1426 R-1427 R-1428 R-1430

± Ú 2897

±ë‰ ÚQ¡Éï« town in Shimane Prefecture

± H“ used in names

R-2717 ´x± JSRJ reason for living


¹ Ú 2659

¹G ÚZJ red (gold) carp

¹ HQ red

R-2718 ¹ HW red; crimson

½ Ú 2724

½4 Úä« slander; calumny

R-2719 ½š d^š accuse; slander

ç ×©%Ú 2963

R-2720 Úç »2Ú2 coffee

µ ÚÚ ¼ ª ´ ° ×× & #R-1418 R-1419 R-1420 R-1421 R-1422 R-1423 R-1424

ØØ (R-1425

• × 2793

‡• àûÙ partiality; favoritism

R-2721 •š `Y}š exceedingly; extremely

Ã × 2647

R-2722 ÃM ×´ winnowing fan


œ ØØûû ©©ÌÌ v ááûû ”R-949 R-1868 R-952

› Øû 2244

›H Øû² eulogy; dirge

R-2723 ›U yU grind (meat)

2 ¸̧«« X Z [ ¸̧ TR-776 R-777 R-778 R-779

Y ¸« 2211

R-2724 YÊ ¸«÷ allegory; fable

© æû 2969

R-2725 Î© Óæû 20,000 (old form)

L æ© 2970

R-2726 ¢L »«æ© lofty; noble

q ÐÐ«« d y : w ÐÐ : wR-1441 R-1442 R-1443 R-1444 R-1445 R-1444 R-1445

ÂÂ q w ãã«« Ì ÉÉïï«« ˜ ÇÇûû 1R-1441 R-1445 R-1446 R-1447 R-1448

q Ð«%Â 2423

qK Ð«òí« stayover; sojourn

R-2727 q{} Â¿¿ city near Kamakura


ðð«« Þ ìì·· ¨ ÇÇ·· æR-976 R-2076 R-2208

ç ð« 2880

çU QR“U shine; sparkleç HS˜ used in names

R-2728 ç mš used in names

™ ð« 2534

™U QR“U shine brightly

R-2729 ™ mš used in names

Ÿ ØØûû%%××ûû ”R-948 R-2152

£ Øû 2381

R-2730 £º Øû¿ï« red pepper

ü × 2262

ü) ×¿í sowing; planting

R-2731 üU ‰U to sow


, ðð«« î Û ÉÉïï«« ‘ ÐÐ«« _R-1370 R-1371 R-1372 R-1373

ÀÀïï«« õ ¿¿ïï«« ¥R-1374 R-1375

… Éï« 2885

H… òí«Éï« µuent (in speaking)

… Jfš used in names… Qp used in names… qR used in names… u} used in names… ‰[ used in names

R-2732 … Šk used in names

ß ð« 2473

ß‹ ð«À toothpick

ß “` used in names

R-2733 ß “qT willow

In the following group, take note of certain similarities thatseem to create “pure” groups within an otherwise mixed groupby the addition of a second element.

Œ ¿¿ïï • Œ ™ ’ ” ¿¿ëë é æ➚ R-1362 R-1363 R-1364 R-629 R-1367 R-1360 R-1361

ÉÉïï q o ” ÐÐ @ = ÌÌ @R-1365 R-1366 R-1367 R-1368 R-1369 R-1368

‘ ¿ï 2448

‘M ¿ï»« ³rst light of dawn


‘ HW‡u dawn; daybreak

R-2734 ‘ HS˜ used in names

— ¿ï 2365

1— ²û¿ï sweet potato

R-2735 — J‘ potato

˜ ¿ï 2402

1˜ ²û¿ï sweet potato

R-2736 ˜ J‘ potato

Ã Éï 2994

R-2737 ÇÃ Éí«Éï hesitation; warning

„ Éï 2118

„2 Éïò pro³ts; earnings

„W ‘LW pro³ts

R-2738 „Wš ‘LWš make a pro³t

2 Ð 2192

R-2739 H2 §ûÑ feeling of relief

5 Ð 2217

5õ ÐÀï« slaughterhouse

R-2740 5š †|š defeat


ª ññ·· $ % & ²²·· ª ° ¼ ª➚ R-1355 R-1356 R-1357 R-1351 R-1352 R-1353 R-1354

òòëë·· F ³³·· Â ´́ëë·· ªR-1358 R-1359 R-1354

# ñ· 2302

R-2741 #_ ñ·Éí« in Kyoto

q ñ· 2545

q| ñ·©û branding; stigma

R-2742 qU “UU to burn

¬ õ 2738

R-2743 Ì¬ ÷©õ bribe

In the following group, the primitive must stand alone and onthe right to qualify as a signal primitive.

Ù òòïï«« ^ ´́ïï««%%¹¹©© Ù ºº©© «➚ R-2177 R-938 R-1917

E òë· 2247

Eô òë·ÈÌ pillage; looting

R-2744 EŒš Q`Œš to plunder; loot

a òï« 2474

a ‹UuS gray starling

R-2745 a U˜ used in names


e òï« 2710

eM òï«§û court (national) mourning

e ‰Yo used in names

R-2746 e [o^ used in names

ø ÀÀëë·· ÐÐ·· ’ ÈÈ·· ëR-1962 R-2190 R-1760

û Àë· 2429

û| ÀëË´ provocation

R-2747 ûU yU to attract; solicit

‚ ¹¹©© ” ²² : ³³©© š —R-1387 R-1386 R-1388 R-1384 R-1385

²²©© š ÝÝ««%%ãã«« IR-1384 R-1389

f ¹© 2932

R-2748 f |Š used in names

– ¹© 2571

– Hc ridge between rice ³elds

R-2749 – Lt ridge; furrow

$ ¹© 2815

R-2750 $ [W salmon


ƒ ¹© 2564

R-2751 ƒK ¹©Å silicon

£ § 2693

£¹ §Ã© raucous voice

R-2752 £ QNš a frog

$ §© 2200

R-2753 $^J LkU^J beautiful

† ¿¿ ‹ ™ µµ Œ ´́ cR-1402 R-1403 R-1404 R-1405 R-1406

Z µ%´ 2122

Z© µº© arts; handicraftsHEZ ²Þ´ Kabuki

Z ¡T used in names

R-2754 Z U› used in names

‰ µ 2199

R-2755 ‰· µõ« brothel

This next group of charcters, you may recall, was given specialattention in volume II because of the overlap of readings.Having come this far already, it is no doubt clear to you thatthis exception has become rather the rule in volume III.


ÃÃ´́ Æ 3 ¿¿ïï·· 4 3R-932 R-934 R-933 R-934

R ¿ 2233

iR ´¿ µag; banner; one’s position

R-2756 R u‡™ a banner; a streamer

æ ðð«« á à ï å ¿¿ïï«« Ö åR-1449 R-1450 R-1451 R-1452 R-1453 R-1454 R-1455

ÃÃûû 1 çç%%ÛÛ ËR-1456 R-1457

_ ð« 2572

−_ Ì«ð« itching; interest

R-2757 _J Q•J ichy

t ´́ g ‚ ¸̧ûû t ««ûû ±➚ R-1520 R-1521 R-1522 R-1523

= «û 2439

±= ºû«û vertigo; dizziness

= Q[ halo=` ‡Q` shade off; blur

R-2758 =Wš ‡Wš fade; grow dim

Þ »û 2295

R-2759 Þúˆ »ûÎûµ astrolabe


@ ´ 2440

@S QR“S a glow@˜` m˜` to glow@ yQ™ ray of light@ HS˜ used in names

R-2760 @ mš used in names

ü ÉÉíí«« f e l ¿¿íí%%ÁÁ ü➚ R-1331 R-1332 R-1333 R-1335

ÀÀíí«« W ±±«« ðR-1336 R-1337

i Éí« 2727

R-2761 iö Éí«¿ë· annotate

ú ×× û ÚÚ »➔ R-2083 R-1618

ú × 2096

oú! òûÙÃû lymph glands

ú La a swirl

R-2762 ú o‘N used in names

% × 2913

R-2763 É% Û÷ Japanese lute

* Ø 2386

R-2764 *ß Ø¿ï« Bashõ (haiku poet); banana


! ÷ 2501

R-2765 Ç! Û÷ loquat

: ÉÉïï«« “ } ¿¿íí«« : Q➚ R-1531 R-1532 R-1533 R-1534

u Éï« 2135

u% Éï«ñ· withering; decline

R-2766 u‹ ^‡‹ wither

Õ Éï« 2812

R-2767 Õ fJ sea bream

n ³³©© › Œ ²²·· ± »»·· ±R-640 R-1535 R-1536 R-1537 R-1538

’ ³© 2162

’³ ³©È cough and spittle

R-2768 ’ bS cough

Ÿ ³© 2874

R-2769 |Ÿ ¿³© corpse


˜ ÉÉ G K ÀÀ G ¿¿%%ÃÃ ‰ ÇÇ ¬➔ R-1287 R-1288 R-1288 R-1289 R-1291

˜ ì 2094

˜ q™ to the amount of (on receipts)˜ H™ used in names

R-2770 ˜ ‰f used in names

H É%¿ 2242

H7 É²û relaxation; slakening

H| ¿Éï« tightening and looseningH‹ fš‹ to lacken

R-2771 H‹ •š‹ slacken

R É 2805

R{ ÉÅ« treat; hospitality

R-2772 Rbš vbš run; gallop

, ²²©© } t ææ©© , ØØ©© ?➚ R-1302 R-1303 R-1304 R-1305

ÞÞ B ÛÛûû þ ××ûû ’R-1306 R-1307 R-1308

{ ²© 2452

{_ ²©Àí« obscurity; ambiguity

R-2773 {Õ ŠdQ last day of the month


¿¿ûû W ÉÉûû £➚ R-1636 R-1940

N ¿û 2574

R-2774 &N æ¿û measles

( ¿û 2291

(m ¿û¿íÌ percolation; exuding

(‹ r_‹ spread; blot

R-2775 (š ^Šš to blot

à Ûí« 2720

R-2776 [à§ èÛí«Ã© infallibility

Æ ÉÉíí«« a c îî Æ ± ÀÀ·· É➚ R-1347 R-1348 R-14 R-1346 R-1349

¿¿íí«« £ ÎÎ´́ î îî«« ÆR-1350 R-2147 R-14

Â Éí« 2666

R-2777 Â k‹T pongee

# Î´ 2412

}# ¹©Î´ teach; guide

R-2778 # Šh used in names

Á î 2486

R-2779 Á({) îÂ citron


¿¿ïï«« á ç ¦ Á ÀÀïï«« øR-1338 R-1339 R-1340 R-1341 R-1342

ÑÑ«« } ÐÐ«« JR-1343 R-1344

° ¿ï« 2870

Ø°ø È©Àï«½© festival of thanks following

R-2780 enthronment of an emperor

Ý ÇÇûû , −−ûû Ý ÈÈûû 7➚ R-1887 R-2029 R-994

g Çû 2573

R-2781 »g ¹ËÇû bloody phlegm


CHAPTER 11

A Potpourri of Readings

_ INTUITION FROM __DOMINANT PRIMITIVE_

We begin this hodge-podge of readings with a group of kanjiwhoseon-yomi you should be able to guess by “intuition” fromthe dominant primitive, even though there are too manyexceptions to allow us to make a group as such.

C É 2584

R-2782 C({) S_ pheasant

À Ç© 2185

ÀÎR Ç©Ã´³û rocks piled up high

R-2783 ÀJ LafQJ be piled up high

© Á©%Ì© 2505

©¿ Ì©»Ì vertebra

© ^J chinquapin© kh used in names

R-2784 ©ì ^JfW kind of mushroom

‚ Á© 2760

‚† Á©¹© pyramid-shaped

R-2785 ‚ S™ a gimlet; a drill

! Á© 2712

!7 Á©² Who goes there?

R-2786 ! g› who

Z ©%î©%î© 2276

ZZ ©© sound expressing assent

ZŠš P‘¥Šš consider; reµectZ Y› this (classical)

R-2787 Z fg used in names

² ´í« 2114

²ë ´í«Î´ bitter enemy

R-2788 ² Hg enemy; enimity

µ Ïû 2111

µ6 Ïû½· farming

R-2789 µ kUg new ³eld

Q òï 2121

R-2790 {Q ×ûòï companion; associate

q ²© 2886

q$ ²©Ãû barge; cargo vessel

R-2791 qš ‰¡š go around

300 DOMINANT PRIMITIVE A POTPOURRI OF READINGS

| ¿ 2222

|Ÿ ¿³© corpse; remains

| ^Qwt corpse; remains

R-2792 | Qwt corpse; remains

³ 2286

R-2793 ³/ »«»« rough; crude

Ò »« 2457

R-2794 æÒ ä«»« urinary bladder

o ¿ 2113

R-2795 oú ¿½© circumstances

+ Çû 2859

+b¿ Çû©¿ï« Notes Lamenting Differences(famous work by the notedBuddhist reformer, Shinran)

R-2796 +U qXU grief; lamentation

3 Çû 2631

R-2797 3k ÇûÁ cabinet

Ë Àï 2303

R-2798 Ë q¥_ thou

™ ê· 2293

R-2799 ™ô ê·ð· bathing

A POTPOURRI OF READINGS DOMINANT PRIMITIVE 301

° Ã© 2497

° ` nest

R-2800 °‹ `‹ roost; dwell

¸ ¿ë % ½© 2292

¸õ ¿ëÈÌ free-thinking; unconventional

R-2801 ¸b ½©Å« cleaning

• Ð· 2297

R-2802 à• ä«Ð· blasphemy

: §Ì 2781

R-2803 :ø §ËÃû good of³ces; services

ó ±« 2450

óµ ±«Ã© µourishing; prospering

ó¥ [Q¥ µourishing; prospering

R-2804 ó HS˜ used in names

À Çû 2321

R-2805 À qg open sea

T ¿û 2368

R-2806 ÄT Ç©¿û sash padding

Ô ¹û 2589

NÔ Ð«¹û Chinese ink slab

R-2807 Ô `a™ inkstone


£ »« 2313

£Ÿ »«u (family name)

£ PPo™ giant swan

R-2808 £ yœ used in names

Ä Àíû 2807

Äï Àíûð« tame; domesticate

R-2809 Ä›š q›š get used to

ã Ãû 2692

R-2810 ã bŠ cicada

´ À 2797

7´ ¿ï·À diet

´ N bait

R-2811 ´ N[ animal feed

ô »« 2754

R-2812 ô äÇû button

ß Ý 2332

ß[ Ý¾û Pusan (Korean city)

R-2813 ß Q‰ iron pot; kettle

2 Ý 2333

Í2 Ã´Ý stone axe

R-2814 2 Pu axe

A POTPOURRI OF READINGS DOMINANT PRIMITIVE 303

ò ¿ë· 2510

R-2815 ò{ ¿ë·¿ dipper; ladle

ó ¿ë· 2544

óå ¿ë·ÕÌ incandescent heat

R-2816 óU “U to burn

` è 2831

R-2817 ¬` ±«è parrot

Ã î« 2493

R-2818 Ã q˜ Japanese oak

† ¿ï« 2794

†H ¿ï«² song of praise

†Nš ffNš sing the praises of

R-2819 †Œš †Œš to praise

_INTUITION FROM MEANING_

The on-yomi for this next group of kanji can be guessed at fromtheir meaning. That is, the reading of another, more commoncharacter of the same meaning supplies the reading. To helpyou, the character of related meaning is given in each frame.


« ➙ y ó© 2294

R-2820 « qŠg tear

‚ ➙ | à´ 2588

‚NÄ à´³ûõ· Blue Cliff Records (classic Zen kõan collection)

‚ HP used in names

R-2821 ‚ Šp™ used in names

Þ ➙ † Â© 2393

R-2822 §Þ ¿Â© pistil

¤ ➙ ¦ ôû 2676

R-2823 ¤Ó ôûÇ© regiment

_ ➙ r Å« 2432

R-2824 _û Å«¾© side dish

s ➙ r Å« 2660

s§ Å«¼« comprehensive; synthetic

s„š `„š to rule; control

R-2825 s P[ used in names

¾ ➙ p ²© 2319

¾n ²©éÌ destruction; demolition

R-2826 ¾›š k}›š destroy

A POTPOURRI OF READINGS MEANING 305

ê ➙ å Ãû 2903

êw ÃûÐ« pinnacle; spire; steeple

R-2827 êš oRš come to a point

Þ ➙ Ý −û 2546

JÞ ²−û ³re; blaze

Þ †uP µames

R-2828 Þ †‹˜ µames

K ➙ T ¿í« 2409

R-2829 KTB ¿í«¿í«² collector

é ➙ è ´ï« 2240

R-2830 Àé À´ï« strenuous effort

ö ➙ û Úû 2529

ö/ ÛûÛû splendid form

ö HS used in namesö HS˜ used in names

R-2831 ö H“ used in names

u ➙ r%n ²© 2282

R-2832 uP ²©Ý· recovery

H ➙ Z ¿û 2436

H‹ ``‹ to advanceH HS used in namesH Ur used in names

R-2833 H •S used in names

306 MEANING A POTPOURRI OF READINGS

9 ➙ 6 ²û 2780

9î ²ûä· writing brush and ink

R-2834 9 “‰p™ copper pheasant

Ã ➙ * Ãû 2082

Ã U_ drawing of lots

R-2835 Ã Qao™ tally

E ➙ – Å%¿ï 2922

@E ²ûÅ written advice to the throne

R-2836 EJ LoJ distant; alienated

_UNCLASSIFIED READINGS_

The on yomi for this next group can be guessed at from theirmeaning. That is, the reading of another, more common char-acter of the same meaning supplies the reading. To help you,the character will often be supplied in each frame.

ê± 2900

êJm PJm in; atê HH Ah! (exclamation)ê LN used in namesê P used in names

The reading of this character was learned in volume II as

R-2837 the root character for the hiragana P.

A POTPOURRI OF READINGS MEANING 307

8 ¿ï· 2800

½8 ºË¿ï· lunar eclipse

R-2838 8‹ ‹^w‹ be worm eaten

0 Ð 2093

0r¸ Ðr²· anyhow; in any case

R-2839 0 L[T rabbit

Ú È© 2747

R-2840 ÚEI È©¼ç zest for life

» î« 2210

»¢ î«Àï indulgence; pardon

»Œš qgŒš soothe; pacify»` •š` forgive» `W used in names

R-2841 » Šœ used in names

Q »« 2148

R-2842 Q9 »«Ø© slope; gradient

9 ´û 2049

9` ´ûÀí« birds and beasts

R-2843 9 o™ bird

? ¼ %´û 2050

R-2844 n? òû¼ apple

308 UNCLASSIFIED READINGS A POTPOURRI OF READINGS

) Ø 2699

)I ØÐ« denunciation; abuse

R-2845 )š uu^š verbally abuse

ª õ 2508

ªA õ²© oars

R-2846 ª “V˜ turret; tower

È À· 2642

R-2847 úÈ ÎûÀ· India; a foreign land

° «û 2102

R-2848 °/ «û«û etc., etc.

F ¿ % Ú 2891

R-2849 F [_ spoon

‡ ©û 2298

R-2850 ‡( ©ûñû debauchery; lewdness

ó Àí« 2657

R-2851 ó| Àí«Çû carpet

Ô ¿í« 2130

ÔŒš P[Œš cultivate; pursue

R-2852 Ô P[‹ used in names

A POTPOURRI OF READINGS UNCLASSIFIED READINGS 309

è ½ % ¿ë 2673

Vè ×·½ gauze; gossamer

R-2853 è L`Ts light silk

5 ´û 2888

5/5 ´û´ûÄû joyfully

5 “`^ used in names

R-2854 5 —^ used in names

= ´û 2396

R-2855 = b™ parsley

a ½û 2543

a5 ½ûÄû brilliance; radiance

R-2856 a˜Q HS˜Q clear

Z Å« 2855

Zr Å«²© refreshing

Z“Q [¡“Q refreshing; bracing

R-2857 Z [“ used in names

– Àë· 2878

Z– ·Àë· peacock; peahen

R-2858 – `aŒ sparrow

ê Úï« 2734

R-2859 êˆ Úï«àû sudden change


@ ´û 2623

ˆ@ ²©´û open collar

R-2860 @ N™ collar

ó ð· 2079

R-2861 óG ð·É fertile land

Ø ð« 2078

Øœ ð«Àï fairy

R-2862 Ø^J H“^J dubious; ³shy

Y õ 2328

R-2863 Y[ õ² ³ltering

ê ´ï« 2275

R-2864 ê›š Pd›š to fear

¥ ¼« 2857

R-2865 ¥J ¼«² world-destroying ³re

p Â%Éí« 2152

p{ Â¿ miniature shrine

R-2866 pÛ Éí«ä« kitchen; galley

‘ ´íª 2936

‘ fW used in names

R-2867 ‘ fW^ used in names


½ õ« 2638

|½ ©ûõ« pillbox

½Œš YŒš to load; ³ll up

R-2868 ½ QZ cage

¿ õ« 2983

R-2869 ¿¿p õ«³Ë»« school for the deaf

Î ×© 2458

R-2870 Îe ×©³ germ; embryo bud

6 õ 2364

6Ú õÎ© shoreline with reeds

R-2871 6 H^ reed

) Ð« 2530

R-2872 ) PW bucket

ì Àï« 2394

R-2873 ì fW mushroom

› ¹© 2655

›K ¹©òí« mooring

R-2874 ›V kqV fasten; tie

Í ¿í« 2485

R-2875 Í yJ˜T holly tree


¡ ´Ì 2175

¡3 ´Ì±û stammering

R-2876 ¡š p‘š stammer; stutter

$ Éï« 2736

$ä Éï«ð« pasting; af³xingR-2877 $š vš to stick; paste

x Éï« 2231

Àx ã«Éï« copy book printed from oldcalligraphy masters’ works

R-2878 x Éï« notebook

Â ¿ï« 2273

Â‡ ¿ï«¹© short cut

ÂJ v“J fastÂ [o^ used in namesÂ o^ used in namesÂ ‰[š used in names

R-2879 Â Qk used in names

Ïû 2817

R-2880 H• sweet smelt

ð Ö« 2883

6ð ÇûÖ« gallbladder

R-2881 ð |Uœ pouch; bag


U Å« 2895

U– Å«¿ï anthology; collectionR-2882 U U[‹˜ clump of bushes; thicket

ê ¿ï« 2772

êÖÍ ¿ï«Óí«Ã´ stalactites

R-2883 ê‰š Hk‰š gather together

* ¿í 2467

*Œ ¿íÉï« swelling; boil

R-2884 *›š v›š become swollen

‡ ¿ 2209

‡/ ¿¿ assiduously

R-2885 ‡Œš koŒš work diligently

^ Ø· 2808

R-2886 ‚^ ×ûØ· refutation

ã ¹©%´ï« 2898

ãf ¹©ñ high court of³cials

R-2887 Šnã Á«´´ï« cardinal (Catholic)

‰ »«%·« 2465

S‰ »«·« oral (medicine)

‰ Q˜ empty; hollow

R-2888 ‰ Q˜g body


] è%ä« 2961

öZ]Í ¿ë²èÓ Shakyamuni the Buddha

R-2889 ]‡š ‹[‡š covet; greed for

¹ ä« 2580

T¹ Å«ä« one’s eyes

R-2890 ¹ yoŠ pupil of the eye

‡ Á© 2850

‡« Á©Ã© comet

‡ †LS comet

R-2891 ‡ [o^ used in names

¡ Û%ç 2241

¡Ä Ûã« stopgap; temporizing¡^ ç½ Catholic mass

¡ J“ all the more; increasingly¡ “ used in names¡ ¡fš used in names¡ y[ used in names¡ yœ used in names¡ ‰` used in names

R-2892 ¡ Šk used in names

Š ¹© 2851

R-2893 ŠQ ¹©³û keen eye

á Õ 2601

R-2894 áŠ Õµ ritual Shinto priest


% » 2454

%ˆ »»« second self; right-hand helper

% ‰f crotch; groin

R-2895 % ‘‘ thigh; femur

¬ ä 2957

R-2896 ¬Ø äÈ© enlightenment (bodhi)

Ë ÷© 2862

Ë( ÷©´ï· distortion; falsi³cation

R-2897 Ë‹ •R‹ warp; get distorted

e Ýû 2537

e–h0 Ýû¿ï»«Àí burning Chinese classicsand burying Confucianscholars alive

eU fU kindle; build a ³re

R-2898 eU “U to burn

p ´ 2889

p5 ´Äû dauntless; resolute

p k—^ used in namesp Qf used in namesp fW^ used in namesp [g‹ used in namesp fQ used in namesp fW used in names

R-2899 p o^ used in names


] òï« 2299

[] Ð«òï« pillar; chief support

R-2900 ] v™ beam; girder

j Éí« 2748

R-2901 Ïj ¿ï«Éí« low-class saké

4 Ð 2195

Ð4 ¿ËÐ jealousy; envy

4‹ tf‹ be jealous; envy

R-2902 4U “U burn with jealousy

F Æ· 2654

R-2903 FM Æ·òí« millet seeds

² ¿ï« 2622

²T ¿ï«Ý· child by a concubine

R-2904 ² ŒQW concubine; mistress

b ½û 2561

R-2905 b@ ½û¼ coral

ç Ç· 2560

ç$ Ç·æ diligent application

ç H“ used in names

R-2906 ç fQ used in names


V òï« 2920

V HS˜ used in namesV HS used in namesV `W used in namesV Qk used in namesV ‰Yo used in names

R-2907 V f`U used in names

å Î© 2425

R-2908 åb Î©Éï« courtesy; civility

Ð ¹û 2550

R-2909 Ð£ ¹ûÃ© check; restraint

Á ÒÌ%Ò 2250

Á| ÒÌ©û af³xing a seal to

Á` P` press down

R-2910 Á o^ used in names

Q Ð« 2901

R-2911 øQ Àï«Ð« conventional

M ×· 2145

Mºn ×·Ã©ÀíÌ taxidermy

R-2912 MV vV to peel off

Ê Û 2583

ªÊ òí«Û crescent eyebrows

R-2913 Ê ‰• eyebrows


µ Ñû 2080

nµ à©Ñû annexation; absorption

R-2914 µ‹ u‹ to drink

Ñ Ã´ 2071

R-2915 Ñ† Ã´Â© spinal cord

5 Çû 2679

R-2916 5Ëü– ÇûÛ¿íµ aestheticism

G ¿í« 2665

rG ¿¿í« embroidery

R-2917 G sJo™ crewelwork

» Î© 2073

(» ÎûÎ© interspersion

»_š o_š bind; stitch

R-2918 »š klš to spell (words)

ù ñ 2691

R-2919 ùø† ñÃû¹© spiral-shaped; helical

= ½· 2507

= o™n fortress

R-2920 = ^R˜Š weir

§ ¿ï 2503

R-2921 § St pestle


w Éï« 2982

R-2922 0w ±ûÉï« grace; divine favor

ð »« 2166

ðw »«Ð« kowtow

R-2923 ðU ffU to beat on

Í ¿Ì 2179

ÍÒ ¿ËÃ´ reproof; reproach

R-2924 Íš ^Qš to scold

[ Å« 2215

R-2925 [† Å«Éï« Sung dynasty

ê Å·%½© 2214

wê à©Å· blockadeèê ä«½© barricade

êV |[V to block up

R-2926 ê o™n fortress

» õ« 2213

»% õ«ì prison; jail

R-2927 » yo“ prison

ô ²û 2194

ô° ²ûÌ« adultery

R-2928 ô^J Q^‰^J boisterous


à Ç· 2168

à‹ kJw‹ to peck at

R-2929 àU ffU to beat on

2 Àí 2169

2k Àíêû curse; spell

R-2930 2L uœL to curse

é Ø© 2170

R-2931 éNš †Nš to bark

µ −© 2905

µJ −©É wisdom; intellect

µ˜Q HS˜Q clearµ HS˜ used in namesµ [o^ used in namesµ fg used in namesµ oPš used in namesµ o^ used in names

R-2932 µ ‰[ used in names

Ñ −û 2149

Ñ› −ûÃ© pessimism; world-weariness

ÑSš HSš be fed up

R-2933 ÑL JoL loathe

Ð ã« 2142

ÐäP ã«Ãû² balsam; touch-me-not

Ð PPo™ great swan

R-2934 Ð fQ used in names


l »« 2449

l5 »«Äû elated; triumphant

l fQ^ used in namesl HS˜ used in names

R-2935 l fQ used in names

¥ «Ì 2856

R-2936 ¾¥ î««Ì melancholy; depression

À » 2904

‹À Ñ«» copper boiler

R-2937 À k‡ pot

R ¿í« 2906

R˜ ¿í«Éï« chief; chieftain

R P[ chief; head

R-2938 R Q^˜ head

2 ¿ï· 2539

2M ¿ïË»« candlepower

R-2939 2 o‘^z torch

ñ Ï´ 2308

ñ( Ï´§© dotage; infatuation

R-2940 ñ›š P‡›š to sink; drown

u »« 2311

u5 »«Äû expansive; broadminded

u yœ^ used in names


u yœ used in names

R-2941 u •fQ used in names

^ ¿Ì 2476

^² ¿ËÜ lined up close together

R-2942 ^ U^ comb

À õ« 2688

R-2943 À2 õ«Å· candle

ù Ãû 2616

ùZn Ãû»«´ drill press

R-2944 ùk LRk to bore; drill

˜ ³© 2592

˜{ ³©¿ insulator

R-2945 ˜Xš [‰fXš to obstruct

e ¿í· 2141

er kor early in the morning

R-2946 eJ v“J early

m Úû 2551

m+ ÚûØ a mare

R-2947 m Œ` female

* ä 2552

*# äÇû tree peony

R-2948 * P` male


P ³û 2576

R-2949 7P ×©³û lung cancer

7 Çû 2683

R-2950 7RÖ ÇûÙ·¿Ì protein

´ õ« 2558

B´ Þõ« ridicule

R-2951 ´} ‘mHd} to toy with

Å −û 2325

ÅÑ −ûÎ© bottom of the abyss

R-2952 Å |h deep pool

u ©Ì 2315

u» ©Ë¹Ì internal hemorrhage

R-2953 u›š H|›š to overµow

Ç ã« 2377

Çe ã«³ germination; sprout

Ç` S]` show signs ofÇ ŒwN budÇNš ‘Nš burst into bloomÇ ‘N used in names

R-2954 Ç H used in names

‰ Ñ« 2379

R-2955 F‰ ÞÑ« grapes


œ ¹© 2698

R-2956 œ— ¹©¿ lined paper

÷ ¿ë· 2764

÷ü ¿ë·Àï« a priest’s staff

R-2957 ÷ `a tin

a Àû 2838

a† Àû²© dust; garbage

R-2958 a h™ dust

— ¹© 2088

—ò ¹©» practice; training

R-2959 —Nš Q¥RNš to ponder

¤ ´Ì 2494

$¤{ ²û´Ìó© citrus fruits

R-2960 ¤ fhwq mandarin orange

É Ã´ 2882

R-2961 VÉ ¿ûÃ´ relatives

M Å 2380

R-2962 M´ ÅÃ© revival; resurrection

ç Î© 2865

ç� Î©Èû tripartite talks

R-2963 ç QqN tripod


Q Å 2065

R-2964 Q taŠ rat

˜ Ð· 2606

˜w Ð·Ð« baldness; bald head

˜ vX bald

R-2965 ˜ Q‹œ short hair of a child

« Å«%Á 2403

R-2966 « “} thicket

` Ýû 2174

R-2967 Ù` ÃËßû kiss

¸ −© 2193

R-2968 ¸− −©À infant

ë ²û 2123

ë/#/ ²û²û³·³· outspoken

ëJ k—J used in namesë HS˜ used in namesë fg^ used in namesë qP used in names

R-2969 ë “` used in names

^ ½Ì%½û 2271

^v ½ûÁ© watering; sprinkling

R-2970 ^U ‰U to scatter


Ö ½%¿ë 2914

3Ö ±û½ tuning forkšÖ ì¿ë she-devil

R-2971 Ö ‰f fork; crotch

¬ ¼« 2729

¬3 ¼«±û deafening roar

R-2972 ¬U opœU to roar; rumble

¡ ´í« 2063

õ¡ ÈË´í« dislocation

R-2973 ¡ L` mortar

d ³ 2909

‘Wdã µï«Àí«³¾ the 4 cardinal Buddhistactivities: walking, stop-ping, sitting, lying

R-2974 d` |` lie prostrate

f Àû 2453

R-2975 fˆ ÀûÆ« kidney

O ½Ì 2956

R-2976 O#— ½ÌæJ‘ sweet potato

” êû 2775

”á êûÄÌ faint; fall in convulsions

R-2977 ”Nš ‘gNš be in agony


² º´ 2426

�² ²ûº´ gap; opening; crevice

² `S chink; crack

R-2978 ² y‰ chink; time

N ¿í« 2707

PN Ý·¿í« revenge

R-2979 N Hg foe

Õ Éí« 2464

R-2980 Õ y_ elbow

Å õ· 2463

Å¿ õË»Ì ribs

R-2981 Å Hw˜ ribs

… áÌ 2390

¦… ¹©áÌ derision

R-2982 …‹ [X`‹ to deride

à −û 2869

àÅR −ûÛÝ· swallow-tailed coat

R-2983 à kwŒ swallow

™ ³© 2388

ú™ Îû³© canopy

™ |f lid

R-2984 ™L PPL to cover over


0 Ãû 2774

0M Ãû»« µash of light

R-2985 0U y˜ŒU to µash; fulgurate

h Ýû 2653

h“ Ýûáû excrement

R-2986 h Ud dung

/ ¿ï· 2254

Y/ ÝË¿ï· sweep away; wipe out

/L sVL wipe off

R-2987 /U |U wipe

Ý ó 2221

Ýµ óÀ in succession

R-2988 Ý ^w^w frequently

ˆ ©û 2921

9ˆ »«©û descendant

ˆ ft issue; offspringˆ Qa used in namesˆ kT used in names

R-2989 ˆ kV used in names

V © 2881

XV Ð«© eastern barbarians

R-2990 V Nz` barbarian


± õ 2866

±³ õ²· capture

R-2991 ± ^P rock salt

/ Ãû 2407

R-2992 / HQt madder; red dye

Â ã« 2549

R-2993 ËÂ ²Ëå« cooking

ä ä« 2385

ä% ä«±· thatched cottage

ä Q“ miscanthus reed

R-2994 ä h used in names

ê Î´ 2272

sê ØËÎ´ select; choose

R-2995 ê¥nš sS¥nš excel; surpass

œ Éï· 2269

Zœ ¿ûÉï· progress; advance

R-2996 œš vQpš to progress

º Ò 2960

*º ÈûÒ master; husband

R-2997 º o‘ used in names


¾ È 2804

R-2998 Á¾ ÚÈ area in Gifu Prefecture

Â −© 2790

R-2999 Âõ −©ÈÌ gain recognition

ú ±« 2907

R-3000 ú LVJ` Japanese bush warbler

‹ î« 2087

‹] î«ÞÌ something superior

R-3001 ‹‘ ‘jo‘ reasonable; of course

å ä« 2733

R-3002 6å Äûä« overview; full picture

â ´ï« 2892

â f`U used in namesâ ‰[ used in names

R-3003 â fg^ used in names

ó ä· 2612

R-3004 ó/ ä·ä· quiet; dutiful

d Éï« 2893

d v_Œ used in namesd o^ used in names

R-3005 d vk used in names


m Éï 2526

R-3006 mÞs Éïä©É game played with one die

Q »« 2070

R-3007 Q [kS 5th lunar month; rainy season

q ©· 2424

q H“ used in namesq Q used in namesq QP™ used in namesq QPš used in names

R-3008 q |Š used in names

8 Ð 2500

8’ ÐÀ saké maker

8 ‘™ woods

R-3009 8š o_š to close

! Îû 2663

!q Îûéû involvement; entanglement

!¡š ‰k¡š coil around; follow about

R-3010 !L ‰oL attire oneself

ƒ ê« 2384

}ƒü– ¹©ê«¿íµ Enlightenment (European)

R-3011 ƒš YL‹š be subjected to; suffer loss

j ½û 2798

R-3012 Jj Å½û plain meal


0 »« 2896

,0 ¿í»« food and drink

R-3013 0 [Qq tidbits; relish

Ö Ã´ 2593

Ö¿ Ã´³· erudite scholar

Ö Šh used in namesÖ Škš used in names

R-3014 Ö yœ used in names

J ½Ì 2261

R-3015 )J §©½Ì greetings; salutations

ˆ ¿ 2890

ˆƒ ¿²© this world; this ³eld

R-3016 ˆ Yu this

/ Çû 2317

/5 ÇûÄû overµowing

R-3017 /Nš ffNš ³ll up

õ ½©%Ã© 2069

õ ½© rhinoceros

R-3018 …õ ê·Ã© devilwood tree

2 ´û 2101

+2 Ý´û rag; cloth

R-3019 2 vw width; breadth; range


l ÎÌ 2201

l§ ÎËÅû grand-neice

R-3020 l ŒJ neice

3 Éû 2472

3Ç ÉûÃ´ pillow and bed

R-3021 3 ‰U˜ pillow

H · 2124

R-3022 HÁH ·ñÞ club

î ºû 2723

šî Æ·ºû common saying

R-3023 î Yo¡] maxim; proverb

Å ¹û 2163

ÅX ¹û² a quarrel

Å^J Q‰z`^J noisy

R-3024 Å^J “Q‰^J noisy

³ ²· 2249

³‹ kQ‹ grab; grasp

R-3025 ³Š kQŠ a handful

z ²© 2924

/z ¿í²© ringleader

z [SRW vanguardz Q^˜ chief; leaderz J[P used in names


z J[‹ used in names

R-3026 z ko‹ used in names

Ô ð 2860

ÔÇ ðõû public opinion

R-3027 Ô Y^ palanquin; bier

¸ ¿ë 2517

R-3028 ¸ kX box tree

C © 2937

Cr `nr already; yetC‹ “‹ stop; quit

R-3029 C Š used in names

b ÉÌ 2684

R-3030 bÊ ÉË´ï staying indoors

ú ¿ 2992

øú ½©¿ religious service

R-3031 úš ‰kš worship; enshrine

$ ÝÌ 2993

@$ ¿í«ÝÌ Shinto puri³cation

R-3032 $L v˜L purify; exorcise

− ´ï· 2938

¡− ¹©´ï· thorns; brambles

R-3033 − oX thorns


È É 2740

&È ÎûÉ fall head-over-heels

R-3034 ÈU k‰aU stumble

G ä« 2089

GØ ä«È© enormous

R-3035 GSJ PPSJ large

f ´í« 2156

fw ´í«²© admonition; a warning

fŒš oRŒš rebuke; criticize; challenge

R-3036 f oR fault; blame

d Çû 2620

od à©Çû impedimenta

R-3037 dk fk come to a stop

´ Àí«%Àí 2939

´% ¿í«ñ· colony

R-3038 ´‰š Hk‰š gather

ß ½· 2066

ùß Ãû½· sorting; delving into

R-3039 ß uŠ chisel

B Ý 2930

Bn ÝÀíÌ shamanism

R-3040 B ŠY Shinto priestess


5 Úï« 2428

5S Úï«© possession (by a spirit)

5Q›š kQ›š be possessed

R-3041 5U kU obsess; possess

Þ ½Ì%ÃÌ 2144

eÞ é©½Ì famous temple

R-3042 Þº ÃÌÒ an instant; a moment

8 ´ 2067

8© ´Åû damage; injury

R-3043 8›š Y‡›š be broken

— ´ï« 2837

—/ ´ï«¿í decapitation

R-3044 — |UœL an owl

Î òû 2138

Î/ òûòû intense

Î^J Sz^J severe

R-3045 ÎJ [‹J cold

+ ä« 2435

R-3046 + `wš the Pleiades

H ½û%¾û 2083

R-3047 Ht ½ûº%¾ûº confession; repentance


™ ¿ï« 2933

™& ¿ï«² µy; cover

R-3048 ™š QWš µy; soar

) Å« 2288

@‡)Í qkŒÅ«Ã´ Natsume Sõseki (novelist)

)U UhddV rinse one’s moutht

R-3049 )V ``V rinse out

z Á© 2863

R-3050 z Šp™ used in names

m ½© 2131

R-3051 m bR› one’s own son

² ä« %ã« 2181

²5 ä«Äû amazement%² §ã idiot; fool

R-3052 ²›š HS›š be astonished

Ç Éí« 2996

R-3053 ÇÃ Éí«Éï vacillation; hesitation

e Ð« 2598

te ´Ð« prayer

R-3054 eš Juš to pray


B Å· 2153

Bl Å·Þû learn by hearsay

R-3055 BQ †uQ faint; indistinct

Ä Éï« 2171

Ä™ k™ hanging strap

R-3056 Äš kš to hang; suspend

× ´ï« 2173

×L QqL be able; be realized×L QuL used in names

R-3057 × “` used in names

Ë î« 2180

Ë^ î«Àû townsfolk

Ë ‹˜ townË Ur used in namesË [o^ used in names

R-3058 Ë `Š used in names

º ¿ï« 2238

º% ¿ï«ì squire

º fJ˜ used in names

R-3059 º ‰[ used in names

) §© 2248

R-3060 )J §©½Ì greetings; salutations


Ã Õ 2331

R-3061 Ãæ Õ×û nirvana

ã Å« 2389

R-3062 ã tT onion

, ´ 2391

, HPJ hollyhock; mallow

R-3063 , ‰‘š used for names

G ¿ë 2414

G“ ¿ë×û such; of this kind

R-3064 GL vL to crawl

, Ã©%Ä©%¿ï« 2521

R-3065 , d™ sled

… Â© 2563

…Ö Â©¿ï« good omen

… Ša water

R-3066 … f‰ used in names

Ø ÚÌ 2570

Ø‚ ÚË´ï« in the ³nal analysis

Ør kJr in the end

R-3067 Ø¡š P¡š to end


Ý Å« 2617

V Q‰p furnace; ovenV Q‰ stove

R-3068 V ƒjkJ hearth

³ à© 2678

À³ ¿ï«à© summons; invitation

R-3069 ³` Œ` to call; summons

ø Àíû 2706

ø/ ÀíûÀíû repeatedly; patiently

øœ t¥Zœ politeø Hk^ used in namesø o‘ used in names

R-3070 ø ‰Yo used in names

l Á%¿í 2722

lË Á÷ area in Nagano Prefecture

R-3071 lš vQš to confer; consult

Q · 2809

R-3072 QWš QWš to set off

á õ 2810

R-3073 á+ õØ donkey

¦ −û 2836

R-3074 ¦ o(¥)z falcon kite


ô ´ 2827

R-3075 ô y› ³n

¬ ±«%ð« 2830

R-3076 ¬` ±«è parrot

â ±« 2835

R-3077 â Q‘ duck

Ü Ð%Ð« 2854

R-3078 Ü Q}o helmet

õ äÌ 2858

õ| äË´ erection

R-3079 õš PYš to occur; arise

â Úï« 2876

â HS˜ used in namesâ H“ used in namesâ fW^ used in names

R-3080 â k—^ used in names

) Ã© 2884

R-3081 ) p¥}™ rice bowl

Ì ¹û 2917

Ìc ¹ûÀí« hand gun

Ì Y}^ ³st


Ì fQ^ used in names

R-3082 Ì ko‹ used in names

Ä ô© 2935

Äg ô©é© dawn

ÄJ PPJ a covering

R-3083 ÄJ fŠ used in names

ˆ © 2997

Bˆ ¼© glossary

ˆ v™taŠ hedgehog

R-3084 ˆŒš HkŒš to gather together

+ ´í« 2064

R-3085 + ^”Lo father-in-law

¨ ¿ï 2665

R-3086 ¨ Sz (Chinese) millet

5 ò 2511

54 ò² under a plum; conspicuous

R-3087 5 `‘‘ Japanese plum

× áÌ 3000

×x áË»« turtle shell

R-3088 × `jˆ¥ snapping turtle


CHAPTER 12

Kanji with JapaneseReadings Only

We conclude with a chapter that brings together all the charac-ters learned in this volume that do not have an assigned on-yomi or whose on-yomi are too rare to bother with. In caseswhere the reading is based on a foreign word or an originalChinese reading, the reading is set in katakana.

¨ 2204

R-3089 ¨ Lw aged woman

A 2801

R-3090 A HŒ candy; rice jelly

G 2625

R-3091 G H¡b lined kimono

c 2640

R-3092 c v^ chopsticks

Ç 2509

R-3093 Ç Q^ oak

I 2604

R-3094 I vQ™ balances; scales

¿ 2709

R-3095 ¿ qe riddle; hint

Â 2520

Â y gutter; downspout; aqueduct

R-3096 Â oJ gutter; downspout; aqueduct

Ú 2785

R-3097 Ú Qw¥ suitcase; briefcase

Æ 2491

R-3098 Æ Q^ oak

z 2813

R-3099 z J¡^ sardine

‘ 2651

R-3100 ‘ ‘Š unhulled rice

, 2946

R-3101 , ´õé2Ðó kilometer

ñ 2763

R-3102 ñ z–L rivet; tack; thumbnail

KANJI WITH JAPANESE READINGS ONLY 345

Ð 2147

ÐL rPL to smell something

R-3103 ÐJ rPJ a smell; a stink

½ 2140

½ qT a lull; a calm

R-3104 ½V qV become calm; die down

í 2139

R-3105 í fY kite

/ 2490

R-3106 / [QS sacred Shinto tree

5 2489

R-3107 5 ‰[S spindle tree

: 2947

R-3108 : ÃûÉé2Ðó centimeter

² 2488

² kR hemlock; hemlock spruce

R-3109 ² oR hemlock; hemlock spruce

“ 2528

R-3110 “ `T Japanese cedar

Ê 2216

R-3111 Ê ^^ meat

346 KANJI WITH JAPANESE READINGS ONLY

f 2965

R-3112 f Uk¡ horse’s bit

æ 2243

R-3113 æ Q• rice gruel

ø 2413

R-3114 øš fpš pursue a course

7 2818

R-3115 7 H_ horse mackerel

C 2894

R-3116 C ‰œ used in personal names

ò 2404

ò yš garlic

R-3117 Øò r¥rU garlic

H 2685

R-3118 H vN µy

? 2206

? Ht older sister

R-3119 ? tN[¥ Miss

È 2502

R-3120 È Q_ oar; shaft


y 2695

R-3121 y v‰V™ clam

Õ 2400

R-3122 Õ ¡˜ straw

ß 2671

R-3123 ß ^‰ stripe

’ 2737

’L ‘˜L get; receive; accept

R-3124 ’ ‘˜J tip; gratuity

§ 2397

R-3125 § o‰ rush matting

ª 2323

R-3126 ª oœ pool (in a river)

Ö 2822

R-3127 Ö QkP bonito

W 2444

W` [˜` bleach; re³ne; air (out)

R-3128 W [˜^ bleaching; bleached cotton

U 2821

R-3129 U [Œ shark


Ð 2514

R-3130 Ð NuS thackberry; lotus tree

è 2387

R-3131 èš Qš mow (grass)

ü 2819

R-3132 ü f˜ cod³sh

4 2816

R-3133 4 ‰Vœ tunny; tuna

^ 2825

R-3134 ^ |q carp

Ø 2157

R-3135 ØU [[“U to whisper

¬ 2208

R-3136 ¬‹ v˜‹ to conceive; get pregnant

} 2132

R-3137 }` q` to cause to happen

U 2350

R-3138 U JhZ strawberry


Ô 2868

R-3139 Ô ÓÀí« twenty

Ñ 2047

R-3140 Ñ yX beard; moustache

Æ 2072

R-3141 Æ q¡m path between rice paddies

Ú 2081

R-3142 Ú r˜ garlic chives

E 2091

R-3143 Eš Hš some one; a particular

Ð 2098

R-3144 Ð yS counter for animals

A 2125

R-3145 A ‰‰ as is; as one likes

9 2127

R-3146 9 ‰f crotch; thigh; fork in a road

− 2161

R-3147 − L¡[ rumour; gossip


á 2172

R-3148 á‹ Q‹ to chew; to bite

w 2176

R-3149 w vq^ talk; story; tale

V 2182

VL UL eat; drink; receive a blow

R-3150 V˜L U˜L eat; drink; receive a blow

: 2220

R-3151 : ^™ buttocks; hips

g 2232

R-3152 g vf pennant; banner

S 2256

SS [wS dealing; selling

R-3153 SU [wU to handle; deal with

™ 2258

R-3154 ™š `š make a rubbing; imprint

÷ 2330

÷ —p pool (in a river); backwater

R-3155 ÷‹ —p‹ stagnate


} 2347

R-3156 } fwY tobacco

¾ 2353

R-3157 ¾ qV mow down

R 2354

R-3158 R Šu straw raincoat

Ö 2405

R-3159 Ö ¡˜z bracken; fernbrake

@ 2421

R-3160 @ ‰n up until; by

³ 2483

R-3161 ³ Wf beam; girder;

Ÿ 2596

R-3162 Ÿ L` pedal-operated mortar

÷ 2618

R-3163 ÷ fm vertical; upright

Ù 2639

R-3164 Ù ^u type of small bamboo


î 2690

R-3165 î fY octopus

ó 2696

R-3166 ó yš leech

Ô 2721

Ôz ¡z excuse; apology

R-3167 Ôzš ¡zš apologize; make an excuse

Â 2757

R-3168 Â q„ cooking pot; kettle

¬ 2767

R-3169 ¬ “™ spear; lance

š 2773

R-3170 š v[Š scissors

Ë 2778

R-3171 Ë ^aU droplet; trickle

É 2823

R-3172 É Q_Q bullhead

A 2826

R-3173 A `^ sushi


š 2832

R-3174 š LL cormorant

ø 2875

øL LQRL spy onøS ueS a peep; a glimpse

R-3175 øU ueU to peep; to peek

j 2916

R-3176 j vfW ³eld; farm

Ò2942

R-3177 Ò ^kW teaching manners

þ 2945

R-3178 þš ffš put a curse on; haunt

V 2948

V çò millimeter

R-3179 V çòé2Ðó millimeter

’ 2952

R-3180 ’ ©ûÉ inch

c 2953

R-3181 c Ý¨2Ð feet

R 2820

R-3182 R [w mackerel


CHAPTER 13

Readings of Old& Alternate Forms

The readings of the old and alternate forms of kanji learned inchapter 6 keep the same readings as their simpli³ed forms. Forthe sake of completeness, all readings that have not appeared inthe foregoing chapters of Part Two given are recorded here.Note that two of these characters (N and 4) have beenassigned “of³cial” readings for use in names.

å º© 2352

kå Þûº© the literary arts

R-3183 å ¡] skill; performance

¹ ±« 2999

¹1 ±«Ð nausea

R-3184 ¹U vU to spit up

V Àí%¿í« 2995

˜V Éï«Àí longevity

R-3185 V Yo}S felicitations

ç »· 2988

çB »Ë² nation; state

R-3186 ç Ur country

T Ð« 2976

–T ôËÐ« archipelago

R-3187 T ^‰ island

å −û 2974

Nå »«−û public park

R-3188 å du park; garden

P òí«%òï« 2981

PwíÅ òí«Ð«ÈÛ good start, bad ³nish; anticlimax

PH± òï«§ûÀ Temple of the Reclining Dragon (famous for its rock

R-3189 garden)

… 2964

R-3190 ➙ see FRAME R-2333

b Ð« 2972

b× Ð«È© lighthouse

b HQ™ bright lightb` o‘` set alight

R-3191 b y torch; ³re

6 ³· 2987

[6 ½û³· mountains and peaks

R-3192 6 fW peak; point


N ³û 2978

âN ð«³û molten lava

N J¡ rock; used in namesN J¡P used in namesN Šh used in names

R-3193 N Št used in names

V Àí«%ÀíË 2968

4V ¼Àí« ³fty

R-3194 V( ÀíËÎû ten points

4 ¼ 2967

4V ¼Àí« ³fty

R-3195 4 UŠ squadron; used for names

¸ ã« 2977

¸™ ã«Éï« top of a peak

R-3196 ¸ Št mountain summit

J ²û 2980

o–J Ð¿ï²û library

R-3197 J “Qf manor

ð ð· 2984

ðÝ ð·ä« craving; appetite

ð`š †j`š to desire

R-3198 ð^J †^J welcome; wished for


W −û 2966

R-3199 ➙ see FRAME R-2952

ï ì 2979

ï� ì¿û wild; undomesticated

R-3200 ï u ³eld

Ñ »« 2985

Ñ™ ¡f™ crossing

R-3201 Ñš ¡fš to cross over


1 _

s 1

+ 71

2 _

Ì 7

s 91

Ì 2

G 9

ì 686

^ 951

× 779

k 8

M 83

j 858

0 444

Y 10

í 2103

: 696

U 97

3 _

4 50

ø 1648

î 681

X 3

ï 691

� 64

Ò 1246

î 1214

˜ 2094

K 44

± 1016

´ 688

æ 40

Ó 485

þ 62

` 84

ð 68

î 49

Ö 2914

F 462

¸ 1231

÷ 525

L 2042

C 2937

S 11

w 319

F 150

Ï 109

Ø 107

· 105

œ 98

{ 95

š 45

[ 768

ë 127

^ 76

2 2101

4 _

÷ 255

b 1904

2 5

3 757

ú 428

# 1217

& 838

’ 1828

# 637

© 42

¬ 2033

Ò 1215

z 1913

œ 2040

9 1510

° 2102

â 59

k 1725

¾ 490

Â 6

k 250

Ä 1587

5 1008

² 2114

V 2968

_ 988

[ 964

N 784

5 1274

_ 781

ò 300

Ò 1811

# 2038

» 1019

Q 2148

Ð 2147

‰ 1049

— 1027

² 447

J 1696

INDEX 1

NUMBER OF STROKES

Index 1 includes all the kanji covered in volumes I, II, and III,arranged according to number of strokes and radical. Page refer-ences are to the frame in which the kanji was first introduced. Tolocate the reading frame for kanji from volume I, use Index 5 involume II. Frames in Part One and Part Three of this volume arealready cross-referenced to Part Two.

Ï 1695

† 711

‹ 2087

º 704

Œ 370

‚ 722

£ 1415

B 2153

{ 765

T 697

Ð 1593

5 568

ç 1488

à 1490

ú 2096

× 85

_ 39

Ñ 238

° 120

¸ 106

Z 96

ñ 1070

… 1232

{ 1233

å 1862

Ô 1190

� 595

ú 1076

7 1177

4 1125

Õ 12

Q 578

½ 13

J 161

v 130

… 195

µ 466

Ã 727

‰ 1212

È 245

m 1806

5 _

= 93

é 1031

* 256

› 28

± 379

Í 113

m 1020

r 1484

= 217

J 216

P 1028

½ 132

Ð 2098

« 1877

° 1329

R 37

s 1863

Ç 35

Ë 856

½ 1086

é 1383

} 412

ü 266

C 431

| 1401

n 960

o 2113

ä 986

¬ 961

Ö 1005

$ 1000

} 1202

î 1740

á 1247

Õ 2034

G 1826

ä 1181

í 2139

í 33

¢ 34

ª 86

; 867

I 65

± 530

“ 78

ò 16

Ù 77

+ 405

ç 48

9 152

× 744

– 742

^ 1225

Ï 845

´ 1555

¢ 1220

W 1834

¬ 2208

× 2173

Í 2179

ð 2166

| 103

¦ 1242

t 692

ï 53

v 4

8 1018

É 750

‘ 111

‰ 297

K 427

G 702

¹ 1316

: 2220

Í 1054

e 1234

m 767

O 863

_ 1241

î 1650

× 1378

b 739

z 591

™ 2041

¸ 653

Y 738

^ 140

Ú 2312

ˆ 2301

‹ 1414

Á 780

¹ 279

Œ 284

× 635

Ê 1138

x 1113

M 1117

* 30

Æ 1105

ä 131

M 212

û 211

) 2884

ˆ 1087

1 1757

, 14

µ 802

V 1447

‡ 15

ë 445

ª 101

6 _

V 2881

ç 1815

‘ 815

› 753

¿ 818

» 1602

ß 38

3 693

X 1168

Ñ 2985

Ò 32

» 1448

T 183

U 1861

À 36

â 41

Î 355

h 396

n 1519

H 1275

X 761

x 487

l 752

Y 375

§ 253

372 INDEX 1: NUMBER OF STROKES

6 263

Q 1161

6 966

Z 2122

³ 965

þ 1701

¾ 959

4 2967

` 956

) 963

Û 1003

q 994

N 962

Ý 2853

? 128

| 180

Ò 1022

e 2141

½ 2140

µ 471

t 235

y 67

Š 455

â 2892

¨ 1693

$ 685

¦ 684

À 79

‚ 168

] 2961

ð 2919

8 1965

q 1885

$ 221

æ 1036

, 458

[ 1416

5 1753

m 1154

4 27

’ 2952

¡ 2175

µ 689

ä 1508

Ä 2171

1 151

ƒ 583

n 586

: 582

Ÿ 320

‚ 155

± 158

G 515

− 108

e 112

ª 291

M 119

ê 2903

c 1153

— 862

Y 99

Ø 100

¨ 527

H 190

” 1656

° 185

! 186

á 1916

e 1071

H 2242

„ 406

– 1333

º 2238

y 1655

Ü 1216

Å 353

‘ 873

æ 547

Ú 618

; 690

â 2264

½ 2322

ë 1245

* 1651

s 139

Ã 110

K 516

Ë 2303

‰ 2327

— 2415

… 285

ø 2413

h 280

@ 2421

X 321

» 2848

( 1172

f 26

h 66

Å 2463

a 165

h 210

» 1243

ð 207

Â 2043

– 812

m 2551

å 248

| 1425

ß 1795

{ 679

† 1252

¾ 1251

¨ 361

U 937

y 919

– 573

¡ 2063

J 1868

g 517

¾ 3006

7 _

× 3001

! 1809

¼ 934

7 17

n 694

3 1565

– 1664

q 1440

© 1427

§ 1218

¡ 2097

û 1884

B 2930

d 1468

a 640

˜ 1391

X 1248

µ 2080

o 1331

− 58

S 848

L 1588

â 2844

Ñ 1657

R 955

7 1012

8 2115

Õ 952

6 1142

p 1864

« 1029

W 954

; 1118

¿ 957

ñ 953

µ 2111

È 1831

L 967

{ 1203

· 2126

} 2112

ú 788

Ô 1240

) 2134

™ 2137

ƒ 1404

| 1205

ƒ 90

l 1694

ó 2008

„ 866

¸ 1812

d 1489

E 1589

r 467

` 2174

é 2170

c 2953

] 603

6 1897

INDEX 1: NUMBER OF STROKES 373

˜ 1279

Í 262

² 2181

Ë 2180

¨ 24

U 1807

Å 579

o 1180

t 457

ƒ 600

¹ 1896

Ó 1743

{ 384

� 323

1 160

W 306

* 723

Ö 492

© 1395

¥ 2857

¿ 2538

û 298

Ü 114

‰ 2199

" 865

Ü 507

× 491

U 123

Ø 2078

‡ 2209

õ 187

Á 1320

] 2212

Ê 2216

[ 2215

» 2213

& 1066

Ù 1053

Å 1915

Ö 2218

y 528

f 599

c 772

ó 167

k 330

ñ 607

Ÿ 1594

» 592

© 2236

Ó 508

6 2364

P 1009

† 2376

è 2387

= 2396

© 421

T 2368

* 2386

9 2361

Æ 493

p 1162

“ 1462

¤ 884

) 1422

r 1642

Œ 712

h 648

¿ 647

Û 1130

ã 1074

V 706

û 1752

s 705

− 649

0 839

d 2246

ñ 1700

f 2274

! 138

r 1886

· 1641

Ü 2296

± 2316

å 1072

¢ 1888

± 2326

ö 707

ó 2079

™ 2293

ñ 260

+ 1294

è 1302

º 2960

C 1129

ª 1702

‘ 725

! 239

Ý 597

Ù 596

w 676

Œ 1081

Á 1726

! 2441

: 1649

Õ 2464

Ã 2459

ó 2544

O 203

5 2511

% 683

ò 2510

ü 2504

’ 1713

ª 208

8 2500

µ 728

* 2552

² 247

Í 1848

† 1711

[ 1253

_ 1533

L 2565

´ 2558

ç 1092

C 859

‰ 92

Ø 57

š 1782

Š 404

• 902

& 914

˜ 2606

2 906

Y 1496

° 104

± 860

( 72

í 335

Š 54

ë 286

= 173

8 _

c 1170

ë 1889

ª 1156

X 504

` 1902

À 1330

s 1582

0 2093

@ 2928

. 377

p 759

Œ 1523

Ø 308

Ù 312

P 1276

¢ 1025

| 486

š 1037

à 316

f 1400

S 971

9 1603

: 970

ë 2123

Ú 1796

Û 2107

I 2109

q 990

¬ 976

B 989

n 1030

‚ 972

X 3002

# 2095

A 2125

þ 1961

: 317

ø 1827

± 1521


H 1069

r 417

£ 418

Þ 2144

á 872

Ÿ 73

d 718

ß 51

Z 1720

¾ 1901

o 1972

0 2896

ó 1485

2 2169

I 219

ô 580

³ 581

a 1505

Æ 2184

& 2188

¿ 1486

f 2156

Õ 2055

` 126

¹ 1094

ú 1196

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A _

a E 2091a-un À 2343abacus I.322abandon m 758abbreviation F 293abdomen T 464abet Ú 1951abide by † 2031ability ô 2004abolish / 1706abounding u 2311about that time Ã 2791above î 49above-stated › 1522abrupt _ 2110abundant È 793abuse s 1041abyss Å 2325abyss [old] W 2966accept 1 735accept humbly È 2702accidentally X 1955accolade † 2794

accompany Z 877accomplished ò 552accumulate z 1364accusation N 1139accustomed ü 627achievement O 863acid i 1437acknowledge Þ 598acorn I.345acquiesce ¾ 1901acupuncturist I.31add ; 867addiction 5 2679address = 1417adhere $ 1000adjusted Ã 1729adjutant · 2126admirable T 1643admonish ¥ 336adore ‡ 1101adroit _ 1241advance Z 561advise l 2722aerosol can I.126affair ¾ 959af³nity â 1372af³x $ 2736af³xed A 1303

afµicted ú 604Africa % 1295again ç 1815age “ 1403aged woman ¨ 2204aggression k 330aglow 8 2438agony ” 2775agreement ‡ 374agriculture ÷ 2014aid 0 839aim at � 2344air out X 2447alienate F 1668all „ 449alliance h 1450alligator Ó 2824allot X 761almost ÷ 2871alms ‰ 1045altar I.273amass W 1385ambition Ý 489ambrosial ¢ 2925ancestor H 1779ancestral shrine á 2601ancestral tablet Ç 2599anchor ð 2765

INDEX 2

KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS

Words without kanji and set in italics are primitive meanings.The accompanying number refers to the page number in volume Ior III. All other numbers refer to frame numbers.

ancient harp V 2637Andromeda f 2932and then ¾ 3006angel I.155angle ¸ 1812angling Å 273angry H 703animal ` 1933animal legs I.33animal offspring o 2113animal sacri³ce ³ 1559animal tracks I.410annexed þ 634ant — 2686anti- ‚ 722antique I.157anus Ã 2459anxiety ˜ 163apologize ê 1250appear ß 1789appellation × 905applaud ? 2852apple I.382apple ? 2050apple of the eye ¹ 2580apply ñ 607apprehend Ò 1160apprehensive a 2569approve h 843apricot O 203apron I.151arc ù 1878ardent ˜ 814argument Ç 1820arm I.212arm Ú 1418armor x 1113armpit Í 870armrest ˆ 2469army t 301aroma Ð 2147

aroused c 1199arrest i 654arrival k 755arrow I.134arrow shaft ú 2636arrowhead ð 2758art n 1525arti³cial I.44artisan ¨ 1693as if Í 2281as is A 2125ascend : 1703ashes ‚ 168Asia ! 1809assault ö 1698assemble P 2732assembly line I.262assets ¥ 473assiduous ‡ 2209assistant Õ 952association L 1776assortment î 2253assurance ´ 567astray i 924astringent _ 1738astute Š 2851atmosphere j 2028attack M 2025attend n 960attentive t 2677attire z 398attitude Ç 2005attract û 2429attractive Ÿ 430audience Í 452augment 1 811augury í 2103auspices : 2781auspicious Ö 1088authochthonous Æ 2184authority Ï 571

autumn E 900awakening À 2750awe ’ 334awl I.370awl ‚ 2760axe 4 1125axis É 1112

B _

babble # 2958baboon ¾ 2346back : 399back [old] ; 2973backpack Ã 2644bad 1 1810badge Ø 433bag á 1547baggage S 1013bake Ï 1200balancing scales I 2604bald ˜ 2606bale Î 2518ball À 935ballot ç 1606bamboo U 937bamboo blinds ¢ 2630bamboo cane È 2642bamboo grass E 940bamboo hat Å 939banana ß 2367banner I.267banner g 2232banquet Ö 191barbarian ¤ 1747bargain š 1601barking é 2170barley _ 1533baron ô 1463

390 INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS

barracks ¬ 2033barrel þ 2506bartending õ 1429baseball (team) I.17bases x 1734bash ð 2166basin ! 1449bathe ô 789bay ª 1837beach M 1653beaded hairpin ç 2963beaming – 2934bean jam ¸ 2998beans q 1440bear h 2003bear fruit S 2607beard Ñ 2047beat ° 709beautiful woman Ý 1950beauty Ë 548beckon À 650becoming « 1029bed » 592bee É 2687before å 248beforehand Ð 1593beg F 462beg pardon Ô 2721beginning â 59beguile Î 614behind 9 1379behind thescenes ‰ 2374bell ë 438bellµower £ 2499belong › 1953below 4 50belt I.152bemoan + 2859bend ( 1172bene³t Ê 1881

benevolence ” 885bequeath k 1772beseech e 2598best regards Š 1783bestow Ò 1246bewitched Ø 2078biased { 2117Big Dipper 7 1177bin ` 1902birch Ù 2515bird š 1941birdhouse I.219biwa É 2912black ¸ 174black ink î 175bladder Ò 2457blade ` 84blame Ò 1541blaspheme • 2297Bldg. I 1478Bldg. [old] J 2980bleaching W 2444blemish X 2187blessing S 1090blind | 486bliss L 2119block up ê 2214blood » 1448blood relative ˆ 2921blossom 1 2018blow r 467blue Á 1534blue-black Ô 2864blue-green ‚ 2588bluffs ” 2227bo tree ¬ 2957boar o 1262board W 646boast * 1244boat J 1868bodhisattva O 2956

body ¿ 957body cavity ‰ 2465body [old] O 2986boil æ 1257boisterous „ 1985bold ‘ 2936bomb Z 1802bond å 1544bone I.331bonito Ö 2822bonsai I.352book û 211bookmark † 2523boom µ 1457bore ß 2066borough , 1002borrow ï 1186bosom ô 1491both X 1168bottom Ñ 1833bough ‹ 713boulder R 770boulder [old] N 2978boulevard I.241boulevard š 890bound up I.34boundary æ 484bounding main ï 2287bountiful Ì 1443bow ¸ 1231bowl l 271bowstring æ 1386box I.373box a 942boy Ö 492bracing Z 2855bracken Ö 2405brahman ¤ 2954brain õ 1934brains I.19branch † 711

INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS 391

branch off c 772branding q 2545brandish g 662break 8 2067breasts I.52breath ” 610breed ñ 329brew ( 1527briar x 472bribe Ì 80bridegroom b 395bridge ï 429bridle’s bit f 2965briefcase Ú 2785bright g 20brimming u 2315bring up p 759broaden ¬ 740brocade 3 411broom I.283brown Ó 453brush I.128brush tip Â 2790brush-stroke c 1170brushwood Û 2044bubble up Â 2284bubbles Á 533bucket ) 2530buckle I.151buckwheat ÷ 2369bud e 1905Buddha [ 964Buddhist priest R 982Buddhist temple ± 158build É 391building blocks I.296bull’s eye í 69bullet = 1931bullhead É 2823bullying Q 2373bulrush Þ 1838

bump into „ 2245bumper crop $ 2609bundle – 1664bungling Ø 769burdensome ½ 1986bureau & 1066bureaucrat ö 1271burglar œ 357burn ê 510burnish Ý 2559bury ( 179bush clover K 2351bushel basket I.385bushes I.351business % 1792bustle ú 1196bustling Ñ 2739busy Ú 618but of course ð 145butcher I.117butchering 5 2217butterbur M 2370butterµy ’ 521buttocks : 2220button ô 2754buy C 831by means of P 1028by one’s side I.44bystander Ô 1015

C _

cabbage I.354cactus III.116cadet g 1173cage ½ 2638calamity L 1291calculate d 946calendar ” 213

calf, golden I.429call ó 1485call on Ë 495calling card I.397calm 2 1147camellia ½ 1569camelopard v 2053camp i 1305camphor tree È 1614can = 93canal J 2285cancer P 2576candle I.57candle rush = 2408candlelight 2 2539candlestick I.107candy U 1122cane I.26cane ü 2504cannon Ã 532canopy ù 410cap Ø 408cape 3 153capital Ù 312capital suburbs s 2887capsize V 1611captive T 1991captured 8 1018car ë 286carefree … 2885carillion é 2770carp G 176carpenter’ssquare M 2585carpet yarn ó 2657carrier “ 1871carry ± 303cart I.116carve } 1710cash q 1040cast a spell þ 2945


casting k 1566castle ô 362cat ä 244catalpa 8 1498catch œ 1836catgut ë 2669cauldron ß 2332cause ƒ 583cave I.196cavern c 2615caverns I.291cavity Z 96cedar ’ 1713ceiling I.15celebrate h 1089celery I.346cell I.350censure Œ 1523center î 1740centimeter : 2947cereal I.244cereals ´ 917ceremony ˆ 984chafe # 639chain I.34chain à 1937chair _ 2480challenge „ 658change 5 1008chant − 21chaos ± 2326chapter W 1123char Ð 557character ° 185charcoal 0 771chariot I.120chase « 1268chastise o 340chatter v 2158cheat Ô 2806check-up W 1724

cheek ê 2792cheer w 3005cheerful r 1642cherry tree C 1932chess piece l 1763chestnut k 1609chew á 2172chic y 925chick Œ 2085chicken ¨ 1947chief L 967chieftain R 2906chihuahua I.98child { 95chime q 2554chin Ã 2795Chinese blackpine 0 2492Chinese panpipe r 2628chink ² 2426chinstrap ‚ 2662chirp k 1942chivalry Û 2107choose ã 1074chop Ì 1126chop off k 2092chop-seal I.325chopsticks c 2640Christmas tree I.352chronicle w 1354chrysanthemum › 927churn up − 2257cicada ã 2692circle Ò 1811circling q 2886circumference : 317circumspect 6 3004citron Á 2486citrus tree $ 2482city walls I.398city walls Ë 2180

clam I.36clam y 2695clamor Å 2163clan ” 1912clap O 652class Ä 1353claw Ã 727clay + 2183clean þ 1155cleanse ± 2316clear (the land) ä 651clear skies / 2442clear up ¬ 1538cleaver º 2234cleverness þ 459cliff I.54climate K 1640climax › 753clique u 1619cloak I.147clock I.356clod o 2024close the eyes Å 2842closed w 1623clothes hanger I.402clothesline I.366clothing I.147clothing R 1399cloud ² 423cloudy weather · 424cluster ê 2772clutch ³ 2249co- á 872coach — 719coarse J 1777cocklebur ‰ 2382coconut tree Ô 2524cocoon I.321cocoon B 1880cod ü 2819code ø 1827


cof³n & 1272coin , 368cold í 1526collapse G 1315collar A 1099colleague W 1707collector K 2409collide à 1680color 5 1753coloring í 1714column I.241column + 1628comb I.286comb ^ 2476come û 1884come apart atthe seams 4 2670

come in I.226comely I 2109comet ‡ 2850comma-design ú 2096commander t 1270commandment w 676commence x 747committee W 913commoner “ 1191commonplace Ú 1182commotion ú 2268companion ¿ 19company ç 1092compare ² 447compass I.170compensation E 476compilation ‹ 1825complete U 97complete a job t 2062compliment g 2711computer I.74comrade 8 1637concave í 33conceal Œ 1313

concentrated ò 2015concept ` 609concerning = 1969concubine ² 2622concurrently Â 1597condolences { 1233condone X 3002condor I.420confer › 1660confront h 648Confucian 0 1166confused B 1185congeal ! 1412conglomerate U 2895congratulations g 868conjecture u 663connection F 2017consent ë 351consider † 1252considerate − 2279consign è 1917consolation ] 1096consort { 1203conspire ä 1760constancy f 620constitution Ê 1554consult with ¤ 475consume ¢ 1550consummate | 540contact 6 1813contain Ù 790contend m 1154continent C 2289continue ¡ 1345contraption | 677contrast º 1277control Ô 1552convenience “ 991convex ¢ 34conveyor … 1873cook w 468

cooking-³re I.71cool ƒ 1404copious ö 2529copper ‹ 272copy á 1247coral b 2561coral reef @ 2562cord A 1365core ï 928cormorant š 2832corner [ 1958cornerstone G 394cornstalk I.353cornucopia I.343corpse | 2222correct ± 379corridor ³ 1852cosmetics Ú 923cottage à 316cotton q 1367cough ’ 2162counsel í 2705countenance å 2733counter for tools × 2267counterfeit T 2151country ³ 581country [old] ç 2988county u 1843courage ¹ 1407courtesan ‰ 2199courtesy å 2425courts Ó 508courtyard Ò 590cover over v 2358cow È 245cowardice ( 2460cowl I.77crab ‡ 2682crabgrass Î 2608craft ^ 76crag ¢ 2586


cram school k 309cramped ò 1266crane Æ 1943crash ¨ 1307crawl G 2414create ‹ 281creek s 139crime ‹ 1414crimson } 1355criticism − 649critters Ð 2098crock À 2904crossing ¹ 279crotch I.213crow • 1944crowd ´ 2939crowded Á 780crown I.120crown ì 304crucian ^ 2825crude ð 207cruel µ 1431crumble ¹ 774cry ¾ 432cryptomeria “ 2528crystal 8 2048crystal stone À 2566cultivate ; 477cultured q 2424cumulation I 2324cunning Á 2337cupfuls 3 1219current H 764curriculum • 376curse 2 2169curtain 1 409cut × 85cylinder h 944cyst ð 2883

D _

dachshund III.17dagger I.46dainty ú 1363dairy products & 1433dam Ô 2191damage © 666damask C 2668damp Ó 1788damson 5 2511dance E 1774dangerous [ 1416dangle Ä 2171daring # 826darken ƒ 2384darkness K 480darning 8 1335dart ¢ 1220daughter c 1471dawn ‘ 2448day Õ 12daybreak $ 1201daytime d 1075dazzling a 2543deafness ¿ 2983deal with S 2256death ‘ 815decameron y 67decay » 1243deceased Ó 485deceit ’ 1762decide · 1641decline { 1890decorate , 1477decrease ‚ 1914dedicate ¼ 2265deep L 1328

deer Ä 1999defeat ; 63defense Å 1646defer & 1528de³le ¾ 2319degenerate ´ 1314degrees E 1194deliberation ™ 642delicate Æ 889delicious Š 455delight ) 570deliver ¥ 1110deluge t 1799delusion x 487demand 7 1165demolition p 400den … 181departed ¿ 1132department 7 1179deposit Õ 1595depressed ¥ 2856depression g 1323derision Å 2155descend œ 1308descendants Ì 448design t 1021desk h 210despicable ( 2735despondent Ñ 2149destitution Ò 1215destroy n 365detach ? 1492detailed å 550detain K 1423determine Ï 382detour — 2415deviate v 1973devil I.171dew ° 1283diagonal å 1662diameter ‡ 882


diamond Ô 1517diarrhea 9 1687diced I.17difference j 1644dif³cult Ê 1580dig b 1061dike Î 390dilate Œ 1923diligence 0 1577dilute V 227dining tray 9 2468direction ¾ 490director s 1863dirty ë 1245disaster ó 167discard ã 655discharge n 1705discipline @ 1722disclose } 1085disconcerted g 624discontinue á 1754discreet B 1576discriminating Æ 482discuss * 350disguise d 2246dish V 1447dislike È 1598dispatch Ü 1773display Í 262dispose ‰ 297disseminate ü 2262dissolve Î 1044distant æ 402distinction Ú 554distract i 1358distress A 901distribute 9 1436disturb × 491ditch ø 1062ditch reed 5 2411dither Ã 2994

divide Õ 478divining rod I.31dizzy ± 2581do ` 1918doctor l 1694document £ 601dog Ñ 238dog-tag I.398dollar sign I.299domburi ) 2884domesticate ¨ 1866don ^ 555donkey á 2810door ú 1076dormitory Z 1708dose # 1730doth O 756double : 992double back I.163doubt ” 1410douse ™ 2293downspout Â 2520Dr. N 47draft { 892drag I.400drag » 2848dragon O 536dragon [old] P 2981drama ¬ 1997draw near b 192draw water ½ 2322dreadful / 623dream Z 305drench ß 2329dribble out ¿ 2849dried meat Ô 2130drift å 1607drill ù 2616drink † 1474drip ì 442drive P 1983

droop s 1582drop of I.26drought ê 463drown ö 707drowning ñ 2308drowsy x 1583drum I.332drum 1 1444drunk } 1435dry ø 1648dry ³eld j 2916dry weather ! 2441ducks, migrating I.417dugout ¨ 2186dull ¸ 1495dumbfounded ² 2181duplicate U 465dusk Ë 2451dust a 2838duty ¤ 884dwell W 954dwindle ç 366dye ô 509

E _

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ebisu V 2881echo ú 1850eclipse 8 2800ecstasy Ì 619eddy ÷ 2330edge 2 1167eel I.183eel § 2811effulgent ó 2450egg ) 1422eggplant R 2372ego a 640eight k 8elation 5 2888elbow I.220elbow Õ 2464elder brother | 103elder sister y 413elect * 1804electricity / 535elementary K 1532elephant æ 1976elevate l 2449ellipse » 2531elucidate & 2717elude ³ 2416embarrass 9 2009embrace » 645embroidery G 2665embryo Î 2458emigrant Ü 2120eminent ß 51emotion û 615empathetic ° 2931emperor y 261employ / 1083employee ‚ 56empress U 1861empty W 1317emulate − 979enclosure » 1842

encompassing Õ 2055encounter } 1174encourage „ 866encroach ? 1148end F 1352endure Ý 597enemy ë 443England Ä 1741engrave ± 1521enjoyment æ 2522enlarge u 2282enlightenment ; 622enroll Ï 1567enshrine ú 2992enter × 779entertain ö 1426entice É 916entrails ˆ 851entreat 0 2896entrust * 1954entwine $ 1350envious þ 553environs Œ 284envy Ð 2202epidemic É 1689equal Ï 1695equestrian „ 1981equilibrium ’ 891equip Ä 1183equivocal K 2437erect G 869erection õ 2858erupt a 1197escape s 283escort | 2016escutcheon z 2513Esq à 933est ˜ 2094establishment Ü 708esteem ¹ 184etc. f 945

eternity ½ 132ethics l 1821Europe õ 1699evade ¿ 1501evaluate é 1487even r 1484evening Ï 109eventide Ã 110evergreen oak Æ 2491every , 458everywhere ’ 1824evidence ã 380evil Ý 2853exam p 1278examination Î 1673example ‚ 972exceedingly • 2793excel > 914excellent : 970exchange É 842exclamation œ 2680exclude ¤ 1658excrement h 2653excuse o 1972exertion ” 1975exhaust e 1071exhausted ´ 1688exhibit ¦ 1301exhort ± 732exist $ 685exit m 767exorcism $ 2993expand ; 1118expecting ¬ 2208expense ¾ 1238expert ‚ 1269explanation ö 1908exploits Ð 1542expose ° 805exquisite U 123extensive ] 2212


extent Ý 894extinguish Ì 144extract ¿ 647extremity = 217eye ‡ 15eye-dropper I.27eyeball I.19eyeball Q 1467eyebrow Ê 2583

F _

fabricate S 950fabrication Ã 2331face W 1717face-up þ 1701faction $ 1855failure 2 331fair $ 2200faith = 969fall % 299fallible à 2720falsehood ‡ 1919familiarity ˜ 2719family crest • 1727family name ’ 1828fan í 1079fanning ÷ 2540far off í 2418fare ¤ 1004farm i 166fart Ö 2218fascination K 2023fasten Î 661fat š 456fat man I.29fate f 1400father 5 1274father-in-law + 2064

fathom — 149favor ˆ 612fear ë 613feast û 2799feathers – 573fed up À 2108fee [ 1178feed ´ 2797feelings ù 1537feet c 2953felicitation Ü 2603fell q 994female animal m 2551feminine § 563fence p 1056fenceposts I.379fend off Õ 2597fermentation — 1430fertilizer » 1756fervent ™ 1988few ¸ 106³b £ 2167³ber d 1341³ddle with S 2899³erce { 1456³esta I.135³ght y 1629³gure z 474³le – 812³lial piety [ 1253³lter º 2304³nger … 659³ngerprint I.327³ngers I.205³nish ò 1731³re J 161³replace I.71³ring ¡ 2542³rst day of themonth ; 2846³rst time Š 404

³rstborn son _ 2432³sh Ö 171³sh ³n ô 2827³shguts + 71³shhook I.42³shing Ô 172³st I.211³st Ì 2917³t § 253³t into % 2229³ve 2 5µag I.268µames Þ 2546µash 0 2774µat & 2188µats Û 1652µavor I 219µea ù 2681µedgling I.218µesh I.19µexed Q 2148µip ü 1911µoat I.139µoating 4 730µock s 1163µood I.60µoor I.15µour g 920µourish ¼ 326µower I.90µower P 1009µower pot ! 1032µuid È 1038µustered B 2340µute î 1111µy Á 1887focus Ó 124foe ² 2114fog _ 1228foil S 2634fold Û 1130


folding screen Û 2223follow „ 1298fond Y 99food I.336foolish T 1957foot of amountain Ã 2839

footgear 4 1057foothold Í 669footnote i 2727footprint I.140forces ¤ 1515ford Í 372forehead Â 295forest I 197forge 9 1860forget Ù 596fork in a road 9 2127forked Ö 2914formerly B 501formidable ÷ 2990fort ÷ 2045fortunate … 2563fortune-telling ç 48foster ï 1479founding d 2893four v 4fowl 9 2049fox ! 2342foxtail millet F 2654fragile Å 2462fragrant q 1681frame Ï 200freight Y 1010frequently Ý 2221fresh 1 551friend º 704frog £ 2693frolic ‹ 1994from ì 686front door ¬ 1638

frost ƒ 426frozen L 506frugal ¿ 1674fruit F 1121fuel U 1503full F 1169fundamentals _ 1767funnel I.394fur z 1913furball y 2533furrow Ÿ 1017furthermore Ä 1438fuse metal ã 2547

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gain “ 876gall bladder 6 31gallop Q 2809gamble = 1264game-hunting _ 1940garden ä 1419gargle ) 2288garlic ò 2404garment h 396gates – 1616gather T 559gauze ø 1342general r 1366generation › 28genesis S 1631genie I.210genius î 681gentle µ 728gentleman w 319genuine „ 1494germ ? 918germinate Ç 2377get ’ 2737

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grab ô 2090grace 0 606graceful g 721gracious h 1907grade B 1859gradually ¡ 1659graduate ¢ 1025graft ¬ 2738grain rake ! 2501grains M 922grains of rice I.248grains of sand Ü 2296grandchild § 1393grandpa › 2334grant ¦ 1052grape F 2378grape vine ‰ 2379grapnel Û 2587grasp û 1752grass u 224grass skirt I.346grassy reed ä 2385grate L 1104grave ¦ 231graveyard I.92greatness ´ 999green k 1371green onion III.8grind $ 594grindstone B 2590grip 2 1059grope ) 1327ground I.67ground G 515groundbreaking Ç 1971group : 582grove n 196grow late n 694grow plentiful ¦ 2406grow up I.347grow wild £ 2381

grudge Ø 1420guard ! 186guess I 1103guest ª 294guidance ‚ 278guillotine I.365guilt & 1636gulf Ø 1749gully I.228gun c 762gunwale ì 2675gushing Þ 2295gutter w 1819guy G 702

H _

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hard up Â 1326harden ô 580harlot ³ 2198harm “ 1551harmony É 897harp 7 1591harvest µ 908hatchet 2 2333hate ‡ 626haven § 328hawk Ü 2237hawser „ 1963hawthorn | 2349hay M 2084haystack I.292haze ] 2779hazel J 2475he ª 883head I.37head w 1441headland N 1115heal ` 1709healing ² 2037healthy Á 974hear l 1626hearing C 1910heart P 595hearth I.71hearth « 1080heat å 1516heaven-high å 2104heavens ú 428heavy b 1675hedge ¤ 154hegemony þ 1895Heights + 1294heir u 1867helmet I.77helmet Ü 2854help š 1782helping hand ð 2919


hem — 2624hemlock ² 2488hemorrhoids » 2575hemp & 593hermit ä 986hermitage I 2056heron 5 2833hesitate Ç 2996hibernation b 2684hide ’ 1692high mountain ` 2226high-reaching ˆ 2224highness x 1310hill ° 1329hill of beans III.7hillock ± 1039hinder ì 1297hinge Š 1697hire Ö 2128history t 692hit c 1153hoarse Ì 454hoe n 2762hoist Û 664hold ³ 660hole ¹ 1316hollow reed 6 2364holly Í 2485hollyhock , 2391holy ¸ 825home á 1916home country Í 1848home town ø 1849homecoming o 1230hone ç 2560honey P 776honorable : 1398hooch j 2748hood I.77hoof â 2741hook I.42

hop – 1284hope d 1489horizon — 157horizontal e 1645horns I.35horse I.191horse + 1978horse chestnut Ÿ 514horse mackerel 7 2818hot water _ 546house I.79house B 541houseµy H 2685how many e 1381however ñ 953hug Ý 1387human legs I.34humanity _ 988humility E 630hump N 1561hundred ß 38hundred million $ 983hungry ƒ 1475hunt & 243hurry ¹ 1146husband & 838husk ² 710

I _

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illuminate Ñ 170illustrious Ö 2593imitation v 229immaculate | 2318immature M 896immediate ´ 2788immense G 2089immersed K 1149imminent J 2261impart 4 736imperialauthority b 2610imperial edict ä 342imperial order › 1667imperial seal º 2075imply Y 2211impress Á 2250in _ 39in a row,upside down I.389in front 2 290in the nick oftime ° 2433incandescent ¹ 2908incense ¡ 911inch ’ 2952incision W 2703include L 1588income 9 1510increase I.172increase † 502incur ¼ 807indecent Í 2336indications ‚ 887indigo / 2371individual ñ 973infancy × 1378infant I.223infatuation ¾ 2277inferiority — 862inµammation Ý 162


inµation x 1989ingest V 2182inherit š 1370inkstone Ô 2589inmost h 1891inn f 995inquire c 1145inscription j 275insect g 517insert c 1116inside » 1019insinuate B 2153inspection œ 1093Inst. Š 1304instant “ 1462instantaneously ½ 2431instead © 1395instruction r 341insult ) 2699integrity ë 2123intelligent Ú 852intention ƒ 600inter- o 209intercept ì 1192interchange ! 1043interment w 816interpretation ¿ 2263interrogative º 2960interval \ 1620interview Z 1956intestines ‘ 544intimate ò 1514intimidate X 364introduce Û 1359intuition ï 1769inundate / 2317invariably × 635inverted − 1959investigate Û 1781iris Ý 2366iron ÷ 846

irrigate ó 2079island S 1948island [alternate] T 2976isolate ½ 1312Italy Q 1161itch _ 2572item O 2029ivy I.69

J _

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K _

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L _

label ˆ 2926labor ± 860lack µ 466lacquer Ô 932lad Ò 1716ladder Ù 2479ladle ð 68


lady ( 1151lagoon Ê 2039laid waste Œ 488lake þ 148lament U 621lamp a 165lamp [old] b 2972lance i 2516land @ 1513lap I.125lapel @ 2623lapis lazuli J 2557large Ø 107large goose £ 2313large hill @ 2928lass ÷ 1530last day of themonth { 2452lastly Ø 2570lathe › 2244laugh Ù 938laundry æ 577lazy · 629lead (metal) ç 794leader µ 731leaf è 228leak º 1068lean z 1011leap ¨ 1285learn H 574leather ¾ 1893lecture “ 1816leech ó 2696leek Ú 2081lees q 2649left Ù 77leg ˜ 1279legitimate wife ] 440leisure E 1625lend Ð 1007length ï 691

lengthen | 1921let it be ¹ 2074level 1 160levy = 378lewd ‡ 2298license { 765licensed quarters « 2235lick ° 2870lid ™ 2388lidded crock I.124lie ß 1141lie down B 1150life ´ 1555lightly ¦ 717lightning-bug ¢ 518likeness Ø 100limb ™ 714limit ï 1466limpid m 2446line I.241line û 1339lineage ˜ 1391lined kimono G 2625linen + 405liner U 1869link up › 2655lion “ 2345lips @ 2013listen ‹ 827little · 105livelihood © 232lively Ï 143liver : 1649livestock T 1384livraison Š 2645load þ 359local god • 2600location õ 545lock ) 383lock of hair I.411locket I.365

lofty # 2095logic 7 265loins » 1605loneliness ù 720long ˜ 1920long time ± 1016long-distance Ò 1281longevity 3 1565longevity [old] V 2995longing ò 792longing [old] ð 2984longness ÷ 2618look after 8 2115look back 0 1084look to r 854loose G 830loosen H 2242loquat Ç 2519lord ü 266lose Ï 845lose weight n 2577lot ö 1529lottery Ã 2082lotus ¥ 2360lotus blossom é 2362lotus µower 9 2361love ( 737lovely ’ 2002lower È 1831lowly ¦ 1511loyalty b 602lucidity ˜ 1704lull ½ 2140lumber % 683lunar month Q 2070lunatic ñ 260lungs 7 414lute % 2913luxuriant ’ 1337lye á 2867


M _

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make amends Ï

2059

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make headway œ

2269

male C 859

male animal *

2552

mallet Ê 2478

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mannerism }

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mend » 2073mending I.143mention o 1524mercy ² 1389merit P 1276meritorious deed o 1677metal I.108metallurgy ™ 2137method À 751metropolis @ 1846mid-air a 1109migrating ducks I.417mile / 2950military of³cer Y 1095milk Ö 729mill Ÿ 2596millet ¨ 2605millimeter V 2948mimeograph p 1211mimic ‘ 1411mineral ˜ 741mingle H 1275minstrel } 2112mirror I.168mirror ù 483miscellaneous P 562miso ; 2177miss W 1926missile I.214mist I.32mistake C 1899mistress Á 2203mix Ï 450moat ª 2306mochi Š 2802model = 1960modest « 2422moisten 3 2320mold „ 680moment Þ 2144money I.45

monk I.77monk’s sash á 2701monkey I.278monkey á 403monme — 1027month ½ 13moo ] 2961moon I.18mop I.286more and more ¡ 2241moreover Õ 2034morning † 52morrow 7 2443mortar ¡ 2063mosaic I.383mosquito ^ 1728moss Î 2356moth f 2694mother-in-law õ 2205mottled â 2876Mount þ 1961mountain [ 768mountain goat I.419mountain peak Œ 773mountain stream• 840mountaintop … 2228mourning f 599mouse Q 2065mouth S 11move { 1676mow è 2387moxa ¿ 2538Mr * 1805mud è 1055mulberry m 698murky C 2843muscle I.239muscle : 941mushroom ì 2394music Á 1735musical score : 1787


mustard † 2376muster ¥ 2255mutually 3 757muzzle I.166my son m 2131myself , 2058mysterious é 1383

N _

nab • 2260nail I.49nail æ 2766naked ú 1124name e 112Nara ¹ 1094national µag i 1764nativity 8 393nautical mile ¡ 2951navigate ‹ 1870navy blue Ñ 1758near C 1129neck / 70neck and throat § 2796need ê 1604needle I.18needle [ 274negate § 1218negative # 1217neglect Æ 745neighboring t 1311nephew ì 2910nest h 1927nestle ° 2497netting } 1373new G 1502newborn babe − 58next µ 471nickname ¦ 1242

niece l 2201nifty ¢ 2133night š 1037nightbreak * 30nightfall œ 1974nightingale ú 2907nine G 9nitrate Ô 115No. Ù 1239node Þ 1464Noh chanting ë 1968nonplused Z 1720noodles t 2752nook i 2427noon 5 568north ë 445nose I.27nose Ì 678not ‰ 1049not yet J 216notebook y 1922nothingness [ 1775nourishing · 1388now Ä 1587nucleus ± 1520numb g 2355number ‰ 929nun Í 1054

O _

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observance ´ 1573obstacle ˜ 2592obvious a 2582occasion ! 1296occupation · 1034ocean á 549octopus î 2690of î 1214offering Ò 1615of³cer 3 693offspring ¡ 2097oil ± 1107ointment Š 2923old ò 16old boy p 1162old Kyoto # 2302old man ¾ 1251Old West I.359old woman ( 804olden times Ç 35on the verge of ù 2305once upon a timeË 1184one s 1one-sided ‰ 1212oneself À 36onion ã 2389only ï 53ooze ³ 636open ˆ 1622open sea ! 138or again : 696orchid 0 2363orders | 1401organize ª 1670Oriental elm a 2474ornate þ 2667orphan ö 1879other ¬ 961ought m 1718outburst Ü 1801outhouse I.229


outline – 1482outlook ? 572outpost d 2620outside ‘ 111outskirts – 1844outstanding ê 2272outstretched hands I.211oven-³re I.71overall j 1347overarching + 2435overcome ° 104overdo [ 1293overµow , 1454overgrown w 360overhang © 2236overjoyed a 2207overnight Q 147overpowering « 543oversee 2 1453overthrow I 980overturn & 2789owl I.414owl — 2837oyster I.35oyster ¦ 2697

P _

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pale blue x 2399palisade = 2507pan- ‰ 2327panther ê 2734paper — 1829paper punch I.314parable H 2728parade I.137parade µoat I.139paragraph Ÿ 82parakeet ¬ 2830paralysis h 2579parasol tree = 3003parcel post ã 1858parch l 215pardon ä 1744parent V 1504park Ó 585park [alternate] å 2974parrot ` 2831parsley = 2396part _ 781part of speech Ÿ 1865part of the body I.19partial ‡ 1823particularly % 810partition ™ 783partner Q 2121party J 797pass through L 2970paste # 2650patent ½ 1715path − 1282pathetic & 401patrol … 285patronage w 2982pattern – 1413paulownia + 204pavilion Ç 311pay Y 738pay respects p 1864

peaceful Ê 1570peach tree Y 236pear tree 6 907pearl ( 258peck at à 2168pedestal × 744peek ø 2875peel off M 2145peep › 2613Pegasus I.191pelt µ 802penal ƒ 888penalty r 833penetrate ó 886penitential H 2083pennant R 2233pent in I.194people W 1834peregrine falcon z 2879perfect õ 187performance Ü 2007performing artist Z 2122perfume Æ 493period k 1765perish I.169permanence ½ 958permit Ñ 569persimmon ¥ 2481person ^ 951person in charge y 1392persuade ð 864perusal 1 855petition X 135petting C 2270phantasm å 1862pheasant C 2584philosophy ò 1131phlegm g 2573phoenix Ð 2142phosphorus p 2052phrase I 65


pick ï 733pick up B 667picket o 2484pickling · 1545picture … 1346piebald ¾ 2804pierce A 102pig-iron / 270pigeon v 1946piggy bank I.186piglets I.185piled high À 2185pillage E 2247pillar e 268pillow 3 2472pinch é 657pine tree Ç 785pining § 633pinnacle I.309pioneer z 2924pipe 5 1273pit W 306pitch dark M 2777pity È 1187place ‹ 1127place on thehead ™ 94placement N 832placenta Å 531plaid I.379plains Ÿ 1596plains [old] ï 2979plan L 214plane 7 118plank ‡ 724plant 0 205plantain * 2386plantation ð 358play Ê 1047play music Y 1571pleasure − 628

pleated skirt $ 2626pledge … 1549plentiful ] 2943pliable j 2786plot £ 337plotosid m 2526plow I.264plow £ 2756pluck c 1106plug ï 264plug up Z 1321plum ? 460plump ° 120pocket v 828podium ; 587poem ¡ 346Point À 1330Point [old] 6 2987pointed Ç 500poison š 1531pole I.82pole 4 2632poles ) 1903polish Ó 675polite ø 2706politics © 381pond K 516ponder Z 2276pongee Â 2666pony R 1979pop song ¤ 2178pork ² 538port Q 2309portable ‘ 687portent t 235porter I.173possess À 79possessed 5 2428post 4 824posture r 1818pot Â 2757

potato I.367potato y 1655pottery v 1966pour f 267poverty ú 782power j 858pox d 1684practice £ 1343praise Ê 998pray t 1128precious { 1771precious stone ó 2553precipitous Þ 1672preface Ÿ 1594prefecture Ö 513pregnancy Ü 507present ê 259presents Š 503press down on J 2259pressing Ú 2420pressure 9 152prevarication ² 2718previously j 1481price E 978princess Ü 849printing H 1069printing block Š 1213prison ¹ 338private • 902prize ç 796proceed ? 386proclaim è 188prodigal m 2357products c 1560pro³t 2 906progress H 2436prohibition 8 1098prolong × 392promise ¥ 1362promontory 2 778-proof Â 1164


property ( 682proportion Ë 1553propose Ø 665prosperous Ä 25prostrated N 962protect ˜ 997protein 7 2683proverb î 2723provisions c 926prudence R 1996pruning å 2941public N 784public chamber } 798publish î 1650pull … 1232pull through Y 2136punish { 679pup K 2341pup tent I.376pupil † 437puppet I.303pure ² 1539puri³cation ù 1732purple ˜ 1375purple willow ß 2473purse I.386pursue X 539pus ö 2455push ò 1114put in I.226put up (a notice) Œ 673puzzle I.264

Q _

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quantity g 177quarrel X 2160quarter I.294quasi- w 560queen ¨ 527query g 2713question “ 1617quick ™ 1669quickwitted † 2278quiet Â 1540quill 9 2780quire x 2231quit º 2032quiver I.135quote ° 2102

R _

rabbit I.421rabbit 0 2093racoon dog û 2338radiance ‚ 302raft t 2629rag I.268railing 2 2192rain ˜ 422rainbow Ó 520raise Î 1938rake I.284range o 356rank R 955rapidly Õ 1686rapids œ 1666rare £ 1723rather â 834ratio B 1737rattan box 3 2631raw cotton p 2512ray M 119

re- Œ 1081reach out ´ 688read œ 348reality × 1572reap ç 1488rebellion ƒ 2902rebuke ³ 352rebuttal ^ 2808receipt I.328receive Ø 308receptable â 2264recess ‹ 611recitation Æ 345reclining I.162recollection & 632recommend % 2000record Æ 1144recreation 8 1898recruit ¥ 861rectify ó 1221red Ó 1743red pepper I.341redaction e 2641reed # 242reef Õ 558re³ned · 1535reµect º 1742reformation y 528refreshing ^ 313refulgent ó 2544regiment Ó 1306register « 949regret É 1460regularity Y 903reign ¸ 746reinforce £ 2730reject Ê 1138rejoice ] 1445relatives É 2882relax H 190reliant S 971


religion ; 1100remainder m 808remains Ÿ 2874remonstrate @ 2708remorse þ 631remote f 2419remove ô 760rend & 806renowned q 1258reparation ¦ 985repast j 2798repay S 1432repeatedly ü 373repel Ì 857repent t 625report ³ 1507repose © 2621reprehend f 2156repress ñ 1700repudiate 1 1634reputation Ó 1939request ¼ 934research Á 1320resemblance Ü 114reserved õ 2868reside Ê 1063residence ä 1841resign Â 1497resin I.345resist Ö 1832respect ì 1803respect for elders Õ 2283responsibility Û 1003rest ³ 965restore P 875resucitate 6 2940resurrect M 2380retainer S 848retch ¹ 2999retreat Ñ 1465return ‘ 725

revelation ² 247revered ¨ 1439review Ï 1618revile … 2390revise à 339revolve % 420rhinoceros õ 2069rhyme ‘ 481rhythm A 874ri = 173rib Å 2463rice y 919rice bran | 2652rice ³eld , 14rice gruel æ 2243rice plant w 910rice-³eldfootpath Æ 2072

rice-seedling I.343riddle ¿ 2709ride ñ 1585ridgepole [ 505ridicule E 829right “ 78righteousness – 641rin m 178ring 0 836rinse ¸ 2292riot ( 72rise up Ã 43rising cloud I.152rising sun 4 27risk à 18ritual ø 1102river I 146river pool ª 2323rivet ñ 2763road I.114road-way Š 277roast ö 2548rob ô 566

robust X 321roc Ñ 2829rocksalt ± 2866rocky Ø 2230rocky beach r 2594rod ß 1575romance › 1748roof % 1058roofbeam ] 2299room Ñ 754roost − 2496root Í 1461roots I.277rope I.34rose of Sharon u 2915rot 7 1023rotation ø 1046rough seas À 2321round K 44rouse | 526route ? 1661row u 1785rowboat ß 1876rowing k 1175rub ; 644rubbing ™ 2258rubbish ` 2219rudder º 2674rue • 1483ruggedmountains ! 2225rule ’ 88ruled lines œ 2698rumble ¬ 2729rumor ß 499run { 384run alongside Û 795rush R 2805rush mat ( 2383rust T 2771rust-colored # 2038


rustling š 2619rut } 288

S _

sabre I.46sabre Ä 1671sack Ï 1006sacred Shintotree / 2490sacri³ce “ 643sad « 1635saddle N 2782saddle straps í 2784safeguard � 700sagacious p 1014sail „ 406saké , 1428salad I.290salarium Ä 2602salary Æ 1349saliva ³ 2165salmon � 2815salt é 1458salute ˆ 1087salvation º 936same | 180samurai I.125sand Þ 117sandalwood A 2525sandwiched í 1267Sanskrit ka Z 2959sapience µ 2905sapling III.8sardine z 2813sash Ä 415sated Ï 1480savings r 194saw I.282

say í 335sayeth Q 578scaffold ` 367scaled u 2054scales I.368scar Ð 2578scarecrow I.354scarf I.147scarlet ¹ 2659scatter _ 1189scenery “ 314scepter I.104scheme @ 948school house I.127scissors I.304scissors š 2773scold Í 2179scorn B 989scorpion I.179scout « 2154scrapbook I.395scratch d 2252screw ù 2691screwdriver I.290scribe z 529scroll ñ 1207scurry ‹ 2086sea } 461sea bream Õ 2812seacoast ø 1332seagull û 2828seal I 156search a 1120seasons u 912seat Ç 1193seaweed y 2035seclude ¼ 1380second î 899secrecy O 775secret ¸ 904secret agent ” 2726

section H 1845sedge ” 2410sediment + 2300seduce ª 86see Ø 57seedling ï 234seep ( 2291seethe Z 1237seize ³ 701self ÷ 525self-effacing Ù 1600sell � 323semi- } 564send back B 837sensitive ¢ 2434sentence k 1725separate ƒ 90sequential x 1854set ‘ 1064set aside @ 1188set free ½ 496set straight â 2892settlement ó 1356settlings T 2648seven Ì 7severance ? 1136sew Ä 1563sex § 1558shade ‹ 1592shadow ¹ 1712shake F 2011shaku ñ 1070shaku hachi I.271ShakyamuniBuddha ¼ 2955shallow ò 369shalt ] 2105sham 6 966shame I 823shape I.377shape † 1711


sketch ì 670skids « 1396skill Œ 712skin 8 1992skirt á 800skunk I.421slacken 7 1952slander ½ 2724slap ï 1793slaughter G 2143slave I.237slave ‹ 2036sled ,

2521sleep X 1835sleeve £ 1108slender ü 1790slender bamboo Ù 2639sliding door ù 2627slingshot I.301slip out s 705slippery Ñ 1289slope * 723slow Q 1067sly Î 2335small I.53small bell Š 1406small craft 9 2068smash ö 116smoke ß 1612snake I.182snake í 519snapping turtle × 3000snapshot K 822snare I.300snore Ü 2944snow à 1143so-and-so Þ 1759so-called i 2725soar ™ 2933sociable Ê 1970soft É 470

soil F 150soldier o 1331solely µ 556solemn j 1733solicit ¾ 1536solitude o 2310solution g 947somebody X 1248someone é 1256son Á 1851song H 469soot A 2541soothe » 2210sorceress B 2930sort { 931sort of thing 5 241soul Ó 2021sound 3 479soup ^ 140source è 142souse / 2314south Ç 1613southeast ö 2861sovereign Ð 435sow I.184sowing Á 2395soy sauce è 2746span Ò 32span [old] Ñ 2985spare time E 1882spark I.57sparkle Æ 22sparkler I.380sparrow – 2878sparse v 2611spatula † 2633speaketh M 1117spear I.298special – 246specialty é 46species ) 1679

specimen C 1455speckled † 2556speech I.130sphere Æ 1208spicy Y 1496spike I.49spin a tale w 2176spinal column Ñ 2071spindle ƒ 1584spindle tree 5 2489spine ¨ 24spinning á 1357spiny q 2498spirit q 1885spirits ‘ 1791spit 1 151splash ? 218splendor T 1581split ™ 813split up ¼ 2714spoils Â 2273spoke è 2731sponsor æ 987spool I.216spoon 0 444spot ( 169sprain ä 2845spray m 2307spread 1 1883spring ñ 133springtime r 1568sprinkle ^ 2271sprout I.276spy Ê 981squad Œ 1229square jewel ‚ 155squat ã 1024squeeze 9 1324St. Bernard dog I.54stab £ 1319stagnate Ë 416


stalk Ÿ 715stalwart p 2889stamen Þ 2393stammer ¡ 2175stamp I.324stamp | 1425stand up C 431standard y 841standstill q 2423staple gun I.401staples I.329star « 1556star-anise ! 2532stare Š 237start y 2872starve i 1476state ? 128state of mind I.197stately Î 2138station Ë 1984stationary ” 2991statue … 1977stature 6 446status ° 292status quo ! 239steadily 4 1135steal ] 1451stealth Ý 1322steam % 1900steed v 2060steel š 1962steep q 2061step r 1287stern ä 1936stew Â 2549sticky ë 921stiff z 695stimulate Œ 1280stinking I 122stipend ° 1574stirred up f 565

stitching II.8stocks Û 222stole w 2700stomach f 29stone Í 113stop Œ 370stop short C 2937stop-over l 1982store ü 588storehouse ‰ 850storey ‰ 1309storm * 777straddle + 2744straightaway Ÿ 73strainer Y 2328strand ’ 1263strange ` 126strangle ƒ 1348stratum ] 1065straw Õ 2400straw raincoat R 2354straw rope Å 1377strawberry U 2350strawman I.293stream ë 127street s 91streetwalker III.4strengthen é 2240stretch I.145stretcher j 2803strict Ç 853strike ¸ 653string Þ 2661stripe ß 2671strong è 1235strong saké ‡ 2751strung together I.391strung together ¤ 2676stubborn V 61study ¿ 324stuff up ù 2190

stumble È 2740stupid L 1683sturdy ¤ 1964sturdy oak Ç 2509style Å 353subjugate ¦ 881submerge õ 844submit Ú 1796subscription • 1817substance Ö 1137substitute Ö 1005suck µ 689suckling infant ¸ 2193sue â 787suffering N 225sugar i 1158suit of armor œ 2076suitable ï 441sulfur L 763sultry Œ 1260summarize ! 2663summer @ 296summit · 1562summit [alternate]¸ 2977summons ³ 2678sunµower I.23Sung dynasty [ 2215sunglasses I.233sunshine î 1300superµuous ò 300superintend ì 1499supinate d 2909supplement ¢ 1840suppose ¦ 684surface è 1546surname ¥ 1557surpass Î 387surplus ó 1586surround U 1807sushi A 2826suspend Ë 1394


suspicious s 716swallow à 2869swamp å 1072sweat * 1651sweep b 1152sweet 1 1757sweet oak © 2505sweet potato ˜ 2402sweet smelt 2817sweets A 2801swell ã 1719swift h 280swim ¾ 136swing Ü 1967swirling waters µ 2290sword M 83sword’s point Î 2768symmetricallypatterned ± 2897

sympathize with œ 2051symptoms Ò 1685synthesis s 2660system £ 418sðtra ™ 1360

T _

T’ang N 1157tag M 212tail Å 1915tail feathers I.412tailor ü 397take þ 819take along ¦ 287tale Ê 344Talking Cricket I.418tall ¢ 307tame Ä 2807tariff I 1778

task Y 1227taskmaster I.128tassel Û 1078tatami mat # 1784tax Ä 895tea [ 252teach î 1254teacup Ù 2591team of horses I.423teardrops « 2294tears y 1082technique © 421technique [old] å 2352teenager I.53teepee I.375tempering § 2030temple grove 8 2500temporarily l 1134tempt × 766ten Y 10ten thousand £ 64ten thousand [old] © 2969tenacious Î 1506tender ] 1226tenderness ¸ 993tendril H 2359tenebrous Ä 2935tense ; 1374terminate œ 2787test ¢ 354testicle Á 2929texture h 66Thanksgiving I.136thatching § 2397the following õ 575thick R 125thigh % 2454thin , 164thing ] 1050think „ 605third class m 1020

thirst Ð 451this ˆ 2890this here Â 2043thong ” 1344thorn r 417thornbush − 2938thou Ë 2303thousand æ 40thread – 1333threaten õ 871three X 3throat V 2164throw V 706thunder ! 425thwart O 1780ticket Ã 1206tide ‡ 141tie º 1351tied up I.34ties î 2658tiger I.424tiger ) 1990tight ? 2614tighten Þ 1340tile é 1031till … 1808timber-trees 5 1446time ´ 159-times n 586tin ÷ 2764tin can 8 1965tinker with ´ 2558tinkling ‡ 2568tobacco } 2347together ß 1795toil ¡ 865token 6 1001tolerant ÷ 226tomb b 1198tomb sanctuary ë 2239tombstone · 1512


tome G 1826ton « 2949tongue â 41tongue wagging I.18too much Ñ 1657tool I.43tool S 74tooth © 1171tophat I.121topic Û 389torch j 2536tortoise † 534torture © 1255touch Ù 672tough 1 2971towel I.149towel 2 2101tower ¼ 1624town ª 208toy O 2567track down ø 2413tracks Ô 1746trade æ 1424traf³c ° 1408training — 2088tranquilize ¥ 276transcend • 385transcription E 2922transfer ö 847transit 9 1195transition + 1610translate § 1073translucent V 2920transmit ) 963transparent t 915transport ´ 289tray ¡ 1872tread ) 1286treasure µ 257tree … 195tree-trunk ù 1654

treetops È 201tremendously d 1768tribe Ÿ 1222tribute ” 81trickle Ë 2778triµe / 2116trim ¾ 2353trip S 1048tripod ç 2865triumph ‹ 2077trouble ñ 1935trout 6 2814true O 75trunk ˆ 182truss [ 1376trust þ 1665tryst + 2417tug Ð 2550tumor * 2467tuna 4 2816tune “ 349turf Ü 1216turkey I.188turkey-coop I.190turn Ÿ 1909turn into ¨ 361turnip G 2401turret ª 2508turtle I.97tusk b 1904twenty Ô 1190twig û 298twine / 2656twinkle ™ 2534twirl é 2266twist Å 1509two Ì 2two hands I.209two-mat area ¿ 1486tyrannize ¬ 1998

U _

ugly U 2020umbrella I.102umbrella Y 1026un- À 1632civilized & 2470uncle d 718uncommon b 1797unde³led ¸ 1548understandably ‹ 2087undertake Y 375undress õ 498uneasiness U 1995unfold û 1925unhulled rice ‘ 2651universal 3 1786unlucky £ 1415unravel m 1814until @ 2421unusual ˆ 1745upbringing Ò 2942upright Ì 55upside down, in a row I.389urge W 282urine Ù 1053use q 990usual ø 799Utamaro C 2894utensil ^ 121utilize ä 1181utmost è 821


V _

V 4 2967vague Y 230valentine I.197valley ú 788value 9 1603valve – 742vapor r 1886various ™ 1261vase I.156vast e 1234vat j 1176vegetable û 734vegetable patch › 2918vehicle I.116vein T 1856vendetta N 2707venerable old manø 786venison Ê 2216veri³cation à 1980verify e 2710vermilion $ 221versify E 1589vertical a 1338vessels Æ 699vestiges Õ 2743vicarious Ú 1739vice- O 89victory § 1209vie Þ 434villa v 322village ‰ 92villain à 1490vine º 1945vinegar n 1434violate ô 2194violent ± 497

violet „ 2099VIP û 511virtuous 3 1035vis-a-vis Á 1726viscera Ü 2456visit a shrine ¤ 2715voice ¹ 1896voiced ê 835void Ð 1993volume Î 1543vow ½ 1133vulgar š 968vulture I.218

W _

wagging tongue I.18wagon I.116wait Å 879waiter ¬ 976waitress I.337walk Ÿ 371walking legs I.117walking stick I.26wall I.221wall | 1500wand I.31wandering ¹ 1470war ì 1929ward J 1696ward off è 1302wardrobe k 2635warehouse ø 589warm 1 1452warmth @ 1949warped Ë 2862warrior ¹ 377warship ; 1875wash ó 249

watch over 3 638watch³re ’ 2535watchtower · 930water v 130water-lily I.339water’s edge Ú 2312waterfall Ý 537waves # 803wax À 2688Way # 2412weak ú 1236wealth I.48wealth ) 193weather I.153weave 3 1334wee hours ´ 189week Q 318weekday Þ 576welcome ª 1702welfare ” 1091well m 1806well ³nished ‡ 2197west » 1602wet ‚ 1627whale « 315wharf % 2189what 7 1012wheat I.244wheel s 1822wherefore Æ 1105whetstone C 2595whey Ú 2747whip — 2783whirlpool ¢ 1292whirlwind I.122whiskey bottle I.330whisper Ø 2157whit Ô 2046white R 37white bird I.27who? ! 2712


whole 6 263wholesale / 1397wick T 2368wicked î 1906wicker basket I.384wide b 739widespread ˆ 2301widow C 617wife ë 1889wild dogs I.98wild duck â 2835wild goose U 2150wild mulberry ¸ 2517willow ª 1421wilt u 2135wince ê 2275wind I.34wind K 524winding l 1369window p 749windpipe } 2159wing ö 1798wings I.192wink s 817winnow Ã 2647winnowing fan M 2643winter K 427wipe / 2254wisdom J 1224wish ç 1590wistaria n 1210witch % 2022with child A 2012withdraw j 1318wither ü 206

within ê 2900within my ability × 2173without exceptionÒ 2430withstand ó 1770wolf ¼ 2339woman œ 98womb Ì 748wonder ü 1987wooden bowl × 2487wooden hammer ª 2477wooden ladle ò 2510wooden leg I.307wooden pestle § 2503wooden pole I.82wooden spoon F 2891wool I.188word B 347words I.130work z 1678work a ³eld µ 2111world ƒ 251wormwood È 2375worship 0 1564wound ¥ 996wrap ± 530wrenching è 2251wretched ] 1721write – 327writing brush Ù 943

X _

X V 2968

Y _

yam — 2365Yamato È 2106yarn I.323yawn I.164year æ 1036year-end ñ 512yearn ƒ 2280yell ò 1042yellow ü 1750yesterday : 1140yield a 1060yonder T 183young ø 223young miss ? 2206younger brother Ô 1240younger sister ) 220

Z _

zelkova ´ 2527Zen 7 1930zero Œ 1402zoo I.146


HH _

§ ! 1809# 2958g 1323% 1295£ 2693

§© $ 2200& 401( 737) 2248K 2437

HJ + 2417o 209/ 2371

HJUh 0 444HJg � 1620HLL + 2417

l 752Z 1956§ 253} 1174

HNmm # 826‡ 374

HNNšš û 2799HP Á 1534

x 2399‚ 2588

HPJ , 2391HPT™ = 3003HPVV þ 1701HPš ÷ 2540HQ / 2407

X 2187$ 221Ó 1743¹ 2659

HQJJ ¹ 2908HQRt ‹ 272HQZ ¸ 2193HQ^ ã 380HRf Ö 513HQkS $ 1201HRqLL • 1817HQt / 2407HQQ™™ b 2972

g 20HRRšš î 49

Û 664l 2449

Î 1938x 1989

HQššJJ g 20HS 4 27

À 2566m 2446E 900Ä 25* 30ö 2529e 2710– 2934

HSqLL ¬ 439• 726æ 1424

HS˜ 4 27À 2566Š 2851l 2449m 2446¹ 2074Ä 25z 2863t 2677* 30J 1224

INDEX 3

READINGS

Index 3 includes all the standard readings for all the kanji treat-ed in volumes I and III. The full range of readings for names isnot, however, covered here. Katakana is used for on-yomi andhiragana for kun-yomi; okurigana are set in bold type. Referencesare to the frame in which the kanji was first introduced.

† 437± 2897ö 2529V 2920‡ 2568– 2934

HS˜̃QQ g 20í 69Ä 25Å 87V 2920m 2446* 2467Ø 433Æ 22½ 1715a 2582a 2543ß 1789

HS˜ŒŒšš á 2716HSSšš Ñ 2149

Ï 1480HS››šš ² 2181§· 1 1810

2 10593 2320

HUf † 2376HVtš À 2108HW * 30

¹ 2659$ 221

HW‡u ‘ 2448HWWšš ˆ 1622

W 1317g 20

HXš Î 1938Û 664h 648

HZ Ã 2795

HYR››šš ƒ 2280H[ † 52

& 593H] ° 185H[JJ ò 369H]Wšš Å 2155H]qLL Å 1509H[y 4 27H]‹UU ’ 1762

ß 1141² 2718

H]““QQ 1 551Ý 2559

H^ 5 24116 2364« 1396˜ 1279Ð 2098

H_ 7 2818I 219

H^f * 307 2443

H_¡¡LL I 219HaWš Õ 1595Ha‰ X 504Ha‰“ Ç 311Ha[ 8 1498Hb * 1651Hc – 2571

‘ 1204Hbšš Ð 557HdzŒ ‰ 2199

³ 2198Hd}} Ê 1047Hg ² 2114HfJ 9 1603

E 978HfLL ô 2004HfNNšš Ò 1246

HfQ‘‘ Í 2281= 1417

HffQQJJ 1 1452@ 1949

Hf‰ w 1441Hf˜^̂JJ G 1502Hf™™ Œ 284Hfšš c 1153Hk 3 2320

] 2212K 2409| 2318− 2279° 2931

§Ì 9 152: 2781

HkJJ R 125Œ 1260™ 1988å 1516| 2318− 2279Œ 1260° 2931

HkQLL ; 690Hk^ 3 2320

| 2318‡ 2751− 2279° 2931

Hk‰‰šš T 559¿ 2263´ 2939ê 2772

HkŒŒšš T 559K 2409ˆ 2997P 2732e 2641

INDEX 3: READINGS 419

Hm = 1417Hmmšš X 761

c 1153Ho 9 1379

Ð 2578Ô 1746Õ 2743

HokT ] 440Hq ¹ 1316

Z 96W 306

Hqppšš B 989Hr | 103

Ì 448Ht ? 2206

y 413HtZ ? 2206HwUU Ü 1801Hw˜ Å 2463Hw››šš Ü 1801Hzzbbšš ô 789Hzzšš ô 789H}qqJJ [ 1416H}˜ š 456

± 1107â 494Š 2923

H|››šš u 2315H‰ ú 428

Í 1054˜ 422

H‰JJ 1 1757H‰t^̂ : 317

3 1786’ 1824

H‰Š Õ 2055H‰šš Ñ 1657HŠ } 1373

ø 1342

H‹‹ ‹ 1825HŒ A 2801

˜ 422ú 428i 1158

H“ B 2664C 2668ç 2560± 2897• 1727â 2876½ 1715þ 2667

H“LLJJ [ 1416÷ 2871

H“^̂JJ s 716Ø 2078` 126

H“kšš e 671H“‰hh [ 1293

C 1899ê 1250

H“‰šš C 1899ê 1250à 2720

H• ! 2817H•‹‹ Ÿ 371H˜JJ Œ 488

J 1777H˜LL ó 249

™ 2293¸ 92/ 2314æ 577

H˜Q_ŒŒ Ð 1593˜ 741

H˜^ * 777H˜̃`̀ Œ 488H˜aa À 1632

H˜dLL m 1154â 787

H˜ff G 1502H˜fQ ó 2544H˜fŒŒšš y 528

Ï 2059H˜o C 2595H˜¡` q 1258

è 1546H˜¡››šš ê 259

è 1546H™ — 2686

˜ 2094Hš E 2091Hšš $ 685

À 79¦ 684

HšJvv E 2091HšUU Ÿ 371H››šš Œ 488

G 2401H¡ F 2654

Á 533? 218

H¡JJ , 164H¡b G 2625H¡bbšš § 253H¡¡bbšš n 1030

á 872H¡fg^̂JJ g 624H¡mmšš g 624H¡›› & 401H¡››‹‹ œ 2051

& 401§û H 190

I 2056J 2259K 480L 214

420 INDEX 3: READINGS

M 2777N 2782O 203/ 2442‘ 873

H¥a O 203

JJ _

J m 1806n 1519o 1262= 2408

© 5 2411P 1028Q 1161R 955S 971T 1643U 1807V 2881W 913X 364Y 1095Z 2276[ 608] 1096^ 1051_ 2480` 1918a 2569b 1797c 898d 1341e 1645f 29g 2355h 396

i 2725j 1644k 1772l 1694µ 556C 2937ˆ 2997È 2106_ 2480A 2801¦ 24064 2816

JLL i 2725° 2102í 335

JN B 541JNNšš ² 2037JPL L 763JP™ I 2056JR y 2532JQQ`̀ ´ 1555

Ï 143JQah ! 425JQg t 2629JQ™ Û 2587

ð 2765JQšš H 703JS y 925

” 610q 1885

©´ o 356JSPJJ ¤ 1515

X 364JSpPšš c 1199JSSšš Ï 143

´ 1555JUU e 1381

‘ 873¿ 1132

©· p 759q 2424æ 2243

JU[ t 301ì 1929

JW K 516JWrN ³ 1559

“ 643JYLL ‹ 611J[P o 1677

O 863J[T—JJ ¸ 1548

` 2219J[[QQ Ô 2046J]qLL É 916J[‰‰^̂JJ ¹ 1407J[‹ ¹ 1407J[ŒŒšš @ 2708J^ Í 113J^aN G 394J^}Š · 1512J_Œš Q 2373

¬ 1998J_š ´ 2558J` _ 2480JaŠ ñ 133JbS Ô 2191Jd r 2594JdR^̂JJ Ú 618JdV ¹ 1146Jf ‡ 724

Š 1213JfJJ − 1690JgUU » 645

Ý 1387Jf`̀ O 756

´ 289Jfa˜ 6 878JfgS ™ 94


& 2789JfgUU È 2702

™ 94Jf‹‹ U 621

− 1690JfŒŒšš ¥ 996Jfšš › 753

k 755@ 2421° 292

Jf¡šš ± 860Jh } 412©É s 1

t 457v 1973

JhZ U 2350Jh_š^̂JJ q 1258Jk 4 2967©Ì u 2315

v 1973s 1

JkU^̂‹‹ ² 1389Jkkk 2 5Jk¡šš ‡ 1919

ß 1141Jo ë 2669

– 1333/ 2656

JoLL Ñ 2149JoVh ” 1344Jo^̂JJ ( 737Joq‹‹ · 1034Jp‹‹ „ 658Jq w 910

§ 1218Js K 2341

Ñ 238JsJ ê 463Jt w 910

Ju^^ o 1262Juh f 1400Jušš t 1128

e 2598Jw˜ x 472

− 2938Jw™ Ù 1053JzS Ü 2944Jzk Ë 2862J‰ Ä 1587J‰^ŒŒšš w 676

› 1667¥ 336

J‰gg J 216J‰‰¡¡^̂JJ f 599J‹‹ f 599J‘ y 1655

— 2365˜ 2402

J‘Lo ) 220J“ Ñ 2149

È 1598¡ 2241

J“^̂JJ ( 2735¦ 1511

J“^̂‹‹ ¦ 1511J““`̀ ² 2037

l 1694` 1709

J—J— ° 2433J˜gkk Q 2373Jšš Ê 1063

â 1249ö 2548k 1566ê 1604× 779™ 2137

J››šš × 779

Ù 790Jœ 5 1753Jœpšš í 1714Jœ™ « 1080J¡ N 2978

R 770¢ 2586

J¡LL h 1089J¡P N 2978J¡UU Q 578J¡^ z 2813J¡“ c 2615J¡¥¥““ ð 145©û { 765

| 1425} 2159‚ 56ƒ 583„ 584… 1232† 1474‡ 2298ˆ 2921‰ 2374Š 1304‹ 1592Œ 1313‘ 481¨ 20063 479

©ûÉ ’ 2952

LL _

L ™ 2041š 2832

« “ 78” 1656


• 1944– 573— 2415˜ 422š 2832· 2126Ç 2599À 79y 1655& 2470

LN î 49LNNšš i 1476

ƒ 14750 205ð 358

LP Ö 171LQRLL › 2613

p 1864ø 2875” 2726

LRkk ù 2616ß 2066

LQQ}} 4 730LQQšš 1 735LUU 4 730LVJ` ú 2907LWf‰¡¡šš ¾ 1901LWWšš 1 735

¾ 1536Ø 308

LZQQ`̀ { 1676LZU { 1676

m 2357L[T 0 2093L^ œ 2040

È 245L_ ’ 1828L^P Ã 110

‡ 141

L^qLL Ï 845W 1926

L^œœ 9 1379L` Ÿ 2596

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= 217? 218^ 2348

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M 2145a 2474

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= 2408Ç 1193

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p 2512q 1367s 1892t 2752

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É 470“¡˜̃VV É 897

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‹ 2087· 2126¸ 993¹ 1407º 704» 2210¼ 1380½ 958¾ 616¿ 2263À 79Á 2486Â 2284Ä 1438Æ 1105Ç 2599È 793É 916Ê 1047Ë 2180Ì 1847Í 743Î 1044û 333: 696“ 78X 3002Ã 2493

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—^Š ? 2852Ÿ 3205 2888


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6 2940—‹‹ Æ 345

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b 192é 2266š 1037S 971Í 669Y 2211

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A 874B 1737C 431

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! 2225’ 2535| 1401E 2247a 2474

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M 896¡QQ`̀ Z 1237¡Qkk – 742¡QQšš _ 781¡Q››šš ƒ 90

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Ñ 2985Ò 32o 2484¡ 2241‹ 1870Í 372

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{ 892¡˜LL Ù 938¡˜z Ö 2405¡˜„ ‡ 436

¡˜¡ ² 2622¡™ Ë 1553¡™| 6 1001¡šš Ë 1553¡š 1 1810

à 1490¡šR^YJJ Á 2337

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÷û × 2487Ø 1749Ù 2591Ú 1418


INDEX 4

PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

Index Four includes all the primitive elements of volumes I andIII, escept for elements originally introduced as kanji in their ownright. References are to the volume and page number where theelement was ³rst introduced.

1 _

! I.26

# I.26

$ I.42

% I.264

& I.402

´ I.43

2 _

( I.31

) I.33

* I.34

+ I.34

, I.34

/ I.34

0 I.35

1 I.44

2 I.44

3 I.46

4 I.54

5 I.77

6 I.102

‚ I.120

F I.121

7 I.152

ƒ I.154

™ I.162

E I.212

9 I.220

: I.253

; I.287

= I.298

? I.300

@ I.301

A I.339

B I.343

C I.364

D I.373

E I.379

“ I.327

„ I.324

Š I.400

3 _

G I.43

d I.54

I I.61

J I.61

K I.61

L I.79

M I.90

N I.97

O I.98

P I.103

Q I.114

R I.117

S I.134

T I.145

U I.149

V I.179

W I.194

X I.196

Y I.197

Z I.205

I.209

[ I.210

] I.221

^ I.241

_ I.268

` I.283

a I.309

b I.321

c I.328

d I.343

e I.353

f I.367

g I.377

h I.398

i I.411

H I.414

4 _

k I.52

l I.71

m I.82

o I.122

p I.128

q I.135

r I.135

s I.147

t I.152

v I.173

w I.197

x I.209

y I.214

z I.218

{ I.223

| I.231

} I.262

2 I.268

Ò I.273

$ I.284

% I.284

ˆ I.286

â I.290

R I.303

¦ I.314

É I.329

4 I.340

W I.347

« I.351

ô I.351

_ I.365

Ñ I.380

í I.383

È I.412

p III.20

u III.22

5 _

” I.19

ã I.306

Î I.328

) I.122

Ü I.127

• I.137

; I.143

æ I.146

− I.147

á I.151

’ I.151

û I.183

* I.185

Û I.216

I I.228

Ë I.244

Â I.248

¼ I.282

è I.292

ò I.299

< I.299

¡ I.375

Æ I.327

ß I.334

˜ I.337

S I.343

Z I.345

õ I.352

D I.355

8 I.369

œ I.372

Ä I.386

/ I.395

¨ I.397

& I.412

: I.413

6 _

G I.124

Å I.128

Ÿ I.128

B I.136

– I.138

7 I.139

# I.147

§ I.186

Ì I.219

¼ I.241

¤ I.250

‹ I.264

— I.267

F I.286

b I.294

¿ I.304

? I.305

ß I.334

Õ I.336

C I.352

ü I.359

0 I.382

1 I.387

Ã I.419

ª I.424

n I.429

Í I.432

7 _

9 I.171

² I.184

@ I.188

ö I.218

6 I.233

, I.291

N I.307

Y I.398

A I.410

U I.413

³ I.421

O I.426

¢ III.18

8 _

Ê I.32

5 I.62

! I.153

© I.160

é I.166

· I.188

š I.229

488 INDEX 4: PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS

I.266

µ I.285

Ø I.293

Ç I.336

Ý I.370

Q I.385

I.389

o III.20

9 _

ï I.48

÷ I.117

ñ I.163

( I.186

… I.308

å I.332

L I.341

H I.417

£ I.418

ù I.420

{ III.22

10 _

ê I.92

à I.191

Ù I.354

¾ I.354

ä I.365

° I.394

Ï III.16

W III.21

11 _

= I.157

¸ I.168

Þ I.191

T I.234

12 _

Á I.155

I.168

Ð I.376

13 _

ë I.341

+ I.346

INDEX 4: PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS 489

490 LAYOUT OF FRAMES FOR PART ONE

2796

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LAYOUT OF FRAMES FOR PART TWO 491

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remembering kanji iii

Documents

miscellaneous kanji

supplementary kanji

unofcial kanji

numerous kanji

formore kanji

precision ofolder kanji

japanese readings

new pure groups