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The Great Minds Who Influenced the Technological Leaps During the Renaisance
Engineersof the
Renaisance
Renaisance Engineers
ÞLeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)ÞNicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)ÞGalilei Galileo (1564-1642)ÞJohannes Keplar(1571-1630)ÞChristiaan Huygens (1629-1695)ÞRobert Hooke (1635-1703)ÞSir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Middle Ages
ÞFragmented Feudal SocietyÞAgricultural EconomyÞChurch-DominatedÞIntellectual LifeÞCultural Life
Renaisance Background
ÞRevival or RebirthÞrenewed interest in the arts.ÞBegan in ItalyÞ14th CenturyÞSpread Throughout EuropeÞ16th & 17th Centuries
Beginning of Renaisance
ÞSociety TransformsÞCentral Political InstitutionsÞUrban & Commercial EconomyÞLay Patronage of EducationÞThe artsÞMusicÞScience
LeonardodaVinci
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Leonardo daVinci
Þ1452-1519ÞFamily estateÞVinci, near Empoli
ÞChildhood in Vinci
ÞGoes to FlorenceÞApprentice (1469) ÞStudio of Verrocchio
ÞCorporation of PaintersÞMember (1472)
ÞCompletes First Known DrawingÞ"La valle dell'Arno"Þ"The Arno Valley" (1473)
Personal Chronology
Personal ChronologyÞPaintingsÞ"Baptism of Christ" (1475)ÞPaints an angelÞVerrocchio'sÞ"The Annunciation" (1477)ÞPortrait of Ginevra de'Benci (1478)Þ"San Gerolamo" (1481)Þ"The Adoration of the Magi" (1481)Þ"Virgin of the Rocks" (1483-6)
Personal Chronology
ÞLeaves Florence for Milan (1482)ÞIn the service of Ludovico Sforza
ÞExplores Human Flight (1486)ÞManuscriptsÞAnatomical Drawings
Personal Chronology
ÞDesigns Flying Machine (1492)
ÞWorks on Giant Equestrian StatueÞFrancesco Sforza (1493)
Personal Chronology
ÞStudies Resistance of Arcades (1494)ÞVarious TypesÞPaintingsÞSecond "Virgin of the Rocks" (1494)Þ"The Last Supper" (1495)Þ"Madonna & Child with St. Anne"(1499)
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Personal Chronology
ÞMeets Luca PacioliÞMathematicianÞStudies Euclid (1496)
ÞLeaves Milan (1499)ÞReturns to FlorenceÞStops inÞMantuÞVenice (1500)
Personal Chronology
ÞTitled as a Military Engineer (1502)ÞCesare BorgiaÞDesigns War Machines (1502-3)ÞDraws Topographical Maps (1502-3)ÞDraws StudiesÞ"The Battle of Anghiari" (1503-6)
Personal Chronology
ÞPaints "Mona Lisa" (1504)ÞStudies Fluid ElementsÞWater, Air and Fire (1508)
ÞReturns to Milan (1508)ÞPaints "St. Anne" (1509)
Personal Chronology
ÞAnatomical Research (1510)ÞGoes to RomeÞSeeks Patronage of Pope Leo X (15613)
ÞConstructs Mechanical LionÞFrancis I, King of France (1515)
ÞPaints "Self-Portrait" (1515)
Personal ChronologyÞGoes to Court of Francis I, Amboise (1516)ÞDesigns a PalaceÞRomorantin (1517)
ÞDies in AmboiseÞMay 2, 1519.
da Vinci’s Weapons
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Siege DefensesÞ Idea for Pushing Away Enemy
Ladders When Defending a Fortress. Þ Ever BuiltÞNo Evidence
Siege DefensesÞRotating Poles Sweep Attackers off
the WallsÞMech. Workings ÞGrain Mill
War ScytheÞChariot with Rotating ScythesÞWreak Havoc Among Opposing Lines
ÞOften Did no Less Injury to Friends
Multi Barrel GunÞLeonardo's Equivalent of Machine GunÞGuns are Muzzle-Loading ÞLimited Fire Rate
da Vinci’s Flight
Flying Machine Wing Mechanism
ÞWing Mechanism of a Flying Machine.
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Flying Machine ArmatureÞArmature for Wing of Flying MachineÞTesting DeviceÞLifting Power of an Artificial Wing.
Helicopter
ÞTo be Built ofÞWoodÞReeds &ÞTafetta
ÞSmall ModelÞPaperÞSpring Like Metal Shaft
daVinci’s Inventions
Sequins Making Device
Several illustrations of machines for making gold sequins for clothes.
Spring DeviceÞSystem for equalizing the release of a
spring.
Water Lifting Device
daVincidaVinci was involved in projects for was involved in projects for irrigation, drainage & digging canals.irrigation, drainage & digging canals.
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Nicholas Copernicus
Personal BackgroundÞ1473–1543ÞThorn (now Torum), PolandÞMerchants & Municipal OfficialsÞPolish AstronomerÞHigh Social ClassÞSolid EducationÞBest Universities
Personal Chronology
ÞStudied Liberal Arts (1491)ÞJagiellonian Univ.ÞStudied LawÞUniv. of CracowÞStudied MedicineÞUniv. of PaduaÞWhere Galileo taught a century laterÞDidn’t Complete Studies
Personal Chronology
ÞStudied Canon Law (1497)ÞUniv. of BolognaÞDoctorate, Univ. of Ferrara (1503)ÞNot unusual to get degree elsewhereÞLived with Mathematics Prof.ÞDomenico Maria de Novara
ÞLectured on AstronomyÞRome (1500)
Personal ChronologyÞDomenico Maria de NovaraÞStimulated Copernicus’s InterestsÞGeographical & Astronomical
ÞCritic of Astronomer PtolemyÞTogether Observed OccultationÞEclipse of the moonÞStar Aldebaran, 3/9/1497
Personal Chronology
ÞReturn to Poland (1503-1510)ÞUncle's Bishopric palaceÞLidzbark WarminskiÞAdministration of the DioceseÞConflict Against the Teutonic Knights
ÞPublished First BookÞLatin translation of letters on moralsÞ7th-century Byzantine writerÞTheophylactus of Simocatta.
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Personal Chronology
ÞBetween 1507 and 1515ÞCompleted Astronomical TreatiseÞKnown as the CommentariolusÞNot Published Till 19th CenturyÞPrinciples Heliocentric Astronomy.
Personal Chronology
ÞChurch Administrator (1512)ÞFrauenberg, East Prussia.ÞFinancial ResponsibilitiesÞNo Priestly Duties. ÞCommission on Calendar ReformÞ1515
Personal Chronology
ÞWrote a Treatise on MoneyÞ1517ÞDe Revolutionibus Orbium CoelestiumÞHis Major Work,ÞOn the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres
ÞFinished by 1530ÞFirst published by Lutheran printerÞNuremberg, Germany, 1543.
ÞEventually ReplacedÞCopernican Theory
ÞGeocentric UniverseÞEarthÞStationary and motionlessÞCenter of concentric,rotating spheres.
16th-Century Cosmology
ÞGeocentric UniverseÞSpheres Held Celestial BodiesÞThe moonÞMercuryÞVenusÞThe sun,ÞMarsÞJupiterÞSaturn
ÞFrom Earth Outward
16th-Century CosmologyÞGeocentric UniverseÞFinite outermost sphere ÞSo-called fixed starsÞSaid to wobble slowlyÞproduces precession of the equinoxes
ÞFlaws In The Geocentric UniverseÞApparent retrograde motionÞMars, Jupiter, and SaturnÞPlanet motion halts & reverses
16th-Century Cosmology
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16th-Century Cosmology
ÞHeliocentric TheoryÞFirst presented (1512 or earlier)Þ“Commentariolus”
ÞCompleted by 1530ÞPublished (1543)Þ“De revolutionibus orbium coelestium”
Copernican System
ÞHeliocentric TheoryÞSun is at restÞNear the center of the universe
ÞEarth spins on its axis once dailyÞRevolves annually around the sunÞPrecesses on its axisÞWobbles like a top
ÞPlanets also rotate
Copernican System Copernican System
ÞHeliocentric Theory ExplainsÞMotions of Sun & StarsÞRetrograde motion of some planets
ÞHeliocentric Theory RetainsÞSolid planet-bearing spheresÞFinite outermost sphere of fixed
stars was stationary
Copernican SystemÞTen Copernicans (1543 and 1600)ÞWorked outside the universitiesÞGalileo & Kepler
ÞDifferent reasons for supportÞMiddle positionÞDanish astronomer Tycho BraheÞThe earth remained at rest and all the
planets revolved around the sun as it revolved around the earth
Copernican System
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ÞGalileo’s Ecclesiastical trial (1633)ÞSuppression of Copernican TheoryÞSome Jesuit philosophersÞSecret followers of Copernicus
ÞOthersÞGeocentric-heliocentric system
ÞLate 17th centuryÞSystem of celestial mechanicsÞSir Isaac Newton
Copernican SystemGalileoGalilei (1564-1642)
“Here, a simple tube and two lenses had made a rod for beating the Aristotelian”
Ronan
Life - Childhood
ÞBorn in Pisa, Italy, Feb. 15, 1564ÞFather- Vincenzo GalileiÞMusician and MathematicianÞFormal EducationÞMonastery Santa Maria di VallombrosaÞInterestsÞMusic, mathematics, physics, philosophyÞMedical ÞUniversity of Pisa (1581)
Life - Adulthood
Þ1585 - Florence without a degreeÞMath ProfessorÞUniversity of Pisa (25 years old)ÞUniversity of Padua
Þ1604 - Studied AstronomyÞCelestial observations
Þ1609(33) - Galileo’s trialÞ1642 - Galileo’s death
Accomplishments in Terrestial Physics
Þ Founder of Modern Experimental Science
ÞMechanicalÞIsochronous motion of pendulumÞPendulum ClockÞMilitary CompassÞParabolic motion of a projectileÞStrength of materials
ÞInertiaÞLaid Foundation for Newton’s Law
of MotionÞLaw of Falling Bodies
ÞDynamicsÞStudied the phenomenon of heatÞThermometer
Accomplishments in Terrestial Physics
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ÞTelescope ImprovementsÞUpright-image telescopeÞGreatly improved the lenses for
better views (better focus)ÞEliminated chromatic aberration
problemÞFirst thirty-times magnification
telescopes
Accomplishments in the Field of Astronomy
Astronomical Observations
ÞCraters & mountains on the moonÞFour satellites of JupiterÞPhases of VenusÞRings of SaturnÞIndividual faint stars of Milky Way
Astronomical Conclusions
ÞMoon & Celestial bodiesÞNot perfect, smooth bodiesÞSubjected to change and decay
ÞCopernican TheoryÞMutable, Heliocentric UniverseÞTheory of Tides
BooksÞ“Starry Messenger”(1609)ÞHis celestial observations
Þ“The Assayer”(1623)ÞMechanics and comets
Þ“Dialogue Concerning The Two Chief World Systems”(1632)Þ“Discourses on Two New
Sciences”(1638)
Galileo’s Famous Trial
ÞCase of the century (1633)ÞTried by Roman Catholic Church
ÞRationalÞPublishing “Dialog on The Two Chief
World Systems”ÞDefended Copernican Theory of the
UniverseÞStrongly rejected well-accepted
Aristotelian Theory
ÞConsequencesÞCharged for heresy ÞProhibited form mentioning the
CopernicanismÞSentenced to life imprisonment
within his house @ 70 years oldÞBook was burned
Galileo’s Famous Trial
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Social & Scientific Influences
ÞMost important scientist in the 16th CenturyÞStarted the Age of ReasoningÞGreatly admired & inspiringÞHis courage for standing against a
wrong system of beliefs
ÞFather of the Space Age
Blaise Pascal1623 - 1662
ÞFather of Modern CalculatorsÞPascal’s works in
MathimaticsÞPascal’s works in
PhysicsÞPascal’s works in
Philosophy
Blaise Pascal1623 - 1662
ÞBorn at Clerment-Ferrand in June 19, 1623.ÞMother died when Pascal was three years old.ÞBrought up by two sisters: Gilberte, author of an
excellent biography on Pascal, and Jacqueline, who competed with Pascal as a child prodigy. ÞDied at the age of 39 in intense pain from cancer.Þ In one of his most famous books, he says: “If God
does not exist, one stands to lose nothing by believing in him anyway, whereas if he does exist, one stands to lose everything by not believing,” which is said to be his motto.
Blaise Pascal1623 - 1662
ÞFather of modern CalculatorsÞBuilt for Etienne
Pascal, his father a accountant for the King of FranceÞBuilt in 1639ÞProve to society
that human brain power can be artificially
Blaise Pascal1623 - 1662
ÞPascal’s Theorem which deals with conic sectionÞIn 1640, wrote Essay on
Conic SectionÞHelped laid down the
principles of the Theroy of Probability
Blaise Pascal1623 - 1662
ÞPascal’s Law: states that in a fluid at rest, the pressure on any surface exerts a force perpendicular to the surface and independent of the direction of orientation of the surface.ÞIn 1647, Pascal published New
Experiments Concerning the Void.
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William Harvey
ÞBorn in England, 1578ÞStudied at Univ. of
PaudaÞDiscovered
circulation of blood ÞDisputed Galen’s
theory on blood in bodyÞDied in 1657
Education
ÞSon of Governor Thomas HarveyÞAttended Kings School in at
FolkstoneÞStudied art and medicine at
Gonville and Caius CollegeÞAttained physician training at
Pauda, the leading European Medical School
Discovery ÞWas taught in school that blood flowed
from the head over the same route, and remained still in the bodyÞWilliam was very curious about the
function of tiny flaps in heart and other vesselsÞInvestigated by operating on many live
animalsÞPresented his theory that blood
circulates in the body like “a river with no end”
ÞSaid flap like structures were valves, prevented blood from flowing backwardsÞWrote about his views
in De motu cordisÞDisputed Galen’s
theory, who believed blood stood in body like the seaÞCriticized at first, but
views were proven
Other Accomplishments
ÞPublished all his theories in the heavily criticized Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibusÞWaited 13 years after discovery to
publish his works because they disputed Galen, no one had dared to dispute him beforeÞWas physician to both King James and
King Charles