Reminder…

Tourism paper due October 24 First refereed summary article due

October 30 You will each present your articles on

Tuesday November 2

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Emerging Markets

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What is a paradigm? A collective world view ‘entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, etc., shared by the

members of a given community’ Examples here in Lebanon?

What is a paradigm shift? The emergence of a new paradigm when the old one is no longer able

to explain evidence that contradicts its core premises What is the dominant western (eastern?)

environmental paradigm? Anthropocentric belief that humans are separate from and superior to

the natural environment The natural environment is a resource or commodity that should be

exploited for human benefit through technology No limit to what can be achieved; problems can be solved through the

application of the scientific method and its associated technology contradictions to this belief?

What is a paradigm shift?

A paradigm is a framework for viewing reality. Paradigms shift over time as a natural result of changing societal values or new scientific information, but sometimes they are shifted intentionally, without a sound basis for change.

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New Ecological Paradigm

SD = Strongly disagree, MD = Mildly disagree, U = Unsure, MA = Mildly agree, SA = Strongly agree

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SD = Strongly disagree, MD = Mildly disagree, U = Unsure, MA = Mildly agree, SA = Strongly agree

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1. We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support.2. The balance of nature is very delicate and easily upset.3. Humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs.4. Mankind was created to rule over the rest of nature.5. When humans interfere with nature it often produces disastrous consequences.6. Plants and animals exist primarily to be used by humans.7. To maintain a healthy economy we will have to develop a "steady-state" economy where industrial growth is controlled.8. Humans must live in harmony with nature in order to survive.9. The earth is like a spaceship with only limited room and resources.10. Humans need not adapt to the natural environment because they can remake it to suit their needs.11. There are limits to growth beyond which our industrial society cannot expand.12. Mankind is severely abusing the environment.

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Do we have a new paradigm?

Problems with current paradigm + ↑ concern

for the env. + ↑ env. movement = green paradigm ?

Dominant environmental paradigm vs green paradigm Environmentally… Economically… Socially …

Where does ecotourism fit in this paradigm shift? Where does the green ecotourist fit?

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What is the evidence in favor of the view that we are currently undergoing a paradigm shift toward a ‘green paradigm’?

If this shift is real -> what are the implications for the ecotourism sector and for tourism as a whole?

The green consumer

Veneer environmentalism Greenwashing: the act of misleading consumers

regarding the environmental practices of a company or the environmental benefits of a product or service.

More products are claiming to be ‘green’ The average number of ‘green’ products per store

almost doubled between 2007 and 2008. Green advertising almost tripled between 2006 and 2008.

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Bank of America subsidiary MBNA launched their new Eco-Logique MasterCard credit card for Canadian consumers.

What makes the new card so special? greenwash

Well, everytime you make a purchase you earn points, but instead of using the points to get airline tickets or electronics, MBNA buys carbon offsets.

The more stuff you buy, the more offsets MBNA buys.

And exactly how much goes towards helping offset emissions? According MBNA, one half of one percent of your total purchases.

In case you’re keeping track, that’s 99.5% going to Bank of America, one of the biggest financial backers of the coal industry and .5% to planting trees.

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For fun http://sinsofgreenwashing.org/games-tools/na

me-that-sin-game/

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The green consumer

From greenwashing.. To moderates .. To the ‘true greens’

Range worldwide

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Green traveller: agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry

Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism industry identifies twelve (12) guiding principles for tourism development: · Travel and Tourism should assist people in leading healthy and productive lives in harmony with nature· Travel and Tourism should contribute to the conservation and restoration of the earth's ecosystem.· Travel and Tourism should be based upon sustainable patterns of production and consumption· Nations should cooperate to promote an open economic system, in which international trade in Travel & Tourism services can take place on a sustainable basis.· Travel & Tourism, peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent.· Protectionism in trade in Travel & Tourism should be halted or reversed.· Environmental protection should constitute an integral part of the tourism development process.· Tourism development issues should be handled with the participation of concerned citizens, with planning decisions being developed at local level.· Nations shall warn one another of natural disasters that could affect tourists or tourist areas.· Travel & Tourism should use its capacity to create employment for women and indigenous peoples to the fullest extent.· Tourism development should recognize and support the identity, culture, and interests of indigenous peoples.· International laws protecting the environment should be respected by the Travel & Tourism Industry

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Green traveller Global code of ethics for tourism

Published on greenresistance.wordpress.com/evsc237 Green Globe 21 – a membership based organization dedicated to

achieving sustainable outcomes for tourism and hospitality industry worldwide through member adherence to sustainability-related goals EarthCheck Benchmarking and Certification Program Only 24 of 648 green globe 21 members achieved certification by

2000 What green action taken by hotels?

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Questions …

True or False: Travel and Tourism is the world’s largest industry.

True or False: Lebanon has 11 official nature reserves.

True or False: Lebanon generated ~ 1 kg of municipal solid waste / person /day in 2001

Open question: The number one source of solid waste in Lebanon is …. ?

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Ecotourist Market Segmentation If ecotourists are those who seek nature-based learning

experiences and behave in an env. and socio-culturally sustainable manner, then they are a subset of the green traveler market.

Market segmentation1. Determine how ecotourists differ from consumers and tourists in

general2. Identify distinctive ecotourist subgroups How?

Motivation and behavior Geographic location Demographics

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Motivation, Attitude, and Behavior

Hard ecotourists? Who are they? What do they like to do?

Soft ecotourists? Who are they? What do they like to do?

Variations / Spectrum Know figure 2.5

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Extra Credit options #1 and 2

Earth Watch Institute - http://www.earthwatch.org/ “Earthwatch Institute is an international non-profit organization that

supports scientific field research by offering volunteers the opportunity to join research teams around the world.”

World Expeditions - http://www.worldexpeditions.com.au/ “World Expeditions is one of the world’s oldest adventure travel

companies.” extra credit

Due: October 25 2 page summary of any topic on the organization (what they do, where they

do it, newsletter, adventure vs ecotour, etc.) E-mail it to me (to save paper) – rania.masri@balamand.edu.lb

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Other criteria..

Geography ‘Developed’ vs ‘Developing’ World Country-based segmentation

Most important ecotourist markets?

Socio-demographics Gender (depends … ) Age (depends … )

Education, income and occupation

http://www.ecotourism.org/

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Growth of the market

Weaver (1998) – ecotour operations expanded their customer base at an annual rate of 15-25%

Examine activities… only birdwatching expanded at a rate that exceeded global tourism